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3. UNGENITTER 


Third Edition 


Rewritten by 
Ke MO HRMANN 


Volume II. 


With 681 illustrations in text and on inserted p 


Leipzig 
1890 


Urbana. Ill. 
1921 


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4G'3. 
V. THE CHURCH IN CROSS SECTION AND BLEVATION. 
‘1.-Single-aisied church and single-aisled choir. - 
‘Proportions of the height ef the interior. - 

In the development of the cross-section of the church from the 
general form of plan are first to be considered the requirements 
of the vaulting, those of the introduction of light and the en- 
deavor for a perfected architectural expression ‘in the ‘interior 
and on the exterior. For a church with a single aisle it-is :pos- 
sible for all to become suitable at the same time without — 
difficulty. 

To the vaults may always be opposed external abutments suffi- 
ciently strong, even with very great thrusts, it is only ‘for r 
reasons of economy, which also-‘in single-aisled churches indic- 
ate the limiting of the mass of the vaults and abutments. Light 
may be intriduced through side wallu-in sufficient abundance, 
and no great restraints are laid on the artistic form; it can 
move quite freely in the development of the details and élso in 
fixing the main proportions. 

The proportion of the height of the whole and of the different 

parts cuite strongly influences the character of the architec- 
tural structure. Consideration of mediaeval works also allows 
here the recognition of an infinite diversity. Indeed is expres-— 
sed in the buildings of different countries in the dimensions 
of the heights a certain relationship, but this is subject to a 
change ‘in its divisions ofctime, and in special cases is broken 
through by the endeavor for the development of sreater magnifi- 
‘ence and higher elevetion. 

On the average the height experienced an increase ‘in the cou- 
‘rse of centuries, which abouh held an equal ‘pace with the enlar 
gement of the window surfaces and the restriction of the masses 
of the walls. Yet at #11 times beside those proud and lofty we- 
rks elso appear those of quite modest height, since the building 
materials at command here sxerted important influences. 

Heights of the springing of the vault and the crown. 

The first requirement is indeed that the height of the spring-— 
‘ing of the vault (hin Fig. 827) and also the height of the c 
crown (Bf) is @ntan intellisible ratio to the width, in other — 
words that the form of the cross section cut ‘through the cross 
yault is pleasing to the eye. 


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| bdo; be fote- [sets @ ‘pheeres od term aebnele oA 
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452 

Certainly the effect of this cross section elso depends on a 
certain dependence on the length of the entire interior as. well 
as that of a Single bay, the elevation of the vault, the arran- 
gement of the windows; it can notable Bffect the happy proporé- 
ions by the influences of this kind. 

This length of the entire church is so far influent#al, since 
for small lengths the height should also not be too important, 
and so as to make the general view of the vault still intellig- 
ible to the eye, the height should never be more than half the 
length. Goncerning a choir adjoining the church,. the length of 
the nave natwrally comes in consideration. F 

If one desires to make a difference between churches with sm- 
all, medium ana great height of the nave, the limits can be dr- 
aun as follews:- : 

A church is to be termed low, when the springins od its vaults 
is raised above the floor less than the width of the nave (h + 
‘b lessthan 1), or which amounts to about the same, whose total 
height to the crown remains less than 1 1/2 times the widthyof 
the nave. Here bélons many chapels and numerous little village 
Churches, but also many larse sinsle-aisled churches, that on 
account of great span of their vaults rise to an important hei- 
ght. In many village churches the springing of the vault lies , 
at about the height of the head or even iower, while the ‘crown 
of the vault scarcely attains a height equal to that of the ci- 
ear width of the span. As an example among many may serve the 
tittle church of the village of Volksen near Einbect belongings 
to middle Gothic, which with a span of about 6 m shows a height 
of the springing of 1.8 m and a height of crown of not 5 mw. With 
this small height it has only two short bays and @ triangular 
choir ending, so that its effect is not at all too depressed. 

A mean height results if the springing of the vault is 1 to 
11/2 times the width of the nave, or the crown of the vault is 
1 1/2 to 2 1/2 tines the width. Very many small and large chur- 
ches of the Rofanesaue and Gothic periods, whose interiors make 
@ particularly interesting impression, remain within these linz- 
its, and also the quite slender effect of the upper story of 5. 
Chapelle at Paris dees not exceed these proportions ‘in height. 

‘As Slender must be termed a single-aisled ‘churcth if the pro- 
portion of height exceeds the limits just indicated, but the 


‘ 


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| Ghoooos fo Wait Pebuetze od! nosto teou eebteed dotts bus,dvsin 
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hey -dtbin odt eould goxdt getbesors matte ,dougdo elazie edi 
; sedtbhty pas tdytet neevted agiteler Leoitiexoe? 
{ Seanad: anoktsfes olitemosy yiodosiaites edesea sao tT 

a et ‘Yo Saigaizce 96% to gdated edt aseuted yltsioegaa .ntbhin bas 
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Gt J edt Lae eos? edt to eotions edie oft 20 genslq odt coswited 
i Hf i Mid mi ~tekxe autwollo?. ods; aaa agdt 
BCPEN ee! Maino (60,0 © 6) debiw ed = sdgien .t 
yale SON.G = dd i35kn to eteppe to [amoneth tfed = tdgiek .8 
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ehaianet eh eget sh et: 


454 


height of the springing of the vault seldom rises above twice 

the span of the vault, and the height of the keystone oves 2 

41/4 times the width of the nave. The middle aisle of churches 

with several aisles, which has a certain relation to the total 
width,and which Besides must often be extended high on account 

of the introduction of light, averases higher than the nave of 

the simple church, often exceeding three times the width (Cologne). 

Geometrical relation between height and width. 

If one seeks satisfactory seometric relations between height 
and width, especially between the heisht of the springing of the 
vault (hb in Fis. 827), and the clear width b €the latter ‘being 
understood as in the clear between the projections, or measured 
between the planes of the side arches or the face of the wall), 
then tan the following exist. ' 

1. Height = half width (h = 0.5b). 

2. Height = half diagonal of square of width (h = 0.707 b).« 
This ratia\appears among others to occur in the church of S.Ma- 
ria Selspritsch in Garinthia, and in the choir of the church at 
Wolksmarsen belonging to the early Westphalian group. 

8. Height = width (h = b). Ghoir of Early Gothic church, hate 
Gothic S. Martin’s church at Cassel and the longitudinel aisle 
of many other churches. 

4, Height = diagonal of square of width (h = 1.4142 bd). Ghoir 
of S. Blisabeth at Marburg, S. Severi at Erfurt, church at Imm- 
enhausen in Hesse, nave of S. Chapelle in Paris, etc. 

5. Height 11/2 times width (h = 1.5 b). Ghoir of chureh at 


Eriedberg. 
6. Height = twice the span (h = 2 b). S. Maria at Ma&hlhausen. 


Phe information preserved by F. hacher (Reichensperger, Mixed 
Writings) goes frnm hhe total height to the crown of the vault, 
and requires for this 1 1/2 times the width (which he terms the 
right height), or even 2 or 8 widths. Lacher further fixes the 
rise of the vault, when he makes the diagonal arches semicircles 
and gives equal heights to the cross and side arches. In the 1 
last precept the treatise mentioned calls such a vault a correct 
vault. 

The roof of the singlsAaisied church. 

The outer wall above the vaults has no further problem to sat- 

‘is fy than to bear the beams and framework of the roof. Accord- 


. ofdted RE EA pie 1 
thastxe aused toor odd ssid nares nyt 
lh shakioos yd gutheod aivasve' foe tt oo teot 

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| te fevers tueigsvsoo to8 .geiroolt beeolo «6 yd o#fs to 
hay | ema on sedd .derisoss. egehtande 28 bergen Bt 200lt 


oa Re e Rk weonhiers s eves, aeds bus .teot si¢ to seurit ont tetees 
(se Gibu Os bosiaeh et ti*eeeo s doug ab Tf .o1om ceve to w @ of 
B" i) Sear eeve ao eyol seatel yen yeds ees Tot sliseesg, r00lt oktis 
‘med of weds. ste absol wales tad .Fd @eotos Ofal od smgad 
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ipre ‘no most dtsened of 80 sco tadt dyid. oe bsosiq sd aso Rmaad 
cy) ane ‘Sik ovods gaxt: asoustekh setesiy ts borgests 
a7  saeageg T9basd toahob yodd 
f sendt at fold tes0g aber ai anaed oft to wokisool rsdatd A 
re pe ~omeod eds yatelsii 
¥ % ie » aseg geo ono) Sane igid of Ssiimss ems elfen fantetcs sith 
he meds beovbotq elfen I[ettasq ed? .tsdt ao Zatyl amssd edt 19 
wet t oals bas sefets ebte edt tot bsolrevo elWantach & Sve aad 
@ stolnetxe edt mo sone. aisa bettragts Ss. to Saemgoisved siz 
- Nepeineag sevencd ei bsed sit to sédrod. edt eveds. aottavete 72 
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Accordingly on most Romanesque and Gothic buildings it is only 
carried so high that the roof beams extending over the vaults 
rest on it, and even in bending by accident loads do not touch 
the outer surfaces of the compartments. For this purpose usually 
suffices a space of 10 to 30 cm. 
Passing over the attic floor. 

Beneath each pair of rafters may lie a beam, so that the ave-—- 
rage distance between them is only about 1 m. In this case it 
‘is easy to make the attic floor passable by logs laid on them 
or also by a closed flooring. But convenient travel over the 
floor is usually so little reouired, that men are unwilling to 
employ a complete series of beams. Therefore in ancient and mod- 
ern times they often use through beams only where ‘required to 
resist the thrust of the roof, and then have distances of 2.5 
to 5m or even more. If in such a case it is desired to make the 
attic ‘floor passable for use, they may larger logs or even small 
beams be lsid across it, but heavy loads are then to be avoided. 

Irequently the beams are not utilized at all, but the vaults 
are directly used for passing through the attic, and then the 
beams can be placed so high that one can go beneath them or are 
arranged at greater distances just above the vaults, so that t 
they Godinot hender passage 

A higher location of the beams is made possible in theee ways. 

Raising the beams, 
4The external wallgp are carried so high, that one can pass un- 
der the beams lying on them. The partial walls produced therebgrs 
ean sive a desirable overload for the side aisles and also favor 
the development of 4 dignified main cornice on the exterior. Such 
an elevation above the height of the head is however seldom found 
(Rheims), but it is somewhat more common that men are satisfied 
to raise the beams 1 to 11/2 m above the vaults, so that in p 
passing over these it is necessary to bend at every bean. 

2. To save masonry the walls are not continued up in their en- — 
tire thickness, but only as a thin wall lying behind the gutter 
parapet (Fig. 829). 

3. The beams are placed higher in the constraction of the uate: 
(Pig. 830). The wall then ends directly over the side aisles, 
the rafters standing on little ties laid on the wall plates. For 
the length of the rafters not to bend under the collar beams an- 


i edd pe mining ea) toot Mak ‘b beds ek ane 

aa { benalas: tetted vi mgad, edd anbdw (£85 .abT ot 

be.  ffew we tdated tefiane & atin Ssovemadt toon 

Wi 40 tupesce go yloloa).maed edt to aottieoq sodaid & 

genre: ede of agaoled: sevanod .etivev edd save she 

mt oust to witaeso agtaatd & yd beeedornd od Jann: ot 
900 eat aggooo tr 2t00t edd to noitscidnos eldetios 


f 

m) ove: pot eivterod se wol ae etemieh (few asda0 edt tedd yl a: 
se ssi etinay beater qignante yrov yiislaoitasd .¢z ay 
de aguotdt sesq-yino emsadols eds elidw fe add od ay, 

a 


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cslsvatan 8 aad nedd doicr sbevolque a ye baa 08s 
.enged becauis betaine! 
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ioe wnserte: edi yd: tnomeosiquib wott Bataeveda esa miceld to 
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radios af iLew edt of toot ods Yo FanxAd odt to tetensté eo =| | 
ray essere baie odd ..o9a ge Cds «7) ao nacis 38} sidartte 
| atsero ov daefottine si too1 sdt to Bfsd bezoggo sat 60) 
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cb ‘ed geo dofde .aased dhwowdt sd¢ of Del oo’ blvowr eXoold 
om" end t2 .etsig [few any ed osve to Bussd zeoro fatosce 
d wort bedatveca ote vyodt . (S68 .668 ats) bool ote ame | 
ete afttif [esqogtrod, 3 40 d asostd [leae xd Be 
. i add tate geetao ayeele nokfoustenos at zsoeId to 
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o yllavensr eqoa evew actely ifaw edd asxe olbbia | 
Fie otat beaisy cigeah aadn .faogts edt satensst of 
| Meas n beond os beoktive e79dh Reseed dies sci mooted soonetets 
cing becwenapeh Neraaxy tot ited \abis 160% hips ae aatela 
cubes -seseiq fen edt nsewted heosig sven etutée one eneat ae. 
et ' feonedt gaitneusiqes 8 £8 at? ni Sotvansiqer a6 10 ~*~ 
RT -isve8 ts £sfook# .2 to: soxedo ads to 
isi ir bse eased aetntconco aiaaustete anol 
tude ‘Ifed to aoitginoaed ‘oad of satel novis 
ohana visaeatxe odd to cotdsteszesces 
ag eae ae appa tenm aact 


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Fate 
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—— os 


45 
anchoring them, there are added the struts d and braces ¢. Such 
2 construction is found in S. Blasien in Hihlhausen. Yet more 
firmly is held the foot of the rafter py the framework indicated 
‘in Fig. 831, where the beam ‘is better replaced by ties. 
Roof framework with a smaller height of aes: 

A higher position of the beam, solely on account of the .pass- 
ase over the vaults, however belongs to the exceptions, since 
it must be purchased by 2a Sreater ‘quantity of masonry or a less 
‘reliable combination of the roofs, it occurs ‘far more frequent- 
ly that the outer wall is made as low as possible to save mason- 
ry. Particularly very strongly raised vaults frequently rise in- 
to the attic, while the tiebeams only pass through above the 1 
lower cross arches,or even roof framework -in the mode of Figs. 
830 and 831 is employed, which then has a greater ‘gustifigation. 

Isolated trussed beams. 

When merely isolated beams pass through, the intermediate sh- 
ort ‘blocks are prevented from displacement by the rafters. To : 
lay them on the wall merely fastened to it is not proper, since 
a transfer of the thrust of the roof to the wall-is quite unde- 
sirable (as shown on p. 163 et sea., the wind pressure striking 
on the opposed half of the roof is sufficient to create a port- 
ion transferred through the roof). Therefore the thrust of the 
‘blocks would be led to the through beams, which can be done by 
special cross beams or even by the wall plate. If the cross be- 
ams are long (ain Fis. 832), they are prevented from bending 
by small ‘braces b or by harigontal little diagonals c. ‘A lack 
of braces in construction always causes that the rafters must 
always connected by fastenings to resist tension. Therefore in 
the middle ages the wall plates were more generally utilized 
to transfer the thrust, when @eeply gained into them. Por smatl 
distances between the main beams there sufficed two broad wall — 
plates without other aids, but for greater distances between b 
‘Dpeams two struts were placed between the wall plates (Fis. 833), 
or as represented ‘in Pig. 833 a representing the roof framework 
of the church of S. Nicolai at Reval. 

Some statements concerning beams and roof framework will be 
siven later in the description of hall churches. An exhaustive 
representation of the extremely varied mediaeval roof combinat- 
‘jong ‘must remain for separate treatment, but here it man at least 


x ae er eh i ripest ydorm.e etpoeens ye 
ys aaa Lact, eitatebom to eeokiga 10 sinedot boristetg 


9 0) + sefenotide bostxe senm ewaedesd ate 
$i met om weve ebhmetxe toor edt to Satrevoo sit 
Lt deen 8 yd co (88 bit) 2% mort yltoerkb eqowd 
sama ek’ testo% on oso Hf .2otntcs stam add to gist 
i yet) bs sfeeo tase aebou wotel Sue S3& .a see ve 
a “seaianion {few to sesmtoidt to noitouda? 
4 a6 aes 3 We genottoubes Ilsmz 102 ancaset 
toto.» 1’ ‘dente befate~ofgote,a to (fer, fsnretcs sdf: 
f Qo efatea ebia edd to 10 Ao fied est to [len-ect 
edd mot? eascdotdifasps yl +e a, vleriine ton essakt 
_8 wode vino sadoust9 suocsreaod: eg? .softmtoo nienm sai 


ae aibiios Ite wobsiw edt to sdbted pdt Jk Soatto tanile s 
yagsetonr Tannetxs ood ceed .aatetig¢es mssqae yee fi 


- gonsteicet to; m70% Leobt: edt gt eidiseoq.as ylisen ef 


| 1m of bad. com th harasooe eved) qkutstcos bLvyew sind taf 


a. Setissoo won gad ;iisar 6 to duatas enoites & gattnte 
guitet sedi t9hs0 ulisioegas, geacande baiygasy gale tad 
+f ‘eb ak uw woutte few edt nt etecsayq bain od? Join ede 
od gave g9as0. yrsm at wea ar ,tigsy @d¢# io taurd? adi oF 
if api satfont of evitte ecctored? bas rosie! ea uaad 
2 edd to dueqos svisoer gals {Liw flaw stteoqgo sdf 

# aeaso emoe nf ous toon ett te daowacs1t edt chuordé 
ause dt wedbid odi tw (noted ese) Sissy sdf to awox 
vale edd teeog. dbeat: ‘east ant) Wioum.ce .botiaas at 
eso Sniéiail edd sl ebrange flaw sdt to guan 
at {Ign edt. tol.aps edd eediste tant LIetgoaksod 
; Tonegnsh ead \bsolteve svodsin Ons asealosds 
J ed. wos Fatog bad, foee. oveds $9078 vifsane od 


x ot #19 305 zovok ed¢ 10% anid bine weit (aot 
: a eoaent deraind 5 beet: ei ackesougaco sty nisas 


TL. ae 
F 7 *e re x Fit) tes ee f 
5 rigs ye F ; es 
aBR ShY TOL co don ao outst + gatteo! vases 
te ast ava ie rats 9 has Py Os helen an igh 
. # ‘7% B. ‘ s mS 
‘s 7 . ™ ah 
ey oe mi q tar 


s een 
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oe | 
‘be ‘indicated that in the middle ages the extreme waste of timber 
of later centuries was unknown, that men avoided ends of timbers 
with insecure fastenings, especially for partssincténsiony and 
preferred indents or splices of moderate depth, even when cert- 
ain tiebeams must extend obliquely. 

The covering of the roof extends over so far, that the water 
drops directly from it (Pis. 834) or by a wash is carried to a 
drip of the main cornice, in case no gutter ‘is provided. (Furth- 
er see p. 362 and later under Cornices). 

Reduction of thickness of wall upward. 
Reasons for small reductions. 

The external wall of a single-aisled church or choir, likewise 
the wall of the hall church or of the side aisle of the basilica, 
rises not entirely or nearly equalthickness from the ground to 
the main cornice. The Romanesous churches only show a slight p 
projection at the base, while the Cothic alse mostly exhibits 
a slight offset st the height of the window sill moulding. 

It may appear surprising, that the external -increase of thick- 
ness downward was not carried farther in order to approxemate 
as nearly as possible to the ideal form of resistance (Pig. 343). 
But this would certainly have occurred if men had to do with ‘re- 
sisting a uniform thrust of a vault; ‘but now occurred besides. 
that also varying stresses, especially under the influence of 
the wind. The wind pressure in the wall struck by it is opposed 
to the thrust of the vault, it may in many cases even be greater 
than the latter and therefore strive to incline the wall ‘inward. 
The opposite wall will also receive a part of the wind ipressure 
through the framework of the roof and in some cases through the 
crown of the vault (see below). But the higher that a side force 
is applied, so mach the less is it possible te reduce the thick- 
ness of the wall upward. In the limiting ‘case with only @ great 
horizontal that strikes the top of the wall rising with the same 
thickness and without overload, the danger of overturning would 
‘be equally great above each bed -joini from the bottom to the top. 
Even forethbcupperrcoorsesswoukddoccur the possibility of slid- 
‘ing, thet would vanish for the lower part of the wall (in which 
again the compression is greater under the influence of the ma- 
sonry loading it). This limit indeed does not exist for the wall 
of a church, since a certain overload exists and the sreat thrust 


y odd Puke: don Trad esas esd i aii 
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pat ed neve nso atid beebat: bus ,evode LIut fen eda 
iil _— sbkw evode tefokdd [lew sat oveu 
aie tare! seiwer 
= al ‘a : ft . odd to. feos odd oF ‘afthw edt to sonetaiae: ot 
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pete anottefeotss to, eefgusxe | oa soni’ GOL oF FdL' ia HO 
eovid [LE as. egsd bstséoguetat od meds to ort sol ,evede 
belates or a to weti genes edt to nob¥eyttseval .t éfomex¥ 
= $oette ed? twotitiw bas diiv ,connetdivd tuodtiv dorndo 
be a sided G¢iwis2hin sz0efo w Of wad dogtdo edT .888 weit . bain 
» boa dtatiq: ens evods ifewto sdpted « o¢ bne .eyed to 
ae ‘ehotad eyowseg to aifvev eeore déiw betfuaev 2k tt .a00r? 
edt bas yoxivesots betuasea @\f& to ooly & Kiiw totdé 
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| ie 2 eiwoo Elia aft evods datd m° Ef yatyereve has ebiv « 
5 fd gad wobuks edt «ebes Liew sdt to faaq ent fool? ed? 
nid rwtt te dtynedie yoibss von e6 bhobtages od tenm buns zed 
s atin «eB 65D T8q {tt TOSS eigtew eaotebase to ffuw 644 
eee S¥odn = tf 20 bas eewop Ifa edt woled » 2.1 30 e20r 
e ee = tied ateet odsqe Olax s 20 .etfvay sit to ¥ bos ® seoxot 
. oe SobbrosoA sm spe OF * B® 8 Yo gece naddin tiosy 
Oo  iaesivand (stnostztod « atagxe @ely KO 9% .m .ps dose 
“edt t0% ends fia Osa "ig to beemives so bsol & bee 
om tid gear = O62 * Of © Vv bus ,LiH gost * ost * o¢ 
otter ane ~ eos? ont malig adhe: tipsy ed? to mois 


iain ned t0 traq uid eee te emutoy okt 4 flaw 88s 40) egies 
sa : a’ ‘meget Rete x Oe ” Be x die = O.a) « ‘ Ruy Tes 


Paster ce goeeto COR RT eK (o.et ws.s ~ 
rue pO Abe ¥EG! LIX OS “OY L2OOe Yo say teT 
“eng i ais ei ae a (ser ya? gikteveo etele bre Avcremec? 
sec tlgaben Bias pill fie ByOe = oe & ae ~ ee any 
ett ‘eine nanan ep menla NOT Boot. 
rane ite: , ete | 


We 


45% 


of the cross vault acts far below in the springing of the vault, 
moreover from the precedins it would appear that the diminishing — 
of the wall could not beotdrried too far on account of the eff- | 
ect of the wind. Particularly then if the buttresses are already 
strongly diminished, so much the more occasion is there to leave 
the wall full above, and indeed this can even be required to m 
make the wall thicker above wide windows, as will be proved so- 
mewhat later. . 

The resistance of the walls,to the thrust of the vaults is 
treated on pe 137 to 152, and as opposed to the wind pressure 
on pe 163 to 165. Since no examples of calculations are given 
there, let two of them be interpotated here as illustrative. 

Example 1. Investigation of the stability of a singleszaisled 
church without buttresses, with and without the effect of the 
wind. Pig. 835. The church has 10 m clear width with 6 m Length 
of bays, and 20 m height of wall above the plinth and internat 
floor. It is vaulted with cross vaults of porous bricks 1 brick 
thick with a rise of 2/3 measured crossvise, and the abacus lies 
12 m'above the floor. Each wall space is opened by a window 2.8 
m wide and averaging 18 m high above the sill course 4 m from 
the floor, the part of the wall under the window has blind arc- 
hes and must be regarded as not adding strength of it. Otherwise 
the wall of sandstone weighs 220; kil per cu, m., with a thick- 
ness of 1.5 m below the sill course and of 1.4 m above it. 

Forces H and ¥V of the vaults. On a wall space rests half a 
yault withan area of 6 * 5 = 30 sq. m. According to p- LSS TV: .c 
each sg. m. area on plan exerts a horizontal thrustrlyg = 180 kil 
and a load on abutment of Vo = 530 kil; thus for the vault, H = 
30 x 180 = 540, kil, and V = 30 * 530 = 15900 kil. The intersec- 
tion of the vault thrust with the face of the wall can be assum- 
et at 1.6 m above the capital or 14.6 m above the floor. 

Weight of the wall. The volume of the lower part of the wall 
weighs 0, = (6.0 - 2.8) * 1.5 * 4,0 x 2200 © 42240 kil, The up- 
per part of the wall above the sill course weighs Qo= (6.0 * 16.0 
~ 2.8 * 18,0) * 1,4 * 8200 = 18356 kil Togetber Q, * Qs = 225808 k. 

Weight of roof. For 90 kil per sq. m. of roof surface with f 
framework and slate covering (p. 162) each half of the roof wei- 
ghs 5.0 * 9.4 * 90 * 5076 kil = D. AS vertical component of wind 
load for about 50° inclination according to Taole on pa 163; on 


the windward. side = 6.0 * 9.4 * 43. * 4297 kil; on leeward side = 


eit. ; ms 
be inten oat erort ty pores ar peer * ee * $.8 = 4,8 
y so) ye = ee etee ehia Bravbets edt ‘sok eovty Toor 
| efkd 0805 =. %a ebte 
# 6 yatbaooce loot oft do Weotet, both fatacebrod edt 
tae ib edt “the eae = igh BYR MOON8 OF ai vome eat w¢ 


onal Tht soph led vs sovteves: Lebte: brdubaky eft ted? bow 
i oe | dtd 0008 = *2 bie braweed 


° 


i ie! eeetong Os Seédet 6¢ie .ffex edt teatagps exveseorq balW 
i edt no betoelgen od hain edt gel (eyathliod treosi 
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"i My, y 
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seh hee aL | hay oa st te nolssotkt 
co Beeretta ylynotse taom od Iliw few edt evan sist of 


| scoitoer eaotos off te# golbsagizeernt edt of 
iW os 10% .bokw tnodtin dtnifg of? eveds nokaveaqwod .A 
‘8 De iccs HOLCeOTGROO tastinees wit ye aobtioeetetai Ye talkoq 
a Pueaedten'sxe at eted? ,{isw edt to eost (satetai edt wort » ¥ te 
| ateneq fen er go gnifos eeotot fe to efmemom Yo noktaupe eds 
Bata Aye » (OG og so LNB LytT elat we eee) 
a ee “0.8t* BS Xv #ONL0 ~ KIgo 4 (2@¥.0 + x) ,0 
) senlay Lsetcecua shone | betutistedne ons N fig V eg 8 e909 s02 21 


oy ened) Lensesat e683 mwott wm 88,0 ts e4r990-nofazerqmos ect eatt 
4 go sess Tadmosiaod eds nf eostine Lantetdxe edt mort o 63,9 base 
sttte ede to Siti edt d¢s eeli tt tedé-o4 lotds w OB. Lisw ede 
Geter vas | | 4 “! (faeott. bride of 

= beaebienoe {fen eds to @teq ef? to sous Isisostiod od? 
a “+9 gu OOF OOOGS = m .pa 06.8 = OS.8 * O8.f of atavoms evohbain eds 
basen ab £28 ooos as © V % 90 + 40°" Beef edt aseex sous aid? a0 
pene s ed? +bebbe ek deol toow edt ti {id OCOONES = go ,e4edmon 
ate or +29 pe. seq Lid 8.3 * BoeaEs =. eigaibscoos aotaceiguos 
7 aie ae ) gud? \dostw es Golwt ef eghs sotvo oft tu moleeeoxg 
asia iter edt at ftawgt sedataimis aokscexqaoo odt 
Dei ‘tne # biqax edt we meee feytei e@ seve woled betudint 
"eee ra Paid arid be | i ee a filew sowed oft Yo deatta 

| pain flaw eds Ho e1cvareng baw or 


he. ae, 


‘Bate oft ced? .m+ope teg [ht OBL to cha hatrta {fut edé 


i i Cosi ed ili emoteteds ¢i bos ,digiiqieds evoda dato; Ded 


ai pete AA: yb, kok est -§ 8G,0 "°X betuqmos ai aed? ,evods’ 


| wach mania s aca 


459 
6.0 * 9,4 * 85 = 1974 kil. Adding these to the weight of the r 
roof gives for the windward side 6373 kil = Ds on the leeward 
side D” = 7050 kil. 

The horizontal wind thrust of the roof according to Table on 
pe 168 amouts to 6.0 * 9.4 * 69 = 3892 kil. The distribution of 
this thrust on the two walls can be determined, it may be assu- 
med that the windward side receives S” * 1892 kil and on the 
leeward side S” = 2000 kil. 

Wind pressure against the wall. With regard to protecting ad- 
jacent buildings, let the wind be neglected on the lower 4 m 
in height, but on the upper part of the wall 14 m high is taken 
the full pressure of 120 kil per sq. m. Then the wind pressure 
amounts to 6.0 * 16.0 * 120 = 11520 kil with its centre of app- 
lication at 12 m high, 

In this case the wall will be most strongly stresses in the 
bed joint above the plinth, and it therefore will be limited 
to the investigation at the cross section. 

A. Compression above the plinth without wind. Por an unknown 
point of intersection by the resultant compression, which lies 
at X m from the internal face of the wall, there is established 
the equation of moments of all forees acting on the wall panel. 
(See on this Fig. 371 on p. 140). 

Q, (X - 0.75) + Q9(KX - 0.70) + ¥V KX = H * 14.6. 

If for Q,, Qo, V and HE are substituted their numerical values 
above, then is computed X = 0.99 m. 

Thus the compression occurs at 0.99 m from the internal face 
and 0.51 m from the external surface in the horizontal area of 
the wall 1.50 m thick, so that it lies at the edge of the midd- 
le third.(Kern). 

The horizontal area of the part of the wall considered between 
the windows amounts to 1.50 * 3.20 = 4.80 sq. m = 48000 sq com. 
On this area rests the load = Q, + Q9 + V.= 242000 kil in round 
numbers, or = 247000 kil if the roof load is added. The average 
compression accordingly = 2a eo85 = 5.2 kil per sq. cm. The com- 
pression at the outer edge is twice as much, thus about 10 kil. 
The compression diminishes upward in the wall, but will be dis- 
tributed below over a larger area by the rapid widening of the 
plinth of the lower wall. 

B. Wind pressure on the wall struck by the wind. To the prec- 


eding are added the forees D’, 8% and W: the equation of moments 


ce feaeesat ods Suceestauk senseone eae uoits ‘x si 


7 hae #4 = (os.0-°x)°¢ + “ey # (OT,0 + x99 + (89.0 =. "X) 6 
Nord feottoncn sevig edt yalbtntitedo® .0,05 * *8 - 0.85 * ® 
i ee | | Se fe ey Se ~teiigeet esodt 
Bee et wMetwo ond teersen coll wokeeerquoo od? yilewew ofidl 
at eget ‘tenni eit tsea of ‘gebeoes #t baix ed¢ to toette sds tebhan 
mi goieeerqmco 8 eteds zeoubosg boéslevesietds edt @\E of ylsaec) 
: | bbt sd) nofeesraeo0 OES TONE eds semkt «00? elewpe ylasen tat 
“alto PB 184 Lik OS teode of Ynitevena euds ,fs2t iq no .etdsT bas 
yy le pga edt sos eset .Lilaw busneed edt nt nokesesqmed .o 
iba 02 etaemom to moiéanpe eat dokiu tot 8 bow °C EB AV ag’ 
DP) (O8.0-%2),0 + (55.0 - °K), -2et Liew to ebfeat works eK gowkd 
Patni k: em BILE al *Z 06: * *8.% 6.81 * Eye (Ox. G~*x)%q * 3a 9 + 
bas soRde retuo edt movi m 68.0 of sebeget nofeeexqroo edt 
me pa £id Sf twods to exnbse edt te solerexquoo s neoubotg eicdi 
e ape 8 -eomeotiinud ditw ffaw eo to xeidides® 
A reasise 8 gaimence iiav emse ott to woltenitgeval .1T eligqusext 
ge Be 3% 2 > + epoetontind dite bas erobods aspisi dtiw {lew 
P| sade verobatn oor yd benego #f bua gotds w I ei flew ect 
Bay. | bas m Si to tdgied egetevs co oved wedé dteened Ifer edt dtiwn 
q ),detd? w f bes dgid: a 82 sxe soopettiud edt om &.h Yo debian «6 
| =sev6 a6 26.6 Of,!f axds ,evods # 08.0 bue wofed m @.i gaisosjoug 
. ebtezue m %3.0 gaiyl gtives, To! ext nee stodés ,Ifew edt mort sxe 
a oe@oe?: tenant sdt wort w 8o.2) fee flew e4¢ to e0gt Lennetxe odd 


This O0as x O,f * (ONE * Bt * O& = 0.8) "8 * Liew bo tdyiot 


——_ 


oo | a ohm’ sate 2.88 * ) Lis OOTaS 
est: * re * eS * 0.8! * 7 * seestéind gaitvosjosq to sdnioW¥ 
a Hii ino ‘ | \) fe see 8,0f =) fax ooRBD « 


Bi (ai exes? -etueaerq boty tuodsiv dinifq ovods sotaueremod oA 
“ emdaes edt ts tovtq oft 10% a¢nenow to aoisasoe ed? ssguoe ateges 


+ifcw eas - 


¥ _ eit mos? X eonedatb awontow edt te yniyl coleserqaco to. 


ram A de th (bis ; effiasu edt Bo e056 
bah wa oes eX ©. 48.98 © FSX ¥ * : His ¢ ~ £IG & (8,0 = Z)e 
R e eds hanna eeontind edt to soie (stnosicsod edt 2104 


460 
is established in the same masner for the unknown pivot, which 
is X’ m.frpom the internal surface of the internal surfase of 
the wall. | 
Q4(X% - 0495) + Q(K” - 0,70) + VX’ + D7(X"-0.70) = H * 14,6 = 
W * 12.0 - 8% * 20.0. Substituting the given numerical values, 
there results: - ; x. 4 OcB%: te ; 

While usually the compression lies nearest the outer face, 
under the effect of the wind it recedes to near the inner face 
(nearly to 1/6 the thieckness}iand produces there a compression 
that nearly equals four times the average compression (p. 144 
and Table on p. 145), thus amounting to about 20 kil per sq om. 

C. Compression in the leeward wall. There act the forces Q4, 
Qo, V, H, D” and S$”, for which the equation of moments for the 
pivot X’mifrom inside of wall is:- 0,(X” - 0.75) # Q,(X7-0.70) 
+ VX” # p7(x%-0.70) = H * 14.6 # 5” * 20. xX” = 1.14 mo, 

The compression recedes to 0.86 m from the outer edge, and 
there produces 2 compression at the edge of about 15 kil sq om. 

Stability of a wall with buttresses. 

Example II. Investigation of the same wall assuming a thinner 
wall with larger windows and with buttresses. 

The wall is 1 m thick and is opened by great windows, that 
with the wall beneath them have an average height of 17 m and 
awidth of 4.5 m. The buttresses are 18 m high and 1 m thick, 
projecting 1.5 m below and 0.70 m above, thus 1.10 m.as an aver- 
age from the wall, their centre of gravity lying 0.57 m outside 
the external face of the wall and 1.57 m from the inner face. 

Weight of wall = @ = (6.0 * 20 = 4.5 * 17.0) * 1,0 * 2200 = 
95700 kil ( # 48.5 cu. m). 

Weight of projecting buttress = P = 18,0 * 1.0 * 1.1 * 2200 
= 43500 kil (= 19.8 ou. m. 

A. Compression above plinth without wind pressure. There is 
again sought the equation of moments for the pivot at the centre 
ef compression lying at the unknown distance X from the inner 
face of the wall. 

ACK =< 0.57 SPER ~ BLS7TH Woe fH K94.6. 5 bok BotuBOian 

Por the horizontal area of the buttress and the supporting 
part of the wall = 3.0 sq. m or 30000 sq. cm, the average comp- 
ression is computed at 5.4 or 5.2 kil per sq. cm, according as 
the roof load is added or not. For the already calculated loca- 


tion of the compression, that remains inside the kern, the com- 


wee, } 
= be ot ee | 
=" i i} 


ae te iaehin ral Eo ¥ ne ast: - ane peak: ~ 36 


a; oN ies We fi om ri.6 e a ¢ fy. 0.08 eos On8E * WF 
ao A ae a eee bit ei paat Daewoo! wh neienonqaot .0 
SIP ea = 0: ~ mx Na Othe a * (ear oni # (8.0.4 tho 
| xy ay ae © by: vy on ee, eee Gn iid i QR: te HA. 


ing 


isda via th ttogaue Yo nye edt Blew baeweet ods +4 

que ahadhasndten metia£ edt tad? oe onthe tetuc ett wort « 
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bape tucds of esi bisow esto pit ta eisssedg ent ebie 
’ oo .. & to sen8 edt hao ABE .qQoot gethsooes mec?) .#9 
me aa {pa 26.0 Yo sete ae aetw digoed be 3. tt aude ,obtw 
Dede eoal® .cofaserqmoo od: fo aotesimanart ef? at teen 
‘ va ape eqii ft 8. oS aemoe otedt ,fbQ9OOOSSE tuoda of etano 
Oe birew oghe eds ts commexqmoy eds bin ,epereve one 
| 4 beta ize enols Ifew-edt tf .0Lek £8. * Hated eett ,te07y 
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sone efcawolfis ods yiltesere dom pee ein one ¢¢d-,aRe 
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ant ehhan ited at sesrottes edd teented saentauiie as bev 
san teduemos honed ton cs0h th ged? ,bigia oc ei ifex tod 
; dfew eenarte yLpsotte orem bee brawbatw edt bos ,baiw 
fPegar got ta eroe erect yiinompsenos bas tedto ond aadt eto 
2g ) neteceTs amsed toot od#-onla buns ebhdt ¥d Bas “y@tisev ede. 
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& moleaerqmon od ellen dted ak yered? .yllexps heses 
one at ipoda T8008 etd? wi 21 .ebutlogem case edt tue 
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ot he eee ee 
eee ae boy es: 


461 
compression at the outside edge is about 8 or 9 kil per sq om. 
B. Compression in the windward wall. Corresponding to. the pre- 


ceding:= 
atx” - 0.5) @ P€x% - 2.57) * ¥ xX” &. D7"K’ ~ 0.5) = BE © 2860 
wW* 12.0 = § * 20.6.8 xX’ 8 0.14 m. 


C. Compression in leeward wall. 

Qex” - 0.8) +. PCX*. - 21.57) .%. ¥. x7. *. DYER? = 0.5) — Boe eee = 
S$” x 20.0. X” = 1,47 m,. 

At the leeward wall the line of support thu thus more than 1 
m from the outer edge, so that the latter receives a compression 
not much over 10 kil. per sq. cm. On the contrary at the windward 
side the pressure at the edge would rise to about 50 kil per sq. 
eme (Then according to p. 144 only the area of 3 * 14 = 42 em 
wide, thus for 1.5 em length with an area of 0.64 sq. m takes 
part in the transmission of the compression. Since theo'hdud ieee 
counts to about 162000 fil, there comes 22.5 kil per sq. cm ee 
the average, and the compression at the edge would be twice as 
great, thus being = 51 kil). If the wall alone existed, there 
would occur with good construction a not exactly dangerous str- 
ess, but one always much exceeding the allowable amount (20 to 
25 kil per sq. em for goad sandstone in cement). But now is fo- 
und an adjustment between the stresses in both waits, for neit- 
her wall is so rigid, that it does not bend somewhat before the 
wind, and the windward and more strongly stressed wall yields 
more than the other and consequently leans more at top against 
the vaults, and by this and also the roof beams transfer a part 
of its side forces to the other wall, until both are nearly str- 
essed egually. Thereby in both walls the compression attains ab- 
out the same magnitude. If in this manner about 1/4 or 1/5 of 
the wind pressure is transferred to the other side, so that the 
centre of pressure below moves about 20 cm, it is then at the 
windward side about 34 em and at the leeward side about 167 cm 
from the internal surface, whereby the edge compression is red- 
uced to about 20 kil per sq. em and results somewhat smaller at 
the opposite side. 

It also shows that in thick walls of not only a basilica, but 
also already in any similar church must be possible a reciprocal 
pracing of the upper part of the wall, whether this be by the 
crown of a vault, the cross arches or the roof beams. Moreover 


such effects of wind occur very rarely and often not in decades. 


hes th tnow erie’ hac ary ree aa veigu ” 
Paci tasters enue ni et easenout meds ethaserg 
reining dome acne ah hicneacahtc eae ak peuparens 
ay: Dye erin RAP eae mt | +000 see 
i suouthe ‘boa dete Claw ede i ubvtv< to Boe treqnad 
amess yisoesa edt at asstte eff velgeses’ died x1 
et: Sud hoeaottd od tuomdiu go dfiiw notdéoete tok dsous 
gp ELita 2 yF somplov: out esatt g\r y sucds aor foes {lax 
io exta Seesozont bos ifaw oft to egentokdt nt aot Foubet 
iF ston deve: setq edt to guteetyede yisto¢netzeo © deks 
‘edt ee 1st of .219d over adislt ote oisct .hoven~ed 
y ent ylsutins devices: od Ji qeueedote obie edt tsd00 
p edt of deed atr gatagiers ,useened) fen dusiq edd bns wob 
ars Sitete tse1s ett eaietory. eucnis evoda tous ebie of? fed 
‘eds stou adt Sahreene cron ont e464 Bi sedi bones 16 
pai bia ee ebedolasnot ontutedto as 
es’ > wth evods vinoram ont Baa fous sbfe sxit 
ae ae «tl mo yAdoRew edt bos tone @bie ett to das 
Dh ik > p-capeaagal edd bas dows sbie edd yeeanttud ont cnhiwne 
tes YIMOeho buttioggny odd Yo Susy daetross: geow adv ef 
Sey Of O78 yYBIcosss isqgy' ec? To bus dote sbic ed# to 
“rot svat ved? ere yer onmee ewols eo cone 


Cue quads. ‘to! Sake edz af sileihod eheube: end pense & 
apm a as od eee w(gtivev bsefer-sot yfesfeotéyeg) 
iumemrig: ar itieret Vs binek Yoon ots red Ve 
 @ asaga oat bas cam sat + tnekege aor? babe edt setenes! 2 
Bie, he ee \, pespeentiad ott ay [fen edt to suse 
Bate bao eS e wes _ {few ent #8 ovale ocr af patoada 
| ze 0 ek wiseeesen: stom $v eb eoela (fen ott at aetoshd 
ava: avo asv wort qilsnthertgacl poitoe aeotet bedoagss ed 6% 
siieedl Ose) \Btasuslsiee woofrey Sate te stoetts .etagyd? 
- Sara et flew od? To dibiw gniaisaey sdy econ 
| sae pare, ham ‘TenOTISS eat due few odd et tederd eat 
oso d aaa mnt ns suvot dete shie edd evode {isn sdf 
aes Serer rr) inca sonvent teehee esi bs? 
pe 8 visue stteithe fede ri to anor edt tev0 fade? Borinost 
teen setdietein es Toles rf si Serna een est vlsaeior 


a nal ‘wod 
st aati yy ay ay 4 
Lo \ he a - 

. » : eee pide ; 
art Dean's gs us a 


462 
The more common winds of moderate pressure make unnecessary an 
upper transfer, as they will mostly even rather-lessen the edge 
pressure than increase it in the windward wall. Seldom will the 
pressures in the preceding example much exceed 10 to 12 kil per 
SQ. CMe 
Comparison of volume of the wall with and without buttresses. 

In both examples the stress in the masonry seems about equally 
great for erection with or without ‘buttresses, ‘but the solid w 
wall requires about 1 1/2 times the volume. By a still greater 
reduction ‘in thickness of the wall and increased size of window 
with a contemporary shortening of the pier even more volume can 
be saved, there are limits drawn here. So far as the wall lies 
under the side arches may it ‘be resolved entirely ‘into the win- 
dow and the plank wall beneath, assigning its task to the pier, 
‘but the side arch above alwans retains its great statical imp- 
ortance, that is here the more important, the more the masonry 
‘is otherwise restricted. 

The side arch and the masonry above it. 
Task of the side arch aod the masonry on it. 

Resides the buttress, the side arch and the masonry over it 
is the most important part of the supporting masonry. The tasks 
of the side arch and of the upper masonry are so varied, that 
they require close consideration. They have tor- 

14. Connect the adjacent buttresses in the wall plane. 

2. Receive the thrusts acting in the parts of the upper vaults 
(particularly for raised vaults). 

3. Bear the roof load. 

4. Transfer the wind thrust against the roof and the upper :p 
part of the wall to the buttresses. 

Bracing in the plane of the wall. 

Bracing in the wall plane is the more necessary, the more are 
to be expected forces acting longitudinally from various great 
thrusts, effects of wind, various settlements, etc., and the m 
more the remaining width of the wall is reduced by 4 wide windon, 
the higher is the wall and the narrower are the buttresses. 

The wall above the side arch forms an immovable shape restric- 
ted ‘by the inclination of the buttresses, and certainly it is 
required that over the crown of the window shall remain a suff- 
‘iciently strong portion of the wall to resist displacement in. 
the manner of Fig. 836. If the window must rise very high, then: 


ue ener Ware He "aah pkit wattiieria 4 nso efna s 
"i 4 ho mokt109: ed? eatsoo Lfte wobutw edd nolsd 
ikatbobe nod ga0tde s euwol wisge esesoidind edt ant 
@ tasel t@ .bwobaiw batid of¢t Sovfoget ak toaq aids YI 
i seltneteoe ak wohaiw edt sebes bes te seve aoivoenace 
| to ebsagag s to tnemegnatie oft mort etiueon Meal 
dt Yo gathaed B§ to erifrdterog odd vlad aniames orsdT 


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a7 i ) Letnostzod tetsl 6 sdated eldsrebiamco yrev s ddin 

£ia- 2 at Savot ec .egseeaq & yd sbeu ai wedain edd 

|) Pslete~oigate at soso af yluslooitwg ei SE .atadisf vs dois 
mae a “aap 8 fotdw ot ,asoiliasd [ist to etgeenadd Sas «todo 
ee foyer diiw atieq taeosiis edt yd sovig saimtedito er dasien 
8 ytinortt to dtiw oldieneocs stevemobaiw dyid yeV .acfats 
bate gaol edz eudy bas ,Jostte ai yrotostaitsenu yiizsa ote 
204 ak eodosndo suog Io sleis setavanett odd ak atitge eitl 


aan ay. es ih i st iuay eit to devads end to soliqeoss 
<Low tot wedous obte sit yd onr0d at sfusy #8 Yo tenvds ed? oS 
Pwod .pse ts 02 .aq no swode at th das .etlusy. beaieax bas bel 
tte #usv azoio yrsaiigo as in% .benteddo al ebudingem oldadorg 
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- §6it0 0 gnidant9 toktostteces fo obom edt yd meiu gdars abis 
Boies (RD: +9) aoffoeriS atdt ni bebtry e16 sseesatan edt ,edachioos 
seed. ‘Biove esdows obdte sat tiuosv ageto s done at ylaistuss wot 
edt to etisq [le sed? bas .puibleiy tfytle yiev syd essaetie 
iad fi ctece deow datgaetde ati yoitegesbas yitwesnsoon duodtin tigsy 
“nae eeRaizuiszqe Ons eadki oct mort you talyssd edd ci droggne 
‘ to ; fF Swo00 tom 296) vlleves eineneig edt to nolitieogessat s 
* ebre ‘ous 70% [fey stoleredd af gi bas ,gntdewto to eiosto Ifeme 
} estieb aistzes: © ai tetest of Tite yiostoittor od oF aodots 
18 ats) geotat (sntodxs setsey) satostts Istnebinos dove 
J “a it v5 eadors ebte edd of bevistacesnt od yoo tedt (out 
mutes te et ot oe ) ebaot Yoo edt Yo aottqeoes 

| Se eeiratienqeres Hs0f too edd to aoitudistekbh od? 
dw Seyolgae atrbowt: atiagg.s ti: Asonosett 


oe 
ieee 
a. b hea en % ctu 


3 bas NES .agkt af ee wobaiw edt to tdgted odd ts aszes. 


sgatdanteth feomls eis Brad 


poo Meche oy 2 0) oghasivottreg bedeead od acon yrev [fin 


+ = Pete 
a a 
4 en 


463 
a gable can strengthen this part. 
‘Below the window sill course the portion of the wall connect-— 


‘ing the ‘buttresses asain fomms a strons longitudinal stiffening. 


Tf this part is resolved into blind windows, 8t least a strong 
connection over at and under the window is advisable, that of 
itself results from the arrangement of a passage of this heisht. 
There remains duly the possibility of a bending of the buttr- 
esses at the height of the window as in Figs. 837 and 837 a. W 
With a smaller height of the window neither is to be feared, and 
with a very considerable height a later horizontal division of 
the window is made by a passage, as found in S. Hlisebeth’s ch- 
urch at Marburs. It -is particularly in place in single-aisled 
choir and transepts of tall basilicas, ‘in which a division ‘in 
height ‘is otherwise siven by the adjacent ‘parts with several 
aisles. Very high windéwssare accessible with difficulty and a 
are easily unsatisfactory in effect, and thus the long windows 
like stilts in the transverse aisle of some churches in Mecklen- 


‘burg are almost disturbing. 


Reception of the thrust of the vault. 

2. The thrust of a vault is borne by the side arches for swel- 
led and raised vaults, and it is shown on p. 50 et seq. how Sts 
probable magnitude is obtained. But an ordinary cross vault with 
straight ridge can also exsri a thrust on the upper part of the 
side atehs when ‘by the mode of construction, crushing or other 
secidents, the steesses are guided in this direction (p. 47). 
Now certainly in such a cross vault the side arches avaid.these 
stresses by a very slight yielding, and then all parts of the 


vault without necessarily sndangerins its strength must seek its 


support in the regular way from the ribs and springings. Such. 
a transposition of the pressure usually does not cocur without 
small cracks or crushing, and-it-is therefore well for the side 
arches to be sufficiently stiff to resist in a certain degree 
such accidental effects. Creater external forces (wind and the 
like) that may be transferred to the side arches by the vaults 
will very soon ‘be treated particularly. 
Reception of the roof load. 

The distribution of the roof load depends ‘én the kind of roof 
framework. If a purlin roof is employed, whose main trusses rest 
on the buttresses, then the intermediate trusses will load the 
side arches but little, but if all trusses are alike, then the 


vb Th ? f f ; é * 
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3 toot edt tadt seouct saiwebte edt asin sniwredto at 
vi eet gee) Sriw odd wott ebked .[iew odd oF totesars yar 
} 6a% to sondetaicos evitosteh & yd bsouborg sd yan 


@ BLuode toot edt moxt atanids onosse “(EEE SES 2929) 
dikion edd’ to sofodo seqorg 8 vd etatonsts 8 ni bedneverg 
Ma: atneusvor seiwebia ofdsbtovers eds abeszie eoute ,anoti 
GA Be) 8) % soteets of softtne Sdgied vida te oatw 
i. ae | efeauad? hatw edt to mottqeoes 
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y tedt edtf bas Osol toot edt ct bobbs ak tart? ef? . (FOr 
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spebivi® ei ti wou ;dtod yd a0 [lew wedio edd 10 sae! yd bevieoor 
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saan Tehe0 wacd Qnowte es déinv aind90 azowesert Toor edd 11 
Gsezasdonn ac zmict Meeti oe toot ed? \ (S82 ot) east 
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wend to got Level oft no asiefg to need sdd to aotdésict sv 
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: p autos vileatt siete bate icnund eds Fads o8 .%S8vo Bidt eneng 
q a ‘elfen odt 
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iialeecace? édt nO .teotdt osom sved osls {fiw beol {aoidrsy 
> bapteilotg YO utot sti to sonsupsrnoo af afdstu azef od [len 
| @ Ifktw [few todeen edd \saiwebre ti gaivasids ybsels goo 
td 043 0 saeq {iene 8 bovtedst ead. ti teste Setwomoe bleiy 
is tenes ed Seum soktroq s9s0019 sat nedd hae 
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78 7 ae *entyhlo ened: af ss 


a a 


aN 
102 


(wy 


1 1 j eeu 4 


pls 4 ire mS Shida eta Te ee ee 


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“@aibscetg £08 usdt tostroynr atom: ed dows sbie edt sevo | 
piterionss: ed of et toot sdf tenrsge’ sueaessg bain edT .aso 


SEE a Seeuenee dias: 


f Pe oO Peon 
Pee) cue 
4 yee 


464 
weight is continuously distributed over the entire length of w 
wall. The vertical Goads of the roof, that ase usually smail 
in comparison to the weight of the masonry, rarely injure the 
side arches, and therefore are rather desirable than heavy. It 
is otherwise with the sidewise forces that she roof framework 
may transfer to the wall. Aside from the wind (see below), they 
may be produced by & defective resistance of the thrust, “in 
case of coller beams placed higher (Figs. 830, 831), or braced 
(Pigs. 832, 833). Strong thrusts from the roof should ever be 
prevented in @ stracture by a proper choice of the roof connec- 
tions, since alreadn the unavoidable sidewise movenents by the 
wind at this height suffice to create. ak 
Reception of the wind thrust. 

4. The wind thrust against the roof and walls can for the wall 
over the side arch be more important than a8? preceding influen- 
‘ces. The wind pressure against the roof is to ‘be resolved into 
2 vertical wind load and a horizontal wind thrust (Table on p. 
163). The first is added to the roof load and like that is more 
useful than injurious. The horizontal wind thrust whose magnit- 
nde is given ‘in the last column of the Table on p. 163, must be 
received by one or the other wall or by both; how it is divided 
between the two sides is not generally to be said. 

Tf the roof framework occurs with a strong beam under each t 
truss (Fis. 838), the roof én itself forms an unchangeable fig- 
ure, which the wind seeks to thrust sidewise in its entire forn. 
The friction of the beam or plates on the level tep of the wall 
hinders a sliding of the roof (anchors are usually unnecessary 
for the friction is generally sufficient with a free bedding). 
But if the roof cannot slide on the masonry, it would seek to 
press this over, so that the entire wind thrust finally acts on 
the walls. 

If both walls are equally resistant, then will about equally 
take part in the thrust, ‘perhaps the wall receiving the greater 
yertical load will also have more thrust. On the contrary if one 
wall be less stable in consequence of ‘its form:or of other for- 
ces already thrusting it sidewise, the weaker wall will already 
yield somewhat after it has received a small part of the thrust, 
and then the greater portion must be transferred through the 
‘beans to the other resistant wall (Fig. 838 a) where the weak 
wall is represented as a hinged support, tlearly illustrating 


i “w re pido edt of [Len edt eed erneeeng Safx atdt to 
yeaa 96d of emaed sdd to garrodoas ne ad ot ef neat 
teaksgs Lien sat te sasq t99¢8: edd to Satis:e88 
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(een aeel ek asowemert toor edt aedt .(0€8 .228) terxe amesd 
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ook y “aso th bas ,tfeeti ao disq adi odes qltsido deun iis 
‘a (sat notes ¢ivey ttige 6 to nottteoqsedai edt yd Ieeth evet 
| ak i eomed: susessid Saiw sda atoot Beesoit to nilacg 10% 


| i aa0 bate ed¢ to atnemevom adi dsdt oe dard. yltaetoitine 


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nasi me Saeger at REE 28a ae migennd x9 arisen ads 


if a 88 heen to. eeeo at sodt fre 2070 peers éfusy 
ue «$k nottite of eeviaumeds buel dasa amsed toor sds 
: piley yrotevssio edt ¢aatazs, scoot to adoetie cazedt econd 

pe eatexs Reosbozy eeotc? estwabte eft tasiiogmi teonm ylietoten 


to Lovos dsdé alien aagqs tiedd at sedis, veu eteaowit 
abo gaisatige: edt of Qafteize etentit iluxe1 sdd bees 
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ap , ext Lid 0002 foods. to factdd batw s ebke orewoel odd 
aeaiee gaktos, Lip GOS to sewsds tisey edt woled sous 
y od sada gphiert yer eo0Tot vasdt asdni 
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hes ends dotdn .¢loey edt Yo egbis edt bas toot odd yi 


465 | 
this). A strong series of roof beams can even transfer a part 

of this wind pressure against the wall to the other sidé, but 
then is to be an anchoring of the beams to the wall and a good 
securins of the upper part of the wall against overturning, sli- 
ding and bulging is to be kept in mind. The thin parts of walls 
usual in parapets (Fis. 829) are then unsuitable. 

Tf instead of the full series of beams only braces or collar 
‘beams exist (Fig. 830), then the roof framework is less able to 
transfer the wind thrust to the stronger wall, and the weaker 
wall must chiefly take its part on itself, and it can only rel- 
‘Leve itself by the interposition of ea stiff vault below it. 

For purlin or trussed roofs the wind pressure comes to act in 
the trusses, and these are placed above the buttresses carried 
sufficiently high, so that the movements of the wind can ‘be kept 
away from the intermediate wallu. But if division in bays :requ- 
dres an intermediate main trass above the crown of the side arch, 
this is the more exposed to the movements. ; 

When the wall exposed to the wind is not sufficiently stable 
to receive the thrust of the wind (see p. 167 to 169 concerning 
the basilica of Example II, p. 337, in regard to single-aisled 
churches), a part of it must be transferred to the other wall, 
ahich is made possible by a stiff cross arch (Fig. 413) or the 
pidge of tbe vault (Fis. 412). If the vault cannot make a grea- 
ter transmission of pressure (for example a light tunnel net 
vault without cross arches), then in case of need as just stated, 
the roof beams must lend themselves to stiffen it. 

Among these effects of forces against the clearstory wall are 
naturally most important the sidewise forces produced by the 
yaults or the wind, for slender basiticas with thin piers the 
thrusts way gather in their upper walls, that equal or even ex- 
esed the regular thrusts existing in the springing od the vault. 
In single-aisled hall churches or those with several @isles, @ 
they must never be underestimated. Example Ii, p. 237, gave to 
the leeward side a wind thrust of about 5000 kil transmitted 
‘by the roof and the ridge of the vault, which thus is even not 
much below the vault thrust of 5408 kil acting lower down. 

Under these forces may the upper courses of the wall be eith- 
er moved, or the masonry sbove the buttresses may be inclined, 
or finally the wall may bulge between the buttresses. 


Sliding of the upper courses. 


natal feouy) 5 “gd: Sowa: gesanls gi aiterind’ | 
pint ae it @ ti neteon tMeett tonme: $b os teh ce [fen benodce 
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domo ateate. 0 vbtawan dgom. ood hedeinimg’s af eeesoxt 
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at tdycon ‘es deat to SvIg0 Gd? ,wHenilo siedt z9ve t6 
| &° ) s GORE 4a @98).te0nem) Isna0 
a -beaadno: {lai toggn ect te pridase’ 
arenrenns tet: edd neented ise sddito gatbaed i) 
cue ‘sais. hao a seaeetdted) odd modu 


ae ‘raat a eB BeO7S: dita rea enidd. oof si: Ilex 


" edheall fy ni 


bane te on ain am 2 eron 6 \ age ea ode To. aeBbis btite 


van Se 


ee aac eidissogq toa 2i cidt) .tivav ef? Yo egbia edd Ayo 


syd betoetis dem ed) bain ois of | 


466 
A slipping of the upper courses may most easily occur if the 


‘building is already struck ‘by a great storm ‘before the mortar 
‘ig hardened, and ‘before the stiffening vaults are turned. The 


exposed wall, so far as it cannot itself master it, seeks to ¢ 
guide it to the other side by means of the framework of the 
roof, whereby the roof beaus or together with the upper courses 
of masonry may be slipped. Where it seems to be required, this 
danser can be ‘prevented by a preparatory stiffening of the wail 
and ‘by anchoring the framework of the roof and also the upper 


courses of masonry together (stone or metal dowerl).-If the mor- 


tar is hardened, a sliding of the courses is no longer to ‘be 


feared, so long as over each joint the vertical load -is :1 1/2 


to 2 times as great as the horizontal force. 

To the wind thrust against the roof should usually corréspond 
a sufficiently great roof load, as in the example on p. 336 a 
thrust of 3892 kil, that could act on a roof in the most unfavor- 
able cases, while the roof load for this wall would amount to 
7050 kil. But if & greater wind thrust against the wall is to 
be transferred through the ridge of the vault, then maw the 
vertical load be shown as too small. It is then to be increased. 
by making the wall thicker or higher in its entire length above 
the vault, or by adding gables at the dangerous points, when in- 
stead of stiffening, i.ea, transferring the wind pressure thro- 
ugh the ridge of the vault, this is not possible through the 
cross arch to a point somewhat lower. 

Overthrow of the upper part of the wali. 

The overturning of the upper part of the wall may occur, when 
for thin walls the buttresses (or flying ‘buttresses on ‘basilicas) 
are not extended sufficiently hish, or if the depths of the but- 
tresses is Giminished too much upward. The stability can easily 
be investigated, when for the bed joints above the buttresses 
or over their offsets, the curve of pressure ‘is aaugue ‘in the 
usual manner (see -p. 140). 

Bending of the upper wall outward. 

A ‘bending of the wall between the ‘buttresses is to be feared, 

hen the buttresses are sufficiently high and strong, ‘but the 
ean too thine With stiff cross arches will the wall-exposed 
to the wind be most affectsd by bending, (Fis. 413), but with : 
stiff ridges of the vault at will be more the leeward wall (Fig. 
412). For the exposed wall itis less to be feared, since it 


goad yeae ae pran Ler etiaoraa sai teatsye seeds donot 
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_ arees seven owit omse off 22 t2 °F of 0 mont fhasstuc aevou 
; pytdyton edi tedaery ed? .(e88 .ytt) sottaveio ed¢ nt anode es 
ex erom ef¢ dove oa Weurss ods ot goeiteaqmoo mi Ifaw edd to 
ee = z twode emuass as6 en® .baawaroh seag enti eds sooh xi 
hile lo ona * 2 basg_heot docs efhia s Yo idyiexw = 0 nena 
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Jesse stores al s8enserttud edt bebaetxe oc. teuw dgid wod gai 


ENE She ones ts 0 ,0008 te wend eldstevatan teom edt ai 2 
sa , Ssta.* ativaet 6 qdeted?. bas .{iLew to seen 
ed ot iad onevekan ott Pesel te dolaw of 4 taiog 
Sesh ea went fe BAL I8 08 Bitueda vex ande 
195. k eben shite edt fe Moinhag barek s 


it .edt bas viid 00068 éuods ts betuqmoon fi 9 tdyten ed¢ . TSS. 


| 


467 
leans against the vault compartments and can support itself th- 
rough these against the opposite wall or in an obligue direction 
against the stiff cross arch. On the contrary for the leeward 
wall bulgins outward is vern easily possible, since there the 
wind thrust is added to the perhaps already existing thrust act- 
‘ing in the ridge of the vault. 

The behavior of the wall under the forces bending it outward. 
may be explained py Figs. 339 and 839 a. One cannot count on a 
resistance to bending in the horizontal plane of the wall, as. 
occurs in a beam in question, since the masonry can be assigned 
no tensile stresses, and the wall can only offer resistance tna 
this case by its horizontal ability to support, i.e., by the 
possibility of developing a line of support in its ground plan. 
This line of support is best assumed, so that it passes within 
the middle third (thus c = : ). The lines of support of two ad- 
jacent bays join at the point P and there produce a force to be 
received by the buttress, which equals the sum of 211 thrusts 
acting on the length of the bay. If one also desires to know how. 
great is the foree D acting in the curve of support, then is es- 
tablished for half a bay the equation of moments for the point 
P, which is D ce = R a, in which R is the resultant if all thru- 


sts acting in half the vault. The greatest edge pressure at the 


point B is found when ad * 2,2, where F = the cross section in 
sqe cm of the resisting masonry here above the crown of the side are 
The line of support drawn in the plan in Fig. 839 a must not | 
be conceived to lie in a horigontal plane; while it gradually 
moves outward from G to P, it at the same time moves downward. 
as shown in the elevation (Fig. 839). The greater the weight 
of the wall in comparison to the thrust, so much the more rapid- 
ly does the line pass downward. One can assume about . = &, 
when @ = weight of a side arch load and S = sum of the thrusts 
coming above on a bay. From this simple relation may be approx- 
imately calculated the height of the point P, thereby determin- 
ing how high must be extended the buttresses. In Example If, p 
337, the weight @ is computed at about 48000 kil, and the thrust 
S in the most unfavorable case at 5000, ¢ at 0.33 m (= 1/8 thick- 
ness of wall), and thereby e results = 9523.7 68988 *¥ 3.2 m. The 
point P to which at least the buttress is to be carried would 
thus be about 3 to 3 1/2 m below the eaves. 
The greater the side forces acting on the upper part of the 


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‘) ffs dotiy. of .n20%s¢ad of eanadted work sege.awobaiw sa? 
neti geodots wobain bas. ebtg: bef sd) deum avout fess 
‘agstisd sot eedois sbie edd evo! wdetit aban et itew suit 
Peatoot (acs yd qileaietre notte 2200 odd: at doxigies Sainet 
0) newbessiad 9d¢ to aebia sd¢ gor? eguibloow ove sad to avi 
feel Pyar “| eptivey edt sevo tno satilodses yd ebiact 
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p vonoted BB baisd stinzeito ,dowe lennnd s fedvexrnt: at [lev 
Noddy 3hs00Lo1g yd, ave0d9 yllexsen teon dnemtagad 
et sets ont ‘~eelde3 yd boesetout: et deol seqqy ed? .z 
a ae soa tabaneieagt to Batbile sont sneverg tcgion 
ES Dani a to sailed gatad. rods Lise edt to 
eae Ser een nani toes 


468 } 
wall, and the smaller the weight of the wall above the side ar- — 
ches, the higher must the buttress extend, For ‘basilicas the 
point of application P> may attain such a high location (it is 
te be found in the way just given), that the endins of the fly- , 
ing buttresses close beneath the eaves way be imperatively nesessary. 

That the wall with the forces acting on it both horizontally 
and vertically may safely bear on the buttresses, a good ‘joining 
of the stones by indenting or if necessary, also by mechanical 
aids is important. That men did not overlook this reouirenent 
also in eartier times is shown among other things by the ‘rélie- 
ving arches, which have often bééacadded over the apexes of the 
windows of the wall, as at Amiens, Troyes and the S. Chapelle 
in Paris. 

Treatment of the upper part of the wall. 

Ti it-is demonstrated above in what way are to be provided t 
the requirements in the upver part of the wall, it is now asked 
how these are to be justified. There is an entire series of dif- 
ferent solutions to follow, indeed occurring in many old examp- 
les, whose iprencipal members may be stated here. 

4. The wall hes small windows and no buttresses, itis so th- 
tick from bottom to top, that it safely resists the horizontal 
forces acting everywhere at different heights. 

2, the wall has windows of moderate size and moderately wide 
buttresses. The buttresses have only to resist the thrust of 
the vaults at the height of the springing. All other forces 
the wall-itself can resist, it beins sufficiently thick from \b 
‘bottom to top to ‘be sufficiently safe from overturning. 

3. The windows open from buttress to buttress, to which all 
side forces must be led. Side and window arches are combined, 
the wall-is made thicker’over the side arches for better stif- 
fening rekuired “in the case, either externally by the project- 
ton of the arch mouldings from the sides of the buttresses, or 
inside by corbelling cut over the yaults. 

A. Phe side arch is moved ‘inward, between ‘iicand the window 
wall is inserted a tunnel arch, otherwise being as before. This 
treatment most naturally occurs by projecting the pier inside. 

5. The upper load is increased by gables. The gables by their 
weight prevent from slidins or-inclination of the upper courses 
of the wall, they bring the line of support (Fis. 839) in accor= 
dance with the pointed form of the side arch, strengthen its 


« 


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hy ‘ta tage008 ao: eset tatit sdf guiyqooso eota 
| Pavlgesi rt AS 3 Me eeonstrogar Lsottossa bas 
8 “Tapa osha oe s2e0tstoo to amottosiorg obf8 

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‘ - = ; 4 i 


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betheretn: edt to soc fseretat odd to seated. sad da saotat 
ad ga 8 yilsseo ,tegaisq nobaie ed¢ dissned Qntunituoo sofn- 


469 
crown by high windows, Fig. 836. The heavier theload of the ga- 
ble, the thinner may either be the wall over the windows, or t 
the lower may the buttresses stop. 

6. So far as possible, all forces would ‘be directly led to t 
the buttress, that is carried very high, on the other band is 
kept as far as possible from the wall bay. This will be attein- 
ed by suitable construction of the roof (for example a-purlin 
roof with main trusses over the buttresses), by a corresponding 
form of vault (not thrusting at the ridge), and particularly 
by the use of a stiffened cross arch (Fig. 413), that forms a - 
closed transverse connection from 3 buttress to tying opposite. 

By the last method is the mass of the wall most effectively 
reduced, even so far that the side arches as in the churches of 
Burgundy from the Barly eothic (Fis. 348) make themselves enti- 
rely independend of the external wall. But entirely aside from 
this astonishing boldness, it is always advantageous to a church 
‘both ‘in regard to the economy of masses made possible thereby, 
es very particularly on account of the less mobility of the par- 
ts concerned, to transfer abt side forces if possible to the | 
cross arches and buttresses. 

On the whole the six modes of execution mentioned represent 
a graduated series from harder to easier construction, and fur- 
ther intermediate steps may be inserted, since certain ones may 
be joined together with sood results. 

On the architectural treatment of the upper ae of the wall, 
see later under Gables, Cornices etc. 

The lower part of the wall. 

The form ang treatment of the cornice is treated farther below 
in a special section, for the general cross section of the chu- 
reh only ‘its height and projection comes ‘into consideration come 


into consideration. Usually the external wall has three cornices, 


the simply profiled projection of the plinth in one or two div-. 
sions at the height of the internal floor or the ‘interne! cor- 
nice continuing beneath the window parapet, ususlly a cap moul- 


Ging crowning the offset of the wall, and the main or cave cor- ~ 


nice occupying the first place on account of ‘its architectural 
and practical importance. 

Wide projections of cornices, s0 far as practically valuable 
can be simply constructed with the materials at hand, are allo- 
wea by mediaeval art within proper limits, but usually 1% does 


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-tesen tot: 16¢dng 

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a 


470 
not give to the cornice that unlimited predominance like antique 
art or the Renaissance. In any case they. avoided aiding storms 
‘by too great projections, or to even afford opportunities to the 
architect for the execution in the before mentioned materials. . 

fo give generel rules on the distance of the projection is not 
possible, since also here practical and artistic considerations 
may occur in manifold relations. The late time certainly hes al- 
so sought to arrange these members in a general scheme. 

In Lacher the difference between the half thickness of the wall 
and the half itasgonel of the same is given as the measure of 
the projection of all cornices, so that thus ab c-in Pig. 841 
gives the profile of the cap extending around below the windows 
(gill moulding) and a e b cis that of the roof coroice. The s 
same mode of determining dimensions is also found in Hoffstadt. 
But Lacher akso intraéuces elsewhere another measure of ppoject- 
‘gon, namely half the depth of the window ‘jamb, which he again 
fizes at 1/8 the thickness of the wall, thus beings f sin Fig. 
S41. He then also gives the same distance to the projection of 
the plinth, but it is te be noted in this that these dimensions 
assume the theckness of the wall to be 1/10 the clear width of 
the choir. According to this rule the cornice would project ab- 
out 1/5 or 1/6 of the thickness of the wall. These prajections 
are frequently confirmed on the works of the 14 th and 45° th 
centuries. But on the Early Gothic works the roof cornice as a 
rule has a greater projection, and especially if it forms a 
gutter for water. 

Generally it is first the structural function of the ‘cornice 
that determines ‘its projection en every single case, and the 
thickness of the wall that sets 2 maximum for it by. the possib- 
lity of execution. 

But further we might for the simple cornices only fulfilling 
the function of carrying off the drip, as assumed in Fig. 840, 
also make the projection dependent on the distance between tHWO 
cornices over each other, so that the roof cornice, whose dist- 
ance from the window sill cap is greater than from that to the 
ground, and thus has to protect a greater height of the wall 
must also have a greater prajection. In reality this wider pro- 
‘jection on the later works is found ‘in the projecting edge of 
the roof, but on the older was already made by the form of the 
cornice. Therefore we might sooner give the preference to the 


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9 ulssercooe beotetes sittifies test ei dvaiig, edd to: tadt 
‘aide edd) to etotsn odd ak b0ba00t of +1) ae seiton 19bL0 
-ittr > tae anoiteregsxe: saibicve tot edaiog wnticeta oft 
“apiees 20 ebyow yiov sd¢ akefo ton cals ifty isd¢ens bae Jano 
in ei ydeced? tom sivdi tud* .Sfoamtd ayer od-10% .sedoad 
} tadied emese gedu nedt .agata? [le nk wid. wollok senwo we 
53 atee vei TE -eahk hook I90y OF antitoocs gedted sd yea ti tedz 
q oo yolque od wod. areas bes ,n89 od dedw exoyreva oF 
) eit: ie ae sasatig 
d Gitta ods ast: souetetes¢ s dite bainnksed., 9af ak seed: oat 
ae abauo ‘to: Beaognoo: neve saw to .babivib yfantiwogasi109 saw 
4 Ditont tam totan to Isvower book a to Sauon0e no tat .enollor 
a -Berylissotescco hexseggs ylise ybserfe offk sbeenebaos coikekt 
B Goango: 10% susced’ yliecbseaa sadt dean olquie o roisotee ant 
ae Se. omen edt seve dinkig odd to 49 sit of taol vifeatt, bus 
= eg dbTaoa 
/ 0d bavot at ‘ohintne Dasoms odd sort d¢atiq edt to tisied ost 
| er cine Sat to vesemiogdd sdf) to eguesomedt ys deatwreted 90 
abel cedd baa. , 2103830 add to eelya bevisserq [fe yfveon 
| ) ddetiq odf Ssdt of. .bsboetxe ei coktsniawsésb eidt 
as. 8008 -sgete. yd ‘Savers ed? to askttas(sgerst ond 
f sensaed ietoere @ «af sustoetidore arsbom of satorct ef 
Sepoonainged 949 To Jneaogasess ot SS 4357 ot wodes on 
jy desweds to Sdgtetieneteors. & sduedneduerd ts 
x40 ove, i bobivib ai th eredn elisiooyes ebawot 
yi ecole s96tie ein900 dintig ed? 


t- 


settee: a 


' om * 7 + 
awe sty Saks ae ‘woiteaxe 2 aah A 
. aa. rah 1 
in 8 Sew . ‘Vis 4 
‘ f - +” ®; wes a 
‘ ; 4 { 


1, . : 
ere Ge ia ? - oe sa 
me, Nes" was 
ey wT SLR : ba F 
: — . rie : 


ae 


ai Paes 


» too piienacend sail pM itiaabiainte sit ot 


Bega sisotts toeeen sit xine ovat Seom da calor eaodt ylonti 


a te ange ey ) sotsetu ¥ 


crn PATS a eo Soa < wa “e “4 


471 
to the arrangement of a more projecting roof cornice, than of 
its lesser projection on the later works thet must be referred 
to a certain timid ty for 2 definitely expressed horizontal ter- 
mination, which characterized the later style, ‘but is entirely 
foreign to that of the 13 th century. It is further possible 
that the peculiar crowning of the windowsgable rising above the 
roofscornice on the richer works érom the 14 th centuryonward 
allowed the horizontal termination to appear as a possible den- 
‘jal of a characteristic of poverty. 

Therefore if the before mentioned determinations of the meas—- — 
ure of the projection at first also seem suited for the mindow 
sill cap, then is found the equality of this projection with 
that of the plinth is just as little retained accurately on the 
older works, aS it is founded in the nature of the thing. Accor- 
dinsly these rules at most have only the use of affording cert- 
ain starting points for avoiding exaggerations end disproporti- 
ons, and another will also not claim the very words of master 
Lacher, for he says himself, “but it -is not thereby stated, that 
you must follow bim-in all things, than what seems better to you, 
that it may be better according to your Sood ‘idea. it -is useful 
éo everyone when he can, and knews how to employ something.” : 

Plinth. 

The ‘base in the beginnins with a preference for the Attic base. 
was correspondingly divided, or was even composed of rounds and 
hollows, that on account of a good removal of water #as simpli- 
#ieaéor condensed. Also already early appeared occesiscnally on 
the exterior a simple wash, that sradually became more common 
and finally lent to the cap of the plinth even the name of wash 
moulding. 

The height of the plinth from the éround outside ‘is found to 
be €etermined by the measure of the thickness of the wall-in n 
nearly all preserved rules of the masters, anc then by Lacher 
this determination is extended, so that the plinth should follow 
the irregularities cf the Sround by steps. Such an arrangement 
‘is foreign to modern architecture “in a special degree. Therefore 
we showin Fig. 842 the arrangement of the plinth of the church 
at Prankenbers. 4 greateerheight of the wash mouldins is then 
found, especially where it is divided in two or more parts. 

The plinth occurs either alone on the exterior or also an the 
interior as agSumed in the right half of Pig. 840. But since as 


a suid te Be eel nowt: tdgied lanredat aid efps s 
ve $ Bledtog edd er0ted baguecse ore egote ted? on .Leniet 


et edt of eeol aomosed sedttel dimifg: edt to sduted 
¥ att’ @ sosuts etf team ar a eek ody 10 ,Sofieixe odd no 
a om 3 e680 Tentetxe 


donot daom ak banot ak dtakia fentetnt edd to bastaal 
2 gese 8 ited otodesite bos sipdietT to eretenta add oi 2s 
. ab eyhe meqqn seoda .{O89 .BIP to Sad dtef edt ui eudt) 
C 3 te nae dotdn 20 bee .paidfnom yaasie 8 1c totusdo 2 yd bee 
Ptovseostice sit neck .dtotiy convene ao as ebanor od? to eeuad 
 aeaora bartd qd fetemtue aod? ove awobuin’ sit asben ifaw edd 
Piebtito atteda edz to acnad edt ned? (208 bos ANE .udit ui os 
as tent edt svods 3efela Geta buccee edd so baste yan reétad 
i bY? Sud to aoltoetom. setses2 odd Atty viisisass ss [lon 
) 920m to ows ofar Sobivrd cd yen gete agswol sd to dtbhiw odd 
# to adéatly treteltib edt to etdnted Lespenn edt ya cenoteiv 
-s ats D enosorstotq ylletoeqes s{uee1 sao bevieoen eudt ebavoe 
4 vtae8 & to sderei leven sd? ei vaste edd To Fdgtok ect weaott 
Oates tat ,atsee es ovtes of ylferenss ots yodt i 
aa | «@@0 [€f2 wobntw leangorxnd 
| of eteatbr0%ne eonss10qmL. a8 eed ayawfe qeo [Lte wobaiw ad? 
 efemte 8 to etzitnco elton exotoredt bas .G0LnI09. Toot oat 


re 


A nedéte boutet ei qiah-odt webeo doidn gi entot teers Haye 
bas o(@2e .8rt) aovesi yd’ balirt eno 19 evoo sigue 

toX qao ed? 2o teit tedtec a¢ ifte wobsiv ed% to s¢dgted edt 
ae tad? oe ,tedest yo beatuteteb ef +i Yo tanga «onok edé pai 
ent aeented teds of fate eoasteibca fnew ods evode etl Lede 
iv cabase tot eldstina ylioetteq ei rotécoqord sidtT .esee0ontitud 
Peet eid 402 ifeme ood. ad fiuow tud ,enoianemih syetevs 
pebtecd bas ptotsesy wot staged eldstebinaos ot Heelliluow 
Dance a8 oaedes peesecticd yall? ef% to eonatarh teteerR does 
et Yo wotencdxe feifersg edt ai aeve «to evan act at bovot ots 
| bas. eroeulit yfocigce ed binow .toR yLog edz etfeogqo tiode 
: ss | Spbtowd teom ed? yO eBtow Isventhea ct Bevorgetibh bavot 
‘si tne@ .2 Yo Loqedo off co wotteeud ai tHyted od: ext? .ea0 
t eventos « ‘eoustets eit vomit #\B fof atevons rafesixy te 
u ae he Lntoxeep ticdo eff ao ted ,aezacrtivd Rat 


a * . pale 876 stedt foxy: ,ualdas as Yo Tasted oft at: ebar eek iyo 


MNES OR ® Gadd Bed et 


472 
a rule the internal height from the floor is higher than the ex- 
ternal, so that steps are arranged before the portals, then the 
height of the plinth either becomes less in the interior than 
on the exterior, or the “internal cap must lie hisher than the 
external oné. 

Instead of the internal vlinth is found in most French works, 
asin the minsters of Freiburg and Strasburg, both a step seat, 
(thus ‘in the left half of Fig. 840), whose upper edge is enclo- 
sed by a chamfer or a stumpy moulding, and on which is set the 
‘bases of the rounds as on a common plinth. When the surfaces of . 
the wall wnder the windows are then animated ‘by blind arches, 
as in Figs. $44 and 855, then the bases of the shafts of the 1 
hatéer may stand on the second’ step rising above the first, as 
well as generally with the greater projection of the rounds, t 
the width of the lower step may be divided into two or more di- 
visions. By the unequal heights of the different plinths of the 
rounds thus. received can result especially ‘picturesaus ‘combina- 
pions. The height of the steps is the usual height of a seat, , 
if they are generally to serve as seats. 

External window sill cap.. 

The window Sill cap always has an importance subordinate to 
the roof cornice, and therefore mostly consists of a simple 
moulding made in the height of an ashlar, yet there are also 
found ‘richer forms in which under the drip is formed either a 
simple cove or one filled by leaves (Fig. 855). 

The height of the window sill or rather that of the cap form- 
ing the lower part of it is determined by Lacher, so that it , 
shall lie above the wash andistance equal to that between two 
buttresses. This proportion is perfectly suitable for certain 
average dimensions, but would be too small for the lesser and 
wouldllead to considerable heights for greater, and besides dy. 
each greater distance of the flying buttresses apart, as then 
are found in the nave or even in the parallel extension of the 
choir opposite the polygon, would be entirely illusory and are 
found disproved in mediaeval works by the most decided variati- 
ons. Thus the height in :kuestion on the chapel of S. Boniface 
at Pritzlar amounts to 1 3/4 times the distance between the fly- 
ing buttresses, but on the choir chapels at S. Quen have scarce- 


ly half this width. 


Ts 79 te iy vs ; 


cpa s x08 a oad uhpenie to Sain, hgh ob tutois tes: a8 done 
dash teks ha thti ‘LIte edt to. noitieog: tonol & dedé soaees 


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oe ve: - 


. tei uF ala View! o.a4 eM es tons sshos8 


BV shiy uy et ust ate ee | eieahink ite Lenxesai 
| of evo01g e tu deen ¢ on 1 end ‘pabbioon {lie edt rbitedai edt ot. 
_-at exoter bas .wobatw edd so awob Suinaot iste ost, ovtooot 
a adele ee igoo9 yeu bas .O de aevig dedi ofif wrot sit cod 
pane ) 002 Devore ebuosze..th nedu ,abavot edt dtin anctts 
games: ) $oBasC 10. (OS .gt% ot 9) tentexe agote 10 (0be 
. rien, eit ai ed cao: bsvois sobasetzd .ti'ne dasa asd? tad 
A en tate: ie wiiite sd? to ¢duied eat ga beoelg ani1 sed yaa tf x0 
= jsed: a8 basen og? «(ODS .2id at 9) eqede togustiih 6 dgtw 
 asttal edt 30 soktosiorg edd ti ysidluom Lite sdé uo yitsonth 


eee eh «(2 te ve) Sh. dtinw dstoonsos gHitfedtos. a.¢d Sobis 
“ gitad $ od $dgtm etasmerceqis tod aeanted sdebboareiat ne a4 


fadic . poe ‘yd: poonigon 919% fednco sata te Obs oii pie $izass 
| + «bagot 6 bas 
Siseiatc) abavor secs ite bragt aomisvenoa at reddis$ 
Pestana tadé olidu:,eaxs0o ifte ott ao evs rslisaa ond sdé 
"bao teciess agoia 10 see rexel sibbie. 943 bayors sadoad 
agua edt ekagatgnsits ob bis adaomesnarta dove (LA 
% ads selcot neve vem woddet edt das .eergoo (Lie edd 
iit Yo ahodo edd of ee .danw slats a lo wrot ont at acai 
ble qilsrone: sodtsl otit ai asdd as (E43 431%) setdoR ge 
¥ 84100. siguia to solsedak ent ai: Sai 
i, ent noented sonexetirh sit t6dt ,atoa cale of 
m ots seaterxa e2athivow avoisey edt to antagete 4% ao 
sdeigintegs hon eal snokies edt to oftatretoarsado 


iB 0% sinned ion ads brotts od sedaid. bowen. 


dite. edt to moktoetorg 942 fads. oa.%0 ,dnefottios ear 


} pebagor sijats fia ciate [ite eat dd neues, wees 


474 
surface of the wall and around the buttress. Sometimes is found 
such an extension on the sides of the buttress, for a far better 
reason that a lower position of the sill moulding, in the reve- 
rsé direction below certain windows, whose sills are thereby a 
wowed higher to afford the height required for a side doorway 
under then. 

Internal sill moulding. 

In the interior the sill mou€ding has no wash but a groove to 
receive the water running dows on the window, and therefore ta- 
kes the form like that given at c, and may occur in varied -rel- 
ations with the rounds, when it extends around them (d in Pig. } 
840) or stops against (e in Fig. 840)., or passes under them so 
that then eest on it. Extension around :can be in the same fora, 
or it may be a ring placed at the height of the sill moulding 
with a @ifferent shape (c in Fig. 840). The round can ‘be set 
directly on the sill moulding if the projection of the latter 
is sufficient, or so that the projection of the sill course is 
sided by a corbelling connected with it (as at f). 

As an-intermediate between both arrangements might be that, 
whereby beneath the sill mouldingstand Single rounds, and on a 
capital in the height of the sill course stands a triple one 
corresponding to the vaulting rips. Such an arrangement could 
result from Fig. 840, if the ‘corbel were replaced by a capital . 
and a round. 


Rurther ‘is sometimes found all three rounds connected together, | 


the two smaller are on the sill course, while that is either \b 
‘broken around the middle larger one or stops against it. . 

All such arrangements aid in strengthening the wall beneath 
the sill course, and the latter may even replace the sill mouid- 
ing -in the form of a simple wash, asin the choir of the church 


at wetter (Fic. 843), as then is the latter generally also lack-— 


-ing in the interior of simple works. 

We also note, that the difference between the breaking around 
on the stopping of the various mouldings against the rounds is 
characteristic of the various periods of Gothic art, in so far 
as in the older works the rounds formed on the ends of the ash- 
lars are connected with the body of the pier ‘by these mouldings 
‘broken around then. 

freatment of the lower part of the wall. 
The wall beneath the window has the purpose of enclosing. the 


[rteeaapoms isa ib 'X6" sesied edt: uibosens noOEY: 64d b¥0 
Mie rte tsKenod edt eboléxe [fede ewobatw downdo deat oe 
Aes perebnn odt seeds seiton telyoes nk gebk yteve of hesoggo , tro 
3 | "gto tated ‘edd fuael ts off teom Satblvow (lie wobatw edt to 
Si pts Pest? tdgted edt aad Od6 .3h4 HO) -Havotk edt evods naw 
P-nogote Sav at d's yi eeetqrs ow fed .nen a to tigked edd eotd 
“edt toods booela ak ifke wobatw od¢ aedt bas .elodn edt of notd 
iment tedt o2 .oab9 vewol eidt evodsa Ifew edt to aasadokds 
Shed ids to epsstont af .(deaw ect to notdentflout ads atl 

egak ead at antarsooo atwomennetta nisitso vd bertapea od 
. fe cae lidikaese od 6s asouatias yd .paifibes ,el{sta troso es foge 


D sistas « to ytieasoon edt sldsil es botnad ad of ei dokdw od 
0 ella sit soate ,sitetoh adv to neifseqotg etsatarvoteiar 
! ‘etottewsdd hegolevabh ed esols aso aedsel edd 
- eve to afeed sit shaq sd Iliw afeoe efarat a yflerens3 

a “gotésoqous eds to tadt yltelvottiey .pitbitud' betsoexe yifanci 
presen sat to esie edy to bas noktexob edt to tads ,efodn edt to 
| £ 68) been 9d of eee1900 ett to td3ied egstevs une ards \efeke 
p -oreas Sda qedtsgot hefoennos soxeopr seid? savees yen sao Iedd 
| -eonetettib batt foven edt mort enoferent® etetoqgss adi batt vd 
a “gatyosquoocs satofoom ede Saivuse af sdtow selgeke qren ad 

fstoostzod [ls ydecodt bas sezsoo (Ite eft to sthe rowol sat 
- saoteroo Joow ed? be ddatiq oft te desw sat asewted noteivrd 


Pan 


))ebte Sntblvom tyoreban we to desw O4¢ to motsthbs odd soate 
| ‘ed yeu aetteal ed? to nokeaetzre co ,sefen to [svomorn odd 
Ke wt betqso0e yiInt asasoudiad! oud neewsed dybin edt ne bs 
setorg tert? edt to sezaststod etd basoww zatisesd edt bas ywob 
fstaoatrod etdt to tostte edé eaaso yns AI .ot9m bobbe noid 


si tasaoneant eidt sroteredt bas ,wobatw edt to rotff{om ens to 
Maker Datei atsdaeo mo antaise00 tadt ot berieterq: sd of 
Hod flie edt dokdn/ot seibroove .nebabl ax aszesls 


10 sire Grobake: ‘edt to adbiw odd 


Soneteth edd aextt dolkdw tsiital odd [Iktte er ti vile. 


@ Orttae eft to ebstinkay odd yd sedtent S08 .awobatw edd t0d_ 


ted w30fdt edi to Santen oft yd botinpey vitoettd ton et dona 


cb j aedgid edt avin testtaoo odd yd eltsrovet af motat- 


Beanie ‘woiskw eft to ebie dose ts yLleokérev 


ee; 


a ee eS 


473 
fhe height of the window sill course will consequently be so 

determined, that-in all ordinary cases ‘is attained a height ab- 
ove the floor exceeding the height of the human bedy. For actu—- 
ally itis still the latter which fixes the distance in question, 
so that church windows shall exclude the possibility of looking 
out, opposed to every idea in secular works; thus the underside 
of the window sill mouldins must lie at least the height of a 
man above the ground. (Our Fis. 840 has the height fixed at 1 1/2 
tines the height of a man, that we express by a b‘in the :propor- 
tion to the whole, and then the window sill is placed about the 
thickness of the wall above this lower edse, so that then reso- 
lts the inclination of the wash). An increase of this height may 


be required by certain arrangements occurring in the interior, 


such as choir stalls, sedilias, by entrances to be arranged un- 
der the windows, and further by the magnitude of the entire work, 
to which is to ‘be denied as little the necessity of @ certain 


‘indeterminate proportion of the details, since the magnitude of 


the latter can dlone be developed therefrom. 
Generally a triple scale will be made the basis of every- Tai- 


‘ionally executed building, particularly that of the proportion 


of the whole, that of the duration and of the size of the mate- 
rials, thus the average height of the courses to be used (so t 
that one may assume three squares connected tosether and there- 


by find the separate dimensions from the resultins differences. 


Qn many simpler works is wanting the moulding accompanying 
the lower edge of the sill course and thereby ail horizontal 
Givision ‘between the wash af the plinth and the roof cornice. 
Snch is not directly reavired by the nature cf the thing. But 


- since the addition of the wash of an undercut moulding aids 


the removal of water, an extension of the latter may be requir- 
ed -in the width between two buttresses fully occupied by @ win- 
dow and the breaking around the buttresses of the first projec- 
Sion added here. In any case the effect of this horizontal div- 


‘ision is favorable by the contrast with the higher proportion 


of the wallion of the window, and therefore this arrangement ‘is — 
to be preferred to that occurring on certain later works like S. 


Blasien in Minden, according to whica the sill course returns 
vertically at cach side of the windou to a height of about half 


the width of the window, and then continues horizontally ‘én the 


tis edt fettite of ever seddrot aso tk eens 
s of? tetees of (CES .219): teddo dose santsxe 


te maoo: fantbutisnol 8 yd. baa. , Bors Savory tefsests 
th 1 oases oft shtogher eonesitind edt to yrmoean sowol 
oitibaco edt oF gukiroood »alioa Laupenn nt etagueltsee 
o> seeiteb seed? te tedtons 10.800 Botsainobetg 
ead .peno Li{ome vino to seeeetdind on asd [lew sat of 
au edt to f1c9 tewol odd wo eliet aeoite Svetsace sd? yils 
: " ot ‘tao at dotdw .neemlotds tsorg yisvitaieasos s. sevfeoot 
i swobaty off to débsowd Ilene bas woltovhsb tuodtin beavtt 
‘ . iq. 9ts gessoittud edt ewobain bin tot yiteitcoo sit ao 
fi 7 ede 3 + gonss2ogrk edf beosbe1 ak eaad bn .wetbod ba tdroggee 
bes Avec -G)/ evods Senoitaen ylevotvesg es doe . {few t97 
i¢ bos dots Siew edt nedd soustrocck evel asd yiletenee asdt 
arcted {fin eidt stedw so ,teds nedt tenekds sham si gen oxot 


os) commfov ak eoneeoes: yd beonher sd tegel se gan 
| m0 td jeter os ilenw eit To sostane Lanietxe odd no eseasoed 


2 ee ae Hl ache at ‘ptonmen otom otf ott offegt seont yisutago: sat 
. . | | -awobeky od¢ dieened. sebootd 
pe ae? to tueq edt bo guisedsqusats Jaavetak sad yom tos ks 
o£ PBedors few eit to ebavor ont doide ag .enobaiw adds t9ba0 
9 ae a) mogid to ewad, sito to sfodo ebis eit ok ee fasta vf 
my: 9 efsdit odd ghiniotie acucfoo ofstit ont ys bessougun ai 
= poate ativesy down Snild s sad? oe ,#edors yd besoonsop 


yrogt sd eodoce oct ge ivvoqqse ¢aguion to bas asdots drt 
» dousn® sit of Rntbtooos zebso1s esont stinser syed baa 
, Se nottenidzoo. ai axe mt0% aedcks ‘qhodd: ee dotsw mote 
¢ attest ss ,muitotiqt edt ddin yaodarsefo ond ck wobain 
iq a e: epedeits obie ond to awobutw oat of boil Is oxs sootte 
fn set Sane salarbodtso. dous7% edé %9 veduun totesrm edd at 

bas. Deb .-ote Aiedietl ,Savdesuse to ‘etetaata dt ai yrs 
fe to Sneamey taal edt sevonsy tedt | <tnsateexd to ebos 


d eapdt 86 aaenisen ated? -sfodw edé to essadois 
at's oT 8 sa8endola: cs etimreg, sxe odd 


peak B32 to 3 


es Lik Ls 


ie 


{ nobaty ott yatPaorzee Gea Etxotcs soos 


ou peas seotganmt ot .asauerttad ent te nottvoy remol 


neg estedintaos: yllsitcense. os bas. ~sostise [fan 


eaedt to sedaen edt temo débinv tetseea s Tod »gnibinom Ilia 


bauot buaeaens in ) 


475 
room externally and op supvorting the window jambs. In a static 
sense it can further serve to stiffen the adjacent buttresses 
against each other (Fig. 837), te assist the strongly stressed 
lower portion of the buttresses, to transfer the pressure to a 
greater ground area, and by a longitudinal connection of the 
lower masonry of the buttresses reducing the danger 6f different 
settlements ‘in unequal soils. According to the conditions there 
predominates ona or another of these duties. 

In the wall has no buttresses or only small ones, then natur- 
ally the greatest stress falls on the lower part of the wall, it 
receives a comparatively great thickness, which is uniformly con- 
tinued without deduction and small breadth of the window. But 
on the contrary for wide windows the buttresses are properly the 
supporting bodies, and this is reduced the importance of the lo- 
wer wall, and as previously mentioned above (p. 337), and it t 
then generally has less importance than the wall arch and there- 
fore can be made thinner than that, or where this will not da, 
may at least be reduced by recesses in volume. 

Recesses on the external surface of the wall are rare, but ion 
the contrary those inside are the more common. 

Arcades beneath the windows. 

First may the internal strengthening od the part of the wall 
under the windows, on which the rounds of the wall arches usual- 
ly stand as in the side choir of Notre Dame of Dijon (Fig. 844), 
‘is supported by two little columns adjoining the Little columns 
connected by arches, so: that a blind arch results beneath the 
sill moulding. For a sreater width must the number of these bi- 
ind arches and of columms supporting the arches be ‘increased, 
and there results those arcades according to the French expres— 
gion, which in their richer form are in combination of the upper 
window in the clearstory with the triforium, at least in formal 
effect are allied to the windows of the side aisles. 

In the greater number of the French cathedrals, but -in CGera- 

any in the minsters of Strasburg, Preiberk etc., is found éhis 
mode of treatment, that removes the last remnant of the plain 
wall surface, and so essentially contributes to the overpowering 
richness of the whole. Their nearness 6f these blind arches to 
the eye permits a richness, s refinement of details, for which 
was scercely found opportunity #6 any other place. Distinguished 


te Pooqees ards at) 
| i pareate giedeansa | to! 
ibs be ensues: etd otat buieseg else iges e63 Jedd os 
eo; betutog beltioxg egrets Gi betoenno pamutog 
1 bas .ece o8it.at es altot 2 
nyot at cipal cae Bs mena odd neo 
atibanessees, > suisse t+. to sao efbbim odd 
bs ors ealerbasge saluiaatek: e eexdt edd slidw 
| ent yd besuedas seve ef dost? ‘eat regeifot a 
0086 .exefien s to asl séf ein betosnnoo seifls “Sagi 
se 7 0 oot eit to deeage edt 36 heaosiq bas » 
edd tes ¥4 Hee B. et 


, 


J 
sariol 
; ) ‘ 


oe 
dP RA ae 


bee. acto. fseoo to siaemeknsi7s 
af99 aelfare baa sis bt ie 


sfitecoo fle of ae ihtosos bom 
ities, .pador betmtog es ,b5% 
ne bavor 88. ,EO9N' to [arbsdte 
aad ‘betaiog 88 80 ee 
«Brediet! bas 220 qe dot2a. 
ot ‘Bupa? nods ots sige: paeeye cant aud te 
' epidtad yiwsai sdt az ‘gouttonce begister oals F983 
Pigatae sidbia alse et. add yedt0 ‘ose ebiaed aseesost ont af 
ea) ere stsefloo sit sovt JnomszaeT7e ae don? .alsdzoo yd beonl gat 
5 ly: ey | as 2S oREY gf aware ek 1 ston Ree) dorado 
aad sazsfoo odd to gotosiz teleget edt wort coitsived 4 
bs 91759009 iisw ony uk: hooslg wx eonesere 8 tk ,wottsiasy ¢ 
apes BomBo0e% Ons io. owe taods. e{suos oedt dthtw seodx 
so {quie ods. ok bas ,ious edt to aot adt battihos pods 
18. os) dowd: -lotart Sigterte edd yd booslast ai vi 
; les ah) hucdiete to seteate ed¢ at banot 


bas Aigeagncesiogedt, te ses shit edt Somks 


476 

‘in this respect are the arcades of the 8. Chapleéle in Paris and 
of Strasburg minster; the latter with a very simple arrangement, 
so that the capitals passing into the square and terminating 
columns connected bg strongly profiled pointed arches with ins- 
erted trefoils as-in Fig. 355, and the spandrels produced ibety- 
een the arches are divided -in four panels ‘by inserted circles, 
the middle one of these ‘bearing a representation of a figure, 
while the three smaller triansSular spandrels are adorned with 
rich foliage. The effect-is even enhanced by the arrangement of | 
the corbelling connected with the plan of a gallery, decorated 
by Foliage and placed at the height of the capitals on.the wall | 
behind (Fig. 855), by which the columns come to stand entirely 
free. For further concerning this peculiar form, see Galleries, 
pe 354. 

Tn contrast te the usual arrangement of eosal columns and ar- 
ches, there alternate in S. Chapelle larger and smaller columns, 
so that the former being connected ‘by pointed arches form two 
panélsunder each window, that are again divided by the smaller 
columns connected with the larger by trefoil arches. As a tule 
the bases of the little columns stand on @ continuous step as 
‘in Fig. 845, more rareln directly on the floor as -in the cathe- 
dral of Chalons sur Marne. 

Phe arches themselves ars formed according to all possible 
tines, as round arches in Fig. 844, as pointed arches, either 
plain or with cusps as ‘in the cathedral of Meaux, as-round tre- 
foil arches as in the cathedral of Ariens, os as pointed tref- 
oil arches in the minsters of Strasburg and Freiberg. ‘In ‘cert- 
ain Cerman works of the sransition style are then found the 
arrangement also retained sometimes in the Karly €cthic, whereby 
in two recesses beside each other the little middle columns are 
replaced by corbéls. Such an arrangement from the collesiate 
church of Wetzlar is shown in Fig. 854. : 

‘A deviation frow the regular placing of the etn ae produces 
a -yariabion, if an entrance is placed in the wall concerned, 
whose width then equals about two of the recesses. Thereby is 
shen modified the form of the arch, and in the simplest cases 
it-is replaced by the straight lintel. Such an arrangement is 
found “in the minster of areiburs (Fig. 845). 

Since the columns ef these recesses stand in the plane of the 


Patol aterheste foe1r6 ‘nt sedt yntorta to 


Sysibbin eft sovo sedtie basta dova tsdt yaw add 
th 6 edt tad .seeset Sef to dove of¥ Yo ofbbia 
tb mein .8 Che .S89) admat wobatn ods aos sate 


ponte ent dteenes obdore edt to agavloo olttit 
Sein sco to asacot ott tent of ,notizeg 8 doad: Jee 
i Pfh rices af fea .basety ess of moist etoted dwod 
“epbetets beers $di To ghey ad? at od oF ih 


r 70% tT. wababe edt ts eihdavenes s esdote sdie 
tos .ecofedt> ai bis,xeeee to faidedtas sd? ke 


feo eveds ewobdin trodétw acdeode Baile 

/ bawot oels 215 wedpis batid oasdd cowtsaroe 
6 Sindttesy edt ki ee .wedt Svodk erobate ditie 
by yiletotes 4ntbider Lite edt s¢e0 etdy aT 249 
gut adr eecol aditertatet [etcoxided adt sonts 


; 
ae, 
ett bas bebsol ef xsue off doide yd tf gdfpeves 
h, MEO? Sct to ystitdage edd setwesiy sbedorsteda ae 
GEE & patoste wert aigodo Mindiest at wWdiiw .ydoteds oSogseno 
= a ee ty orgs oa¢idors ofdteo To elgtonie, Havoth 8 to sore 
.twobste wovaen dyin sedous beifa 
‘Wéeqa odd yqesco yiswbiae Jor asd5 wohain odd rodi 


ote {tot oft natbuede gofoas Seis sods sRongertiod 
eealt 


hie: ave? at snewegasrts kas siwchibs cabseedsien) 
af f atta, [feds 5% totdw: of "elutes thodo 8 to asta 
of pals tea ‘eodons Sasit dt dfueer five arts 
‘no be es 0 ,sodttae flew sdf ag gatffuom ifte 
ed Peas 2 edv to dibin edt rot yfeo bcs 


ie ay ae 


aay an Mee we deat ae ste 


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nO (a ww adel: woonie ect Oos fs x beteahiacs . 
Seol pottalss atid tot tovesbas edt sixon tetal 


daisies edt 80 i ek oa? af BR eres ‘8 bakit. 


ese to saotao Sdy of Datite tad et olden edt 


‘O02 Ot 9190 oxot Iatasnsato etdt at weed otcaeuk ew baa: 


a stat i each To dust oa is 


a. —- 
ie 


we % 


Pacers Sei os 


477 

side arches, then ‘is omitted the need efchember and 
of placing them-in direct connection with the window jambs, ana 
such results only for the middle mullions of four divisions in 
the way that such stand either over the middle column or the m 
middle of the arch of the recess, but the other cclumns are side- 
wise from the window jamps (Fig. 845 a, where the columns are 
designated by a and the window jambs by b). On the contrary on 
later works the endeavor for this relation leads to placing the 
Little columns of the arcade ‘beneath the window jambs, thus to 
set back a portion, so that the rounds of the side arches pass 
down before them to the sround, and the backs of the recesses 
come to be in the plane of the glass. However there can still 
be effected by the sill moniding intersecting the rounds of the 
side arches a separation of the window from the blind niches as 
in the cathedral of Meaux.aid in Chalons. Bat this entirely dis- 
appears ‘if the sill moulding intersects the window ‘jambs, and 
the latter exteods to the sround replacing the -rounds of the b 
bling arches, as in the transepts of the cathedral of Meaux. 

Blind arches without windows above them. 

Sometimes these blind arches are also found without connection 
with windows above them, as in the vestibule of Preiburs minst- 
er. In this case the sill moulding naturally vanishes over them, 
since the horizontal termination loses its importance, but then 
the Kable ‘is best suited to the nature of the pointed arch for 
coverings it, by which its apex is loaded and ‘its uprard-force 
is restricted. t;ikewise the stability of the columns will be -in- 
creased thereby, whichcin Freiburg occurs from placing a figure, 
and we thereby pass in this ornamental form here to the expres- 
sion of a ground principle of Gothic architecture. 

Blind arches with narrow windows. | 

When the window does not entirely occupy the space between the 
buttresses, then blind arches extending the full width at both 
sides of the window, plane wall surfaces produce a heavy effect. 
(Indtedeinifreiburg this arrangement is found connected with the 
plan of a choir aisle, to which we shall return later). To avoid 
this evil result the blend arches may also be repeated above the 
sill moulding on the wall sefface, or may be omitted below it, 
and only for the width of the window and either in the thickness 
of the jamb or within the depth of the member extended to the 


rt ne oe setet chebseh be Reyst Ms 
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ap antofece Site eft désensd yLtoerth etedx (Istaoo dt 
) edt yd beeofone ei th .psedaem dusi) aiid qote dean 
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i 
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wae | | | -euobaia to dasmeynerth 

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7 RAIN » 26809 On af yteensoen st tod .yucaloqcoo at 
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om ie GPP) wODE BET OF homimtszeb os enobain obte edt 
apanaes oid of uobain od fo Melted add. to aides adt.010 
ee shee da. ood vino ag6 0: Quthluom ifie add dtseqsd: [law 
a tan odd a0 beved as. <dteniuoberg ifsda tewiot odd 
Se i. > a hodatw Yo dtbiw momixey. 

fim eds to dtits tactes ashe oe a wood ybserla ead t1 
oath eff adast meee, tedd oa ant hands } 


a * Ms f 4 Te ey J 


1 7 i > L. \ aly it " i , A. ; : : " ; 7 
a o —s ee eS 4 ue + vi 5 

CAO PP ARG rece cee Pree ak ; 

Teh yh ee A Oe eee, ee ay ae i Shee 

Ae nin lay a wore Vi Pe Tae ae 


A8 
ground is found in certain later works also without blind arch- 
es, indeed in the interior a8 well as on the exterior, so that 
‘iin the last case the inner surfacesof the wall remains plain. 

A particularly rich example of the last kind is found «in the 
choir of the church at Preiburs-on-Unstrut, dating from the 15 
th century, where directly beneath the sill moulding on whose 
wash stop the -jamb members, it is enclosed by the same arrange- 
ment having the same width as the windonr, and for-sided recesses 
occur having panels decorated by reliefs, while the outside men- 
- bers of the jambs directly below the sill moulding form a series 
of suspended hound arches with cusps, that-in a manner form a 
canppy over the reliefs. 

Simple blind arches. 

As a substitute for all such richer forms are then usually 
found on these walls simple blind pointed arches lacking ail di- 
rect connection with the windows, asin the choir sisle of S. 
Cudule in Brussels and bhe transepts of the church ‘in Wetter, 
and farther in many N. German brick churches. 

Arrangement of windows. 
Height of the window. 

For the height of the window arch is determined a maximum, so 
that for its body may remain beneath the side arch. This condi- 
tion results of itself, if the window entirely occupies the spa- 
ce between the buttresses, and hence the window and side arches 
are either concentric or coincide, as sssumed for the middle w 
window “in Fig. 840. _ 

With a smaller width of the window, the concentric arrangement 
of windows and side arches will then only remain possible if the 
proportion of the width-is such, that no extremely pointed form 
is compulsory, but is necessary in no case. 


A minimum height of the window is determined by the common gre 


ound tines ‘between window and side arches. Thus the hoe of 
the side windows are determined in Fig. 840. 

On the ratio of the height of the window to the height of the 
wall beneath the sill moulding it can only be established, that 


the former shall predominete, as based on the nature of the matter. 


Maximum width of window. 
It has already been shown how the greatest width of the window 
results, so that its jambs lie directly at the buitresses so % 
that their sides form the jambs, from which start the arches. 


Se a NE ee ee 


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* Satasot seostine [sottzey elii yitosxs basite ead 
§ anode (388 o3i%) motv ovisoeqaotg od? .tuemtzsquoo edt 
egexed ody ai Sfod ylistosgas bawot ei isdd ,d ts tnemegaas 
sean .Blavesed to. fashediso sdt to stods edt to ativey 
{yews goo at dore obte oft ere .(h8 .8lt at onoda et san 


ii 
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pues 


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j Ria: i be 


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BEL \bnsors eit at Barot 9 ebawor odd to eletigqeo edi evods agi 
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fh (pats ith “smegyteg od Yo edit edt to sapids evisae edt sai 

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sEidt dts yewitisd edt gaisebaod eeait {sotitev eiz yd ebie - 


= “Stoteteds pnitsete eviodw ,dote botatod edt to eat! aevord - 


Btigno edt 20 tdpiow edt ydoredt bas ,do16e Yo wood teLimie a. 
h teedo: edt to tefq edt ao ce [Low a2 olets eavevensts edt nt 


479 
Now pince for oblong bays the ground lines of the stilted window 
arches come to lie at a certain height, to which the cress arch- 
es are pushed up -in a notable way, then the window arches or a 
strengthening thercof ‘is furnished by the proper side arches, 
here extend exactly like vertical surfaces forming the edse of 
the compartment. The prespective view (Fig. 846) shows this ar- 
rangement at b, that-is found especially bold in the hexapertite 
vaults of the choir of the cathedral cf Beauvais, whose arranse-. 
went is shown in Fig. 847. Here the side arch “is ‘cut away at one 
side by the vertical lines bordering the halfway rib, while at 
the other side the line of intersection is visible behind the 
eross rib omitted in our Fig. Accordinsly the outer rib of the 
pointed arch on which rests the compartment Bo longer forms a 
complete pointed arch, but only a segment, so that the compart—- 
“ments “intersect those surfaces at a very obtuse angle. 

This otherwise scarcely visible peculiarity is found in the 
choir of the cathedral of Toul, whose arrangement is shown iu 
the elevation and plan in Pigs. 850, 850 a, executed for the p 
purpose. As shown by the plan, the buttresses of the choir end-— 
ing in the half demagon are moved so far inside, that above the 
window sill an opening extends through them, and before their 
tops project the shafts bearing the cross ribs a, while the an- 
ges b and this pier subdivided by the inserted shaft receive the 
side arch continued over this passage as a tunnel vault. On these 
internal buttresses lie the jambs cfof the window, that are tur- 
ned as pointed arches as shown by the elevation, but thereby the 
external line of the before mentioned strengthening arch and f 
further the tunnel vaults between the piers are required by bhat 


broken line of the pointed arch, whose starting therefore lies 


ne Oy Pe ee > 


high above the capitals of the rounds ¢ found in the ground line 
of the cross arches of the choir in Fig. 850. But since the span 
of the cross Ribs in the middle square preceding the choir is 


he 


far greater than in the polygonal choir, there results for the 
former a far greater height with equal height of the crown and. 
&2 similar form of erch, and thereby the height of the capitals 
in the transverse aisle as well as on the pier of the choir is 
placed so much lower, and on which rest the cross ribs resist- 
ing the entire thrust of the ribs of the polygon. 

At the latter height terminate all choir piers in capitals, 


on which rest the pieces forming that difference like independent 
piers, 


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arch is determined by the concentric line of the side arch. But 
where the entire construction causes, that the crown of the arch 


‘form of window arch and even for these equilateral, the upward 
force of the arch does not appear alone to break this horizontal 


Hence in this case it is better to place the crown a little lo- 
wer, and to construct the arch with a smaller :rise (giving it 
the form of arch with centres given by dividing the base in 4 
parts). Fis. 849 will Bive the section in Fis. 849 for the east- 
ern side, only with the assumption of a pointed form drawn ins- 
tead of Fig. 849 a. On works execuicd with, greater richness are 


dow arch by a gable, first occurring on the S. Chapelle in Pars. 
Further see former p. 342). 


arrangement of several windows beside each other. in the side of 
the same bay, at least a grouping to rise toward the middie. 
Such is obtained by the arrangement of two windows, 3s found in 
the Regensburg cathedral and the church of S. Peter at Liibeck, 
by the addition of a round window betwiin the two window arches 
and the side arch, by the plan of 3 windows beside each other, 
as found on Berly English and certain Cerman works, with a grea- 
ter height of the middle window. 


‘to the semicircular form cf the side arch. 


“|: 2D) Pes 


480 
Side and window arches. 
If the windows extend from pier to pier, the form of window 


lies very near the horizontal top of the wall, particularly with 
equal heights of #11 the crowns of the vault, with a pointed . 


limiting line, but in many cases actually produces this effect. 


Le i e : 
then found for loading the apex of the arch crowning of the win- 


Further the pointed form of the side arch, thet also réouires 
for it again a pointed arch (even though excentric), or iby the 


Conversely “in many French works, asin the transepts et Amieng, 
the arrangement of a wheel window for the entire width peters 


Independence of side and window arches. 

The necessity ‘but not the validity of the pointed arch or of 
the culminating form of the window vanishes with tha vault its- 
elf, and likewise #ith the assumption of that rib vault represed 
ented in Fis. 96, in which the compartments are replaced iby st- 
one slabs. Therefore are found in the interior of the Freiburg 
toweryp from which the construction is taken, ‘between each two 
such ribs are three pointed arched windows besides each other. 
The same sode of construction found a someshat changed appli- 


oa a4) my, 
; i pes ns sl Te aT 
ol u, ies ks oi PY, a ae 
ie 


‘ rt aaeite tiated to. ieee nebfo edd: ‘i nottsoriqgs 
Om etal edt dhocads bool eoyseneg: si aidtin secs .xet oe tn0 
i ities edd te aest smecad aedt sinsv odd to asdous Shke od? 


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A8i 
application ‘in the older churches of Burgundy (Fig. 848). Part- 
icularly here the window wall between the buttresses ‘is moved 
out so far, that within it passages lead through the latter. 
The side arches of the vault then became free ef the wall ly- 
‘ing there on as freely projecting arches like the other ribs, 
and over the junction of the compartment are leveled by a wall 
‘bailt on them and connected with the window wall by utone slabs 
laid thereon, which accordingly form a horizontal ceiling on t 
the width of the passage, and their upper surface either forms 
the channel for water or receives it; Fis. 848 shows this arr- 
angement for Notre Dame at Dijon. There a is the side arch, b 
the internal buttress with the passage, c the stone slab laid 
above, d the window wall, that is opended by 3 pointed windows 
of equal height. pikewise a rectangular form of window would 
be suitable here, with a covering of sufficient strength to 
support these slabs. In Vadllet-le-Duc is found an example taken 
from §. Germain des Pres, where in the rectanguler windou is in- 
serted a great pointed arch divided into 4 panels ‘by large and 
small mullions, and the spandrels formed between the latter and 
the rectangular endlosure are again filled by inserted trefoils, 
the latter sufficiently strengthening the horizontal coverins. 

A particularly ingenious and splendid application of the same 
construction is found on the rose window of the Strasburg mins- 
ter. The passage here lies outside; the window proper recedes 
to the place od@ the side arch in Fig. 848, while the window wall 
in the same Pig. is replaced by a circle with suspended areh in- 
side, turned between the buttresses, floor and the esiling of 
the passage, and the spandrel between the latter and the sides 
of the square is filled by open and beautifully treated tracery. 
_ conceive in the example represented above, that the window 
wall as in Fig. 848 is set in the outer side of the passage, t 
then would the spandrels be perforated in the same way and gla- 
zed, and. thus the enelosure of the circle by the square would 
appear gust as organic, as that by the pointed areh according 
to the usual form of vault. 

‘Jambs and mullions. 

As previously stated, the mullions in works of the 12 th cen- 
tury assume a greater, and consequently the jambs a lesser imp- 
ortance. We exhibit it on the plan of the window of the choir 
in Wetter given in Fis. 851, where the thickness of the mullion 


t Fie > ad 18 tbe eas Haw ott 0 1 Maelenose: ot .atenoms 
anes ite fenappest deom tedd ef wre? soddel od? . cavalee ef2 © 
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482 
enounts to about half of the wall, and the jambs consist of sin- 
ple splays. . The latter form-is that most frequently occurring 
‘in the simpler works, while richer -jambs are formed by rounds 
placed in the right angle formed in the projection of the wall. 
Then either the capitals of these rounds receive the members of 
the arch in another sround form inscribed in the right angle of 
the ashlars, or the shaft continues in the earch as a round. The 
members of the form commenced by these little columns then :con- 
tinue on the mullions, and thus become more complicated ‘in the 
arrangement of large and small mullions. Only in Strasburg the 
difference between the mullions vanishes, since the larger only 
consist of two smaller ones placed ‘beside each other (Fis. 855 a 
at b). 

The thickness of the window jambs and mullions is determined 
by Lacher at 1/3 the thickness of the wall for each. In other 
Places in the same manuscript appears to be given for mullions 
4/40 the thickness of the wall, as also assumed by Hoffstadt, 
the thickness of the ‘jambs then being 3/10. Both sizes corres- 
pond to most German works of the 14 th and 15 th centuries, 
where the desire for rich combinations of tracery and too slen- 
der forms of mullions led to the small size of the latter. An 
example of this kind is shown by the squere-in Fig. 841. 

Even in cases where the window occupies the entire width of 
the bay, are sometimes found such rich members on the arches 
entirely or partly intersecting the sides of the buttresses. 
Such an example from the choir of S. Ouen in Rowen is shown by 
Fis. 841 b. 

Sometimes as on the upper windows of the church at Haina, 
(Fig. 851 a) the mullions connected with the little columns 
lie nearly in both faces of the wall, and are separated there- 
from only ‘by @ cove, so that they occupy the full thickness of 
the wall. Then the window arch is enlarged externally by a pro- 
‘jecting drip moulding of concentric form, which in the ground 
tine of the window arch -is returned horigontally and continues 
a short distance, then goes vertically downward and asain hori- 1 
gontally around the the ‘buttress, forming the ‘border by its offset. 

Hood mouldian. 

Moreover there occur here members enclosing the arches and ‘pro- 
‘jecbins from the face cf the wall, that senerally occur on the 
works of the 13 th century, a very effective means for increasing 


ae. peers? Te PF” 
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483 
the importance of the arch and animating the surface of the wall. q 

As a-rule these hood arches take the members of @ simple drip — 
moulding, yet on French works are usually cavettos containing 
rosettes or foliage. | | 

While they form the window arches in Haina, they are certainly 
found in other places as protections of these,so they are sepa- 
rated from the members of the jamb by a plain band. “ 

Instead of the rectangular return, which is assumed there and 
that results from the proportion of the height of the besinnins 
of the arch to that of the ground line of the window arch, they 
usually continue horizontally in the latter and stop against the 
buttresses, or they rest on corbels ‘beside the window jembs ait 
the same height. 

Passages. 

For the maintenance of the different parts of every building 
and the reparaaion of injuries occurring, easy accessability is 
of the highest importance. But more than elsewhere will this be 
necessary at the windows, and on Gothic churches of the earlier 
system it is provided by the arrangement of passages at the hei- 
ght of the window sills, and that oan be constructed in the most 
varied ways. 

Structural principles of the passages. 

The modern custom would be, assuming otherwise the adoption 
of the system of €othic construction, that lying nearest and s 
shown in section in Fig. 852, according to which the passage c 
consisting of a continuous balcony supported by corbels, that 
‘leads outside the vaulting shafts standing at the-face of the 
wall. In Gothic art is found in its risht endeavor to obtain 
the greatest effect with the least means. It then sometimes 
utilizes the projection created for the passage to reduce the 
span of the vault, accordinsly a lesser height end measure of 
resistance sufficing for the entire construction. Et employs 
detached ‘columns, that stand in the outer face of the passage, 
and connects these with the wall or rather with the buttresses 
by a strong lintel, whose end a forms the springing of the rib, 
and which is supported by corbels from the face of the wall, ‘but 
turns a tunnel vault over the width of the passage, which at the 
‘same time also forms the side arch for the middle vault, and s 
supports the columns either by strengthened corbels or ‘by a pier 
extended from the ground. With the adoption of the latter :cons- 


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485 
reduction is only required a very small increase in the depth 
of the buttress, since as already stated, its depth acts in 
about the square proportion. 

Hereby is explained the width of that internal pier in Haina, 
that by the mass pertaining to an earlier design, and not by the 
strengthened lower wall strength by buttresses, they were prev- 
ented from lengthening the upper buttress, a means that certain- 
ly could not occur in Freiburg. Further on the stability of pas- 
Sages, se later p. 358. 

Passage in Strasburg minster, 

In the most perfect form appears the arransement of internal 
passages at the windows of the side aisles of the Strasburg 
minster (Figs. 855, 355 a). As shown by the plan, the internal 
detached pier is entirely enclosed by the three rounds of the 
cross and diagonal 2erbs extended from the floor and the two at. 
a standing on the floor of the passage, which support the free 
Side arch. 

Pe width of thé passage is not as in Pig. 853 covered by a 
simple tunnel vault, whose richness is inereased by that of the 
compartment d, but extends over the latter by an extension con= 
centric with the side arch, that is received by the arch b 6oxt- 
ending lengthwise on the face of the wall. Since further the i 
interior opened buttress covered by the rounds, required for 
thrusts of the vaults of the side aisles, aside from the butir- 
ess system of the middle aisle, to have strong external buttres- 
ses, rather than to strengthen the latter, this their width was 
reduced ao the least dimensions, and its face f recedes far be- 
hind that of the rounds of the side arches. Thus the entire ar- 
rangement of the boldness of the covering of the passages shown 
in Fig. 848 by horizontal stone slabs is nearest, and the advan- 
tage is peculiar to it over the latter, that it avoids the ung- 
viet effect, produced by the latter by the onesided. abutment of 
the compartment against the wall set @a the side arches as. at x. 

In Strasburg the floor slabs of the passage are supported by 
the blind arches mentioned above (q in Fig. 855). Since further 
the window jambs do not directly adjoin the buttresses, then 
must the jambs be carried down at least to the sill moulding, 
and thereby as well as by the plan of the passage occurred an 
unnecessary breadth at the height af the siii moulding. Hence 
the thickness of the wall is not alone reduced by the corbellign 


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a. 


434 ee: 
construction we reach the system of the internal buttresses fur- 
nished with passages at the height of the window sill. Below the 
passage the piers in the simplest cases are again connected by 
arches of tunnel vaults, on which lies the floor of the passage, 
while the rounds either extend up from the ground or are corbél- 
led out from the face of the pier at the height of the passage. 
(Fig. 353). The last arrrangement is found in the choir and tr- 
ansepts of the church at Haina, and is entirely im place, since 
the corbel bonded to the pier by the sreat and concentrated we- 
ight of it affords a sufficiently secure position. 

Stability. 

In Haina (Pig. 333 a) and in the side aisles of the Freiburg 
minster the piers before the passage are thin but very wide. 
The adoption of such great breadth of the pier is attributed 
to the view, to offset the weakening caused by breaking. Yet 
this weakening exists an a far less degree than it appears. 

If we provisionally assume hhe pier in Fig. 863 to be solid, 
then with insuffieient strength of it are possible two results. 
the first would be a bending of the wall outward, and then occ- 
urs if the resistance opposed to the thrust of the vault by the 
overlying courses by friction, assisted by the adhesion of the 
mortar is insufficient because of the size of this area or by 
too small loading. The second effect would be an overturning of 
the pier about the foot of the front face. 

The peta te by bulging outward is only to be cared for 
in regard to the thrust of the vault by directly applied courses, 
that according to the course of the line of pressure lies at #/5 
to 1/8 the rise above the springing of the vault. Hence it fol- 
lows that a fracture of the pier or rather of the springing of 
the arch at the so determined height or above is certainly imp- 
ossible, but below this a vulging of the wall cannot occur. We 
here add the example given in fig.854 from the S. transept of 
the collegiate church at Wetzlar, where above the capital of 
the pier is found the fracture extending through the springing 
of the arch, that scareely reaches the limits of possibility. 

But the result of overturning the pier can be aided by the f 
fracture of the pier only so far as the feared pivot is moved. 
pack from the foot in Fig. 853 toward ithe point c, whereby the. 
weight of the overturning mass is veduced by the volume of the 


fracture and of the standing internal pier. To equal this reduc- 


+ Brod eds. @ ete ve peheal benoitnzen cheer fe 
bukataee: dtqeb edt eeuscod exon sey bas. waibLsowm {ite 
Be Leister ner to eal emortxe eft baoyed asooiorq 
‘ son tsos hie ephe att baoyed toelortq anuulos ed? to aveeand 
; whe ys a is , of eoetsua motiod ») 
) oase ods th end prea abnd eskeessg ods efps 8 BA< 
ah idaw gunctexe ni vind .yfotse suigne absotte [lex wobatn 
i ets} betsr02 109 to yielley a dé¢iw tessl bedeinwt szbe) 19 
e608 oetas @ daost edt ac teifer ni sdgvoaw nedd et dotdw .ytsoeté 
/ beh f ented dud .abawds oft of seseettind Lenteiai seodt to 
eistasety om esonboiq gi, ifaw sd¢ to casa tegaw ed? yc ot)ed 
Bobsiw of to d1sq tewol oid elssoncs yaolisy odd eebized ,goot 
| neewtsd satdoser ebor no1t yd beosfgen Ii retied sd bioow bas 
ee riy ibys | | ~medd odak tel ebas ditw bos areig odd 
ia +Bogseucg f[enrarxd: 
, rgbhtubud aiieaes RkaePar. tsactinsa yiao zat ce svad sf 
[ evedt ,tonmem omee edt ni yllerietxo hexaerie od o2ls aso 
fee. edd to esleis ebie oft no ee seszenttud edt douoidt gmt 
i, 2ft no Sas nogylog aiedo esi no .seiede® to dovude siete 
3 9g o¢ deoreen od blur di wevewod .bredusl te dtedset{, .2 te 
Mar i seaels efi yd betasoso wobnin edi to shie sadt Jectshes NB 
anob -fo\ewot/ ows Yo cvasmegustis edt at vwllerisnon yisv souk: 
Seas tes, ebteci. eds movt- bosalz eaw sewel edd, ,1edto dose asvo 
q sdt to go0ivizog edt ylaathroses cals, .ebietuo odd aost reqqe 
“esovato edd no banot sts aotjsceag Oud geod. .etethib exsceag 
batw add ebietuo teqqe edt bas shkeri sated tewel eds ,1elgte® 
Rp evidiatag yasy 6 e1sed abies etitas |dT (a deSosdee .2b1%) 
yar goivose odd yi awode es esterzcsq died ce tat.oce .cwate 
A Stinpsaendd bas sedto dose obiesd yleuotido sil .s 328 
(fo eecntoidt Ieveuay odd qd suedé bebuotis besbat ci edt 
ed of .Poneses! teddagt ei ysificn edt eud? .eaetag ‘bus Iisw 
Acuna eedova yd. 10 babifedres evountiaco a mort beyia 
edd Ses .ecohesczag eit to dosaegnstts sé. t02 easiq edd 
ae big | -pémedéhegzxs Isueway to asiise 6 of bed ef seiwes 
. edt To seosd edt tads ,etde of wottaceze fiso texti ef 
—egia). tedéo dose sevo sii ¢ besa & eogsnesgd dtod to elias 
 taue acotiion wobhninm ed? wort emotioefory Lis. yigaibrooos 
a8. de bin) oat Qo sotterbet @ blove of ylfsatetxe best 
: et HePttntt: whrewon: eos af theett eesf{y eit sud ,ons 
sich torre: aotivw elhbia eds ao 


te 


ia 


a 
a 


486 

already mentioned above, but also by tke boid membering of the 
sill moulding, and yet more because the depth of the jamb still 
projects beyond the extreme line of that moulding, So that the 
pases of the columns project beyond its edge by a hobiéoeeat: 
bottom surface h. 

_ As a rule the passages lack railings, but at the same time the 
window wall affords entire safety. Only in Preiburs was the out— 
er edge furnished later with a gallery of perforated Late Gothic 
tracery, which is them wrought im relief on the fronh surfacess 
of those internal buttresses to the rounds, but being loaded 
here by the upper mass of the wall, it produces no pleasing ef- 
ect. Besides the gallery conceals the lower part of the window, 
and would be better if replaced by iron rods reaching between 
the piers and with ends let into then. Wahi 

External passages. 

We have so far only mentioned internal passages, but they 
can also be arranged externally in the same manner, there lead- 
ing through the buttresses as on the side aisles of the colle- 
giate church of Wetalar, on its choir polygon and on the church 
of S. Zlisabeth at Marburg. However it would be nearest to place 
it against that side of the window occupied by the slass. 

Since very generally in the arrangement of two rows of windows 
over each other, the lower was glazed from the inside anf the 
upper from the outside, also accordingly the position of the p 
passage differs. Those two passages are found on the church at 


Wetglar, the lower being inside and the upper outside the window. 


(Figs. 356$0356 c). The entire design bears a very primitive 
stamp, so far as both passages as shown by. the section in Fig. 
356 a, lie obliquely beside each other and thus require a width, 
that is indeed afforded there by the unusual thickness of the 


wall’ and priers. Thus the utility is further lessened, to be de- 


rived from a continuous corbelling or py arches turned between 
the piers for the arrangement of the passages, and therefore re- 
course is had to a series of unusual expedtents. 

We first call sttention to this, that the faces of the rear 
walls of both passages a and b lie over each other (Fig. 856 a). 
Accordingly all projections from the window mullions must be om- 
itted externally to avoid a reduetion of the width of the pass- 
age, but the glass itself is set so much inside the face b, that 


on the middle mullion was yet possible the arrangement of the 


; 
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Bast» f gevieoes gadt griblsow on. yd ylisntetxe beztougns 
on te ities «8 ebet edt wo owoh ehwotixe ti dotdw yd ebhteat 
feu fisw edi Yo ¢ eost edt moet Seewnt efesjorg esate 
ifoelorg eonnener ae an ‘wetetet wobaiw edt to (fhe es¢ ano 
R ¢ ee \, Le 3 ) i: +8 gate 

ua otee Bifsw exedd diod ‘ajabates ‘aback egeeesg towel eat 
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Sfie to toetie aléahiovenn eatvvedto ed? Devors: emit emoe 
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le talaiaane yéueS edd wort boutelenst? faomoynacre aba? 
Po ei wa 22 eesuleo to eteig hedosied to ,eboiteq supersnenosk 
om Sevewod ei (,ote) -woluvetisy Quant) efivey Leanne niatise te 
at P Beebet ,efytn aolitansid et I¢ segeaeng edt ot reife 
uebAtY of dain Hhetosonanco haa teiteial edt Laswot Leaaut avtte 
im stisasy fennvt dose disened havot at wobaiw @ jedi cs t8Y oe 
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¢ ts beosfq yfno ets evohaciw edt oxece .ane8 ta totfenio ede 
ex ebgors efdt ebined esateveds bos ,feone ebfe odd to: ¢dpied 
atom ensaced euddotdw Satsed {iawn ed? Yo eoalgpe eat ont 
\ ~ewobatu ect ebhised tobasi al sae os anegqo fn's 
a 2Ldu0b Te agtesh batsotiquoo esop tet tod beblie.yfreca 


teatetel at 2s solic. dase sbhised tay fos tave esgse 
00 ais ywiotg woduin odd egedy. .moonsess tc Lecbadteo od 
ow foidw of bos .wuitolise ext Yo insacensiis edd diéin 


Satel nreder 
y ebtaed dmomwegusyts atid of ¢oegeen eid nk eldorstoas 
~atdzied tosrsitct fs beosig aenegesg ods ots. aaite 
fe feeloats eds«nt estsnibiad shies) = dose yareddo does tevo 
beds. to obia emse ont to deoalg cre aogSeesq Atod nedk 
via aaa -@ edd ot bowot ef elgvexe oe fod? of Lew 
f# edt 20 tool? edt. tedd on .dC8 Bi at nnoda ee teiste! as 
i ¢ bedoenacs been to cese ai: ylissiogmes yfno shseasg 
nent co 

eee ala Bd) ne tet edivey si¢ to egsigatie ene . 

pie 2 <Hceeseate te beroues hak bivoo ¢ 


este tad poneseag aewol edt evods m Setuods b ta Iedioo | 


487 

outer calking fillet was possible. The middle mullion is then 
expressed externally by no moulding that receives its full depth 
inside, by which it extends down om the face a, and rests on a 
corbel at d about.3 m above the lower passage; but sinci it like- 
wise projects inward from the face b of the wall, it must stop 4q 
on the sill of the window forming an internally projecting moul- 
ding g. 

The lower passage leads through both these walls. Before rhe’ 
upper passage lie externally the piers f without capitals in F 
Figs. 856 a and c, from which stone beams ornamented by leaves 
extend to the wall, that serve as bases for the three tunnel 
vaults turned over the external passage between each two butt—- 
resses. By the arrangement of these piers and vaults is &t the 
same time removed the otherwise unavoidable effect of all ext- 
ernal members on the window mullions in a very happy manner. 

This arrangement transferred from the Barty Christian and 
Romanesque periods, of detached piers or calumns as supports 
of certain tunnel vaults (dwarf galleries, etc.) is however pe- 
culiar to the passages of the transition style, indeed being 
often turned toward the inteftior and connected with the windous, 
so far as that 2 window is found beneath each tunnel vault. In 
Still Romanesque treatment it is seen in the middle aisle of 
the minster at Bonn, where the windows are only placed at the 
height of the side arch, and therefore peside this arcades rema- 
ins the surface of the wall, behind which the passage extends 
and opens to the interior beside the windows. . 

A nearly allied but far more complicated desisn of double pas- 
sages over and yet beside each other as in Wetzlar Esufdund in 
the cathedral at Besancon, where the window utory is connected 
with the arrangement of the triforium, and to which we shall r 
return later. 

Preferable in this respect to this arrangement beside each 
other are the passages placed at different heights vertically 
over each other. Such a design #riginates in the simplest way 
when both passages are placed at the same side of.the window 
walle: Such an example is found im the S. transept of the church 
at WYetzlar as shown in Fig. 854, so that the floor of the upper 
passage only temporarily in case of need connected the openings 
in the springings of the vaults by means of beams laid across, 
that could be removed afterwards. The least we might find in 


- ¥ eS 


ier 

. + sayelnoge-ecert Yo Seansunervs pray moeast ont 
iduch to tnenoguetts S{iad ellentos bus sasnented A 

2 dove ,ewobnin Yo wor eidued to tadt eostupet yliat 
} atl ecegseesq ont esedw. .grgdtall te dtedsetlf .2 ao 
e oft nt stedsons ot easiddud sno mo2k anthneixe ebat 
Bibsaisted benrad eodove yi bedioqgse sd cela yodd sao 13 
ay a fenant es beonkino0s ed qedéie of seedT .eeeeetd 
& 991 sib aiedies 8 tot se12 sd 10 .eegeeeaq edd to dibin 
agi Corr | -6b2 .8tT mi ga flan edt ot bial edafa 890 
| -befoennoo eta sefaresa {satetnd $ne Leatetx2 

rau odd seuttemde seti offs Jnrenegynsvis sidd of 

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9 oslo gi steotetis eedors eestd gady yfemen .{lexn wobsiw 
sof omoD anotaiw tegqu odd sowed bas ,ewobniv sewsl edd 
@ be obtetuo eeif szeansq seqau edd ydowedT .aedows oft asvo0 
J sedsie gated tetsel eit. to seo!) add yebback ek eno asKol 
id ylsess 90 eedois batld yd ,yisdesit? nk es before aeot0 A 
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A 
iy 


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aad .694e5e0q ad? fo noktourtenoo to meteye edt oted estwertd 
is . 

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ed 6 Yo sofodo edt *enimreioh gat? ,f88 sq mo elute ebla ads 


‘etom ef avobaiw to'awor ott oft at ystavevid « eidgios 
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. ‘a to" Bezogmoo gales seqqu en 4dgied [¢upe To owohain sesds 
= An @ 2 or dose Aesatog & 0 hetevoo has enoiiise yd bebivib 
Bie. | stwohain to wor beLldyod 
p uined « ‘ahd Sdgted at tasagolevsh teeth a déiw eseso [is al 
bev Maaq Sd od el evoiniv to wot siduob a to taemekaeisa odd 
ts si tis wobaiw edt Yo dngedsett stobmele ylenertcs edt of 
ted. ab: @h toette Icleteet stom sit eehteed gonie (botaes 
“cocker aeneindge e10n 2 bas evobaiw add oF 2ascos 
é each ‘Bewad ancoe Smoosd fad dea beebal~.(S€f).q) Bat 
ia Do, touboug yisessoan 2 as ewobsin aebaole 
99 to. actégewgxe ylac ait us dechsi 
+ ante ltr paste: penees. ont 


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b tot yfistoned .xxot wobsiw Seveveo ylletaoxtiod to fas 


488 
the reason for the arrangement of these openings. 

A permanent and actually pbuilé arrangement of double passages 
fully requires that of a double row of windows, such as found 
on S. Blisabeth at Marburg, where the passages lie as corbell- 
ings extending from one buttress to another. In the same mann . 
er can they also be supported by arches turned between the but- 
tresses. These can either be continued as tunnel vaults for the 
width of the passages, or be free for a certain distance and 
pear slabs laid to the wall as in Pig. 343. 

External and internal passages are connected. 

In this arrangement also lies sometimes the simplest solution 
of the problem of placing the passages at opposite sides of the 
window wall, namely that these arches alternate im place with 
the lower windows, and hence the upper windows come to stand -. 
over the arches. Thereby the upper passage lies outside and the 
lower one is inside, the floor of the latter being either borne 
by cross arches as in Strasburg, by blind arches or lastly by 
corbels, niched by continuous corbelling as in Marburg, or by 
separate corbels connected by arches as in the churches at Geln- 
hausen and at Wetzlar. The form of the upper window can harmon- 
ice with that of the lower as on the church of S.°Blisabeth at 
Marburg, or may differ from it. 

Likewise here the system of construction of the passage, that 
just in. the same manner as we have already stated concerning t 
the side aisle on p. 351, first determines the choice of a poin- 
ted or horixontally covered window form. Generally for small 
heights a diversity in the two rows of windows is more tasteful, 
rather in the way that the lower division consists of two or t 
three windowu of equal height, the upper being composed of one 
divided by mullions and covered by a pointed arch 

Doubled row of windows. 

Tn all cases with a great development in height the Early Go- 
thic arrangement of a double row of windows is to be preferred 
to the extremely slender treatment of the window in the later - 
period, since besides the more tasteful effect it affords better 
access to the windows and 2 more favorable longitudinal stiffen- 
ing (p. 338). Indeed men had become accustomed to regard the 
slender windows as a necessary product of Gothic verticalisn, 
indeed as the only expression of ecclesiastical charcater in t 
the measure, that it is accepted in even church buildings in 


ay OT ee eS ee tm 


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eT a ee. ee ee a 


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I f . de 


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stelete fesvevee cl sitaa to toette to viiau extine ne ydeos - 
shodo & to teeme_aetra edt te eoneottingsm edt dosotags o4 
o.. gouts toetteq etom « eldineoa otsm of yilanit ¢o ,eeleis 
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he ed: piuoe teal edt tea sbeeogqo od hivow sf aids of 
cat dpakivin. edt tevoenow teadé ,eniste YO saewennaits edt vd 
ike eataomted eysvia ton 3005 atgernsst bas todo eit to tay 


. 


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bas efeic ebie edt evode elets efthte edt at doidn et noyou te 
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peo nee eefote gaeibiyih edt to tdyled est seve tend? oe ,boegacdo 
a dt @f yrelley tad to toot? edt! to tayied ect te axis 
 beoalg ewobsit to wou elduch s aaked teaval eit aévo , aul. 
i @yeeesg soant bas sewol eft esreted tedt ce ,xedéo dose . 
_ +920 1OdUO Ge Bt TotaR{ of? eroted has 

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mat Of gteddo es sh 346 Ofht0D to exuisa edt mort get we Yeut 
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en watlaotiaoy neu tedt ,ered hetonm sedéiqn? od gaum ¢2 


it 


a 


peutecn atdt ,aoitourtence cidiot to motveciqxe beonsdne ce 
iF soveobne edi ytsttaoo edt aco stadt bas ,metietuostacd eeszasy 
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to8 setal edt Yo egentser off mio} neve ,@n0le staniacieng 
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an \ Seine Vttazesen & es 
) awokate to daomedcet48 ollie) stad eit of eseg.woa ow ti 
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eat Gdbin sit Ot woitrocow edd tedd ,dousasonb at sadto ei 
Beytveten edd ¢oenisoig sdamed Seom neds ,oldtytiletat yleo 
asdio {fs o2 evoitstat bas eviauloxe o@ af toeteb akdd 
. @ yas Bsovbow MOsovfs ead otoleteds O09: .bataeela od 
edd neha edt ot olsstove tan seddigt 2b 31 .ednomay 
| a Maiaainn ne a peeatet eid not dod 


| 489 

Gonversely the design of the church of Marburg is certainly 
from Romanesque reminiscences anf those of the french single= 
aisled choir and transepts, to which we have already had to re- 
fer as well as to the choir of Regensburg calthedral, only the- 
reby an entire unity of effect of parts in several aisles, or 
to approach the magnificence of the arrangement of a choir with 
aisles, or finally to make possible a more perfect circulation, 
led to retaining the subdivision of the height of the nave. 

To this it would be opposed, that the last could pe expressed 
by the arrangement of stairs, that moreover the division in hei- 
ght of the choir and transepts does not always harmonize with 
that od the aisles. Here we shall only refer to the cathedral 
of Noyon in which in the middle aisle above the side aisle and 
thus directly above the side arches is a vaulted gallery, over 
which is the triforium and above the last is found the clesrst- 
ory windows, while in the transepts the division in height is 
changed, so that over the height of the dividing arches: and t 
thus at the height of the floor of that gallery is the trifor=- | 
ium, over the latter being a double row of windows placed over 
each other, so that before the lower and inner passage is. found 
and before the latter is an outer one. 

But the intention is further to establish a unity between the 
different parts of the same work required by no internal reasons, 


just as fer from the nature of Gothic art as the other, to simm- 


ulate an effect corresponding to an entirely different conception. 


It must be further noted here, that when verticalism reaches 
an enhanced expression of Gothic construction, this nowise sup- 
presses horizontalisa, and that on the contrary the endeavor to 
elevate the former principle at the cost of the latter so as to 
predominate alone, even form the weakness of the later works, 
which by the opponents of this art is erroneously represented 
as a necessity thereof. 

If we now pass to the Late Gothic arrangement of windows occ- 
upying the entire height above the sill moulding, which height 
is often to increased, that the proportion té the width is scar- 
cely intelligible, then must #éamake prominent the defect, that 
this defect is so exclusive and injurious to all other parts to 
be pleasing, and therefore has already produced many ugly arran- 
gements. It is further unfavorable to the effect of the glass, 
both for the adoption of a white or colored pattern from the 


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) one 6 TES Bit Lio sottavels fsntesxe odd ni watword id 
rev (Boasortiud ont aeented atéiwv. edt vd bontGieteth ef ¢ « 
; Petde dain bedixeueh sisype off Ya Cenog sit eas vd Bo dap 
pied ‘est ¢ud ,edwo att Yo Cadogsia ens RE go) 2g ted ony 
4 ¥0 soltese gtots ed .b a fas ¢ 6 etshiw edt to mon sé ce 
awe etd gt <8lodiw edé to neftourtanos act eWode wedt a VHS 


et lsey tenga’ ody $6 ows Beacet ode Seobain «enol ode 


j ‘tg 


oi 


| ‘bool oe yw ebteswo Aorta vebtn edt yd soabeintdes 
aa hs a a, aa  beteonezud ede’ 
) eo eae tayo dover woud edt to senkatmoborg oi? 
etiey vit Bavep: vert aeeenensid $4 ve: ontenes 
Arata raed. ee Levan ‘wolod sedis cae 


Ae te tee} | i None Ut ee 

“— eo on - nem mi as 1. Co ‘ ~ ‘ 
Pam a> <a ant x Dr | ma = al : 
OF nue ns in, a a a di i ae at a - teers ¢ oe » i= ' a. Sond 


«dibix ed Sor SuOTEs 


ui voboin BOqqs out fo nose ed? Sea  nwgloo efhbim s yd 


490 | 7 4 

necessity of innumerable repetitions, as well as with the repre- q 
sentations of figures, and in the later peroids of Gothic art 
it led to those pahnted canopies like towers over the fisures,. 
that strictly taken cam only be regarded as filling spaces.° 

But further that excessive height of windows also creates a 
need for their accessability -by passages. In the recognized re- 
quirement of the latter is to be sought the proper structural | 
ground for the Karly Gothic design of a fouble row-of windows, 
whose effect then is an art form as shown by the existing exam- 
bles, at least as not inferior to the later arrangement. It is 
in the nature of the matter, that this desisn in general like 
every one, is connected with a certain relation of magnitudes, 
and reovires a careful gradation of heights to widths. The min- 
imum dimensions that permit a double row of windows must lie 
within a width of nave of 8 to 9 m, where the height amounts to 
about twice the width. 

For this proportion we try in Figs 857 to 857 ¢@ the design for 
a bay. We make there the length of the bay, a b in Big. 887°¢, 
equal to h f the width, the entire width of the pier ac egual 
to 1/4 the diagonal with regara@ to the openings, and then assume 
a sufficient thickness of the pier and a corresponding location 
of the outer face of the lower wall through the point e. Then 
in the internal elevation of Big. 857 the height f ft” = 4 ab 
and accordingly the rectangle a b a’b% is determined as well as 
its diagonal and the lines a f” and & f”, and further the line 
a iis drawn as diagonal of the square, so that the different 
intersections of these lines indicate the heights k, 1, m, and ou 

Likewise in the external elevation of Pig. 857 b the height 
ab is determined by the width between two buttresses, the hei- 
ght ¢ d by the diagonal of the square described with this width, 
the height ec g by the diagonal of its cube, but the height e f 
by the sum of the widths a » and o d. The cross section of Fig. 
857 a then shows the construction of the whole, in which over 
the lower windows are turned two of the tunnel vaults supported 
by a middle column, and the arch of the upper window inside is 
strengthened by the side arch, outside by the arch turned betw- 
een the buttresses. 

The predominance of the upper windows over the lower is first 
required by the necessity, that the opening through the buttres- a 
ses lies below tte point of application of the thrust of the vault. 


~ 


La 
xg 


2 ah ” 7: ad = ( 4 Ad Bese a a ee ua 7) 
mee Ny: bas hid) Lal at hy las wee it vis 
Ae SU OU PER eo ae 
J is ine a aCe oe, i 
‘ en Pu, ts ie a AN Bh pa a} 8 ( 


i ‘ aa Peg he 4 it ae «hott toqorg boesevey one goa aud . Be 
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ecoe belels-olgnte of moidsios at texit exebain to 
( belete-serit 20 eeleie shie edi 102 curt eaimedts ci bles oi 
phtage torsos ebait teecepnetts evidne edi sud eodorsdo 
D asleis. Sbie eldsob to agieeh odt ddiw nottoennoo ot 
Arch’ “ig o.) -steteloateder [fede ow doity of ,s9nd0 
a \) > eyttitdete so ebatnege to toetts 
pee geoubog eyenls epainsgo taerg diin toontsde oA 
gi nieiveo © neve neuen swee at ,esenbfod sseny to a0 
bansenate. eidstiogas #s epsiseco eldsyieoaca sd yas, gust af 
¢ Ibe o7 Ssef yeu bayolane vitdets ti, toed cedis sdt. go 
sa vd ‘bevore ‘aim eduow blo ods yd twode ems 2e dose ,nesahiod 
. PPLE yk Laie) A -wilidets edt to noitasaliasze 

Rie | + shataeqo ett to xddlivtorinaes 
@ yin pees siis teiess izum tsdi eeem tocadads as a 
id oLk f ,efslistsu to iggacits to notieswe off esmoo yileno 
etapa 6 e8.ylno seyiee ylicvuen eleinedam eft to duag sscaens 
teskt ded¢ guebive el di .ytilicsda off oeansionl of aees 
b yond BB tei o8 ,eiseg ywikiov stom dest ai ober od yan ayn 
jo aoitoutes deers cod 30 inemegaayty oldetovelcs ca sense ton 
jetb reviod 8 1ot eves neve yeu yedd sen doertoo dtiw ‘tidetew 
2 p -e8beem yisezooenay fo gnives 2 10 tibiew odd to wetsudia 
, (edt nit nevs ehainego .sldiasog exe esonsteduorio. oxoe ol 
io) Pefdentzeh s sredt efqmoo aso pens yetaag beeeetts ylancite 
sine 28 evone: ogls: eenitenmor bas ,einesssg offs. to aotd 
i 19d Yo-noltadisterb beasere dz. Balarsonoo yatsdiec 
sq odd to eeqoo stitns odd woilot of besizeb ed Ii. Ui 
pep teig 8 10 Jaoutods bedobretseg & to, modded of god wort 
4 6G) tuoggee Yo call ysanthro edd ai ddgvoe ai ned, .Qninege 
& ods Bi bettino osfs ei gatsege end yi Saol suuply edd. oxede 


er 
pi 


1G 


jd & dove al setdd of gnitsdboteth goidvoms ei svedd .eni 
a pRatbaogeer100 6 edd ov  bebinto? ad dean guedleess 
oh dose te yimogsm eft at bedtisenstd si aqueesig ost 
oe ed nyse soktootif fos shuviagen seodw. shatasgo 
ne tp. me ek Seen eetenss, eas to utetes edt eonld 
~bedeildste e od oF. 018 Rigomstivper out Bainsgo 


Te 


™~ 


"hg Por hey 
] 


pi lobidbtskate bios he. ee Fiabe ‘aay teow t8 Ae AG Ae 


P| A os 


)#S.BeeB200 Jrogque, to enti sdf M1 .eddzian odd to aotisluo — 


et re Miumremat here Yo eee . 


- x \ 
Bes ty nh i bs AS i “ih em 7 


By n. ai 


nD Be 


491 
Therefore &t most an equality of both divisions is to be obtain- 
ed, but not the reversed proportion. 

When we have explained here the arransement of a double row 
of windows first in relation to single-aisled churches, what 
is said is likewise true for the side aisles of three-aisled 
churches, but the entire arrangement finds renewed application 
in connection with the design of double side aisles over each 
other, to which we shall return later. 

Rffect of openinss on stability. — 

An abutment with great openings always produces the impressi- 
on of sreat boldness, in some cases even 2a certain insecurity. 
In famt may be conceivable openings at unsuitable places, and. 
on the other hand if rightly employed may lead to surprising 
boldness, such ar are shown by the old works and proved by an 
examination of the stability. 

RPermissibility of the opening. . 

In an abutment mass, that must resist side forces, only occa- 
sionally comes the question of strength of materials, while the 
éreater part of the materials usually serves only as a heavy 
mass to increase the stability. It is evident that first openi- 
ngs may be made in these more weighty parts, so far as they do 
not cause an unfavorable arrangement or too great reduction of 
weight; with correct use they may even serve for a better dist- 
ribution of the weight or a saving of unnecessary masses. 

In some circubstances are possible openings even in the mores 
strongly stressed parts, they can comple there a desirable loca- 
tion of the pressure, and sometimes also remove the statical un- 
certainty concerning the assumed distribution of the pressure. 

If it is desired to follow the entire course of the pressure 
from top to bottom of a perforacted abutment or @ pier with an 
opening, then is sought in the ordinary lise of support (p. 144), 
where the vlomue lost by the opening is also omitted im the cal- 
culation of the weights. If the line of support corsses an open- 
ing, there is nothings distributing in this. In such a place the 
resultans must be ddavided, so that & corresponding portion of 
the pressure is transmitted in the masonry at each side of the 


opening, whose magnitude and direction cayn be found (See below). 7 


Since the safety of the structure must not be affected by the 
opening, two requirements are to be established, first that the 
danger of overturning is not increased, and then that the edge 


{ edt ‘esbieod 1 ,teetn cot eredwan sd ompenetg 
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a To naitoes 2B070 edt ‘to ‘ated oft aiddiw oteses deom jas 
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b edd ,ehainedo 20 eseeenes tee1g “voce evede J. bed 
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‘edt sade euit 6mse ont ta ef 0 0 ovode eaiv! yinecean sii 
opi Sogien sidevobianos « beste: si 2 
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... ag eh opixe{O. + 9) 
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) @aiqart s hetset od of ylises Stoner  tesel ef esobesetg 
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iy oo ae 
J 


858) is rolled or hole: until the angle D lies vertically over 


492 : 
pressure be nowhere too great, or besides the latter requirement, 
also that fbe preventing the openings of the joints, the resulit- 
ant must remain within the kern of the cross section. 

Fall by overturning. 

Safety against overturning. An abutment of the form represen- 
ted in Fig. 858 under the influence of a side force His firts 
inclined to overturn about the lower angle A. But if a higher 
bed cL above occur great recesses or openings, the dangerous 
angle may change upward to K, the rotation indeed occurring if 
the moment of stability @ x a becnmes less than the overturning 
molent H x c, where Q is the resultant of all weights existing 
in and on the abutment, a denoting its horigontal distance from 
the pdvot angle K. The overturning is illustrated by Fig. 858 a 
and causes a movement of the centre of gravity S (fis. 858) in 
an arc struck from K to 84, so that the entire volume Q is to 
be raised the distance hy or T S54. 

Fall by overturning the wall of the passage. 

Besides overturnins because of the existence of a recession, 
overturning occurs in the manner exhibited by Fig. 958 b. The 
larger part K C D BR of the wall lying beside the opening (Fig. 


K: from thence the mass already overturns ‘of itself. The centre 
of gravity s of the part KC DR then passes in an arc described 
from K to S1, its weight G is thus raised a distance ho, and all 
the masonry lying above © ) is at the same time with the angle 
D is raised a considerable heisht hy. 

Denote the weight of the upper wall above C D by P and the w 
weight of the supporting wall KO DR by G, then for this posi- 
tion on edge is to be performed the work P hy + G ho. q 

On the contrary the work in simply overturning (Pig. 8588) is:- 
(Pp + G)xhq. a 

According to whether the first or the second of these ex- 
pressions is least, is more easily to be feared a tipping (Fis. 
858 b) or an overturning (Fis. 858 a). 

If the weisht of the supporting block is relatively small in 
comparison to the upper wall, then can be produced a much simp- 
ler indication; draw about K the circular arcs S$ 54 and D Dy 
and measure the ordinates h and hy. If h is smaller, tipping G 
(Pig. 358 a) will wost readily occur, but if h, is smaller, the 


Lluis ial eae healed itis 


man “eee | 
¢ edt end? sbers’st ed of ef (a S88. B27) Baifiox 
$i ob cane eldstesm aa es bshuedex od) Fomaso gntnsgo as 
—getse1> 2k ps soasisib edt es gaol o8 .sintouate est 
iad batasgo edt timseq yltnenoo:t [Lkw soittbaco eidT 
qeito sdt no bas \{lew odé 39 tdgied edt to evom 10 Bed 
bwsdy bos ox0 yeas aswol odd beret od ot eeol ons etataego 
eo b Na swedd ebfesd xocld.seituoqque sat 
Pag Yi). ° sitter one odt of etvererq edt to nolsudg«tei¢ 
iW ated mi euperssg edt to aottieoq tecerte sldewolLAs 
| fo, to. soknsh edd seaisss yhod edd to eesn odd to ywietse 
otyibe bemsece et ered? .baibsosig edt ot es hontuasteb al 
me don asoh done sonte jalsinetam gnibiiud edt to droasite 
felled efgas evo1egeeh eid to Ratdewro & exs0900 Yleudos oxeds 
@ tetsery odd eitcieised? .oataastzevo edé to tnemeonsamoo end 
Steq bane soeiq on nt tedi .bodeildstes ed ot ei stacmette 
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Wp8t edt cele et esese seon t0% sebiesd seldswolle ad of 
ymxed edd eves! toc fade sivasetqg tnediugo: adi teddy seon 
on ai etnometinpss ¢2ei\ ons sid to dotdW .aottoea ssoi add 
P sanottibace yloreesos no eseso niefueo ni ebnegsh sasgaizte 
feaeted esti [stoned ni stseesig to nokdudindath Yo cottsssp. 
# exes enteres yino ti ged? {hf oF VED sa} bedserd yifet oc 
) giesivme tasesig efd ni eotet add to sees sdé ashienos 
-ilew e at betasgqoe na to seso s#i 
| BdF° To goigsool bas shytinksa odd Sdguoe ¢eakt ef sted? 

b: 6 Ove s25i%) batnego sit svode bed Istnostrol edd tt snediy 
atnesoqzcs ods ctni bevloser ci eids asdi Ses ,{OBr .q-no Ie 
Weeminsgo edt to esbis diod devgancesm sdt at ountéaco stadt 
| az fee eBL ab aoeso Jnorsttib «wet tol betucexs ef sieylens 
@ -seeno Letoeqa encod : 

Bettroqqve ens Base Leoitaev af A tastiueert 6d? .I G88 at 

| eae. Neevted oLbitw edt nt eoif © tf .ciddimedtéa ore aller 
tke eoare tua s@twazstq odz tial evieoet binoe does ee ligu 
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am tq eleetovai Rated adassoqmoo ed?) ,etsogque odd no 200n 
; cet Bip Peatstdo ed ose Sas .h wout eeonsserh sede of fs 
© qmoe eat “fo noissoligqgs to trateq eft Rateuezd .ewolfot es 

\E 
ta en od? artoe pebrhaaes « eit to bctehe: ad? ad boa Ate 


ey 
WAS 


* “af 


i! 
“a 
ia 


493 
rolling (Pig. 858 b) is to be feared. Thus the arrangement of 
an opening cannot be regarded as an unstable place in the ent- 
ire structure, so long as the distance hy is sreater than he T 
This condition will freouently permit the opening to rise to 
half or more of the height of the wall, and on the other hand 
openings are less to be feared the lower they are and the wader 
the supporting block beside then. 

Distribution of the pressure to the two walls. 

Allowable stress; position of the pressure in kern. When the 
safety of the mass of the body against the danger of overturning 
is determined as in the preceding, there is assumed no limit of 
strength of the building materials} since such does not exist, 
there actually occurs a crushing of the dangerous angle before 
the commencement of the overturning. Therefore the greater reg- 
virement is to be established, that in no place and. particularly 
at no angle may the pressure on the material exceed a limit jud- 
ged to be allowable. Besides for most cases is also the require- 
ment that the resultant pressure shall not leave the kern of t | 
the cross section. Which of the two last requirements is most 
stringent depends in certain cases on accessory conditions. The 
‘question of distribution of pressure in general has before been 
so fully treated (p. 137 to 148), that it only remains here to 
consider the course of the force in the present entirely defina- 
ite case of an opening in a wall. 

There is figst sought the magnitude and location of the res- 
ultant for the horizontal bed above the opening (Figs. 370 and 
371 on pe 140), and them this is resolved into the components 
thet continue in the masoneyrat poth sides of the opening. The 
analysis is executed for four different. cases in Figs. 859 I to 


B Some special cases. 

Fig. 859 I. The resultant R is vertical and the supporting w 
walls are eather thin. If R lies in the middle between the two 
walls, each would receive half the pressure. But since in the 
drawing R lies more to the left, then would the larger compon@ 
ent fall there, and R would be distributed to the two walls, j 
just as a single load on a beam is resolved into the two press~ 
ures on the supports, the components being inversely proportion- 
al to their distances from R, and can be obtained graphically 4 
as follows. Assuming the points of application of the components tT 


at A and B at the di@ales of the supporing walls, the magnitude 


oye as iy Temi ind 
ye vi rh + tl : , ; 4 : oi ae | 

UAT R eee tat PD aN 
2 a i $y a li ial aS te Le “hers ee ve | 


wi 


7G, ae 
, z 
=i, DPE a‘ i: 


A'S zex 7s ot bas a 2 dtpool edt as indo bial et filo 


F bepod: at @ o. feaogeth sdé has eves? ditw bas awe ete 
fe fn feinosixod Bolwscth woh 4d TO 0 mestpoifells 
Sadqueo oft to cobusingen oft’ ovig t ¥ bac C 0 eeonsseis 
o ods Yo sotseotiqags 16 sintow edt tedt soitquyeas edt 
pe xieo aso ,effer edt to eelbbimw edt wi oi G bas A ete 
= Bee & to epotisool tnenxettib edt eonte ,eeenteeri05 ef 
Py yam jedi bos aliau gattcogqaes edd to easasotie Rete 
roe: ot genodo aolioutienos ets oft es Lew es ecodt nt eter 
rot as cers tetoega ai youruoos etewixorqqs dtinw obkoeb of 
0 606 to exoatoids segeeiy S26 ebfe eno te8n A to noitizcg 
3 edt teds ecif{ecs term enc ,elianm gattsxoqque ett to tense 


: 19m Si tf teft iud .taieg efzrte a te toe ton e906 @ tae 
t Rededine ers yfebin aecaot edd sot sokezesaze IER Sa eane 
. to enoltsiavacsges eit yd betasierlif esoteq eas6 ,serae ene 
a, S886 of S06 Legis es lon e, SNE oF Exe 2egi® at e6e 
geadoidé feGoe dsiw eupifdo ai 4 tostkvezed ed? 211 8d . ete 
2 Ke MeO ecg tedt ,benuees od neo tl .eliew gatitoqaue eds Ye 
$tn 2 bas R-otueeoty ico uieciog eft sedt haa @ of Lelieraq ore 
apaiees >t eit ai es bomuyzes ai wottulouey ed? tadt of  meviy 
| kt ygatixzooos efeetsety e¢ sisys [Lin f taersen yaiyi $asnog 
P Bae © elise edd to etdgien edt dtiw berogwoo sa aiaeanocaos 
xe as Gt. Secidaoc ed aieys mso Sane .W bas M es woled toe{, ot 
sbetiupes ti,8 bas 
_ A @tueseto Yo etatog ect to neliaeol edt sted setwexia 
at OvOiig) etivey at eh .vtnistzeo ddtn hext? ec of ton exe 
ow Of) ,m0 hetavos ei sett0om olivzelg eft to tsette sidaccval 
betovscias od [ftw si asoltoustenoo teeri0o city tad? bemee 
te eibbim edt ni eidieeed es ylisem a8 etnensgnoo ett ceex 
ast ® -¢nodvs eeli A tafog oft tadd on seliem gativoggque 
£8 ebes2ers O70 t1 .9mse off to tefl edd oF 20if mas taygic 
‘ jetoitise es Ifew yottcoeqve edi biszed nas ef weltqmpeas 
yf tonoence eas etsoof of eidtesoq ei tt es Buol o&. (Reorse 
fede gate TO | \PGOXE O98 exedwom ak equaweng edt tt teis 


x +H76d odd ai atemert steduyteve ysem ouvese 
hai edt os felisisq esaenoguoe ed? to nottoertb ed? 
geoidw os “THOOO YSU Beres hee ,seenstemvorio emee ni exvose 
(Bi wedto edt oltiw ,{sottrey ylasen to aticp et tnenoquoe 
in att bv VG feebal .{r1z 628 Vyta) beaifoat excm dos 


Petts 
itera tt bier a5 Part teeaeatae YER yedé etaurda 


= 


: "7 


494 
of R is laid off as the length © F, and the lines © A and C B 
are drawn and with these and the diagonal C F is found the par- 
allellogram CO DF L. Now drawing a horizontal through C, the d 
distances G D and EB J give the magnitudes of the components sought al 

The assumption that the points of application of the compone- 1 
nts A and B lie in the middles of the walls, can only approxima- 
te correctness, since the different locations of R and the var- 
ying thickness of the supporting walls and that may produce dan-= 
gers in these as well as in the construction chosen to cover them. | 
To decide with approximate accuracy in special cases, as for the 1 
position of R near one side and greater thickness of one or the 
other of the supporting walls, one must realize that the result- 
ant R does not act at a single point, but that it is merely a 
comprehensive expression for the forces widely distributed in 
the area, as pefore illustrated by the representations of stres- 
ses én Pigs. 875 to 377 .s well as Figs. 383 to 385. 

Pig. 859 II. The resultant R is oblique with egaal thickness 
of the supporting walls. Et can be assumed, that the components 
are parallel to R and that the points of pressure A and B are | 
given, so that the resolution is assumed as in Fig. I. The com= 
ponent lying nearest R will again be greatest. Accordingly the 
components are composed with the weights of the walls G@ and Ga, 
project below as M and N, and can again be combined in a result- 
and R,if required. 

Likewise here the location of the points of pressure A and B 
are not to be fixed with certainty. As in vaults (p. 47) if a 
favorable effect of the plastic mortar is counted on, it is as- 
sumed that with correct construction it will be endeavored to 
keep the components as nearly as possible in the middle of the 
supporting walls, so that the point A lies about as far to the 
right as m lies to the Left of the same. If one proceeds in this 
assumption, he can regard the supporting wall as sufficiently 
strong) so long as it is possible to locate the component in it, 
that if the pressure is nowhere too great, or also that the pr- 
essure may everywhere remain in the kern. 

The @irection of the components parallel to the resultant also 
oceurs in some circumstances, and cases may occur in which one 


component is quite or nearly vertical, while the other is so m 


much more inclined (Fig. 859 TEI}, indeed by vaults with strong 


thrusts they may be @ivectedgoutward between the supporting wallse 


: te ‘atta pote Feaunti elteivottacg ad. of st ti 
font ig eS gathdogeertoo eebwred?o ede dtin sede 
shane ak med? vetsak? bus wenotdt edd ni Teoqeose vi 
Git Yo Gottoet£d eupifdo as KtIH TIT C26 . git 

N sig: eshistuo edt ss iifan goisvogaue sedetdt a ai ers 
MGeests uignetoitine s dybodt ,seds0 ett fa ano nidi 
ER OP). resteL ode ot Beahlven. od neo esto? feottaeyv yviiat 
ad etetet of F dywoids awarh ek (aotrtev # staenogmoc eds 
nang ed? yd Boe B/C elt adé awaad ef © word 
ec petaenoquoo e¢t ofat bevlose« ef LO sotteesib edt ai 3 
Bibas D esdytew «ted: allen od¢ hidtiw hestdmoo exc dotsn’ 
-., oft  ,ffew atel edi ni yldssoretan seezeeq soxot eff 
ae A gatvom yd hetesge: ed ase 


Pay 
qj 


ans . oafo a6 sheeqeb yileartan & Yo wolifeoy Lenton edt 


Meee Lk S1n9d0 otso sidatovaton gzom ed? tot: ,sdgin ect 2% 
ee ict qeugs edt med? .{6 G8 C88 LEE) gaol oor at s40 
ot SR eupiido ‘ex? ot setenats od bane eS ofhn58 ef? fo eive4 
— gao teem to nottiitnaoce b ,eldteaoqai yifereae eond 
‘ eYa-40 .o ts srotea to eocig s te Ylo guidsaoedd odd xd ¥lao 
t dae fee ect eetedu .stef ocd of seem toqcgu off to yakbble 
a eof €@€ efyns aoant edt ¢sdt set oe eotetor Iisr 
Wo sexgecesg od¢ BSevieoes sostrme eft bo siwaq tabosths eft - 
fe pottroqeus hoe ftoggwe eds te enoitaool eat . Vi 38 . art 
54 : aetiulores edT“,etoted ce uated eetweedta Beytatoxe ors 
nos @ertetat od? tecdt aottgeoxe efoe eds atts abeooorg seo te} 
a yO? OCt Geli wottoeetetni eft tl .itewancsd evom ef 
MEY at & Je2e0 temic? off vott ver tuersttib 6 at beqled. ov 
hv Ae ioe V réouot fetnonteod bse Laoitdev ofst bevlose+ 
‘GE Shek Se Yoitoe eensaogros Lasistev est oiat Beylo 
yrisces {ite ttol eds te yoiyl troqque off 11 ee8 .32e of 
fed Ifite % erotecedt bas woitvebienoo Ot¢ou BF to dta0 
eel Recs ZG hse © 8 1G Gd ee G tatog ef% §6 Bastoagse 
DY) tanta ent #5 slew sevactse off i 4.8 eoted ode 
sbaol edt uatenadd 
dtexe Sniw odd evedw as ,yiav ebsol edt er6ed¥ 
q §nitivess edt to shrtinyea odd ytsev fin susdd 
sivies teum otedi ,2sotisy wotvosith est asieextl 
a: ins pene te seso: eidt tot yvotse fosters 
; ae i. te te ae ead yol atari 


eda fo atynel edt yd booreiltai ylynotts ed yer tf baa’ 


J He s > § , r 2 
Aa ty 0 ae a ll Nl ae 3 


1 yep ter 4) 
i Ae) ’ 


495 a 


It is to be particularly assumed that walls of anegual thickness, 


that with the otherwise corresponding construction the component 
is steeper in the thinner and flatter than in the thicker wall. 

Big. 859 III. With an objigue direction of the resultant, th- 
ere is a thicker supporting wall at the outside but merely a t 
thin one at the other, though a sufficiently strong support. 0 p | 
Only a vertical force can be assigned to the latter. To find ¢ ‘ 
the components a vertical is drawn through B to tnéerséetsReatod. 
From 0 is drawn the line 0 A and by the parallelogram the force 
R is the direction 0 A is resolved into its components, with 
‘which are combined withim the walls their weights G and G,. If. 
the force passes unfavorably in the left wall, the construction 
can be repeated by moving A. 

The actual position of A naturally depends on circumstances, 
and it may be strongly influenced by the length of the support 
at the right, for the most unfavorable case occurs if the supp- 
ort is too long (F&g. 859 999 a). Then the upper load chiefly 
rests on the angle C, and the transfer to the oblique force is 
thus generally impossible. A condition of rest can occur again 
only by the breaking off of a piece of stone at C, or after the 
sldding of the upper mass to the left, whereby the supporting 
wall rotates so far that the inner angle b lies above snd with 
the adjacent parts od the surface receives the pressure. 

Fig. 859 IV. The locations of the support and supporting wall. Jae 


are exchanged, otherwise being as pefore. The resolution of the 


forces proceeds with the sole exception that the intersection 0 
is moved downward. If the intersection lies téo far, this may 
be helped in a different way from the former case. R is first 
resolved into vertical and horizontal forces V and H. V.is res=- 
olved into its vertical components acting at A and B according 
to Pig. 859 I. The support lying at the left will receive no p 
part of H worth considering, and therefore H will be entirely 
supported at the point B as Bd. Bd and B EB then combined give 
the foree B E in the stronger wall at the right. 

Changing the load. 

Where the loads vary, as where the wind exerts an influence, 
there will vary the magnitude of the resulting pressure R, and | 
likewise its direction varies, there must naturally exist a suf- ; 
ficient safety for this case of loading, and it suffices to in- g 
vestigate for the two limits of BR. 


meet Gir a i ae vhottopstante® ‘to bok 

ssuiy eae ohamy Ud Beteveo Jesd ssa eoheessy worsek 
bet: eboen od toaneo eidd evedw senote knot bas enorte 
~ | 1 eote {etewm TI .eeeso Istoege at pnidisey yd ols bus 


eolo es <THO90 yan Gotol to woleelmeasit ssqo1q & tact 
an & ,eefqmaxa bedicose) vlenolvera odd mort edly 
eo tastroqut Ife te sdeteisvoMebyloni fads gokiwo 
Heeods danti1ot boticps? sf etuezexq bos aotusimenesd 

edd 36 ebie soo te i bestupen vicelwotdsegecéetonctinad 
mw edt olfdy .socte elgntea se to wamoloo [fed foyoleme ote 
one ei escio0oo statsge? Io diind ei ehie sedio odd 
pico Suol cot yd betrexre od oso sonseltai enotaving ged 
fh edt yd bosetteniii et \gatbsol seeth cot thes owt sbi 
. foo Biod ylasfvoitisg dowe sac? .2 ITT C28 bit at dovede 
. t ewore {few yrev beteel yltetdo zed e¥eow Leveetbom of nots 
pag preerrecve yitosiioo. noisaoexs edé of suetsse fo edd 
ee3netetigoss sass 
a bas Fie ,zetew to [svouet 10% deomegaetsA 
- ae? ig . »toos 30 egebe wort ifa¥ 
Mek yssmtse wh astew to [sevome: sommoo teom Ons Saslonte edt 
Meds 2o ogte enisostorg eiig-nor? egéab yfomte issen odd tens 
te fen eeses uweb Setwolt novi hstusvet¢ ei. gnsdievo est vd Ene 
edd avin: esesssont soltostoug eid¢ 3£ yousicitte ed? .sost 
Beer -s) @gcitoratenoo noboow ¥@ abém tooe edd to rottost 
i loot edi to moktostom betimif eyswis ne ti nelq edd tT 
BY \sooldsqat sirotium © tuoddiw aetbivom enote s yd batsi 
‘eeunees deitic ti Bas .ensen betiail yd betiscey sd yen 
etoerih si toot) odd to exbe edt etedw .08@ .277 nt anode 
e POE Late of acibroose et Si co .ontbiuow sd¢ to —! bad 
} eatot tad: .piaiot, edd to ebne aanistostora edd ac belten 
Bere Sospoud ods Saieseisal sostewe supiide ns sain heat aed 
ie nieas Gi edtow yoso awote mottediveevai teste ston s te 
i ufsuigizo gan dope toy (tedtee a aaidos! psotitbaos oe 
or porecete edt ab fevseqqaetb ybset£e ead usdiis bas 
ero es asteal t6 sonsHpsenon wi 30 
> BTS els neal viacnor nap 1 wifsioeges .ebatbhfivd ofg¢ 

“ my eh Chie ah # ‘sBetetxe yivsnve? eden x0 
oe aa al r ie a a vai : - sis NORD Cage eomg: fatey 


F olesth aH BIAIT a ai b iabloet bv fas abe eldesive eran 
ue heath Sa eo aan a aie al 


edt wood Sun swoyo scaly ai ot [fiw vedi ,beyoiuse vile 


496 
Mode of construction. 

Narrow passages are best covered by stone beams or slabs of 
strong and tough stone; where this cannot be used, by corbelling 
and also by vaulting in special cases. If metal ties are gener- 
ally employed, they will be in place over and below the openings. 

That a proper transmission of force may occur, as clearly res- 
ults from the previously described examples, a very careful exe- 
cution that includes* oversight of all important conditions of 
transmission and pressure is reguired for just those points. 0 
Gantioncisoparticularly required if at one side of the passage 
are employed tall columns of a single piece, while the wall at. 
the other side is built of separate courses in shrinking mortar. 
What énjurious influence can be exerted by too long columns, as- 
ide from their too great loading, is illustrated by the little | 
sketch in Fig. 359 III a. That such particularly bold construc— 
tion in mediaeval works has chiefly lasted very well shows, that 
the old masters in the execation correctly supervised all impor- 
tant. requirements. 7 

Arransement for removal of water, gutters and gargoyles. 
Fall from edege of roof. : 

The simplest and most common removal of water in Germany is’ 
that the water simply drops from the projecting edge of the roof, 
and by its overhang is prevented from flowing down the wall sur- 
face. The efficiency if this protection increasesswith the pro- 
jection of the moof made by wooden construction. 

If the plan if an always limited projection of the roof perm- 
itted by a stone moulding without a gutteris imperfect, yet it 
may be required by limited means, and it either assumes the form 

shown im Fis. 960, where the edge of the roof is directly over 
the face of the moulding, ob it is according to Fig. 361 a board 
nailed on the projecting ends of the joists, that forms above 
the moulding an oblique surface increasing the projection.’ 

Yet a more exact investigation shows many works in their pres- 
ent condition lacking a gutter, yet such was originally intended 
and either has already disappeared in the erection of the roof 
or in consequence of later alterations. Generally appear on sim- 
ple buildings, especially if secular, that also gutters of wood 
or metal formerly existed. 

Metal gutters. 
Where suitable stone was lacking, the dutters were made of 


ey PACE of ei : is ray as ie Hoh 
pe | a if a hits zt) i fe e “0 i FY | ly 
oan by ohieveat canodt Migieas re a qase #eY .ledsn “ag 
083 paced gaitiw200 noltocitesco 2 tevo egetnsvbs na ved)” 
$ hersgere senman s af ei-iediey odd esedw .enid® senol es 
Bi sbt) cost [entetxs od¢v ni ebno ased edt go beasteat biacd 
$9 . “8 bas eeso novi edt ani modtod asboow se to etetenco sf 
yemsed Baitvensoo dtiw teqsteq vol s gutbised yd hemrct Jeqs A 
Sokaat eft dteenad ylleasetxe betsla, nels ai votial od 1s 
b scot? stogsisg tadt to qod add revo pay bas toor edd to - 
5 bot o8 at totew odd yiesl ti t¢edd ,bertesh tt beyorgat sts ie 
edd o1s clistovet ylislnott1064 ,emsed odd tow tonaso él dead 4 
a jgattoe{ org etavagee no cesr 8 evade sietiay booslg yieoult 
Ditud Asixd ofdioD saeos2 teom odd mo hetuoexe en .eledroo 
Ps A ,esetiny egors 
t to @os sdf ai dnwe fenneds 5 yx hemtol sta evetdne snote 
seat to ifs} tdgite 8 dtiw yrseeooes If mens .dele. eoratoco 
ae ,ootetoath ess brawost mot 
28 booubs1 ed sanm déaeh ati ,einaado ekdé of busget. ATiF 
° goo eds a0 dud .enote edt gcinsiser biowve od eldtezoy es 
bed yam sebie ed? .eldtecon es Shiw 28 sham ad aso dibiw odd 
i nottod eis o¢ai:cesq yen 10 .{s ts £08 .ot8) aeqole wd bem 
eBSVINO 
A ssn cit eeil soddny odd to god end seso tasilomte sdt al 
iq sodtie uotsd tooredt tc scabs edd .smaed sd? to wotted sit 
Bed ed seeo yas nl «ti evods bisf wetted 10 shhe atk tsvo boo 
pisw edé aott bstootdomq ed of sxe medd msewted esebie bae ebas 
Mo eble wei sdt boided [Lex edt cater ot at nelg teed edt 
B) .tLtus ek Ifen wol s to bosias sve amesd odd yderedw .neditue 
d sesjap edt to Babe edt ncktoustenoo stelqmos atom s AgLY 
+ hed? of gedd ,yselis S001 befi{so-o2 2 20 [isw ebertaviad e 
fo 208203 hotsle add ebiatvo isteS dlind ed bivow.onso tealg 
ped bilvow bas desw odd to ogole eft countécoo sbtetno ett teds 
pe *8Rif).eoeiaue edt to motteroesbh edl{-elsoe s yd betevoo 
ie eA ca seteqetwsg dtiw ecaticd z. 
7 Be eoborsenigd graesit to dwemedasi1s edd ek tedots dos¥ 
him duetoitiee cotivoe1 ntieeh edt .(yze0e1? reban iséel a 
iw. .edele edd Saitier 10% sedtvg edt to eostane soqay edd . 
} Ougaot yd boxit so belowoh ssd¢ie exs eoosiq: starsgee edd 
she dtod nt eldavetesy si #1 .838 224 wives svoo1 
ett evsel of o1otereds bus ,ecgaot edt to eebte sit nodé ih 
Sen : aie een ead 1 cost road broyed astrontars . : if 


ey a aed mie " en 
ee rs ae eat bet ts 
hee Naat, ar 7, Ae i ¢ ie ee Cpuas 


sug 


‘ 


497 . 4 
metal. Yet many modern designs: though imperefte in many respects, — 
have an advantage over a construction occurrins in works on the \. 
lower Rhine, where the gutter is im a mamer prepared for by a 
poard fastened on the beam ends in the external face (Pigs 862). 
‘$ consists of a wooden bottom in the siven case and a low par- 
apet formed by boarding a low parapet with connecting beams ae 
The latter is then slated externally beneath the lowest slates 
of the roof and bent over the top of that parapet. These gutters 
are improved if desired, that if leaky the water is so led away 
that it cannot wet. the beams. Particularly favorable are the f 
freely placed gutters above a wash on separate projecting stone 
corbels, as executed on the most. recent Gothic brick buildings. 

Stone gutters. 

Stone gutters are formed by a channel sunk in the top of the 
cornice slab, then if necessary with a slight fall of the bot- 
tom toward the discharse. ah 

With regard to this channle, its depth must be reduced as much © 
as possible to avoid weakening the stone, but on the contrary 4g 
she width cam be made as widé as possible. The sides may be for- © 
med by slopes (Fig. 863 at a), or may pass into the bottom by 
Curves. q 

In the simplest case the top of the gutter lies directly under 4 
the bottom of the beams, the edge of the roof being either pla- 
ced over its edge or better laid above it. In any case the beam 
ends and sides between them are to be protected from the water. 
fhe best plan is to raise the wall behind the rear side of the 
Sutter, whereby the beams are raised or a low wall is built. (Fig. 8 

With a more complete construction the edgé of the gutter has 
a balustrade wall. or a so-called roof gallery, that in the sim- 
plest case would be built later outside the slated sutter, so 
that its outside continues the slope of the wash and would be 
covered by a scale-like decoration of the surface.(Figs. aes, 863 | 

Gutters with parapets. 3 

Much richer is the arrangement of tracery balustrades(see 
later under Tracery); the design requires sufficient width of 
the upper surface of the gutter for setting the slabs, where 
she separate pieces are either doweled or fixed by tonsue and 
Sroove as in Fig. 864. It is preferable in both cases to streng- — 
then the sides of the tongue, and therefore to leave the suiter 
a projection beyond the face 6f the balustrade, finished attop 


‘ets ebstiayle: silty 0 mbison iad wvouhes 6at Naeger sae 
bene godt: dotde Lid aettay. edt yd) modtod: ts Sedoennos 
m etntot- eaedy. (weds no bral: ‘geo edd yd-god ge baa 
Pah iyckoveues soherteni{ed edd to seold dtiw stentes{s 
50 430 0 obetéeulad dé to qaoiedt poitourtasco tc abou 
§ beoriqes ef bus esdatasv wotéognnoo etdt oa Soe adele 
geo ed 0 ‘doktostong sd” ,etatot bao edd. ai betasent 
‘es dest en anteas1 bas obsstenisd nae to god sit te tio sd 
7 Bie -dtatiqs 08 
€ fords 8 eile pad 70% + pebied: gad) a4 whed lod 3e:wal 
} tot bas ~fondado sdé to wottod eft tot emee odt wo O8 
a teqcu eit 10? ativest etedt mo el od Gf ebsctenled: edt 
9 doide ~mo OC tesel da to dthly Yrteseosn #& Ilan odd to 
Sade dois no ,ifsw wobniw edv tol Bbetkspes anctemeath sie 
st isd odidtleaiupod yom emoteteds bas .ebaneqsh soitoustenoo 
i 20 eo 643 ssvo gatiledsooled ebfeak Setoetto od sso eidT 
aapeee: ds déin sicdasosce Suods dows aa yo to yetaoadreqacs 
uted fbentet assots benotéasa yltconpett seodd yd yllanitetxs 
Stoni yd yiguie teow Sed .o VCE REE ak es sseneisied sit 
q suolisv govis. ed iffif asied .sotades edt 6 cotfostorg sit 
aber seqqu ont setse edd tufondeorgq egnots sug to elit 
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edi 6ecqmoo sult euee oft Je doldw (etreqgue egetict rv 
neqede: bas’! jectatcs sitiss ods 26 aokistpewante svisostts 
| Beek .eobe edt to sost sit svods bastes yf lei9a93 
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oni Seeedt ied bevelaes codidencs oxa hue ,medd gosuded. ds 
P atin soin1co s done to modteussenoo orkdae edt aevitp et 226 
a ~sbaitesiad 
a / .efedtos fo setene- 
ta bedtas ed? Bus ome cato# ts eeods 8e90On aeibaugans ad 
foo efantsges yo bess iqot ei aotateos to eoeig ¢td¢ .gotis 
eee ts fosede etatyetios edé sO .settae ef gaitiogges 
‘edd debow bavot at eadteremid teg78f af s¢asmegnsets 
2 aie tian qacoisd festol « eted tads oe .tgesaedt <2 
i add .zoloaaaig aoe poe Seaaddgneate sheatesled yz 
“ad bettoqgee ba ec 


ole 


amt 


abe 


sy 


ae 


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i a 
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mY ‘en 


An ee 


. Dy eM: y ie ‘. as 
hs ae te ear 
, Ae ai ak View ee i aoa ‘hh — 


498 
by a wash. The separate parts of the balustrade are accordingly 
connected at bottom by the sutter in which they are inserted, 
and at top by the cap laid on them, whose joints must therefore 
alternate with those of the balustrade. According to the earlier 
mode of construction the cap of the balustrade is cut on the Ss 
Slabs and so this connection vanishes and is replaced by dowels 
‘inserted in the end joints. The projection of the cap must then 
be cut at the top of the balustrade and remains at its bottom 


as a plinth. 

Now if we take as the bearing for the beams a width of 36. “6 
40 cm, the same for the bottom of the channel, and for setting 
the balustrade 16 to 18 cm, there results for the upper surface 
of the wall a necessary width of at least 90 cm, which exceeds 
the dimensions required for the window wall, om which the entire 
construction depends, and therefore may requtreittdto be increased. 

This can be effected inside byccorbellins over the top of the 
compartments, or by an arch about concentric with the side archl 
externally by those frequently mentioned arches turned between 
the buttresses as in Fis. 357 b, but most simply by increasing 
the projection of the cornice. Later will be siven various pro- 
files of cut stones producing the same. The upper edge of these 
members, at least in richer treatment, receives a lower support 
like that of the bell of a capital, by very varied forms of cle- 
ver foliage supports, which at the same time compose the most 
effective ornamentation of the entire cornice, and whose ends. 
generally extend above the face of the edge. As en capitals, 
they are sometimes connected with a lower row of leaves insert- 
ed between them, and are sometimes replaced by these. In Fig. 
864. is given the entire construction of such a cornice with 
balustrade. 


Gutter on corbels. 
@n Burgundian works, those at Notre Dame and the cathedral of 


SAO Se A in IE aN Bt RAGE BEER NENT LATE IAAL LAA EC enue 


a 


Pete aes 


FANS rp tare EET 


Dijon, this piece of cornice is replaced by separate corbels 
supporting the gutter. On the collegiate church at Colmar this 
arrangement in larger dimensions is found under the gable of the 
S. transept, so that here a formel balcony results with a trace- 
ry balustrade strengthened by three pinnacles, its bottom slab 
be ng supported by strongly projecting corbels. Yet these corp- 
els according to the real purpose are far apart and the corbels 


Moy felt ee 
oe tik te oa bit’ jus 


ie fa tt ibs 


Ae yh *  yesokeroo ‘named meet ts 06: + autokie Lido bus 
. » toon ed? itesasd baso? wligresey e218 quewre8 al 
ded? ,entot yaosa To eskois gd betoennoo aledice 
78 of bebeoen tud jeoneiz2 Bedows oupsensaol aout 
sPoizeq beef edt ai atc? Led 
y ,exeteuy encnte to actionetane> 
ix ‘so afisw eft of enoisajai ed yeu stetiuz Ssaots 
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| Biot edt opened fori? aft teverg. of se1sdsa euCTED « 
fustinie s dtiw tuo ebrectoss:ta Sas deemeo atin taco 
Saks fas motted edt ak obiw mo Db o¢ S\I S ns gash no 
pe tmae dtiw botsoo ost ei dotdw (08) .akY af 2) reding 
as w geen s aa7ot eidd dadt oe ,sostine d99o yldastt oft ne 
ee tos beoele cosea s- tenet te ek eld? ytatot, eat gailir 
nti fees 10% (efol) .ev ddguet ead solvosiq ga ,noees odd 
idsenad on. e one to got oat ai dole, odt 1ebae tao od yeu For 
ve etgott od7 te hnitee sverwy.s aetiue sai 
ee poutieal/=tosVor¥ xd asolh ef Sanon otter onT .etox 
ip toss: anove add duo? ooneoutlES Goth xtolee an sae 
16" Deteaede sad sntoeic yd 10 aot toolee (atetes ya hoebtotte 
ous “efsdtoo no katyset aE bas tisw edd to sosi ode 
Joon eds to wedded sii to usitsco 8 yd tignoe od sedaapt 
seg don Gseodt eased yaen chrotis yaselwedo muchos soidx 


| a os 


nit @aoltexcdve1 ai sen otct swoo glénenpot? eed sods 
pteteesee’ edt ti ,enotuntsl yrev smooed ylrese ysr , contd 
‘@fe6y tooo yine aso doiuw ,bsasoss ylist ef snote st 
pp oad: igsened eesq japm fee .enotde oft no oil feom edosde 
sheisgenisd ed¢ to. noisoepord 
iQ etuoce yd eseddeg end wort bevomet ef seta. odT 
eters ven sid oc ravi esebsel ud 10 
re) +eteoqe - 
ij tase oz Ri akeeny aus to: hasbiel otit de sil seddio ered 


ze. pwode mrot oft cad tvoga, ‘eat SkR8O. Sertt edi ol 


> & a 7 


sain 


“eaheeneuit sTRPTOR, is a AF: nee at 


a eit tedé yatoodzer edd te sawoese nO »@: 08.369 


pete -besd to. gatail s ® hours rh ylissenee et otodd bas © 


8 282 sent) sattel.ett uot? bad’ s mick eletes eeLanedo 
Art +) 4RVS .BiN) seds ddconed sarsco #)o¢ Asolsd yeas 40 


499 
are set beneath the joints, in contrast to the more ornamental 
and closer placings on modern Roman cormices. 

In Germany are senerally found beneath the roof cornice: small 
corbels connected by arches of many forms, that were derived , 
from Romanesque arched friezes, but receded to a purely ornamen- 
tal form in the last period. a 

Construction of stnone gutters. 

Stone gutters may be injurious to the walls on which nheons lie, 
if the butt joints open or by filtration through the stone of 
a porous nature. To prevent the first damage, the joints may be 
cast with cement and atceachsside cut with a sinking about 1/2 
em deep and 2 1/2 to 4 cm wide in the bottom and sides of the 
sutter (a in Fis. 865), which is then coated with cement applied 
on the freshly cut surface, so that this forms a mass with that 
filling the joint. This is at least a means alone invented by 
the mason, as practice has taught us. (Note). Por greater secur- 
ity may be cut under the joint in the top of the stone beneath 
the gutter a grrove ending at the front. 

Note. The same nesns Vs Sto0en oy Viollet-le-Duc. 

Compete safety from filtration through the stone itself is 
afforded by careful selection or by placing the channle before 
the face of the wall and therefore resting on corbels. It may 
further be sought by a coating of the bottom of the gutter, for 
which modern chemistry affords many means though not yet tested, 
and there is generally preferred a linins of Bead. This lining 
that has frequently come into use in restorations in modern 
times, may easily become very injurious, if the fastening to t 
the stone is fully secured, which can only occur where the lead 
sheets must lie on the stone, and must pass beneath the undercut 
projection of. the balustrade.’ 

The water is removed from the sutters by spouts or gargoyles, 
br by leaders according to the new system.’ 

Spouts. 

These either lie at the height of the gutter, so that their 
Channles merely form a bend from the latter (Figs. 366, 866 c), 
or they belong to a course beneath that (Fis. 867). 

In the first case the spout has the form shown in section in 
Fig. 866 a. On account of the weakening that the stone must suf- — 
fer at a by cutting off the border, the mass of it must be redu- 


os me ote hae dae add te ofucneod ee von as) Seonbos 
sewed edt yfae ,snoitoetib. fa uk petveged yd -enob 
of2 .9 O08 of Gof .entt yd asse as .fedwoxived autaie 
® guiwolt edt to etiocloy edt bos gotted edt gaitnte vd 
b ond | MOTE gattiogess fenmedo odd baivorisa yd Seeso2o0n! 
sot gonad rognt felooue to ef tedtel afd? .snete ed? to 
‘sabe Sain edt xd wovish yitees et ylwols ood. yniquesh 
mo atvor oft to dthin of? ,ifen sid seniesa aosd Isol 
Rk Saogzug tiedt ot Eeriwogesticg yltostie styocs 
mol bt es econt af elide ,tetion edt dein aotforut, sit ts 
A Meet eben qtivoittib aidd ,gnel badetatuth fas eroted 
 apeaalial to ef tuoge of¢ Yo soidsotota odd eeinexid 
bibes erote odd as taots ce ebeaw.ad of yllanensd al bane 
g 6s 22 eidd of sodas od ot cl etso fatoest! ,tiared eyni 


ace, 
ots 


(ae end? .nzeitsed edd to sont shiptwo ed¢ buoyed Sidi 
oe o¢ tutsen et (vw. cee) tucge od Yo atnem edt o1otec 
ar, ,eoetine tohbau sid dowd, gatwollot sett witex 
Diickbasncé G8 ,1W6idiob edt dissadd gif etsling ond bee 
a gece so Lsacedo gelica sat to ddbtw @dd 3102 yews .do od 
@ sot) seiquie ei Jnemogasiis tert Sd? pbetstotssg ed) tens 
brgse3 -X¢ hevotger sd sso tos  gheggate of bse noque enol His 
 seiwebte godsu ood to tixe odd tedt det of math ivow ent 
nae 30 Satéigorebay ise ezeo usttel edt al fe es sQkR}) bok 
foeath oct al teaal ts efdsrsierg BP uskdego edt: to zebie 
tetem aiz-to wolt acé to 
odd yd eben yilsnen ef ,figcel eent.eat te neltoubey a 
TARR doausio odd wor’ C32 .b1t ,@desaad Lodaop ste nok 
Pe -pysdasl te 
3 edt sev0 2yEen evetisvy ai baasegie ody yes Bcuogs ent 
dtd bettouque 10 ,ageo isd? seve vifssinegobad TOGTIS . 86 
68 mohiog eto) steel peee od (itn shit go ord .eoeeons 


¥. 
A) 


\ : 7 


‘4 a 


ee: 


O) prsdtst $e séisi .2 to doreds edt to: shieed¥eoce sds no 
ene ewode vilsseasy Jooge edi to mrt Leatsixe od? 

od gatdatatath ecinedii ,eelzas iwxo0l eit gakrehs0d 
one bas Lisw oft to eost 10 stomiss od? of bainrndes ted 


oo 


é yi ap 
ke 
Ae 


g sé ies tostotg weds teun ti bas pp aie é Viethen eeil 


be ssa efs to aphe peates eds todtio ~eehsvasvbe yas sak 


eed @ Jo efbbia sit s9vo eoaseattud ow aigse sseyfod art 


)mottebanc? eff to sheds oda #0 old BIG Bee): 


is, j sa TR A i hale A ai ae SIRS he ote 
, oa aS Pe ty hoe eps a oe .. 
a i jo PO SN A aad eee ae 
The CPR ae + hon) eae a> i rea 
: 7 4 te i rer q A H cas 
Ad q ~ a i WwW Siwy y , eye 
ns av Pe re | ey} 
Meet Be de eet oh Mey he 


a 
“eS 


500 i: 
reduced as much as possible at the front, and this is generally 4 
done by tapering in all directions, only the lower surface ren- ; 
aining horixontal, as seen by Figs. 846 to 866 c. Slope is made 
by sinking the bottom and the velocitr; of. the flowing water is. 
increased by narrowing the channel. resulting from the diminution 
of the stone. This latter is of special importance, for water 
dropping too slowly is easily driven by tbe wind from the vert— 
ical. back against the wall. The width of the mouth on some later | 
spouts perfectly corresponding to their purpose is 1/3 the width | 
at the junction with the gutter, while im those made not lons ] 
before and diminished less, this difficulty made itself felt. 
Likewise the projection of the spout is of particular. importance 
and is generally to be made as great as the stone and other th- 
ings permit. Special care is to be taken in this if the spout 
lies above a buttress, and it must them project asffar as poss- 
ible beyond the outside face of the buttress. Thus an undercut. 
before the mouth of the spout (see uw) is useful to prevent the 
water from following back the under surface. 

If the outlets lie beneath the gutter, am arrangement offer- 
ing many advantages, either the raised edge of the channle must. 
be cut away for the width of. the outlet channel or the bottom 
must be perforated. The first arrangement is simpler (Pig. 367) 
and less exposed to stoppage and can be improved by returning 
the moulding so far that the exit of the water sidewise is avoi- 
ded. (Pig. 867 a). In the latter case an undercutting of the 
sides of the opening is preferable, at least in the direction 
of the flow of the water. 

A reduction of the free length is usually made by the insert- 
ion of. a corbel beneath, Fig. 869 from the church offS. Maria 
at Marburg. q 

The spouts mayybe arransed in various ways over the buttress- 4 
es, either @ndependently over their caps, or supported by but-. 
tresses. More on this will be seen later. More seldom dé they 
lie between each two buttresses over the middle of a bay, as 
on the nobhheside of the church of S. Maraa at Marburg. 

The external form of the spout generally shows only 8 chamfer 
pordering the lower angles, likewise diminishing to the front, 
but returning to the corncie or face of the wall as a rectangle. 
(Big. 866 b). On the choir of the foundation church at Treysa 7 


el Aa So. Sov dh eh Cet) wen BA 
~ 


eo 


irabintaone 6 Pi etattnt bance one ist al edd 20 
Fewote” bas: iain aedo1d ef BuEBI vow edd eo3bs 
(888.88) toon ont 
| eolyoyies 

a odd et duoee to wrot Jetrenerxo deom hae Seedois sit 
) goad std no [sanedo neco as ditw ,ofeutns Yo emret to 
steel Tinte se SFE svods heed |iit vd beeolo yao ek tad3 

ktive ek velyostes heiies-ca saeis to Ytiexevib od? 
} sero bestisnciineveos yiboowta moat gatfaes2 .xwood 
Patedd oxen yilenit Jedi ,aeaog hetsutaa erom omuets 
Sn Siow somooed inemices2 off ,eldastnbooer ylevides 
a eovete: ‘eiterds tud ,eleuines fentoe saseeeges yitaeq ysde 
f aenitonce cele baa .octc? ssmed sayees asmitomoe sata 

at notes ts se at aaah rak tet edil  eenede tleeh yxey: a 
itt Ce we Deatus ef sooo osofn ,sceo 8 Yo eges edt at IESE 
sie = 4% soelg Seed sat biotic yileven bas lorsdt? gaunt 
, pemordaiaseeige: svotomid dove work ebfet syteliies [fs 
git .toecss0n to ebom wsifies ss oc teripoes ots sebatuavbe 
‘ “Od .slodu acct of * eéing isited aenkl tetuc to a¢geienos 
Bi yeotnt et Baeogze ees! tucrutesyt viedt oF .aotiaool esvose 


4 


mas mobilise asi stuyit ouitae sat bobveqg seliree of? at 

Peptn2oo Sit) to tuo tainows anted dusg teed ens sfov @ ae 
wane OF Ledtoo's o¥il begede af) dr ao (fe OVS .o OYE .BaA 
Be eenotoRtv ai Seoq oct aysule ted’.(d OVS .2h9) yhoo eda 
or ylivitiuesd cf soon cad yiieioeqes bus rnolovou: to 


re ae) 
iw odesed esti yloztine ett smie*gedel ead of olitw .(bd8 


i 


{2s to eared (otieast bus chef tuo-esext doin enweti esiéae 
iad bad fersnes sit bas .¢oatts gattstuneth atetisa a’ sogbosg 
Bab ys eovieliqes cenmcced tleath zefosiedo agetdidgms edt io 
Sbhw os! esd seven te favores odd set caemezasats ssitae: odT 
as PeOALA Veaye iess5 eds to wick out of vwiteliaie elder 
‘ddwords betovte et bas vedsel ots bated Bowots ef todex 
so ne okdtoD si ee sant (esnece Adiw etenw ‘eaorl 
wah Beam e*noil eit Yo motsostomwq [fe yin? .sfyonrse 
fbtin +0’ easd eca buoyed aroid? yise ek dtvoa edd bas 
we “ere ‘eonte (dele givh edt Yo aottostor oatiae sifé 
; MB otvostouy Fook’ « Jedd Hyotts ef emtt sree edt 
o Yo pe Atteec oat Tosnratt ibn odd due 


a 


¥ he 
aes 


va TR is on 


sta ba es 
a 


W se - * nm > 
oma moitons? sieds dcitdw of ,gotsesigxs ssefo-stedt- 


wBegoleveb ents .sotatoo oft Adin bewtdmeo tisq te8t sid * 


501 

on the contrary are found undiminished spouts on whose tower 4 

edges the moulding is broken around and shows tts profile beside 

the mouth (Fig. 868). 
Garsoyle. 

The richest and most ornamental form of spout is the adoption 
of forms of animals, with an open channel on the back and neétk, 
that is only closed by the head above like a skull (a in Fig. 870). 

The diversity of these so-called gargoyles is sufficientcy 
knowns Startins from strongly conventionalized forms, they ever 
assume more animated poses, that finally make their function 
entirely recognizable. The treatment becomes more naturalistic, 
they partly represent actual animals, but chiefly imfernal mon-— 
sters, sometimes assume human forms, and also sometimes bring 
out. very droll scenes, like thet gargoyle in S. Blasien im Mahl- 
hausen in the shape of a cask, whose cock is turned by a little 
human figure, and usually afford the best place for. expressing 
all raillery. Aside from such humorous representations, many 
advantages are peculiar to the earlier mode of. treatment. That 
consists of quiet lines better suited to the whole, to their 
secure location, to their treatment less exposed to injury and 
their clear expression, to which their function -belonss.’ 

In the earlier period the entire figure is seldom expressed, 
as a rule the rear part being growing out of the cornice (Pigs. 
364, 870 b, 870 c), or it is shaped like a corbel to support % 
the body (Fig. 870 b), but always the pose is vigorous, the line 
of movelenm and especially the neck is beautifully curved (Pig. 
364), while in the later time the entirely free beasts with only 
the rear part combined with the cornice, thus developed im their . 
entire figure with free cut legs and fanciful turns of the heads 
produce 2 certain disquieting effect, and the general increase 
of the amphibious character itself becomes repulsive. 

The entire arrangement for the removal of water has an undes- 
irable similarity to the form of the Greek pyna. Likewise the 
water ig stored behind the latter and is ejected through the 
lions’ masks with spouts, just as in Gothic architecture by the 
gargoyle. Only all projection of the lion’s mask is av@ided, a 
and the mouth is only thrown beyond the base of the buii@iss by 
the entire projection of the drip Slab, since it is treated at 
the same time to afford that a direct protection from rain. 

But the conditions of the possibility of such an arrangement 


eee : i a in f hy ha ee mathe Fe eo. ie ns og 
ai ered ae! aloe! Sn my a ¥ ay ae: ty as ia, 7 a bi te rat? ey 
ae hed ny PWR ear Fo 
Ve pit wee 


BNE colachaeiy pd! to ubivetex aueathoboag'eat.ak aot: 
(edt to etsdten edo of .ddgted edd o¢ evetsitors fos enw 
SD ebipncstons? eeedd to snot .enottthios oitamfio sd3 tas 
ond So eesnioint ods tefiene sdt .ett0n sidtod xi. nevi 
P ysoin'too: snote sit to wottostota sbiw s sinaeg fon brb 
)eaucs edd to tdaied ads to cottaoqo1q Snantaoberg oft 
joxe Ist molfsoqesy # bsiivpe1 oved Siwow ter Yo List 
p bestopes eved Biyow esisq towol odd sootong of saeioant 
toge of heeogxs stom od daum ded? a¢us¢ gatdoetois yf[ebin 
ab Pentate yino Savot.etod ef nottosjoig teas eioteasaT 
fsevoo odd biove of tovesias oct at beesstont weva ,2tuoue 
| esorstoo ent yo Liew. edd to eos of? 


7 0 Te tp rk ' P a, F id. ‘ 
a as Mee, Be | yt co : : aie 4 
a) 


y cae Sp 


asi 
es i ig) : (etebseod 

@ ef2. bosuees el taues at pilin to beetamk eeats niebou aI 
“pets 36 aott to etobesi {[soiviev nis tedvew edd to soub 
ek ceviton edd qd heskepss neve ei-efdt eattio yagrel sad 
if Sib ot .eoiqmexe sis: yiov ot futeasooua need ylso aad 
phic stot efdsnoeees s eudis bus eldestive « adasadoadsa 
Ugedd dotdiw of fatteter elistinvenw edt faced ono oda nO 
#09 eynoled dae teodaety ui eidt tey bus ,Semald ee! hetvos 
Bi ROose70T ton as ebarevpesm of ceae whatteo wolls of motawe 
ont meds etatager oF SO ,ehteheota base anyetdiag taedotiib edd 
me ef @fedr ,elive yrececovn as-mett braget bas ystoritav edt 
 etebsel Sone .weit dsiw ob of sed Ono aeef eds ,netied 
t _efetiqes Géiw eamprloo eltsifL teetotqes of nose xyitse 
Patou @ne sebme anotiisaifjeat [stgeten yd to .Beeinsoo acsdord 
i PeOgneise odi dtiw thoed sactetzib ed? bevors has eesta 
® euvses soit Sas ,yisetl smooed wed? doide ,akserd bus 


Wed? Qatiqueresat faue bas taub lo gutteteaco goitaos wollexy 


t dtinv ataig eteuagse edt 36 atctog edt dotde ovat <atarot 
@ rol! taseooes fayouset yas otin Sos ,nevith ota eqiio 10 
ef s6O0geh dyid « wi tivolttib edam- ef xatutat so eped 
wel deel © 20 soivonstenoo sit bowel ef owG-ol-telloLv al 
| Earns ne Yo deel edt aot eted gottaem tegm ew sedd 
“oe fo: giidne odd ,ddgoe! hovinpss edt of anrbroood 
se.08ai 1009: ete, tedd .gsoetq to Isdmun tosee! 10 redse7% 2 
satin tewol edt bo bse yegqs sdd sed? o@ soudo 


rem Di 


fF afi yeiaetes? to shox of? oeta statsq L516 8k¢ to sects. 
(a. ses Gevith eyuly esboor x6 Setoette aette ,toetreqwt yxev 


i : ry iy, a ; 
The a ye’ 
‘ Ne 24 A io ri H wa 
rh “urea wrt s . ; P ‘ 
am si oe cs al we 
7, : Tin ; { a? ‘i “aes bD “ 
Bie. ran 4. ae A i A Le Pr ce le i oe i”) 4) Oe Aw Seal Ti 


wis: Rie Seay. 


Sei nonh ot Semi sbattvatons: eit minds iy 


502 

lies in the predominant relation of the dimensions of the colu- 
mns and architrave to the heisht, in the nature of the material 
and the cilmatic conditions. None of these requirements were ¢ 
given in Gothic works, the smaller the thickness of the walls 
did not permit a wide projection of the stone cornice, while t. 
the predominant proportion of the height of the acute angle of 
fall of rain would have required a proportion far exceeding the 
Grecian. To protect the lower parts would have required above 
widely projecting parts that must be more exposed to storms. 
Therefore that projection is here found only retained for the 
spouts, even increased in the endeavor to avoid the coverings of 
the face of the wall by the cornice. 

beaders. 

In modern times instead of spouts is usually assumed ‘ie con- 
duct of the water in vertical leaders of iron or zinc, since in 
the larger cities this is even required by the police. Yet it 
has only been successful in very rare examples, to give these 
attachments a Suitable and thus a reasonable form. 

On the one hand the unsuitable material in which they ae ex= 
ecuted is blamed, and yet this in greater part belongs to the 
custom to allow certain ones to masquerade as not foreseen in 
the different patterns and standards, or to separate them from 
the entirety and regard them as necessary evils, where it is 
better, the less one has to do with them. Hence leaders are us- 
ually seen to represent little columns with capitals, flutes, 
broken cornices, or by natural inclinations under the main cor- 
nices and around the different bands with the strangest bends 
and breaks, which then become leaky, and then assume a brown} gy 
yellow coating consisting of dust and rust, interrupting the ¢ 
gloss of the oil paint. Also the mode of fastening is usually 
very imperfect, often effected by wooden plugs driven into the 
joints, into which the points of the separate parts with rings 
or clips are driven, and also any removal necessary for a stop- 
page or injury is made difficult in a high degree. 

In Viollet-le-Duc is found the construction of a lead Amahoed 
that we must mention here in the lack of an egample of our own. 
According to the required length, the entire pipgeconsists of 
a greater or lesser number of pieces, that are stuck into each 
other so that the upper end od the lower piece is outside and 
below this projection, set in iron wall holders, so that the 


a "E0e 
‘q sit to dade yd beniuyedsS at tetdel edt to wedasn 
Lives euotl eit déin‘’ seeds to sexzbe zhltostiorzg sft 
* Mk ousnpe ef tieeth eqta ed? .at0t oxktas edt Yo aba 
i$ bas ,ensqacde to saso of dnemaataiae afaties & wolls ot 
a besdact goad edt Scan702 gathasd yd femtol ei discon a5” 
3 emea eis af beztt ofesd a zetinn edd wole8 .rools 
@uee sds Se fest: (eqig ed? to soeig ssqge edd eseoldac cule 
_ —_ i wedto fozs at tea e7s ssoel: 


ef 


ae 


of ad 


a 


. a ots ne sbhac eeqta ed? ere weteve sins of gaibraoooa 
etext eBomi? insoet ai betoete eaeink Yo Lathedts0 edt to 

on eiich aot Betoetiec 21 tetiuy enotea ofs dtin notte 
. edt Batqgoth feyotusy # eXit teseeg palscofouq « dtiw .yaw 
} dteoces Bescsiq aiesd s otal.ss0es eS f ni) pakoegqa nea -dgweoidi 
@ @cege ifeae « est clasd off tede amoee yflentos andt iI 
tbat vifetencs Bt setzel eft bas ,#uoge edd Sne tesa 
fény od? to motted sit al sfos e to gaitmienoo es yiao ton 
Perr phebiovse at egnibivoe sfiec yd sisotd Yo ¢adst senti19%) tud 
eae Sotasos scsi ae gathitoots serctic  ~eyBw ort af syoco ass 
4% to WVetunitnoo ef2 sees tetiael ef? al »betaedolsenced “62203 
© ef ainsd coote edt aptw bovieesexq ed haum yhed sit to setzos 
| bef Seve eqig eit soidw octet ,eotstao edd diiu betosnnos 
tH A .eqta somol bd3 o¢at caus tf toldw wos} base stesaw ed2 
® i @G¢ Ti  ,Siutest seodtuct Hinow awctewat yas 10} egsetnerds 
fp eeedt Sz0qtrq 2idt 0% ~bevouet vietstisqen od bises egidq to 


Eh: ame segbe fued ‘ont sihliani wedto dose nidiiw hextt ed ton 
a beater 04 Hed coetq efatsqgee cess tedt site od yaig ineto 
.-hevomes od bisos sno ,heetat sas sxe Yi 
eRedorap {fe8 .s 
yfeon ods dimieq sceivouisenco sinvod. to ralgicnteg edd 2 
mos doit s edd oidekem edt nk aoltosaa eso1m to -amiot boi 
NB emzot esiiomudo to anciioeen asox taawttib odd to soz 
wifes eidd ci Sadelukoitalb od ysr stedd .ybvte gakisetet 
be - ot foss otol er beshat dadd .emeteye, ows yt teioyv 
is | sesteiosmissak to t9daua ds 
0 edenxds ius dadi gost edd ac beesd al reteaye teri? ect 
bas etelg eat nib asdio dose asoqde sven edt to etinsy 
pigathroccs "Pos .sendo dose axkleituen wWisitssg 10 
nied tanioc issoe to ssieis To .etaewekast1s sxuoiasy Sit 
@ Beliso~os qo motaye baooes eds .estiornde Wied bol 
o end beet eng olets Ssibbim beeier e edicidxze 


er ay x f | 
i 7 = ; 4 i M at ) Taal | 5 : ’ | oF 7 | 
Pari) bedi. bs Wahab eee oe eee, 7" dia’ oe 


503. 
‘number of the latter is determined by that of the pieces, and 
the projecting edges of these with the irons form a sort of ba- 
nds of the entire form. The pipe itself is square in section 
to allow a certain enlargement in case of stoppase, and the lo- 
wer mouth is formed by bending forward the back instead of an 
elbow. Below the gutter a basin fixed in the same manner, which 
also entloses the upper piece of the pipe, just as the separate 
pieces are set in each other. 

According to this system are the pipes made on the sacristy 
of the cathedral of Amiens erected in recent times. Their conn- 
ection with the stone gutter is effected in a drily humorous 
way, with a projecting yeast like a gargoyel dropping the water. 
through an opening in its rear into a basin placed beneath ite 
It thus actually seems that the basin has a small space between 
itself and the spout, and the latter is generally indicated, na 
not only as consisting of a hole in the bottom of the gutter, 
but further that of breaks by belt mouldings is avoided. This i 
can occur in two ways, either according as the cornice or the e 
gutter ispperforated. In the latter case the continuity of the 
course of the body must be preserved when the stone basin is co 
connected with the cornice, into which the pipe over it Leads 
the water and from which it runs into the lower pipe. A greater 
advantage for any repairs would further result, if the pieces 
of pipe could be separately removed. For this purpose these must 
not be fixed within each other inside the bent edge, but suffi- | 
cient play be left that each separate piece can be raised, and 4 
if two are raised, one could be removed. } 

a. Hall Churches.’ 

If the ppinciples of Gothic construction permit the most var- 
ied forms of cross section in the measure, that a rich compari- — 
son of the different cross sections of churches forms 4 most in= 
terestins study, there may be distioguished in this endless di- 
versity two systems, that indeed fass into each other by a gre- 
at number of intermediates. 

The first system is based on the fact that the thrusts of the 
yaults of. the nave oppose each other in the piers and entirely 
or partially neutralize each other, and accordingly comprise t | 
the various arrangements of aisles of equal height, the so-cal- 
led hall churches, the second system or so-called basilican plan — 
exhibits a raised middle aisle, and opposes the thrusts of the 4 


i epi by 


- : y ea 1 5 
a y° 2 -¥ 4 ‘ ¥ ay 
is it ‘ 


’ os id ) 
j . UY mn , 4 8 4 a i! ; 
f ‘ . 1 
; ’ ee ri enw < ro ‘Sirs ’ ‘J oe ccr) 
; y as if ay vere cee ee | 
ss ( Per At 77 ; , a ve eis : J 4 M ( nl 
ing = - bets A Me Atak) CUP aad - + 
4 bia ‘ ye” Po, ‘ We alae, Oe is 
v ts As Sa ’ > . i : 
in i y : : j aie - 
my big . ” 


: ye i. 
Pe Kid “hi 


Tae Payee 
Agta : 


yteTtib 8 nt beowborq i SD to aneem s ya at fosy 


& fh xd 


} Z. Sqmoo ed yeu sedoindo Ifsi to motdangieed ‘edt tebal 
‘So. xe eved etiusy ecotn ,esdotudo beleta stom to osad? .ont 
sd sefate ows din eodor0d9 sacdbisd [egos ylotemftxovgqs to 
16g) ‘selq o¢ bisysr ot beditoeed ylisen stom need ybesris = 
bodsl t esitiusifused oft oiteloxe etedt Jon bib dotdw . {SAS 4 
fe sad ao base foleie-slysice to nottose e201 edt of basd sao 4 
league esos sdi oalh .eedorsdis Bbeleis-ond to tect of 
exo fzom at wte1 (eect no P88 .¢ sex) eedowsdo helete se 

®t Senoitaem od enols [lin s@it .boelels-eeds of daec “b 
58 yatiss yeeisibdo edt ot ganolod esieis szvot dtiw eedoand9 


peree fLoryT edt asi xnawdos ta dedede detaaq edt efaqusxs a6 


“$e 


$qeoxe tedieons eh .toct nomwoo a yd betevoo even beiais 
es cig ateseen befais-evit sdt eved benolivags ed Yeo riot 
Bie sheas *WtedwettoR te atedishi .e to dotudo cffeed etsd ed? ft. 
jpeds evode dodo (fed yusaiito ss a6 ott weleis ofbbim + 
er secizte obte 
a Dieta ifed odd to ysilideida to enoitibnoo Lexend9 
ee ~d¢biew Isevea to aef{eis 
Syyeeseted. .znaqa Ievos sididxs eilvav elets serdit att nad¥ 
ds bo enottibnod avec edi sis etods <eutor onee adt sedéant 
pit (0.4 ~eelete ows diiw asia ect tot bsaeiswsh yheorls qwrt 
lead Yd benidiwsteb viteitio s1 isis bedoeteb six to enotsaaath 
Sito Feuids edt yd Liew lentedxe eit Ytooeedd bus beol Lsotdvev 
; Zo @nebusasbat-yisxritas .esiris totue edd to atIuay odd 
te oo odes at fiew 1etu0 odd stotered? .olats sibbia ond 
paid Lscp dtin dowd: boleie-elunie s tot, es euse edt yidoexe 
Pieddo bbe yeu too: ashiwesdd iteow Sh {GES wa) ed ivev sit to 
Hw asdse7s sid fos noivounsenoo tnereItid eft yd efsemertos 
) reioidc dsdyonee ebmeush seso omse sit af tedd sey NEES ty 
7. -E9ceoidsud wfeit base efler 4 
oi tine ¥d Aa .bsol toot om evisoes aisig olbbim edgy. 2t a 
1 ton ese betw eit yd xonut]) alfew tstu0 sdé to sonstetess : 
) Pootenemrh tisds .bevede e& asdt -.botw elt yd betoetts 
+ ao patteer abeol Lsotdsev tetnp edd yd bentavsdsh od of 
iMmoD odd 00 .c9bnele svinp emooed nedt yam eeedt bas , (evs 
@ deur reds «bain to bsol toou yd hetoetts ets erotg sid tr 
A enor ‘TO adioey ody 10 enema” ut easchaNe 88 ad 


aA 


504 

vaults by a means of resistance produced im a differentsnamner. | 

Under. the designation of hall churches may be comprised all. 
two, three or more aisled churches, whose vaults have exactly 
or approximately equal heights. Churches with two aisles have 
already been more nearly described in regard to plan (p. 276 to | 
282), which did not there explain the peculiarities related on 7 
one hand to the cross section of single-aisled and on the other 
to that of two-aisled churches. Also the cross sections of five- , 
aisled churches (see p.’ 289 on these) refer in most. examples b 
bagk to three-aisled, that will alone be mentioned im the following, 

Churches with four aisles belong to the oddities, taking as ' 
an example the parish chureh eat schwaz in the Tyrol with four- 
aisled nave covered by a common roof. As another exceptional f 
form may be mentioned here the five-aisled western portion of 
the Late Gothic church of S. Barbara at Kuttenberg, whose theee 
middle aisles rise as an ordinary hall. church above the outer 
side aisles. 

Géneral conditions of stability of the hall church. — 

Aisles of equal width. 

When the three aisle vaults exhibit equal spans, heights, and 
further the same forms, there are the same conditions of stabil- e 
ity already developed for the plan with two aisles, i.@., the . 
dimensions of the detached pier are chiefly determined by the 4 
vertical load and thaseof the external wall by the thrust of. | 
the vaults of the outer aisles, entirely independent of. that of. © 
the middle aisle. Therefore the outer wall is to be constructed 
exactly the same as for a single-aisled church with equal thrust 
of the vaults (pe 235). Atcmost’thecwider roof may add other re- 7 
quirements by its different construction and the greater wind | 
pressure that’ in the same case demands somewhat thicker external © 
walls and their buttresses. | 

If the middle piers receive no roof load, and by sufficient 4 
resistance of the outer walls struck by the wind are not notably 
affected py the wind, then as stated, their dimensions only need 
to be determined by the quiet vertical loads resting on them (p . 
278), and these may then become quite slender. On the contrary | 
if the piers are affected by roof load or wind, they must either | 
be correspondingly strengthened, or the vaults or cross arches 
over them must have in themselves sufficient stiffness to cond- 
uct bp thrusts. to the strong external walls (Figs. 412, 413). @ 


aki eolets Hien eotdd atin aalg 8 30 slamexe ontt 4: 
napalm br) brottsd ts gigs «@ io domdo edt yd 
f ' «eelets to. edtbiv snexetti¢ 
bibatencss: ,eefeis odd to edthin teeretiib s0% 
| tba edd) gileces .sobiw oft to sepads oft ,etinev to 
wods szoteied? bos .esizite veromen aft to secd? ebeonxs 
pad Sos .etencds odd to aniadif{tupe leitaeqg s yloo ei asig 
iw ,o! bei oie oid of bowietenert ed of bomuges ed denu aula 
peyee ibe si ipess eotéilidtesog serdé yd 
7 | GBD enole yedt gadt .gnowe o& sis emsiq sibbia oft .t 
peolcis ebia edd Yo tecidd oft yino bas. ,eelgiue sd sv 
ye alisu aetuo silt 
pe eels elbite edi yd asdet yfiuasq ei tenddd evlqise edT .S 
, stilasw tetgo sds yd gxliseg 
+ Lis most es sidd mort beveifes sts eaerto’ elbbim ed? .é 
Pedisn Lenisixs edd damiege tevatt od? .eneem sidetive yd 


muoo ebsm od of o18 elfen I[eatetdxe edt geno deal eidét st 
. eagea0 cast task} edd et weds te30n0ase ylaat 
bet @ eysuis seso Suait edt gadt aotniqe oct yisenrot asn 31 

: e@ tere tenadt efhbia edt to eslquse eds t¢edt 4.0.8 be 


a aietaeo fo aseic ofhitw «tabrefe viewettixe ads Heatsiqxe. 


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hatte 28" Sofa gavetéxs aisitseo & netisl edd ot basyed of Bae 

° fa20 eft at bauot oefe ei welv cidt).evetmad bio eft of hot 

mi) .AGSS . 82S .q .molsibe baoees (Lesnsw whds to enots Phe 
ia ,(882 .o) eveds uwodea yltaeltotttwa esr si won sud 

é Epanecens fo yiersevzaats aetlive bivoo ybsetla tiusv azote 

Detdy of ¢estinoo oi miot eth to yttesiivesg eff yd atac 


eae hes Jeet -2) @edous surevecsst ed? %¢ dic hath 
He favnotone ofa eysoze tou bib ¢tivsy edt to vsdeqodg atat 

© fisd at tbvbotifica yltaneupedt vos .ee06fq sediteo 
77 eist sexsiq efbhia edi sorbed o¢ beyvolque gew ti ete 
ft ye exon fibte2 bas edtow yosu af etivav en¢ Yo mtot odd xd 
tos | ptetg efbhbim Yo enctecemib edd to offed hezeatt acs 
ed sisd geasetsing tus etetg elbbim yizatbsoood 

Sore ‘fae’ CHRRRAD otasieeD - biases 


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pve hentaiss saw boo edd ,ooitive ton £6 eid? exed® oativey 


595 | : 

a fine example of a plan with three equal aisles is afforded 

by the church of S, Maria at Herford (14 th century). 
Bifferent widths of aisles. 

For different widths of the aisles, assuming a similar kind 
of vaults, the thrust of the wider, usually the middle aisle, 
exceeds those of the narrower aisles, and therefore above the 
pier is only 2 partial equilibrium of the thrusts, and the sur- 
plus must be assumed to be transferred to the side aisle, where- 
by three possibilities results : - 

1. The middle piers are so strong, that they alone can recei- 
ve the surplus, and only the thrust of the side aisles comes to 
the outer walls. 

2. The surplus thrust is partly taken by the middle piers and 
partly by tbe outer walls. 

3. The middle piers are relieved from this as from all thrust 
by suitable means. The thrust against the external walls then 
becomes as great as the thrust of the middle aisle. Therefore 
in this last case the external walls are to be made correspond- 
ingly stronger than in the first two cases. 

It was formerly the opinion that the first case always ekist- 


ed, i.e., that the surplus of the middle thrust must be resisted q 
by the pier. The vaults of the side aisles were held to be una- . 
ble to transfer thrusts. But thereby could not be sufficiently 


explained the extremely slender middle piers of certain churches _ 
and on the other hand the exeessive dimensions of the buttresses, 
and in regard to the latter a certain extravagance was attribu- 7 
ted to the old masters.(This view is also found in the earlier 
editions of this manual. Second edition, p. 455, 456). 

But now it was sufficiently shown above (p. 168), that the c 
cross vault already could stiffen transversely or transfer thr- 
usts by the peculiarity of its form in contrast to thin tunnel ; 
vaults. Where this did not suffice, the end was.attained by a 
stiffening of the transverse arches (f. 169). ; 

This property of the vault did not escape the ancients? as in 
other places, they frequently atikizedcit in hall churches, wh- 
ere it was employed to reduce the middle piers. This is shown y 
by the form of the vaults in many works and still more by the 2 
contrasted ratio of the dimensions of middle piers to the buttress: 

Accordingly middle piers and puttresses take the places of each 
other to a certain degree, and one can be made smaller if the 4 


NRT rye cp Ar ETRE 
, a, ee t r ' r, 4 ae ? J ; 
a ; ’ v4 >) 


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ww one elfen asfvo nidt yino ead tedt .snial ta dowd yietes 
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§ Biiswefensteixe cit ,.o¢s ,predmetéol ,sbetenso-rsceil ,seast 
= | .eseig idstL edt OF moeizcoqmoo ei ga03te qloarevaoo 
| astco bas atetq slbbhim edd te anolansmaib add soetg of 
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Fe vod: ixsbttsess to" ancisiaaco. Ratyisv odd diiw buveds 189 qe 
3 seluevetate ofbbi«w edt to dtbiw edt eolgqasxe blo sdv 
bas) ofeis sibbim edd to Sf\f od E\S duods to atini{ obiw sat 
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— dobiweds to,8\F oF E\E sort eetrey (len ¢d¢ to easndotds edt 
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laahithbed eit ot ebsel iss eslefs efbbin dgic yiderefot dity 
tet Gishst dtiw etigay sit to ddkied ed? .sotfiesd add to asd 
i ead ere af esedwyteve dgiseq fesse & eysig getigo dose 
Bat ie heey)  atewedd 
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» Be. 'a0 beeieat od nso di. (PE .OCF .2Rrh) tlusy olbbim. edt 
= o8t@) sewol bsoslg od nso th xo \(S2o..kE9) matt ovods 
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seom odt. eateig elbbim oft of seeate i¢ aseso Jnorettih 
Abbed ° OE -eRit ni tetluse betaeeetqe1 stew seeds to ine 
. “natant ea (Chi ra ghencaanmieraniters 


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et ab 


506 | 
other is correspondingly strengthened. This is shown by the mon= 
astery church &t Haina, that has only thin outer walls and very 
strong middle piers, while in many other examples, Priedbers <9 
Hesse, Viener-neustadt, Kuttenbers, etc., the external. walls are | 
conversely strong in comparison to the light piers. ; 

To place the dimensions of the middle piers and outer walls 
in a definite relation to the clear width of the aisles must a 
appear absurd with the varying conditions of stability, but in 
the old examples the width of the middle piebsvaries between t 
the wide limits of about 1/3. to 1/12 of the middle aisle (as a. 
mean between 1/6 and 1/8), and the external buttress including 
the thickness of the wall varies from 1/3 to 1/1-of the width 
of the side aisle (averaging 1/2, to 2/3). 

Stability of the middle pier. 

As just stated, the difference between the thrust of the side 
aisles is either received by the middle pier if made sufficient- 4 
ly strong, or is entirely or partially transferred to the exter- — 
nal wall and its buttresses.’ In most cases it will. be treated 
thus; relieving the middle piers of the thrust as much as poss- 
iple, there are three ways possible:- 1, the vaults of the side 
aisles are made to thrust so strongly by their flat form or gr- 
eat weight as to neutralizs the thrust of the middle aisle; 2, q 
the side vault still remains light but is made stiff, i.@., it | 
receives 2 form making it possible for flatter lines of pressure _ 
to be formed in it (in cross vaults lying in the vicinity of the — 
crown or in the cross arch, p- 168 to 169); 3, over the side v : 
vault and separated therefrom is assumed a stiffening of the 7 
middle aisle from the external walls. This plan is only possible ~ 
with tolerably high middle aisles and leads to the buttress sys- — 
+em of the basilica. The height of the vaults with regard to e q 
each other plays a great part everywhere in neutralizing the 
thrust. 

The vaults of the side aisles can begin at the same height as 
the middle vault (Figs. 350, 351), it can be raised or stilted 
above them (Fis. 352), or it cam be placed lower (Pig. 354). 
These different heights of vaults in any combination with one 
of the just mentioned transmissions of the thrust produce the q 
different cases of stress in the middle piers. The most import- — 
ant of these were represented earlier im Figs. 350 to 355 (also 
see the corresponding text, p. 127), and they may be comprised 


4 . 7: a re Ree: we i 
t ro es? ‘ J ¢ i 


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; haat betwoexe e¢ vino hivoo Sana ,ylidpienu ytev o¢ yiao Elyon 
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2B ois to gedi of Saofeorsoo yeds isht oe .eegi oq ai efia of 
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is ; Zh wy ie . bien =f ‘ ‘ ? ’ m | ; 
oh RE OA ey TE NER TN 2 UO oes ae ae RS > he BN Iie 


507 

iin the following. 

Very thin vaults in side aisles, ‘aq 

‘fhe vaults in middle and side aisles commence at equal: hei- 
ria The most unfavorable case occures whem the narrow side a 
aisle vaults are carried in slender lancet form to the same hei- . 
ght as the wide middle vault (Fis. 350), the difficulty indeed q 
increasing with the difference in width of the, vaults. It is to 
be seen from the sketch in Fis. 350, that the intersection of 
the vault thrusts does not fall in the middle of the pier, but 
is unfortunately nearest the side vault. Moreover the resultant 
of the thrusts is very steeply inclined, so that the pier must 
have a great width to surely contain it downward. If the side 
aisle is quite narrow, the pier thus requires nearly the width 
which it must have if the vault of the middle aisle alone existed. 


A transfer of the thrust over it to the outer walls is here 


but imperfectly possible, for a thickgning of the side vault 
would only be very unsightly, and could only be executed with 
care that the slender form (Fig. 127 D), by the placing of mas- 
ses on the otherwise readily executed vault or on its cross arch, 
and a stiffening of either the crown of the vault or of the or- 4 
oss arch could only reach the upper part of the middle vault, 
and therefore cauld not prevent the middle vault from always 
placing a considerable portion of this thrust at the height of 
the springing. 

Similar proportions of rise in the aisles. 

Much more favorable are the side vaults when their proportion 
to rise is 5 8 less, so that they corresfond to that of the g 
great vault (F = — in Pigs. 351). The thrusts for equal thickness : 
of the vaults are OB about as the spans. The intersection of 
the thrusts is less distan# from the middle (of the pier) and 
the resuttant is steeper downward. Moreover for a great. differ- 
ence in widths of the aisles the pier must have a considerable 
width, if it must alone receive the excess of the thrust of the 
middle aisle. 

Construction of the line of support or a calucaltion. can be 
made more simply by taking the thrusts from Table I, Pp. 135, +t 
that will. give data thereon. On p. 154 is given an example of 
such @ calculation, (Read there in line 20 from bottom, 6 m Lexus 
gth of bay instead of 9 a, also p. 155, line 21 from top, sq. m 


instead of sq. om). 


‘ habs rear i 
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| 


That such a ratio of rele bigs. G5, 394) it is easily pos- 
sible to obtain equilibrium of the thrusts by loading the side 
vautts or by their stiffness. 

On p. 157 is given fornthecsamevexampte, how to make equilib- 4 
rium possible by building a wall on the cross arch, and to bring _ 
the dimensions of the middle pier to a minimum. For this examp- 4 
le would be required 3 cu. m. of split stone, which is to serve 
not for stiffening, but only as a gqueét load and therefore can 
be set irregularly. If instead of this stiffening by the cross 
arch is intended, then a smaller volume would be laid on it, b 
but which is to be laid in fixed bond, so that the carrying over 
of a flatter line of support would be possible. Best is an int- 
ermediate step, the wall that has special reference to stiffen- 
ing but on the contrary usually acts rather as a moderate load. 

Which of the many possible lines of support actually exists 
in the wall again depends on the mode of execution, ete. Since 
with a good wall mass one can count on a certain elastiet ty or 
even plasticity, it must be assumed that the force and resist- 
ance are to be directly equilibrated as far as possible, fn the 
present case there acts at one side the middle aisle with the 
force t in Pig. 871. From the other side acts the thrust IT of 
the side vault, but which on account of its lesser magnitude a 
and lower position cannot equilibrate the force I. The middle 
of the mass of the wall will be inclined upward to the left, 
which carries a reaction of the wall on the cross arch in itself, a 
and aS a conseguence the formation of the line of support IIT 
in itself. This line of support is so formed in location and mag-— 
nitude of force, that it combines with II to produce a resultant — 
line IV, which may exactly equilibrate the force I. So long as 
the wall on the cross arch is so built, that a free development 


of such a line of support III is possible, can occur an equili- 


brium of thrusts over the vier, the latter will receive a vert- 
jeal or very slightly inclined pressure. If the line of support 


III corresponding to the requirements in the wall is impossible, 


es 


then is the mass or form to be changed, which can be done by m 
means of a graphical or mathematical investigation. If the oqdtle 
tbrium of thrusts is but partially obtained, then must the exe- “4 
ess be overcome by the middle pier correspondingly enlarged. 

If there also occur over the pier roof or wind loads, then 


= Le rey ee ym ere i nt eee , 
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geet mi eslqmaxe ynsm edt to bre (ONE .8bT) SandtsH 

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p atete isbia ‘odd st sbasoi sds to eletiqes sd¢ o2ls eonisauce 
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id IO awoto ods Haitsvels to wecging ed? ead dantY ontelis? 
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£2104 Ee } odd D\E Suode to Betylite (lene A Sk fee OPE 12027 
de 20 ss (ted jebatssvbe as etnssecty yhaotle ensge ows edt to 
te BET ad ‘gh bas 58) Sdpted suse odd te sy000 etentds Letac 
vies ied ae otuse]e4g fetod sit tadd Beoladte ydsasdd at si 
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1 if bentLont: os Yo doksosetetat od (SCS. .atT ni anode 

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4 Sh aL) ae -_ E Th a a ch if at oY eet | Tint iW oe 4 ‘% ‘oe 


ado fled eoctemea ot beyolgre een etivev sbie asd znit . 


fo aceizequee & Wd siseccs ptielsabsicd ald? iteiq slbbim sag 


509 
not inconvenient but desirable, bit the horizontal foreun oee 
also to be investigated, how and how fari they baucbéigeseiyedos | 
above, or must be supported by the pier itself. 4 
For every change in the thrusts the line of support IIT moves 4 
up or down, is more or less strongly curved, so that always the 2 


equilibrium most possible occurs, and in this way equilibrium 


is always preserved in variations of the wind. 
Vaults stilted at the sides. . 2 
b. the vaults of the side aisles are stilted (Fig. 352). Stil- 
ting the side vaults was employed in nmmerous hall chauches of q 
the Early aud later Gothic, and there are mentioned as examples 
the Barly Gothic churches of Hesse at Wetter and Haina, the ch- 
arch of S. Blisabeth at Marburg, the churches at Friedberg and ~ 
Trankenbers (Fig. 872), as well as the later éhurch at Neustadt 
near Marburg (Pig. 373), and of the many examples in Westphali- 1 
an and lower Saxony ere taken the cathedral at Minden and the | a 
Alexander church at Hinbeck, and finally may also the Benedict— a 
ine church at Oedensurs (beginning of 14 th century), also the 
church S$. George at Wiener-Neustadt, and the Piarists’’ church 
at Krems may find mention in Austria-Hungary. a 
The vaults of the side aisles usually rest on the same capit- 
al whth those of the middle aisle, rarely above the latter. The q 
stilting is characterized by a little cornice moulding (Binbeck), 
sometimes also the capitals of the rounds in the side aisle ane q 
lowered to the height of that of the rounds 6f the middle aisle 
(Pig. 389), and finally the late examples exhibit a development — 
of the members at different heights without capitals (Pig. 873). 4 
Stilting first has the purpose of elevating the crown of the F 
narrower vault so high that. it may rest against the dividing 
arch at the same height as the middle vault, but it also has be- 
sides the structural advantage, that it favors the stability if 4 
the middle pier. This particularly appears by a comparison of. q 
Figs. 390 and 352. A small stilting of about 1/4 the difference ~ 
of the two spans already presents an advantage, that the horiz- 
ontel thrusts occur at the same height (Hy and Ho in Pig. 394); 
ib is thereby attained that the total pressure on the top of the — 
pier begins at about its middle. If the stilting be higher as 
shown ‘in Pig. 352, the intersection of the inclined thrusts of 
the vaults at the side of the middle aisle, the pressure in the 
pier that always passes obliquely downward can therefore at bot- 


ty , a 


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7 


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Fah 


votivay eite terod : 

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| eka ORE 488 xeliowaiA ds eobtocwwed .2 at es .tied tloatt 
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4 etedade iia yleisa. evisosz of eids sd o¢ e¢ anowe oa 
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510 
bottom not so easily pass to the outside edge next the side aisle. 
Ts follows from this that with the stiltins in Fis. 352 the pier 
can be made considerably narrower than with the lancet arch of. a 
Fis. 350. The stilting will not be carried too high, since oth- _ 
erwise the pressure on the pier at top would be found too close 
to the inner edge, which might at the height of the springing 
in the middle aisle produce crushing of the stone or a buckling 
of the pier toward the side aisle, as in fact is observed in the — 
church at Neustadt. (Pig. 373). Im such cases it man be an adv- 
antage to corbel out 2a strengthening round above inethe middle 
aisle. ) 

With the aid of a proper stilting may thus be obtained a fav- 
orable transfer of the pressure and consequently a certain red- 
uction of the mass of the pier, but the pier must always remain 
sufficiently large to receive in itself in great part the diff- 
erence of the thrusts in the vaults. A transfer to the external 
wall above the stilted vault is just as difficult as over a Lan- | 
cet vault (see above). It is necessary to effect such a branster, | 
since men desire to make the middle pier still smaller, or chaoui 
roof or tind loads are to be received, the end is best reached q 
if the vaults begin at the same height (Pigs. 8351, 353, 374), 
or even if the side vaults are lowered (Figs. 354, 855}. 4 

By graphical or calculated finding of the line of pressure in a 
the pier, it is recognized that the thrust of the stilted vault 
(including all extra walling ete.) must always remain. sealber| 
than the total thrust of the middle vault, and it must at most 
inerease so much that the horizontal thrusts are inversely as . 
their heights above the base, thus in Pig. B73: H, 3: Hp = hp : hel 
he Lower side vaults. 4 

co. The vaults of the side aisles commence lower than the middle 
incaty with beginnings of both vaults at equal heights it may q 
occur, that a difference in the height of the dividing archmakes — 
itself felt, as in 3. Laurentius at Ahrweiler, Fig. 890. Phis 4678 
will be greater if the side vaults commence lower (Pig, 888). 
The height between the crowns of. the two vaults is closed by a 
dividing wall, that is borne by the dividing arch, and must be 7. 
so strong as to be able to receive safely all ¢hriists produced 
py the vaults, roof or wind without overturning or bulging (ps : 
430) .):1£.1t.be .not sufficiently resistant by its own thickness, 


it must be stiffened to a greater or. lesser height, whether be- 


Dome \h a one. rer ents > ae - # r . Pee Goer. Ue 
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id. Setssol sedpid bas daewh sdé saoqgo slétil oa ILiw 
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is’. 2 
ee v4 


Sit 
below or -above the roof surface. | 
If the upper side wall os sufficiently safe, then is concerned 
the stability of the pier,. The most unfavorable case covtrse 4 
when the narrow lower aisle is covered by a light and not stig 
fened vault, for example a continuous tunnel vault, and this w 
will so little oppose the Sreat and higher located thrust od t 
the middle aisle, that the pier requires those great dimensions, 
which are actually shown in such Romanesque works. If the pier 
is made too small, then the side tunnel is raised at. the crown ; 
and broken, whereupon the pier itself is overthrown. By a ramp- 4 
ant half tunnel vault men sought to obtain the stiffening appl- 
ied higher and more effective, but first found the solution - 
when cross vaults were employed over the side aisles. Gross va- 4 
ults made it. possible to form an important transverse stiffen- q 
ing*in the flat upper parts (Figs. 412 and p. 168), thereby en~ 9 
tirely or partially equilibrating the greater thrust of the mid- | 
dle aisle, thus so greatly relieving the middle pier from this 
thrust, that it could be made considerably thinner. Cross arches — 
with flat crowns are better suited for this stiffening than sH- 
elled or even melon-shaped vaults. The thrust so transferred by 7 
the upper parts of the side vault strikes the upper part of the — 
external wall. and by the stability of that, ete., can be accep- 
ted as sufficiently secure (p. 340). : 
If one does not wish to trust entirely to the stiffness of the 
vault, there remains a loading or stiffening wall on the cross , 
arch (Figs. 343, 344). q 
The loading of the cross arch can be carried very far, since q 
it is favorable to the stability of the pier, that the thrust ~~ 
of the lower lying side aisle is greater than that of the higher 
middle aisle, the lower the side vault is placed, the greater : 
is bocbecmade its thrust. In many cases it is well permissible 
to place a solid transverse wall on the cross arch, that. extends 
to the crown or beyond it, and it can terminate horizontally or | 
rise obliouely toward the middle aisle. If it be too heavy, £&. q 
is to be opened (Pigs. 888, 355). q 
The course of the pressure is about the same as giyen in Fig. ‘ 


401 for a simple basilica. If the total thrust of the side aisle | 
exactly equaled that of the middle aisle, the pressure iw the 
pier petween I and II would be vertical; if the side thrust is 


least, the Aussies i would tend toward the outside, if it were 


i 
ay 
i 


ee 
{ied @u 


ae 

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x cove Tf ,#se73 S02 svoie Ilix dove seose edt oo flew 
pt TED GE ak evtce etsezetg qoete & 10 aoftqmuers 
plots edt btswot dowe oof aqoth setq edd ai ervesers 
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cs 


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c ish goin feist (eseeuit cort sevt vieriias éqed et tsiq 
ass y tiiods tedt teerds s soedxe deve [Lav odd nottourte 
tev 00 @ erties fitiw beabat bos .elets elbbim eds to Sady 03 
Be ete ce itdn VASNE .9) 80k sasha ed iets {ftw 


; ne ONE i why Dire pie gh ee 
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512 
greatest, as in the drawing, the pressure would tend to the in- 


side. The last leads to a more central location of the pressure _ 
below in the pier and therefore is usually most favorable. The 3 
wall on the cross arch will prove too great, if even with the 

assumption of a steep pressure curve in it (II in Pig. 871), the 
pressure in the pier drops too much toward the middle aisle. As ; 
an approximatéocheck may it be assumed, that the magnitude of 

the thrust should be inversely as its height above the base. f 
This rule is about right if the loads are all placed as nearly 
central as possible over the pier, by a projection of the loads 4 
to the right or left the stability is substantially affected, ’ 
indeed favorably if the masses are a@apted to the course of the q 
pressure as nearly as possible. ae 

In variations of the pressure of wind, etc., (further see ia~ 9 
ter), equilibrium must always be still. possible for the limit 4 
cases, and this is still to be regarded as existing, if any ne- 
eded flatter or steeper line of pressure freely. wakes possible 
equilibrium of forces above the pier, that the latter is not a 
drawn inaccurately in sympathy; just for théseceases dO not ap- 4 
prove too heavy bf stiff walls over cross arches or flying but- 
tresses for greater heights. e 

Stability of external walls; effect of roof load and wind. — 

The stability of the wall with its buttresses must first suf- 
fice for all effects of the thrust of vaults,and then also #hsh — 
the contemporary occurrence of roof load and wind,first let the | 
thrust of the vault be considered. 

Stability against pressure of vaults. 

It has already been shown how the dimensions of middle piers ~ 
and of external walls may take the places of each other. If the — 
middle pier is so large that it can itself receive the differe- 
ace of the thrusts of the vaults, only the thrust of the side 
aisle falls on the outer wall; if the middle pier only takes a 
part of the difference of the thrusts, the remainder passes to a 
the external wall, whose thrust is between that of. the side ai- 
sle and that of the middle aisle. On the contrary if the middle 4 
pier is kept entirely free from thrusts, then with correct con- 4 
struction the wall must expect a thrust that about corresponds 
to that of the middle aisle, and indeed with stilted side vaults - 
will generally be somewhat less (p. 372), while with side aisles 


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pedé olidw .elisw ieiuo edd ap vino eteor Atowomatt to02 4 
sd )nede doonso enO .s012 yieticae sia aeriote Raibivib Sue 
b af euvesotg batw letaosriod add. word bentuisteb yfortine ae 
Gh iad? Teisnes edd tevenod tud ,eitaqued oxd edt soswiad bebi 
e wbedelxs etioqqua to tsdeca wsdeeth 6 Ti nsdt rasqselo dopa 
Me Gas silew setco edt no onid azse odd te adeed toot edt 21 
a ed bee ,tetxe binow seso aldarovetas ¢eom odd. . e19k¢ Sibpiu 
el Sieds to eisiq odd necwted. mottoenaco “solagttite oo 
# ephnogeb wedi ¢I .elisw leatatxe odd tne axtdds etetxe o6 
(2 0 Woksoorth edt bas mokiousdenos toot ofit to e1nssq ats go 
‘isto et Sebivyth eis seote? oft nod goaueate guistuass 
ati | *s : . —eeeiog 
a viet essit Dad 8 seeag. Wows at tade one ed yam iI 
vs pate eds 0 toehte eds mort ebtes tzeudd s aicoxe tee 

ik trogeus & so eldstovstau yiev tos vem Savied teex_ ett 

pint ta eldsdougat {fs to toa ei at {rake « to flaw 2 

dq snag ekhie odd ‘abnbandy’ Hee evad cole yom itdaugue 
te Ee oot eds a0 emgeaetg 
tat eansottivet M2 nedt |{fer iaetetxe. 


a eerety Adio net bese’ 


AB oN OP SHES 2 yee NO UR Sa aaa pea Se 
oad =% aN RE Ape 


513 

placed low it may exceed the thrust of the middle aisle (p. 
373, above). ee 
4 Farther above for the hall churches represented in Bigs. 394, 
395, were calculations made for the middle pier for two differ- — 
ent cases of the middle aisle, that according to the assumption | 
there had to support. no roof load, but only dividing arches and 
vaults. In the first case (Example I, p. 154) the pier was just 
strong enough to bear the difference between the two vault thr- 
usts, and therefore the external wall had to take into account 
only the thrust of the side aisle. In the second case (Example 
II, pe. 157), where the treatment was to reduce the middle pier. 
to a minimum size, the external wall received a thrust. (Hp, +: 4 
He *.2160 +. 1186 = 8346), which almost exactly corresponded to ~ 
the thrust of the middle aisle (Hy = 3240). For this thrust was, 7 
the outer wall to be calculated like the external wall foe a 
single-aisled church (Example on p. 336). 4 
Effect of roof construction. { 

In regard to the roof load and also the wind pressure, that 
is intimately connected therewith, the support of the roof bea- — 
ms is of great importance. Clearest are the conditions when the 
roof framework rests only on the outer walls, while the pier a 

and dividing arches are entirely free. One cannot then state 
as entirely determined how the horizontal. wind pressure is div- 4 
ided between the two supports, but however the general idea is. 
much clearer than if a greater number of supports existed. 4 
If the roof rests at the same time on the outer walls and the 1 
middle piers, the most unfavorable case would exist, and besides — 
no stiffening connection between the piers or their dividing arch- 
es exists there and the external walls. It then depends entirely | 
on the nature of the roof construction and the direction of the 
resulting stresses how the forces are divided among the separate 


s ape a ee ee ye oo 
ee Ne, ee 


points. a 
It may be added, that in such cases a bad. truss already of it- 


self exerts 2 thrust aside from the effeet of the wind, and by 
its great height may act very unfavorable on a support, whether 4 
a wall.or.a pier; it is not at all improbable that this same s | 
support may also have to receive the greatest part of the wind. 
pressure on the roof {greatest on hall churches). If it be the 
external wall, then if insufficient in thickness cracks and pul-— 


ges soon appear, which are particularly enlarged by great storms; 


Veter Ga tat cf ,eeabortte £ROT9 ee Beoalg of etivay 
ee. ot baol stecxe ont. to ¢e6g es yetsnetacexs 
Io was: eb af ities eisastottine od teum f2n¢ tiedt vo gad? 
af ‘i Ewibd odv od dutxe elfaw gaorte seeel te ed een 804% 
. cicais to eamots cit ot esorod ebhie edt YYaso nao enoedt sad3 
Pisebbe ceistecor 26 Ifow en teddte? t98tenaert Siiw vedt dotdr 
6 fot. eat gRvotds hezeaq [fen veev |e¢ sudi- nto eeotol ebis 
“2 etads exinpes Seouct Bakw #eee5 Ytev tod ,e2t lav en? 
a i dotds yaoRseths. Odt to gottfaoamoo traeticasi bea 
y thon ofs t0 esieq eaodi ai usate;, ant te: gaicesecol avoitn 
oa eB geinedtise ot ened t4tose*c cof aisgs seed ei ¢f Let¢ivers 
; ey . . . 968 {isdeien ws ,eens 
Ue be —asezuert Toor wd tniagettive 
Breck gt8 axotos baetze eased ae#ol mo. AtoweRAI? Toot - 
Sicteo seonis bas. oho -a¢%) santed faups 36 eafele tevo 
ey @eniad 6n¢ svieoes vod? .efostie anerasist scedd tnevecg 
a0 Sibeesig foin sat a0% iF nN $i Siam bas sesdmtst toor 
re giaag sa?’ .eftoqgwes elsats of bootetanesd $8 oc ° loot ead 
alota B ss guises Bax .enesa ot of Astates af HDatm end), 26 
oF nas pmsed eft treq fiend 20 saottosiib aiedteot teonse 
Sue tevesr est Ogofat bee ,nedsd.ddsgned efrogana Ils 

pe) 10re 0° WaAolvp $16 yous soure ,teoedd) esol oviooss eras 
ed Tite -esecqgas wegnowts s13 rig bi ets wo bas. ,teoSee 
He te Mo sisd teshosy adi evisosy yidnbupsenes bas $f eeoqce 
be swords MO. Japco-n80 ono esses 4 esdaneeee’s vigsetéxs at tact 
pursserh od (iin Yoot ots sectors stueeeda foiv lett! sear-ewe 
if of noitrocorg Gi Sods Usllaw bar etatq) etsoqgoe edt brows 
pont Stbtat tonnes Yoou est gentshs baiw eff sesnstainer tho 
Prue ead. NENathy af eivoogue sds to ytifidads odd tie eresout 
au isu" 


‘“ 


too? edd tentets Bibs: edt yino ,2eenisslo To sncos08 nO 

ieee iVewrastue edi ao e¢apagetq batw od2d sen dae a SOO 
| Sidhu * oiveesig) shewom sctaiweteve ge seorbotq seal 
rena sbavieoos gfaiee sd oafs seum dotdwi ,(oisogxs to 
tiusv eit Ro dewids eit boaogae ef dotdy ot sinasoxg 
poidieac imkek abd’ erede ;betootte \Llaw edd yd neoxdsd video 
a bath ee4 i 


a ae. a capi aye Seer tete somdd ifs 


cm! 1} 
rie j i , Bar rT P é ae 
. ‘ 
«dace fm 
| 


ube: Jussi 


‘aba esceaant tesussn odd od botaies ed Seu s1eq 


‘oe at tite neds Qhbiq @nelokithent as ed. 2k 32! 


‘ | . - 2 Mae 
Bei tubs Dem iat ct ir ta sciaua to ea 


} 514 7 
if it be an insufficient pier, then will it be erushed rer oer 
vaults be placed in cross stresses, so far as this is possible, 
transferring a part of the excess load to the nearest supports, 
that. on their part must be sufficiently stiff. It is then of g 
great use, if at least strong walls exist an the. dividing arches, 
that these can carry the stde forces to the crowns of the vaults, 
which they will transfer farther as well as possible. Moderate 7 
sbde forces can thus be very well passed through the crowns of 
the vaults, but very great wind forces require there a constant 
and important composition of the stresses, which maw lead to in- 4 
jurious loosening of the joints in those parts of the wall and 
vaults. It is best again to resort here to stiffening ‘cross ar- 
ches, as weishall see. | a 
Stiffening by roof trusses. ; 
Roof framework on lower beams ‘baehidemcen are mostly usable 
over aisles of equal height (Fis. 876), and almost completely 
prevent those injurious effects. They receive the thrust of the 
roof timbers and make it impossible for the wind pressure on t 
the roof to be transferred to single supports. The entire effect 
of the wind is carried to the beams, and seeks as a whole to t 
thrust in their direction. On their part the beams tend to press : 
on all supports beneath them, and indeed the weaker supports t 
thus receive less thrust, since they are quicker to yield (Pig. 
338 a}, and on the other hand the stronger supports will later 
oppose it and consequently receive the greater part of it. But 
that is extremely favorable; hence one can connt on through be- 
ams ¢hat the wind pressure against the roof will be distributed 
amons the supports (piers and wallsU. about in proportion to th- 
eir resistance. The wind against the roof cannot injure the st- = 
ructure, if the stability of the supports in general has suffi- 4 


ee meen me te ia 
- SOS ee Tent 


ci nl a 


cient safety. 

On account of clearness, only the wind against the roof is m 
mentioned and not the wind pressure on the outerrwall, but the 
last produces an overturning moment (pressure =x middle height 
of exposure), which must also be saféky received. This wind 
pressure to which is opposed the thrust of the vaults can be 
| mostly taken by the wall affected; where this is impossible, a 
part must be carried to the nearest middle pier or eyen across : 
all three aisles to the opposite outer wall, which is to be done 
through the crowns of the vaults or stiff: cross arches; or ‘ieee 


AG ‘ 
i ree 4 | 
, Nr: rw ; 
ems lf \ F 
on es a) rT ze 
bie f ros ‘an i 7 
tf i ry ; 7 
7 A ’ ¢ 


o aad an ao ye pul he hae oy ) yeused teow edd dhvontt opis Lfow 


re Ve her be tp BOMOtE Stoto ef8) 4 gBuotacoetise 
| jain otis efigesois ecors edt co iiew bataottite & 
‘Yovumstensis yos sldieeog toitan tot eases, Latnorsaon 
Paces toor dguoqds susdw soeig ui yfisiosqee ei ti bas 
ott eetustoss edd yd boyolque yitaenpes? yrev caw sf sant 
haan ,etelq sflbbia dncostbs ods yd heroggo od yfao Seen 
* ted baad toto sdiino ceeottine sedow eacto ebhie sdt:so 
y od athiw ovitna edd ist fegcis ead) to noitieogas +2 
: eb gO, socle begettise ed ot iere eodo1s esoto ofhbie ent 
mi o¢ ton ,eldieegog. cs 16bis es oben ed ot ors ellen eds 
i weds bans ,gliseseesouay sleis sibbim edd. te tesadt ods 
mar ao (6 (XS) e288) nvow edd Srsuot yleuptide sets exotet 
Pate seqqu eldt to. seemiotdt of? .(ATb (O/CXE .entt) beta 
at fetid sot bas’ (msgs odd to O8\S ot PF\WG BE dnetotting 
Bes ' 1 e@totad S\L Io a0 I se O28 OF @tacescen aob 
ay dupssttti edi tieadi si avteos2 aso {her eotastititess dou? 
Re ee asds evitoetis stom sd iite bos eiseeexq Yo esni 
jas ediogoue eat od betudiaseih sie esev0t shre sit aonte 
“fosise0o & déiwv vizvsinotice® .eonstefset siedz o¢ acid 
toe $0089 etesig efhbin edd .beyolqas secasa sect to tas 
F odd. teed of beonylno goede ted? ce ,edenurd? shits sort beast 


nso Sefeis to sdthin [eons dtiw cele erotened? bos’ .pothoed 
fee mort yd booslges:sd bivoo yous bobbnl .sebesle otiun ebra 
pei dadn. go ,( CXS .kfd) wosttod Sa) got 36 efnict tovia attwes 
Ww Hegnetts oe eteog etiasis tebes{)e yd .Smse ess tugs 
ha. tid » egeftes odt ts ano|°e aso sipeeseig on lis ,aboe 
fede vitotiqeiy ed yam seoucesi2 haiv ods to moisagtivoeval 
ies Niqaie eton tad teuede 10 heeesiquos yiao sd leretg ons 
1 dl ps +g'no @oldael edt to aaoloo teal eds x ,noktaluo 


jt bavory eds.evods tdpied edt yd betiqttiuwe aids baa \yettoq 
10 ed? ef aia? sbesekteet ed of taemom gakoaueceys edd nodi 
cn ed Of Bi wok .oauecerg bhoin edt yt fem edt no betaexe 
3 . 2 dose x@ beotetsod ed aso tnemom gaiaustterc ¢edw be? 
aed Bborer ei evoqing aids cof .{ilew to t9ig) stoqggne 


tua | <a nee it ye dikn hanorg od¢iss ormeeere eds Yo aotsi 
fh Ate ; 
5 ota (be rina 2e aotyoorth eat atioubeorts ed? ss% wod 
oy oh Se OP im 

i ; Lf ' ates : 7 


el : a 
7A! oe. nee b's iS’, be 76 
' 


. i: ae > nae ee ee Sa 


pmoxkessigues of scasteies: sisit to bis sis yc ehsol Lsotd 


$e toor et? co gaitos teuadt batw edt to ebvitazes ede 


on ek #2) baw Coe 882 q)ipbaod Leottvey edt bas 


ae se La Oee ge reer y Seen Yee el a OY aa 


515 
well also through the roof beams. 
Stiffening bs: the cross arches. 
A stiffening wall on the cross arches is the most reliable and 
monumental means for makins possible any transfer. of thrust, a 
and it is especially in place where through roof beams are want- _ 
ing; it was very frequently employed by the ancients. The wind = 
need only be opposed by the adjacent. middle piers, and a wall. ' 
on the side cross arches suffices; on the other hand if a great- 
er opposition of the thrust. over the entire width be possible, 
the middle cross arches are to be stiffened also. On the latter 4 
the walls are to be made as light as possible, not to increase ql 
the thrust of the middle aisle unnecessarily, and thay may the- 4 
refore rise obliquely toward the crown (Fig. 875 a) or be ferfo-% 
rated (Figs. 875 5, 413). The thickness of this upper wall is 
sufficient if 1/15 to 1/30 of the span, and for brick it is sel- 
dom necessary to so beyond 1 or 1 1/2 bricks. 
Such a stiffening wall cam receive in itself the different 
lines of pressure and will be more effective than through beams, 
since the side forces are distributed to the supports in propor- _ 
tion to their resistance. Particularly with a correct arrangem- [ 
ent. of the masses employed, the middle piers can be entirely { 
freed from side thrusts, so that theg onlyneed to bear the ver- 4 
tical loads by the aid of their resistance to compression and 
bending, and therefore also with equal widths of aisles can be 
made quite slender. Indeed they could be replaced by iron colu-- 
nswith pivot joints at top, andobottom (Fig. 875 ), or what is = 
about the same, by slender granite posts so arranged by shetee 
ends, that no pressure can occur at the angles... > = | 
Investigation of the wind stresses may be graphical, whether 4 


the piers be only compressed or thrust, but more simply by cal- © 
culation. By the last column of the fable on’ p. 103 is found ¢ 

the mmgnitude of the wind thrust acting on the roof at all sup- 
ports, and this multiplied by the height above the ground is t 
thus the overturning moment to be resisted. This is the moment q 
exerted on the wall by the wind pressure. Now is to be caloula- 4 
ted what overturning moment can be resisted by each separate 4 
support (pier or wall). For this purpose is calculated the pos- 
ition of the pressure at the ground with any thrust of vaults 


and the vertical loads Cpa. 2S5, 336), and it is now to be seen 


how far the pressure in the direction of the wind can still. move 


ye eer | a SOUS) yee 


La . 7 % ih “ 1 } q oe 
Ad, aa j vomit 
ol fa . 7. ee 

/ ae | 


. she ate . 
er upectat etat wenbe setno edt seen oof gntwoo tuodiiv 
hs | eoves bawory odt ac gaitees beol feottdev esiiae oat yd 
Ae oft »eovkeoet tex aso ticggque on? Soidw toewom yoisiutse 
seus. etctogguse etateges odt yd bevisoes ataemom eaedt 
wba ad - > p 2S kenon petorrtysxe gsttos elisutos 
Ba r; ” -cotssivoleo 0 eolquaext | 
» bE +git at betaezerqes founde {fed edt tol .1 elqwsxd 
te! eomsbive ed¢ of gatiropee gamete yitnetodtiva ete exots 
'o temcds ode to apeoxe edt ovieoet of SEL .q wo amditeluoise 
“29% eg ot ai elfian tanretxe .od¢ Yo x@ifdeate of3 adios odt 
A oe -Stuneetg baktw sugdtin bas diin ,jetayit 
 dtiw doide m vet bos getd om CS af Ifew. [entetxe ataig edt 
- bearnos, to #Linod ef Sas yed dowo at aor. i ~-pe OF Yo wodnin 


Aves 


i 


i mr 


: oabieaae eaufoy .m vo S8r * S,f * (08 ~ 8 * OF) eed ylycthroo0s 
# 000,868 = © asedmun baweod cl to Sha ‘oof ites * 0085S * Ser 2ad¢y 
} BBOTO Ons Ro Rainetiite tuodtiw) etiusw edg¢ fo etanids ef 

Sopa eins kearesxe egs tot si si base PSL LG mo -ceovin ota laado 
tee fis 000%  exodmpn Senor al co O68 * gV Goro! Isolsrey 
bide fort eotod to nofesinecats efdtagog ent of banger atéw 
oak od LLiw eifty ©2R°O8IS eu gkiteotds A0aH pe1eK olats ©L6 
ae eat evods @ $.8!2 heiandgol et tf of tx 9OUS o¢ bee 


; a 


D yeack w OS eqols s esd °85 20 woktanéiont as Asin oor edt 

f oq) a pe Cha = 8 * OS * & 20 €e%8 oe yad sdoee evodse andé 
«fie 606,28 = 08 * O88 = sedtsepotisa eoned 
th fied # ead @ wpe. seq {i2 oS te Phew edt tegtags oatw edt 

b fo tdgted paem go dti« ,fid OODL{EE = OSE * & * O8 to eowok Las 
bd teaiage bal« edt ,68!2 «aq 03 poibsooon 1@ OF 20 notveoilaes 
esq Lazaosizod & Bus Lid "2 te eaxwarerq Asetiaey « etarexe 200% 
hadi ap2 OSf esitne oft ao audd “pe tog £ixX IG to ose 
Efe ao ervezceiq Inoitcew Liz OdB8 = O8l * V2 sostave. door 


hr Le a .:«bawoty e6¢ evode = 08 ta0g¢00 eis £6 atos sadi 
eae iso. duods tw IfLen ad? ok eiuee tg Jo Re 
7 tuvods to Sets bevory. aat al eruEeeng edt, to softtseclt sit 
(me 08 Godt ti baa .BE! .q wo Fetetueles vosesie zen t0ic 
ee ne bes) ' ai} WSs @bieina exe bas wot veigq. edd to eLbbin sit 
= gee ont Re sexs. basoxp, end 20 esnageng edt 


Fay thee edt 20 yad & {2M «HO tog IGEE Rategtews eaodebare dite 


ances bote fetaczixsod [be O8NE = CSE x 8 bas tedtegot abso 


degeo xd (INE ,p8) O81 .¢ of Raddaa000 
th talog sxsarexg monday eit x02 e¢nomon 


516 
without coming too near the outer edge. This distance meitipiiea a 
by the entire vertical load resting on the ground gives the ov- 
erturning moment which the support can yet receive. The sum of 
these moments received by the separate supports must exceed the 
actually acting overturning moment. 
Examples of calculation. 

Example I. For the hall church represented in Fig. 394, whose 
piers are sufficiently stonng according to the evidence of the 
calculations on p. 155 to receive the excess of the thrust of 
the vaults, the stability of the external walls is to be inves- 
tigated, with and without wind pressure. 

The plain external wall is 20 m high and 1.7 m thick with a 
window of 80 sq. m area in each bay and is built of coursed 
split sandstonesweighing 2300 per cu. m.; a bay of the wall 
accordingly has (20 * 6 - 30) * 1.7 = 153 cu m. volume and wei- 


ran 


ghs 183 x 2300 * 351,800 kil or in round numbers @ * 352,000 kil. 
The thrusts of the vaults (without stiffening of the cross ar- 7 


ly 
ches) are given on p. 154, and it is for the external wall as a 


vertical foreé Vo = 6840 or in round numbers # 7000 kil, but w 
with regard to the possible transmission of force from the mid- 
dle aisle here, asia thrastrHssti2160°kil, «this will be increa- 
sed to 250° kil; it is located 13.2 m above the ground. 

The roof with an inclination of 55° has a slope 20 m long, 
thus above each bay an area of 2 x 20 * 6 = 240 sq. mp. 162), | 
hence altogether = 240 * 90 = 21,600 kil. | 7 

The wind against the wall at 129 kil per sq. m has 2&2 horizon=- . 
tal force of 20 * 6 * 120 = 141400 kil, with a mean height of 
application of 10 m. According to p. 163, the wind against the 
roof exerts a vertical pressure of 57 kil and a horizontal pres- 7 
sure of 81 kil per sq. m, thus on the entire 120 sq. m of the 
roof surface 57 * 120 = 6840 kil vertical. pressure on all supp- — 
orts together, and. 81 * 120 = 9720 kil horizontal wind thrust, q 
that acts on the support 20 m above the ground. . 

A. hocatio of pressure in the wall without roof load. and wind. 4 
The Location of the pressure in the ground area of the middle 
pier was already calculated on p. 155, and it lies 20 um from 
the middle of the pier toward the outside. 

The pressure on the ground area of the external wall is found 


according to pe 140 (Fig. 371) by establishing the equation of 


moments for the unknown pressurs point distant x m from the inside 


4 at i + ; 

Le iP iain aia lala 

ty cee ye | tre Th : 
an DAY ANA) Ogee e Bie tall Sg hoe ge qV 


m 20,0 = x epat .¢.81 = 0058 @ (88,0 = x}oo0sae + x D0Y x0 
wy 8 26 e078 bawory edt szettete erotetsds kotpazeng eit 

fad ipyshes: “efso eds mot? mo TY vo ebhia tenant ed? mort uo €8 to 
edT.¢ bhetoo edd brawot efhbim edt mont mo §. bevor uino et ands 
Ps Gletentxorgqe huwot ei ophe tetvo eds te eqveserq nuwixen 
ERE oe 20 & alumeo? xd rletstvooce etom ect? .g no elfdet ess 
| ex jooor + ooesee) “oset se Banges: °%* 


Pe tog Lid 2.2 = = STE TT e "or x 008 
‘on Seldstove) ytev «2 ts efist vlisven eivaaetg efi srotexed? 
ee Ytev entones Sas exueaetq epbhe statebom s ylns eeaouhorg foe 
3 Meyeet verte no ed? yotgogo webcix od? of hreget dtiw tk seve 
’ ) Hote thks ec? .gatidoqqre ea bexehicaos ton ek IfLe¥ to mo 008 
leit neyaedo yLootsoe haiw tuodiiw teor edt to tdytew ods 
i ost): batw to gootte {fut tiv ouuacecq ene To nAokieood <2 
“gatetuereve ne seouhotg ifaw sae teatays bate od? .(m oe tog 
Yo Ymerom s yd heeotqo ad teaum dotdw eOT * OOD 28 to steemen 
1 8 ¥ ybeteluelso ei doidw mort ,fooot + OO0RGE) * FY xo vied 


Ai 


aan om 02.0 * y aut Pes ,COBAI = 200E7E 
tec $25 “ods #i weuscat mo Of tuoda effah exueteid oft ,.0ct 
ihniatn ete edd mort mo £@ yates io hastent ¢eds of (bain exe Yo 
te. etueve tg memixsn Ong nedt .,of mort wo 88 Wise ron et +f 
QP eonta (ff .¢ no 8 sismeot of guitevess ei efgue senci 


Midrand + gn$ ebfetve 


Book + *Bobeenie 
Oo «pe 484 fii t.5 = “a chee - 76 

i 20 Raitoe bain ond tetsed ifew ytew neo Lisw 64+ ercterten® 
G0 ed¢ go) fencad? Sutw ods to ¢480 & BVYipoSst seve cao ft bos 
getuitseve $S0%3 odd aeooubortc Poor edt tenisuc Sain oat 
isatuea od of heowmeees ed neo cidt .OCe {Ret = 08 k ENB to ice 
) Buswbotw ent te seig SLbbhim oft Bas Bllew fentotxe edit xd 
eat 508 Tent o0 does eeogce etawrdt tivnaev bans baetw oseds sonie 
f beol Yoor edt 10% HOLE EBS eFedohom: « aviv eds veto ebbin 
“43 noses ed Yeu exveeetq ext to Levowes ett ciiX OOO LEV arty t 
eee Geted ed hee O56 82 € BELO * OOO, ET next? bot wo af sirode 
“| opts in Yo’ bebatsmes est con tlt neon unintetievo edy 
he de » Pol eagtow oft of IT \ellaw febtotxe ent YO sated ed of 
SAR eoNieas TOY GOLTID Da evionoo tnd. oyeteve | as bebbs at 


= 0008 + Coot + ooDgae «-1ef Beol Latot odt \fix 0008 


je teem etter oie we fexs of ot yitiidsta to teemou edt 
my ald ty va & so8f +e ttmemom gutrentcero oft 


wt 


v00 . 


: Ms er i, aye 
: da , Pv i) = + 


517 

; aT 
Yo Fae ak = ---) =H * 18.2 
Or 700 x + 352000(x = 0,85) @ 2500 = 18.2. Thas x = 0.98 m. 
The pressureitherefore strikes the ground area at a distance 


of 9283 em from the inner side or 77 em from the outer side, and 
thus is only moved 8 cm from the middle toward the outside.The 
maximum pressure at the outer edge is found approximately by t 
the Table on p. 145, more accurately by formula 5 on p. 148, a 
ond 4552508 t 70007 (858 i 
52000" + 7000( x 8 % 85 q 
By "S00 170, afta = eoukivOs 170. 
Therefore the pressure usually falls at a very favorable place 
and produces only a moderate edge pressure and remains very small, 
even if with regard to the window ofening the entire length of 4 
800 em of wall is not considered as supporting. The addition of 
the weight of the roof without wind scarcely changes the result. 
B. Location of the pressure with full effect of wind (120 “4 8 
per sq. m). The wind against the wall produces an overturning | 
moment of £4,400 * 10, which must be opposed by a moment of sta- 
bility of y * : Adpoede + 7000), from which is calculated, y * ; 
Q5900C = 14400, and thus y = 0.40 m. a 
I.e., the pressure falls about 40 om farther in the direction P 
of the wind, so that instead of being 93 cm from the inner side : 
it is now only 53 em from it. Then the maximum pressure at the | 
inner angle is, according to formula 6 on p. #44, sinee it lies — 
outside the kern of the section:-- q 
3(352000 + 700 Oo) 
a, = hier ear eee = 7.5 kil per sq. cm. a 
Therefore the wall can very well resist the wind acting on rt.4 
and it can even receive a part of the wind thrust on the roof. q 
The wind against the roof produces the great overturning mon- 7 
ent of 972 * 20 = 194,€00. This can be assumed to be neutralized 
by the external walls and the middle pier at the windward side, a 
since these wind and vault thrusts oppose each other. For the 


middle pier that with a moderate addition for the roof load we- 


a 


ighs 75,000 kil, the removal of the pressure may be taken at 3 
about 35 om, and then 75,000 * 0,35 % 26,250 and be taken ar 6 


the overturning moment, *since its remainded of 168,150 m<-kilié#s — 
to be borne by the external walls. If to the weight of each ru 


is added an average but concise addition for the roof load of = 
5000 kil, the total load is:-- 352000 + 7000 + 5000 = 364000 kil. 
The moment of stability to be exerted by the walls must egual | 


the overturning moment:-- Taus S62 000%y_ 


ad Cree vel aden -08E 808 ' a x ooonee + dis -% QOOR8E andt 
hia The ' . fj me 84,0)" 
b tuode hevow e¢ deum etveeetd eds eilsx dtod nt eonok 

sot heaodtoes ed Ll TE ghatw edt Yo sottoorih edt 


Pome Gh = (fi ~ 83 xo (68 - TT) te ylewsa reRbe edd teen 
san o% 20 3 ddvesct ot permis 38 af yea? {iin eaazera 
edt: som .pe tog {ti 8.67" DI Seah se eh 

i benthoo book 10% t2048 Bee ton emoee eeexts 2idt 
ai’ bois edd To toette ns: fowe sect botedmemed 2i ti ¢i 
Ds ete Yo socetetae edt geiauwh gainapeos teves zeqefte¢ ,ers: vi 
ft got estueeerq edi to Lsvomen Iisw2 odT .Cotou) .yakdiisd 
2d .2e0metemvorto oxed? mi eldsyteenoont cals ei sx0x 
y ellen edt of tenads edd jo aottudiatelS maotien eeel 
_ ie eHONeTETITOH douse eise 
ey alotosF To potlog sit go bsrivost Foorg o¢tote ef? .etox 
it botoslaen glloues svovotsred ,egasbdéae Fo aaoltourvtenoco sit 
eer we teuswod ef dofaw ,wrwcéaam no hatiw fo sos} is 
Bat Beotxs of yeyorq od bivow *+/ San yetvesst” oAt Fo aod 
9 yetotwoS6 Sve etusmom sestt otadu ,eesrite sJdissiareq to 
‘nee » “fehl cat #68 of oldvaetvbo oo tAgem TY BSYOdTET .horEd 
ban Safatvooo wohles saous tO} teAtO Sdt .BbhoOs tnoMomrog 
vam oF PO Galnshiod sisiquoo wes}n glao essesrits to} ade 
mein gt6v heyolqas e214 doasdo [fed emsa ode 401 .1E olqmsexd 
a +26d0%8 e201 eft no becalo Bhi{ew bas eroiq sitbin 
Stiup etesi eoage sediuut dait foo fliw fads .coktaluolso edt 

, ed? to gauedt od? hit Sqgeoke ,semiol eds OF Bhoogaettos 
enole ei batw edt? bae (TOs 8ORR e: Ifew Latietze edt teatese 
Bian: ent 20: bis ot ‘teostis ellew totvo ett xd bevisoe: od 32 
a A oaks hemuvesse ylevotverq {Law oct Yo seento td? ont ~telq ef 
\‘Stowemext toot off YI .enao add 201 $aeteitivs 6 3feati 


+" % 60¢ 26 olde to ove elec .feliew bas e10hq) e¢atog & 20 


Bend of Boisodons tdgile « waedt seuadt batw efs evisees taum 
i +etoos qeeie ytor 19% uflateeqes etoqorg ed yse testinal 

) onedt ni Romweas 2i {few fanio@xe nist. s yilotiqnte co% 
ond Peeves ode aebectsiud Bas aseetico asd [lew edd Yk seeolg 

" oe 2 yd auode es ,olodw adé ho emee edt od Bivow 
. ve " one feleis-eigats & ¢0% ancttelzofse gnibsogees 

wth ar ee” eae tonuds Led: to took | 
| a ey : te a eiluey oid. te Sesearad edt ed | 


nn 


yates ereecess od? dtod ak neds ,tedto,edd tot RE bas bes 


E Bik Bs ee 


518 
thus 864000 * v4 +. 364000 * ¥o * 168,150. Hence results ¥4 + vo 
= 0,46 m. 

Henee in both walls the pressure must be moved about 46 om in 
the direction of the wind; if 11 be reckoned for the wall affec- — 
ted and 38 for the other, then in both the pressure actedequallaan 
near the edge, namely at (77 - 85) or 53 - 11) = 42 om. The edge 
pressure will thes bocagsont see to formula 6 on p. 144:;-- q 

de) Ti gereersrey = 9.6 kil per Sq. Om. 


3.x 600 * 42 a 
This stress seems not too great for good coursed brick masonry, ~ 


it it is remembered, that such an effect of the wind is extreme { 
ly rare, perhaps never occurring during the existence of the b 4 
pbuilding. (Note). The small. removal of the pressure from the k 
kern is also inconceivable in these circumstances. Likewise a 
less uniform distribution of the thrust to the walls would not 
make much difference. . 4 
Note. The static proof reauired by the police officrals for 4 
the construction of buildings, heretofore wsually neglected a 
effect of wind on masonry, which is however BN SKOSVNtTPVG Bivect- 
Lou of the pressure, aha VT would be proper to extend the VWatte 
of permissible stress, where these nonents ore accurately sonsi~ 
Aerede Bevrhaps Vt wishnt ve advisaote to set two Limits, ows sta 
permanent Loads, the other for those seidou occurring ana perh-' 


aps for stresses only after complete hordentiwe of the mortar. 
Example II. For the same hall church are employed very ulender | 
middle piers and walls placed on the cross arches. q 
The calculation that will not find further space here quite : 
corresponds to the former, except that the thrust of the wind 
against the external wall is greater, and the wind is alone 
to be received by the outer walls without the aid of the midd- 
le pier. The thickness of the wall previously assumed also shows 
itself as sufficient for this case. If the roof framework rests. 
on 4 points (piers and walls), only two of which as the walls . 
must receive the wind thrust, then a slight anchoring to the 1 q 
Latter may be proper, especially for very steep roofs. 4 
For simplicity a plain external wall is assumed in these exam 
ples; if the wall has offsets and buttresses, the investigation ~ 
would be the same ot the whole, as shown by a glance at the cor- 
responding calculations for a single-aisled church (p. 337). 
Roof of hall church. 
As the design of the vaults is decisive for the “interior, so 


¥ 
u ' 


ae .. 


& 
. fi ‘hed oft %e ot espa etd s0% sober bas §o tend ei 
a eee ee ‘ov. gaedto-dess go aoitoe Lsoo1gt 
on ia Sedekeehiiis’ as desol de Savecs ey 22 
aise phi sit bloow osid ,2tivay odd Yo exwoso ¢asistIib 
pad z ive issn ef O\8 oft at beduozesye7 aeeusinsuml te dowdy 
paeve eniboetis need eecsd evownidaco déiw toor.s esididxe 
Doni es. Sosse eretiss sisibemtadci sii suet! .ealetsa seis 
patbivet edt no beoslg elisw end ddin atol yeds bas) eased 
as eH wtoor oid to Avoweuert edt to tSroqgue seddéant 2 ec 
ee gait 203 gipnel tasicittug to ersdald geiboit of setae 
ie sblete sibbim edi seve yfno medt gatesfe of heel ysu euse 
pRbievel so tattess eslels ebic of? s6to yreseeces bibesidat 
Bed Sibbtw eds yd Sesorcus elite edt ao bas eedous bsibiv 
a ‘bas (ever geetetiibh ait oben ed aso actesameo efi? 


* Peo 


B-gelets sbi¢e silt revo exsod dgvoadd sdf ood? .axwowr to 
| emg ae 2isd diel odd ai ea coitoesrbh becifont na saet 
mo AXE opie io tisd gagie eos al bunct nobtowitenco eds ott 
pypemeed eat wieps bas 2 Site .d taog ,8 maed ons 978 si19dK 
Ledg ylgarbyooos -seedt yo Seseddos beisd eatalo {Ler 
Woeee Yo wrews esd msds sowol veil efete ebie etd to Ihex 
Brae igs’ stoot eid ofat ebnetxe eids bas .eleke elbtie eds to 
ite ot selais S6a0s' eG tsvo i504 comsoo: A tO! ahiceb oci tT 
463 few to) Ievonor ef ni zobetasvbs sated ebsottes foe veel 
bes eidetovetce tcom 2i ti ivette lenvetxe edi 10% asnt 
| saeldees Bagte fc to wsosrveds Yeqorg edd of saesl ebnoc 
b Yo, duealssoncs edt ch amseags ybeeile soivescex® to dos! 
Rebs Aofaoisonry, eds exon seve Dos ,veleis sordd si obte 
te benisido od-od ylao even ofS Yo tadtd bas. atone eff to 
PiEwow gottonnt eicl .esnsibegxe aisiass yd to even Lut 


(Ae 


Bee ees oi, 8 
|) owe. Sia. t8 tocz thoilo edd sntved-isitts .ilaw elgad xat 


| ‘hod Soc appa Ssee edd Stix ¢t gatn te, w BNE art ak 2s 

F. to Snigediznerte a sedile qseesoen. ed blsow sevss 
‘e6t To. o'd>s olguctas Sisw odd evisost od done Le 
s beintog 8 to Fgewe He ITS @67 70 ,esosntsse onsorol 
OT) 40 pt ni’ dorwdo ed¥ to Yor eas Stecnsd 
eis ets: virovylsdersges basot sest ef 
“chon capi notoow aa inset ‘ald, d8d8 9 


¢ s9ex5 nape eid Hose ct beteles e1s engiesb ditod 


sponge to gefuts seit sevo toot sommdo's Yo anna 


a atin $eeo edi te Eaiteninyed sven af? to oftzve ne otk 


— > 
a) 
¥ 
aT 
_ - # 
4 mn) alo - 
7 = an 
od —— eas ¢ , 
¥ = Zz hd ’ 
- ‘4 , <> _— 
Sy YT *. we 7 ss 


519 
is that of the roof for the e?terion of the hall charch,: i ‘Dog 
both designs are related to each other and exert a certain rec- 
iprocal action on each other. 7 s 

tf we assume at least an approximately equal height of the 
different crowns of the vaults, then. would the design of. the 
church at Immenhausen represented in Fis. 8/6 be nearest, that 
exhibits a roof with continuous truss beam eftending over. the 
three aisles, There the intermediate rafters stand as hammer 
beams and they form with the walls placed on the dividing arch- 
es a further support of the framework of the roof. Here the aif- 
ficulty in finding timbers of sufficient length for the truss 
beams may lead to placing them only over the middle aisle, and 
the beams necessary ofer the side aisles resting on leveled di- q 
viding arches and on the sills anchored by the middle beams. T q 
This connection can be made in different ways, and also the ar- q 
rangement of a common roof over three aisles of unegual heisht ‘ 
of crown. Then the through beams over the side aisles either 
take an inclined direction as in the left half. of Fig. 877, or 
like the construction found in the right half of Fig. 877, or 
where are the beam a, post b, sill c and again the beam d, the ~ 
wall plates being anchored by these. Accordingly the topoof the q 
wall of the side aisle lies lower than the crown of the vault \ 
of the middle aisle, and this extends into the roof. : 

If the design of a common roof over the three aisles is simp- ~ 
lest and affords certain advantages in the removal of water, %& 4 
shen for the external effect it is most unfavorable end corres- 
ponds least to the proper character of the cross section. This F 
lack of exoression already appears in the concealment of. the de- 
sign in three aisles, and even more the junction of the roofs ; 
of the choir and that of the nave only to be obtained by power- 
ful ways or by certain expedients. This junction woudd first re-- 
guire an attic of the nave terminating at the east with a clos- ' 
ing bagle wall, either having the choir roof. at the same height ~ 
as in Fis. 878, or joining it with the same inclination. In both 
cases would be necessary either a strengthening of the triumph- q 
al arch to receive the wall triangle a bc or the corresponding — 
lozenge surfaces, or the arrangement of a pointed arch turned ; 
beneath the roof of the church in Fig. 876. To avoid the latter 
is then found separately only the triangle a ba through ahwall, 
so that the masonry and wooden wall lie under the edge of the 


. ' Ps ba A / Ry! ar in, Al 6. cian ale Mad At | ‘ \ bf “~ 
met ae meet eee nS mr re va 
Hi ‘ee a > VF af in “a “ 
; - oe a. nr U 5 i fi A , io 


hd w éigostt ‘a elt eoridence tedéwt ned? soldey 
pinoboow 8 yd feaolo ei o ¢ 6 olnnsiut otitns odd bas 
B odd $0 aeitkee atet¢ess ads atot of doeTz00 e1om ei ¢t 
oleae Yoor stikcdo odd dotdw otak (oor qid a yd 
ebte datd yd texinpst deoule ef abieed teal ad? 
hiker aye © 2 ef3ne treiteest 8 aptamer oxedt YI .datd 
i fe edit etees dstdé te ose e8t@ ot es ,tiods dgid sit fea 
of faupe dzityv .( 688 .BB).toor edt to saves davordst 


“wenddsot wot .cettiovos ofifef to esdorsdo dtoisd odd 
Mahi ins {8 Yo ngiveb edd tot nave has ,o07 edd to soit 
Phase’ _ 1 $e8ven edd to dibiw eiitvme saz ot an ibaogeets0co 
— eit to toor sit to nettonnt) ost exiwex fi 
Peon edt ot ebsol oven boleis+esidd add to tedd of tus 
* ddod to sottsntfes? to tidied edd ¢8 Rnithuooes ,eaytash 
atx évsn oft to toot eid ose tauit edt ni sense edt ot 
f atetees edd o¢ attods sft to toon sid bus .niedecn ont 
30% aissase edt Eacose edt oI .(S6S .2f7) efels sewsvensis add 
Seanreds to 2001 sdf to gid a ci fastxe yom sfeis eeoro oft to 
meieis So1evensit oft to toor edd toserstai ago settel edt 10 
git . Syen odd to sso oi toou siedo sAt atin Cetosanco ed bas 
Me ead gatised yluisties toomeyney26 oA .(E68 .3i7) evode be 
S .pI9) sottet ta Siedo edt no havct ef tifdeedan a to tad 
jevGytet lsnsoe eve ttodo tas evan edd Yo etoor sdt ou)edy 
1 nocd rele edt to Yoor ot ce nobtentlont emea sd svad 
tel edd Siteeqqo ato; 6 o.d s seosiave epsiide edi tadi oe 
. s(nottered ls ones 2 actt edfvesa imemskasite alct) 
Pistaousnre sheds eousn eeoetive Joot ed¢ to sintingsn odT. 
ition edt yd teftie shea ed nso dadd ,oidetkesh zeeqqs seontes 
Ptagiyd .etimieq Isiazessm edt ti 10 ,s$aMieqo edt to miot bas 
bitetes [fs besive ors agiesS efdt z0of .stolco Letevoe ni 2n7 


iG 


Par 
Ade 
4 


@ ga0idibacs odt es tat:oe .tcot odd anitsvoo act been 


bes Yistooges gud ,esoloo tacieti ib af beutetdo ad ot 
i pe meseose s@no bavot.evs boid aids Yo eelquazendots yasy 
eee ow doin to YPassied to esdomwion enoirev no Sassen 
eet 8 wedYe nogid ni sahineg 1.2 aott.olausxe as (6A 
bes hal towens souns. On Aeeasvitinizg ecodw 101 
b ines Bas. f9% .ysty dail fos wolloy .stide betacié 
Leh betgebs dzsed .(sioeld bes  giseld detysts bas 

Spe tee renataaysa: Laden doersttib edd sie 


g:te00 eneem edi nevik aséé 2& ethtodo ifs to paiva . 


520 is 
sable. Then further sometimes the wall triangle a b dis removed | 
and the entire triangle d a cis closed by a wooden wall. Bui | 
it is more correct to form the eastern ending of the nave roof 
by a hip roof, into which the choir roof intersects (Fig. 879). 
The last design is almost requiref by high side choirs carried ~~ 
high. If there remains a reentrant. angle ac b , let the latter 
and the high choir, as in Fig. 380 on which rests the straight 
throush eaves of the roof (Fig. 881). With equal longitudinal 
extension of all choirs ais tben given the means most usable on 
the brick churches of Baltic countries, for further simplifica- ~ 
tion of the roof, and even for the design of an eastern gable i 
corresponding to the entire width of the nave. — 

hikewise the ‘junction of the roof of the single-aisled trans- 
ept to that of the three-aisled nave leads to the most varied 
designs, according as the height or inclination of. both roofs 
is the same. In the first case the roof of the nave extends to 
the western, and the soof of the choir to the eastern roof of 
the transverse aisle (Fig. 882). In the second the eastern roof i 
of the cross aisle may extend in & hip of the roof of the nave | 
or the latter can intersect the roof of the transverse aisle a ~~ 
and be connected with the choir roof in one of the ways mention- : 
ed above (Fig. 933). An arrangement certainly bearing the charac= 
ter of a makeshift is found on the choir at Wetter (Pig. 884), 
where the roofs of the nave and choir have equal heights and 
have the same inclination as the roof of the transverse aisle, 
so that the oblique surfaces a b c d join opposite the: latter. 
(This arrangement resulis from a later alteration). 

The magnitude of the roof. surfaces makes their ornamental. tr- 
eatment appear desirable, that can be made either by the number 
and form of the openings, or if the material permits, by patte- 
rns in several colors. For this design are suited all materials 
used for covering the roof, so far as the conditions permit them | 7 
to be obtained in different colors, but especially glazed tiles. | 
Very rich examples of this kind are found on 58. Stephen in Vien- 
naand on various churches of Bargundy, of which we sive in Pig. 7 
887 an example from S. Benigne in Dijon after a hasty sketch, j 
for whose primitiveness we cannot answer indeed. (There are ine 7 
dicated white, yellow and light gray, red and dark gray, sreen: 
and grayish black, and black). Least adapted to such treatment 
are the different metal coverings. Yet very rich effects are 


-opbia els ta snfawor 
putes dose seve Joow Lnnibusisaod 
B edi at esetive toor nommoo ods to taeuszastis oft 35 
in ies $ 0 mtot edt dttw befocaaco ylno et st dads eieeres 
am £ha00 total odd toY stadt mort t{vee7 ton. ze0b bas 
207 ad yd eolets taotsbbib edd to Galkrevoo odd at eauooo yi 
b 98h cbse aseuded spa B29) etoom fsalibstienol baa Lelie 
ide oviadsguel enolt sedtie totaw sid dots 
ee Iatooat yd esbie ec os tel gino .atoogs t 
i te dotdy naic a .eefetse ohte edt to. et 


. ¢ - A 
iw Gord S58 


is to. etoot sdi to noisoany $h2 oF een esneibed 
F' . selgaecucqetbal sish etqeaner 
Peau sReolaie @ebhie 1600 @t001 ‘eeveveds ct 

8 eis edd _ etoos ed¢ dtasned afsansdo bexevoo szoi' 


isqae to toemed s1ta edd yo eeno nego odnt bedbaado nodt axe 
a tefais bie edt to aysd efsteqes esd agvo stoor setevensti 
| 


— ~testel ett Roiteisqes ssfioiw sequin odd isvo erations 
- % q —— , =P. os: er eo Sg mus hues bee , 
_ “einta elbe: Shiv iO 1004 Siv Ov Ai CO] Wats GH Hgsexs Ts 
avle % t We > ih 

is codes ed of ef sreo sweiwolfiied .(dG6 .bi3) Sh toeetstak 


bis ee sd seus ai seteddas oft to neitorstcnos sat at 
bed. -olete eLbbr fz (to % 
Bie8e taba Soe Got 3 tesel 4s baotxe bus bsol yvsed 
ee addiver edt betosnsco Llew se0g0 edd ob tod 
f Beas sedvo ai doiin .agiezeh 2% 3 
p ded sad wo Bauct ef si es .etelamoo teow oct 
midhoudo oad essed acitnasm ¢@ 5 
peinone $a donde. 2ac% 
baa) setedbsief ta do ado. edt & i cass 
ee yilgaikizo 2ay- bas Pataey va ahaerels .2 a0 
ess x ds sire 12 Qne enteS te vosnde ° 
pte @auooss aco yfno sean desl edt gl .bestakcoer yirselo 
S 
[ 


Q 
t. 
4 
Le?) 
Ce 
1454 
as, 
pe | 


vo) too commodo. odd to aslg ef¢ ctnt beknado asw di ves 


whe oy: 


pmeoe ech ai adaieaco egstaevis olor seodw .eolsia f 
: Fates tac tustoitiue's cade Jelts? onle deel end yey 
eoetd Odd (Io ehne Ips. oat +B79tiok bsef edd 202 


2 Sop etdbtod sotserg, YWoelets efbaiv. . 
ee pootate n6 ad bovine pints: asad 


aes ' 
ies Met) Y Dh Tie we, 


Lv 
ca 


ae 


Le : - 
‘ ee eee 


a 


uc leweddag wissibte go etoct gis. yd beaole od. 


eo ‘ott eet eat ir ye bate ataay és eae oe 
| 16 eatno’ odd ah bus exntasqd edd Yo at0t edt vs | 


521 Cie: 

produced by partial gilding, by the location of certain plates, 

by the form of the openings and by the design of the existing 4 

crowning of the ridge. . 
Longitudinal roof over each aisle, 

But the arrangement of the common roof suffers im the wain d 
defects, that it is only connected with the form of the whole og 
and does not result from that. Yet the latter condition decided- _ 
ly occurs in the covering of the didderent aisles by three par- 
allel and longitudinal roofs (Fig. 885), between which lie aut 
ters from which the water either flows lengthwise at west and 
east through spouts, or is led to both sides by special channels — 
beneath the roofs of the side aisles, a plan which of these ex- 
pedients relating to the junction of the roofs of the choir and 
transepts make indispensable. 


re 


Transverse roofs over side aisles. 

Those covered channels beneath the roofs of the side aisles 3 
are then changed into open ones by the arrangement of separate ; 
transverse roofs over the separate bays of the sidé aisles with ; 
gutters over the cross arches separating the latter, which eith- : 
er extend as hip roofs to the roof of the middle aisle or may 4 
intersect it (Fis. 386). Particular care is to be taken always 
in the construction of the gutters. They must be as wide as pos- 
sible, accessible from the roof of the middle aisle, be made of. 
heavy lead and extend at least 6 to 8 inches under the covering 
of the roof; but in the upper wall. connected therewith lies the 
only defect in the entire design, which in other respects is to 
be termed the most complete, as it is found on the best works 
with aisles of equal height. We mention here the church efiss 
@lisabeth at Marburs, further the cross church at Breslau, §.. 
Blasien in Mahlhausen and the church at Friedberg. It existed 
on S. alexander at Binbeck and was orisinally intended on the 
monastery church at Haina anf.S. Maria at Muhlhausen, es may be 
clearly recognized. In the last case only on account of cheapn=- 
ess, it was changed into the plan of the common roof. coverings 
all aisles, whose sole advantage consists in its ecomony. Howe- ~ 
yer the last also fails} when a sufficient substitute was found 
for the lead gutters. The outer ends of the transverse roof can 
be closed by hip roofs or ordinary Sables. 

Middle aisle of sreater height. 


~ 


Middle aisle continues in an attic. 


ng ati aat hee end | to i ha ade nodk: 
va abe edt gieatevaeo nodd) .atigey sit) te acktoss 

jabs ed? od beel [liw S82 sbi? ak noidsee ators sk anode 
Csesfets esti? sad ni etisey to efipioed tneasitib ating 
ott to eifivev eddy to sdied sit te eff eotoue ooibivib 
at gaineze tO bifoe ,ellaw tiiud sis wedtyno dud .esle 
eect ed beatothe o1a tedt 2 dfzted edt ot ia kees Oidtse 


pd tect as betvoexs uldsss Yevg ef Suomoeknesis saline edt 
: rSo peisdatl nadine’ ea? tworenemih tease! al .esokiiog 
da six Sesasces sid dayottle .eworturat, [lites st slete sl 
“eteSite sopverstiolg « eed sinto eft ok Sdekl reddok 
»tO&6d O62 evoda seats eleats ef bain 
f beowdes ed geo esleks ed? te fisted sn 
‘geivenifost setisit s sebabeabie edd 
phinesze! sas $s ised 8 goiaso? sods elets efbbia edd 
wero ei toor\sdt ito ytinn add soskl .{(888 .biF to Wed 
bbe odd to [few xscen edt. .aslei 
oa 


ma 


ee 
Te catstc eihe sdf to stoot sd? to noitoasi edi svoda ele 


> 


oo  & & ' al . . ¢ 
& ong To efdttied [acscesg 


7 PA 7 “- > ”, a . 
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522 

When the design of the roof just described results from the 
section of the vaults, then conversely the form of. vaults as s 
shown in cross section in Pig. 288 will lead to the adoption of 
quite different heights of vaults in the three aisles. Thus the 
dividing arches lie at the height of the vaults of the side ai- 
sles, but on them are built walls, solid or opening into the | 
attic, carried to the height a that are adjoined by the side i 
arches of the vaults of the middle aisle. 

The entire arrangement is preferably executed in limited pro- 
portions. In larger dimensions the faulty lighting of the idd- 
le aisle is still injurious, although the contrast with the br- 
ighter light in the choir has a picturesque effect. : 

Middle aisle rises above the roof. 

The difference in height of the aisles cag be reduced by giv- 
ing the roofs of the side aisles a flatter inclination them that — 
of the middle aisle, thus forming a break at the latter (right ; 
half of Pig. 888). Since the unity of the roof is broken, the ' 
unequal heights of the aisles, the upper wall of the middle ai- 
sle above the junction of the roofs of the side aisles extends” 
up in the form of a frieze separating the two roofs (Pig. 888 a). 
A further elevation of the middle aisle with this part of. the 
then leads to opening it by windows, and thence to the fully ex- & 
pressed’ system of the clearstory of the middle aisle, so that : 
the design in Fis. 838 in a certain way occupies a middle posi- 
tion between the hall churbh and the basilica. 

Separation of the middle aisle. 

This intermediate position is more decidedly éxpressed in the 
structural relations of the vaults and piers. The entire arran— 
Sement of the cross section as shown comprises, that a direct 
opposition of the thrusts does nowt occur, and therefore a res- 
istance is to be provided against. the thrust of the middle aisle, | 
either by strengthening the aisle piers or by any other plan. 
To this belongs the erection of abutment walls on the separate 
cross arches dividins the side aisles. The latter then require 
a stiffening while those walls are carried up beneath the roofs 
of the side aisles and enter into their construction, 1.¢€., can 
receive the purlins. The necessary communication of the attics | 
over the separate bays, or the reduction of the masses for stat- 
ic reasons (p. 128) then reguires an opening in this abutment 
wall, whose design is to be such, thaa at the height of the 


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525 
point of application of the thrust of the vault. of the middle 
aisle remains a sufficient. thickness to prevent the sliding of 
the separate courses and therefore the bending of the piers, i. 
e., the total thickness abt+.be in Fig. 888 is sufficiently 
large, or the opening must be arched in circular form. These w 
walls can them fulfil a twofold purpose, for them first ensure 
py their weight the unchangeable line of the cross arch, ‘is@.., 
prevent any bending of it upward and thereby an overturning of. 
the aisle pier outward, but them conduct the thrust. of the vaul- 
ts b£ the middle aisle to the buttresses standing in the outer q 
wall, and in a sences form a. shoring of the parts of the wall ex- ¢ 
posed to this thrust. The load on the cross arches must. not be 
too great, since otherwise the piers would be forced inward too : 
strongly. (Further on this on the preceding p. 373). ; 

T£ follows from this that those walls can furnish under cert- 
sin conditions the pefore mentioned utility of a separation of 
the aisle pier, but that its construction as soon as it becomes _ 
too heavy easily becomes faulty, and is better replaced by one | 
that. avoids the loading of the cross arches, and that is the ase @ 
of the buttresses lying under or over the roof, to which we shil — 
all return later. 

Relation of heights of choir and of middle aisle. 

The choir abdiihe middle aisle have the same height as 4 rule. 
Variations are indeed often found, partly resulting from the s 

system lying at the ground of the entire design, partly are ch 
anges from the original design as the consequences of an inter- — 
ruption of the construction. Thas 2 greater height of the nave, | 
according to the arrangement of the system of vaults results f. \ 
from the plan of two-aisled choir ass found in a particularly 
striking way in the church of Niederaspe near Wetter in upper. 
Hesse. For here the beginning of the arches extends from the a - 
middle row of piers and the cross ribs from the same point rest 
on the keystone of the triumphal arch, so that the crown of this — 
arch and of the choir vault drop to the height of the basis of « 
the vault of the side aisle. 

hikewise in single-aisled churches with narrower choir, the 
unequal spans of the choir and nave vaults on a common basis 
lead to a lesser height of the former, as the cross section of. 
the Minorites’’ church of Duisburg shows. 

Gonversely is found a sreater height of the choir on the church 


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524. 
in Prankenberg indeed in combination with a widening thereof, 
put still in such addegree, that it also has a proportion of h- a 
eight exceeding that of the nave. q 

Meanwhile as stated, equality in heights of choir and middle gq 
aisle is the rule. ) j 

Galleries of hall churches. a 

With egaal heights of the aisles there results for the narrow- 
er side aisles a far more important. proportion in height than 
for the middle aisle, indeed twice when the ratio of width is 
1: 2. Therefore it is next to divide the height of. the side e 
aisles by intermediate vaults extending between their piers and 
walls, thus by the arrangement of the so-called galleries to en- 
large the énterior of the church, obtainins for the separate di- ; 
visions in height of the side aisles a proportion én height qui- 
te or approximately harmonizing with si of the middle aisle. 

Stone galleries. 

Bxamples of such vaulted galleries are found to be especially 
common in the later works of the Rhine provinces, thus im the 
city churches at Kiderich and S. Goar, in S. béonard in Frank-. 
fort and of &. Lavrentius at Ahrweiler. The arrangement of the 
latter is shown in cross section in Fig. 890. Men originally 
regarded these galleries as separate aisles and furnished them 
sith side altars, that are still preserved im Kiderich. On the 
other hand until recent years, there was found in the bay of Su : 
side aisle precedeng the transept of the church at Wetter a gal- . 
lery built later at the beginning of the 16 th century, which 4a 
was originally intended to receive the organ and later was util- q 
ized as 2 so-called box for distinguished guilds. The design of 
this gallery thereby affords special interest, because its vanl- — 
ts are placed very low, cross and diasgonla ribs are formed as ’ 
rather flat sesments, so that their mouldings intersect the 
round piers. 

Bat likewise in many Early Gothic works with high niddle aLS=» | 
les in France, on the collegiate churbh at Mantes, the cathedral 
of Noyon and that of. Paris, are found such galleries on vaults. q 
above the side aisles, where the just mentioned separate posit—- — 
ion is especially accented, in that the width of the arch open= 
ing into the middle aigle is divided by little colums connected — 
by arches. The vaults over these galleries in the cathedral of 
Paris show, that for later purposes, aS we shall soon see, & 


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525 . 
substantial peculiarity in raising the outer compartment from 
the keystone to the window wall. 

Since the 16 th century have men believed that these galleri- | 
es must be ever more common, at first in Protestant churches, 
but later in certain countries at least, also in Chtholic chur- 
ches, and they were devoted to a purpose essentially differing 
from the original one, when the separation from the other inte- 
rior of the church and the establishment of separate altars th- 
erein was omitted. Then a view of the pulpit and altar in the 
rear row of seats was usually regarded as a necessity, and this 
must compel a raising of the floor toward the exterior like an 
amphitheatre. 

It has been assumed as decided, that especially in restricted 
dimensions the effect of the interior is injured by these addi- — 
tions; if at is further true that the need for room is generalig | 
only imaginary, and as the requirement of a free view of the p | 
pulpit only comes from a certain pious vanity; it is no less 
fixed that in many cases the disproportion betwién the aetual 
need of room and the means at hand compels thisecheapest mode 
of obtaining room, or that at least the omission of the galler- 
ies and even only it is not carried out against the opposed wi- 
shes and opinions. It is yet more certain that Gothic architec- 
ture is more suited than any other to fulfil even an unfavorable 
programme. a 

Among the possible forms for the present purpose, one intima- 
tely interwoven with the entire mass of the building is most 
preferable, thus being the gallery inserted between the piers. 
and outer walls. Therefore we attempt in Fig. 881 to carry this 
out with the least height, when we assume Spans for the middle 
and side aisles of 7 m and 4 m in the clear and all projections, — 
and place the base line of the former at the height of 5.5 am, : 
As a minimum height of the crown of the cross arch of the gall- 
-ery turned between the piers, we take 3 m and give this a rise 
of 0.75 m, assuming 4 m as the clearidistance between the piers. 
If we now askame an inclination of 90 em for the inclination of ' 
the floor of the gallery, the diagonal ribs of vaults forming 
the same receive a rise of 1.5 um, and the side arches at the o 
outer wall haye one of 2.25 m. The entire clear height of 4.5 
m thus results beneath at the wall. 

With the assumed proportions of the plan, a semicircular form — 


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526 
of the diagonal ribs im the middle aisle require a wevgis! ‘eet oe. 
about 5 m. Accordingly we construct the vaults of tke side ais- E 
les according to the data given on p. $71, so that the points 4 
of application of the thrusts are at the same height and accor- 
dingly their basis is about 75 om above those of the middle aia 
sle vaults. Therefore we place the capitals below the dividing : 
arches and the ribs of the side aisles. at the height of this 4 
basis, therefore higher than those of the middle aisle, so that 
as shown at c, they run against the cross ribs of the middle aial 
sle. Thereby they will be raised as high as possible above the 
heads of persons on the gallery, and indeed in this case they 
lie about 2.5 m above the floor. 

Wooden galleries. 

If such galleries must be made of stone, a necessity which ec © 
certainly may appear in limited proportions by the lack of hei=)\ 
Sht and of means, the design of. the woodwork must be such that 
the stonework of the piers will not be weakened by the inserted 
timbers. Therefore either those parts of the piers into which 
wooden posts or beams enter must have a changed form correspon- _ 
ding to this relatiin, or no connection of the two parts can oc- 
cur. The first purpose would be attained by a corbel om the pier, 
which would afford the necessary bearing for the woodwork, so | 
that the mass of the pier should not be weakened, but in a more 
verfect manner be stone sedmental arches turned between the pi- 7 
ers, on which the beams could lie. But contact could be avoided — 
by placing separate posts 3t both sides of. the piers. For the 4 
treatment of the woodwork and especially of the posts are given 
examples in Figs. 606 to 623. a 

3. Churches with Clearstory over Middle Aisle (Basil- — 
ica) and their Buttress System. - | 
Buttresses over single side aisles. i 

Im hall churches with unequal heights of aisles (P&S. 888), 

we have the separation of the points of application of the thr- 


usts and the resulting requirement of. opposing sufficient resin 
istance to the higher middle ailes. This necessity increases Ww | 
with the difference in height of the points of application, and: 
therefore most strongly apnears with a heisht of the clearstory 
walls affording independent lighting of the middle aisle. 
Importance of the clearstory of the middle aisle. 


But in the adoption of the upper windows consists the particulal 


Pe ey Seer he Se ee 
: ee eT ee 8 ; i . 
; : ie) ae Sal tice ; ‘ie 


a Vetahe elbita ‘edt sntetes 50% acesst Isizesan 
Boa at gosteb a bawot ed of et bakdssifl. etds to deal 
ek etdT -edtbin Jesse ddin ddated ieupe to ssielis 
laacpett 70 ,siate e216 VeGG840 odt wort weiv edt yd 
3 Hab add to teestaos oct otedw ,eleis sbie edt to 
Seas %o deSri [lat eis dtis effete, efbbim edd Yo etfuey 
 da0s ent asve ci goalies bsd s esouborg ealeis shie sat 
BLOF 
eects et elodw sitid yc bassbeic sofrecezdmi. odt asyost0N 
BE Ap duciqazovos odd, ied? o2 veoley. 199070: 8 esf tasq Kis 
Bewemencai7s edt yd Seisdtist ef sense aistieo 5 ri nolitsve 
m @ent olidw .esleis esievanstt bose ebie dddwonbieob sede 
10 . wes vlno bessnzieeh sd ot ef si .eefets to asdatesd Lex 
nies oi Sei Lie ni dowrlo tegotqteds 2k gI S9dsel ait Bake 
Piasisiiib odd olidu. .betaeeszqs2 ef dads moletvibdse 
Bi peetosisio sat etom esdosotcge avdgiod [supe to eoleis 
9 bs ie sttodo odd od bebbs 
ng Oris ni weil Jaa oft to dqamiat asilvosg sit taG 
leed Isnoitisant sii to aoisveantdace a oe ak bebaee 
se gaivig eudd bas ,edtados? ui esonesvbe sit dtin eqyt 
ie -eolgioniag ited ot enley 
; Bon xd besotio esn sollieasd eid to gaivevoo telt edd. al 
BY sds yd beavso sasn dsdt .esidivorttib Isoindost seodt 
pet edt desist einins won one 2i .ainomduds Yo been odd bas 
naG? odjteebh efdetins est ,bestazooer eaw &nidinaey to gue 
fodethexd to enottytiozexq oft omit suse ods is ,baget gen 
® oft ot belisy eon meifsoiber sbiow asdio al ,bevous2 
ece cf nedé towses 2d asdi Hlgow isch .engieeb wen edd to 
bo noitos aegapeo & 10% dAgicisoned bi ov ,eoqrd O16 sig 
68 “yiteetth etctowsdt .abaiblind dowdo 30% oss elusv 
ese cen doid« 101 ,étgied L[enoa to solata to moteye aft 
penne Supesasgoh ods ail bouot exottoeribh bsisay seou 
wed .seonivorg doasti uisdiso ai es Jism ea silsdo 
toads est tud Saemqoleveh eit to agedg s.eletsm ton 
qgo odd asVvo yiotety edd yd hoatatis neve cow dotdr 
2 vIstae0 ait SI odd ol asstesenm odd geodst to bsesteal 
Jo Peds baivioe yd Sehae astt bas .sedtons 19d%s ansem 
sid “selene Snevasg odd to avaguoxiupes odd gniniduos 
! dis besesquve bae gatbliod § Roitseso. .m10i 
pil eee ai fae ddpneds, evisogiseqos to 


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material reason for raising the middle aisle, just as in the ee 
lack of this lighting is to be found a defect im the plan of a ™ 
aisles of equal height with sreat widths. This is plainly felt 
by the view from the transverse aisle, or diagonally from a bay 
of the side aisle, where the contrast of the dark shadows if the q 
vaults of the middle aisle sith the full lisht of the vaults of 
the side aisles produces a bad effect in even the most finished 
works. | 

Moreover the imprsssion vroduced by the noise ‘is clearer: ev—- 
ery part has a proper value, so that the development of the el- 
evation in a certain sense is furthered by the arrangement. of 
thecdesignowith side and transverse aisles, while tak with eq- 
ual heights of aisles, it is to be designated only as not oppo= 
sing the latter. It is thezproper church in all its internal 
subdivision that is represented, while the different. design with 
aisles of equal heights approaches more the character of a hall 
added to the choir. . 

But the peculiar trimmph of the art.lies in this, that it suc- J 
ceeded in forming a combination of the traditional basilican + 
type with the advances in technics, and thus Sivins a justified 
value to both principles. wa 

In the flat covering of the basilica was offosed by none of 
those technical difficulties, that were caused by the vaulting 
and the need of abutments. If one now thinks that the reguiren- 
ent of vaulting was recognized, the suitable design for this ; 
was found, at the same time the prescriptions of tradition were 
removed, in other words radicalism was called to the execution 
of the new designs. What would then be nearer than to abandon 
the 1d types, to strive henceforth for a counter action of the 
vaults also for church buildings, therefore directly passing to 
the system of aisles of equal heisgtt, for which use was in the 
most varied directions found in the Romanesque churches of West- 
phalia as well as in certain french provinces. But thereby was 
not merely a phase of the development but the highest stage, w ® 
which was even attained by the victory over the opposing difficulties 

Instead of these the masters in the 12 th century sought one 
means after another, and then ended by solving the problem of 
combining the requirements of the present with the transmitted 
form, creating a building and surpassed all precedents in depth 
of constructive thought and in acuteness of expression, founding “a 


a Do” Ta 
Sues & MA, fous null 4 
oe ne ee eee aie. Wee 
en, Fy Rey » overs (hin o # mh) yi -" 1h 
4 i Fi ‘. 7 ‘i _ uf , M _ iy iy ahs rUls A ; iA 7 . Lis 1 a : 

r iy ul f er, 7 “ye e 7 Ae re , F ae . 


bie edt. cele: bse ie gust ns eudds aetwaions se 
cee s isiretan odd tuodtiv 10% .meteya tnotettib. a 
m eserse nt wo¢aye antlievsrq odd yfutsdiso .2ddzied 
#F youpdwyteve tosteds selqasxs yaseu 08 Yo ditsow sdt 
iis ead. betaeval gesd eved tor bluow seodd yd tect heme 
is 09- ised gk: ‘@idtetv seit? ee yeri0t wake to toemgoLev 
od Sn0o eves asm binow wod sfgmsxe sol wboiv atdt to ox 
BIO edt ti .toto basogavoceds io .zhanor edd to t . 

re feTIIh steisuse odd Horiwpes Jon bet nolttouss 


BEAL" | Teddatos JasreTiib ts esoitons? uh Eh eh ats 
Raat | -Bepestiiud gatrlt edt to ezoqen? 
elbbim eis to puitdail sasonsqehat eié svode pemveas eval aw 
giv neve td eyIotersolo ond ain forse oniitfe qnt ad¢ ge eles 


iid 0 arose ts bemzot of yrotetesto oft to tigrod Lisma as dove 


eitanllt Be ,etsoqgys yose1ls sisdd asic! ar dowsdio nsgartcel 
FEISGSE & ko ytieeoosn oat cia iWMak aotiose aeore of be 

Mcsksu see etd? .eleia elbhin edt to atiusv edd o% sonste 

& ,s0ea-. -Baiesageo gnotottios disks s yd Gemrot sd ¢ 
eegega etat nog ad vtegesoos vino stoteisds ef tr ine 


= 
cS & 
oe 


aba esis ,eselq eisis edt Yo snemegretns ne mort 93 
 tuenériuges geatt oat .eeed.einy of betere: 
et deiw eeeestitad ebisino sit gaisyeine yd bese 
ei “Proobe ods. .dauids atit ni takemo00 essetont ‘sich ye bIB> Oh 
seat stoleveds ets “lide weds tentshe henaret 


W 
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- sweat wo alflet .bsawqyu patgoled tentare gatawen? 
hese ake eved tevm eensosdited buigit edt ylenthicopa 
5 Giated sit te oleic olhbig edt to [len sesso — ot feds 
iw Jud .tiuer et to texts edd to sottsotiqgas to stnrtoq eds 
itcant, eds eyods eecivind ed? to ebtent edt yathtite toot et 
ot Uteerooen todiued ef YT .slete sbts edé To etinev siz to 
ogegov étexegse Sit to dnomevon Esewan a8 mort dows edt son 
me te feos eesc ® to motttbbe eft yd emogd Sarit eidt bos 
| putend eéibact oxedd ylaatbsoocd wentbesr off Batessronr yd ss 
shad Bis YIosgiesio ent Yo tdbied iisme eis act ylno res “i de Ge 
sttod goiyit ent ydowshy ,oredy ‘nworde nyteeb edt to yt | 
ok te iv ent to Yoox sdt woled sdege dd nt sex bonvot 
te rot yatgaoled sntfiog edt Satiaoggue sontke suo 
es vite edd Teves 70} Lisw sitxe Uae 40 aoijoe 


hf ARS nh en 


528 
a principle whose endless fertility also came to the aid of Bhe 
different system. For without the material advantages of equal 7 
heights, certainly the prevailing system in Germany, recognizing 
the worth of so mamy examples thereof everywhere, it must be as- © 
sumed that by those would not have been invented the richer de- 7; 
velopment of detail forms, as first visible in Barly Gothic wor- 
ks of this kind. For example how would men have come to the ar- i 
rangement of the rounds, of°theccompound pier, if the organism 
of the construction had not required the separate different pa- ~~ 
rts performing functions at different heights? 7 . 
Purpose of the flying buttresses. | q 
We have assumed above the independent lisghtins of the middle 
aisle as the impelling reason for the clearstory. But even with 
such a small height of the clearstory so formed as shown on the 
hiebfrauen church in Worms, there already appears, as illustra- 
ted in cross section infFis. 39., the necessity of a separate _ 
resistance 66 the vaults of the middle aisle. This resistance 
can only be formed by a completely sufficient opposing.mass, a 
ard it is therefore only necessary hn establish this mass so 
as to do no injury to the organism of the whole, as such would. 
arise from an enlargement of the aisle piers, then to conduct 
the forces to be resisted to this mass. The first requirement . 
would be expressed by enlarging the outside buttresses with> te- 
gard.to the increase occurring in the thrush, the second byfly- 
ing buttresses turned against them, whilh are therefore first 
considered as struts. 
Ensuring against bulging upward. Walls on them. © 
Accordingly the flying buttresses must have their crowns att— 
ached to the outer wall of the middle aisle at the height of 
the point of application of the thrust of the vault, but with 
its foot striking the inside of the buttress above the junction 
of the vaults of bBhe side aisle. It is further necessary to sec- 
ure the arch from an upward movement of the separate voussoirs, 
and this first occurs by the addition of a mass thereto as well 
as by increasing the radius. Accordingly bhere results in Fis. 
891 only for this small height of the clearstory the possibili-. 
ty of the design shown there, whereby the flying buttresses are 
turned free in the space below the roof of the side aisle, with- ~ 
out either supporting the purlins belonging to the roof constr- |g 
uction or any extra wall. Moreover the entire desisn not appearing 


as 


Be i 


ki Hei La i ye oN Mi a at Sak Pe iad gir 8 OD 
myrree s. ey er 
wee? Fach’ st il 
ae Pane) ee 
‘evs > Ae to setonteio odd aedter eed qlisatetxe 
oh i g Yo: dots raheité: pozso abedaeo ai ebarnevbe détnw Seyolqus 
my I sit to encleneath elderehiesco ede erent) .mcol o1s — 


ee excene ot ywsvesoes ino. ets ehie go OC bas gid ao Od anes 
: @ aetioe yan dod ,enil dows edt. io mo? sidsobasdoay 
fe hapifont ge sham et’ dors odd to cod oft nedw .wottoubes eld 
te eetwodtl yeu eimoeem sidxe etd? .yroesa yd onil sgies 
roo ad bas th dgwordt tuo aattied 10 thoy sid sebay aiswet 
Ddeek edd yS seebia tisod ga suo qith dtin dele « yd si obtetno 
se dLwev’ ods to ¢eotdt sft of Sonastetecs odd dtod fivon mgiash 
se Ixe “metete eit od bloow nedt tddted qedsors & te evitosite 
mot ehocgess109 eftnemegneeis dtod of ted .tciaedxe end oo 
ay Hyatt edt dotdw os. satbrooor .ebieeb stadt sunesen otelqnoo 
ad toom ett dtesnad to haotenk evade benvns sia sonzcertiue 
, Se Aaetntat act edt bevomex ylstitae ai emtt. ease edd te dotiw 
ii. pisettel oft of setinosq yrote aselo edd to tiered ead To 
Bi a ee - °°, fore edt to tewrdd tet anod 
ii. 9 onan yvfowsn ea eesttiud sorylt sad nsit ewad oF 
bz W$enee 8 ai soted ecned ,eastitad degiees edd of Jenads 
wus: icththes uk sod serode asboow e oki yhod Isitmeq 6 en Se 
#8i.dow ose 2s NO RGEP esi yd ee wet oe (dmerettih ef seas 
g vedd. So Lfew sdt-diiw aotis nah sd¢ te teotds evitdos ne efasxe 
> ek dicey odd 36 tancdd sit to goag o dotdw yd slots ofbbia 
Rh _ ead mo¢acbascs® af sosolt eidd to ysieastai soit .bentisatuen 
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a mottonut eti to noitoatibh odd ao sorot-sdv to motsosrbh edd 
Weni®) gated sibbim est to notteool eft ao eoned flew oft dtiw 
Lead ed erotsieds bluon sotot eidt to doette od? .(R08 oF SOD 
fod atyf{t sdd ti .dfuew odd to tantdt edt tentegs saotesra 
ibe ok benwest stew hos sldtesog ¢asivesd edd obsm stow best 
mi tedwomoe to ylladtaosidod [flaw sds beatos, veadd dow 
b bos ovevenyN @ es siqasze 10%)) bevivo erem ei dors oft ai 
eseplend ef64 eh sno cud? ieecfiet seuydd edt ,bobsok sacl 
pat oa doza odd to cain fae .stuteviss dégiew vd etimts 
abet wk es .soltoo1lb bas ebucsingem nit esotet bas eth onta 
a one + ydovedE (OLS {COb GOR .egh").ysblidade to esoidtbaoe 
' feds asd cure jet anol sham we ‘GRO y BQ78 edd to deucds 
an pel "Sy fof vent iy 2048) ese edF Yo 
Bb aie: a} sone sade ipecabaes one eoeeortiad aaiget 4 


a 
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By 
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529 
externally has rather the character of an expedient certainly, 
employed with advantage in certain cases than that of a real | 
art form. There the considerable dimensions of the flying buté- 
eess 60 cm high and 90 cm widté are only necessary to ensure an 
unchangeable form of the arch line, but may suffer a considera- 
ble reduction, when the tov of the arch is made an inclined st- 
raight line by masonry. This extra masonry may likewise either 
remain under the roof or better cut through it and be covered 
outside it by a slab with drip cut at both sides. By the last - 
design would both the resistance to the thrust of the vault be 
effective at a greater height tham would be the system expressed 
on the exterior. But to both arrangements corresponds in more 
complete measure that design, according to which the flying 
buttresses are turned above instead of beneath the roof, by 
which at the same time is entirely removed the restriction ~ 
of the height of the clear story peculiar to the latter. 

Counterthrust of the arch. 

We have then the flying buttress as merely conducting the 
thrust. to the nearest buttress, hence being in a sense regard- 
ed as a neutral body like a wooden shore.’ But in reality the 
case is different, so far as by its properties as an arch it 
exerts an active thrust at the junction with the :wall of the 
middle aisle, by which a part of the thrust of the vault is 
neutralized. The intensity of. this force is dependent on the 
weight afid curvature of the arch as well as its loading, but 
the direction of the force on the direction of its junction 
with the wall, hence on the location of its middle point (Figs. 
492 to 405). The effect of this force would therefore be the 
Sreatest against the thrust of the vault, if. the flying butt- 
ress were made the heaviest possible and were turned in a flat 
arch, that joined the wall horizontally or somewhat inclined. 
If the arch is more curved ({for example as a quadrant) and is 
less loaded, its thrust is less. Thus one ds able sithin wide 
limits by weight, curvature, and rise of the arch so to deter- 
mine its end forces in magnitude and direction, as it favors 
conditions of. stability. (Figs. 408, 409, 410). Thereby the 
thrust of. the arch can be made less or greater than the thrust 


of the vault. i 
Tf flying buttresses are employed that much fiteer their duty, 


| ply DUNE iy ii 6 | en i Sa eM ate 
°, ae eee as of Bh Fe he Sib 

eae ox 

enco ins | madsonons/taatoh vom ot based: alisu ond odd 
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teehee qs yet sefois agoio bsastibte “ylvogrioo" yd a6 
eddone eved yodt tud ,d10w stidas edd Yo ydilidommi ods 6g80T9 
dove oft dad¢ gantdt [eupe edd vod .soasypeenoS 2 26 ifgst 
jptered’ ~bme senol edd te aavoco opis Ifew env tentegs etiexs 
ot g eeitnos: cals szontsed beiyli ysed vleviewsoxs as 
y aetser3 sg yd boatstdo od tesa edt fas .eeostdod Sods ql 
8 601 5 ce dadé .oidd wort ewollol JI selsitetsm Yo wits 
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a bLuoe aceoeassqusesds dnd .edkwseq etcecony betiimenssd edd of 
| 4a) Sxoted benoitaem 2s .edsol bas baiw ai oottsizav yd sansdo 

“geod tad Batelt ods ai as090 yaa siedd abiow sedto af to . (Out 
—eioe 6d of stuogese to eenil bevawo siem bas ustielt eawivonoe 
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f-yd*soale to9 .dows sit no Liaw potneliive s ei basd ve cas 
f at 00 seqqs edt to noidenifoat end déiw guteseroni beol s 
jie kenoo yas tot deel gs slot 6 ea .eeettind gaivlt edd ac 
tees seaidonce sloi1te deers s yd Ilew ted meqe of moi¢sgiloai 
ae (808, BEF nt a) agen, dtir 


Iie ,onkf dese ext to ato 
fs ai higets etki anestiad soielt edt Yo atol tsewbeanp ed dtie 
tod odd add bos .ilaw yrotsasslo sft Jeniaye ietpomivod tuods 
- ae of bevoggo yitosaibh ai venadd etdd to duenoquos Lesoost 
wiemst.gasnogmos Iscitiey odd. tadt op .if{sw atid to ouiarsits 
oi Jenoo. seisew oft bas teiq efate ods gaibsol, potel [fut «wi 
és bet e sidacivbe 22 astisl edt of ‘noitelot al deny so8 .evodcs 
’ HY odd egeda od sidsieiesg ei ti ends bas .gokbsol od Yo acid 
pat as nt Ifsa sds esitate tenudd edt tedd on eeotsdad gai 
a Re yatios: soso aids to dtsq 6 Botsifeitees eudt jwoitoorth 
yohs odd sort edineor aoitserrh Beatlont eidt tug .yliso 
Jocanteetet: eodt ,eeeatiyd Satyli si? sol agibear sessetb s 
2 20,108) .BIS at © ¢ te: es ti eft to sost seect edd mi oat 


oe 


~ |, CAR ee Milt y ' 
NARS Bos 
+ : nd 


530 


the two walls tend to move toward’ eachother, and -vonseeinnee aae 
to firmly hold the vaults. Cross vaults can bear such an increa- 


sed transverse stress by the frequently mentioned stiffness of 
their compartments or cross arches,within fixed limits without 
injury (p. 168, 339). Thus too heavy buttresses are less nafay-— 
orable to the vaults with correct heisht of attachment, and ev- 


en by “correctly”. stiffened cross arches they may preferably in- _ 


crease the immobility of the entire work, but they have another 
fault as a consequence. For the equal thrust that the arch above 
exerts against the wall also occurs at the lower end, wherefore 


an excessively heavy flying buttress also requires a particular- 


ly strong buttress, and this must be obtained by a greater quan- 


tity of materials. It. follows from this, that as a rule a rather _ 


light. construction of the arch must be preferable. Therefore it 
is the first concern to reduce the choss section of the arch as 
much as the ratio of the strength reactins through the buttress 
to the transmitted pressure permits. But théseopressures could 
change by variation in wind and loads, as mentioned before (p. 
1.0), or in other words there may occur in the flying buttress 
sometimes flatter and more curved lines of support. To be able 


to receive these at all times without. breaking, the means near- — 


est. at hand is a stiffening wall on the arch. But since by this 
a load increasing with the inclination of the upper edge is laid 
on the flying buttress, as a rule at. least for any considerabele 
inclination to open that wall by a great circle sometimes beset 
with cusps (a in Fig. 892). 

dPorm of the arch line. 

With the quadrant form of the flying buttress its thrust. is 
about horizontal against the clearstory wall, and thus the hor- 
izgontal component of this thrust is directly opposed to an ov- 
erturning of this wall, so that the vertical component. remains 
in full force,loading the aisle pier and the weaker .construction 
above. But just. in relation to the latter is advisable a reduc— 
tion of the loading, and thus it is preferable to shape the fly- 
ing buttress so that its thrust strikes the iwall in an inclined 
direction, thus neutralizing a part of this force acting verti- 
cally. But this inclined direction results from the adoption of. 


a greater radius for the flying buttress, thus locating the cen-. 


tre in the inner face of the wall, as at c in Fig. 891, or far-. 


Pee ae a Pe fey Af ol 
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4 j Ps - 5 rail Py ‘ 


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farther inward, and thereby the flying buttress receives a hei- 
ght exéeeding that of the quadrant. If this height does not ex- 7 


ist in the general proportions of the cross section, then the 
intersection of the flying buttress into the roof of the side 
aisle, or lowering it to the springins of the cross arch of the. 


side aisle will be necessary. At the Resensburs cathedral a les—- — 


ser height of the flying buttress os obtained by striking it f 
from three centres. 
Passages in the clearstory wall velow the arch. 

Below the attachment of the flyins buttress and with a full. 
neutralization of the thrust (Pig. 409), for the clearstory wall 
or rather for the pier formed by it is only a thickness required 
by the condition of the reacting strength of the stone opposed 
to the loading reduced by the flying buttress. Hence results the 
possibility of replacing the pier mentioned by two supports, b 
between which i1 spared the space needed for theopassage (b in. 
Pig. 392), thus constructing a passage to make the windows of 
the clearstory accessible, as already represented in Pig. 857. 
In works in Bursundy, in the cathedral of Toul (fis. 850), and 
Preibers cathedral (fig. 892) the passage lies inside and the 
window wall is placed abithésottside face of the wall, the fly- 
ing buttress either direltcry serving this as in Fig. 891, or | 
there is set against one of the lower aislespiers, either a | 
corbelled buttress as in Big. 895, or finally as in Fig. 892 
against a mere projection. But in the interior this arrangement 

ccupies space, that was priviously explained in the galleries 
of single-aisled churches. Accordingly Fis. 892 shows the arr-. 
angement of tunnel vaults in the thickness of the wall,-and Pig. 
392 a is the plan of this Tig. at the height of this passage, 
that for a row of windows filling the entire length of the bay 
would receive a form about corresponding to Fis, 855 a. 

On the same structural principle is based the design of exter- 
nal passages. There the window wall alternates places with that 
internal pier a b c d in Fig. 892 a, and thus is set back to 
the inner face of the wall. According to the width of the wind- 
on the jambs come to lie asainst the rounds of the side arch, 
while the tunnel vaults in the thickness of the wall appear ex- 
ternally as on the cathedral of Rheims (Fig. 394). We note here 
that overhanging form of cross section of this tunnel vault is 


‘ uv View JS Pe + ii a R. aren we 
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beds ai bedseenk ef bao hsen ett alidw ,eceisind gesyll esi 
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a Bye esesttud odd yd mwode ot bold aid Yo elqmexe aA .aogt 
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stds. edt ahoeoxe asvbiw saoidw .r9teslto ead aio. £ atulos 
aE Be 0 nsigq edt of. bednssougses be aesagduc satvit edd: to 
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Dae | ) 
not fanciful, but first develops at the jamb from the proportion 
of the rounds of the pier in the angle at the transverse aisle | 
to the thickness of the wall (894.a), where alone by the adopt- 
ion of the splay also extending on the arches and before the o 
other bays results the possibility of the plan of the pier a. 

Isolated columns beneath the flying buttress. 

Yet where the thickness which the wall resting on the window 
arches receives by that tunnel vault exceeds the necessity of 
the necessary stiffness (p. 333) requires in the upper thickness 
of the well required by gutters and salleries as well as the 
roof beams can easily be obtained by the form of the cornice a 
and by internal corbellings, since the tunnel vaults or rather 
the arches connecting the piers outside the window wall disapp- 
ear, and there remains only the pier itself in the thickness of 
the flying buttress or of a little sreater thickness. The flying 
buttresses are then turned asainst these piers and are furnished 
with passages beneath their junctions, while thevi terminate ab- 
ove either in the flyins buttress, or continuins through these 
have a separate ending. Viollet-le-Duc, fol. I, p. 63. But it 
fulfils the purpose to be satisfied, if the thickness of the 
outer pier formed at the junction of the flying buttress is re- 
tained, i.e., the buttress also above the height required by 
the passage can also be replaced by an isolated column, whose 
capital stands beneath the ashlar receiving the front-end of t 
the flying buttress, while its read end is inserted in the wall 
andrfinds further support by a wall pier projecting from its 
face. An example of this kind is shown by the buttress system 
of the Strasburs minster (Fig. 893). Here a is the ashlar met . 
by the crown of the flying buttress arch and supported by.the 
column b, c is the pilaster, whose width exceeds the thickness : 
of the flying buttress as represented in the plan of Pig. 893 a, 
so that this excéss at both sides of the flyins buttress enters : 
below the cornice. 

By the steeper direction of the top of the flying buttress, 
the height is increased at which the resistance of the thrust 
of the vault becomes sufficiently effective in moderate dimen- | 
sions, by which however the measure of the loading may-be redu- 
ced by means of the before mentioned openings. If we now assutte 
a complete perforation of the triangle between the flying but- | 
stress arch and the straight portion, as by filling it with tra- 


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533 


tracery or mullion construction, whose strength suffices ho bear 


the cut stones of the covering (fis. 899), then the resistance 
of the height between arch and coping would be lost, and besides 
the arch itself the straight top or coping would form a second 
shoring of the wall, but sufficient security is obtained there- 
by, Since even if a part of the thrust acts between the two se- 


cured points in Fig. 899, yet their distance apart is too small _ 


for a bulging of the wall to result. 
Two flying buttresses ofer each pbwer’ 

But the safety obtained by the top and sidewise stiffening is 
in inverse proportion to its inclination, and the resistance is 
almost entirely lost, if it is steeper than the thrust of the 
vault. But that doubled stiffening is obtained im 4 more. comple- 
te manner, and at the same time the height of the line thereby 
ensured increases as desired by the arrangement of double flying 
buttresses over each other. The lower flying buttress reaches 
the clearstory wall. about the thickness of the pier above the 
height of the capital, and the upper one about 2/3 to 3/4. of t 
the height of the vault, to the latter entirely falls the task 
to resist the wind forces applied above, etc. The direction of 
the top will be less steep and according as a rule the perfor- 
ations must be omitted. 

The junction of the upper flying buttress on greater works, 
as at the cathedrals of Cologne, Amiens and Beauvais, then oc-. 
curs in entirely the same manner as that of the lower om the 
block supported by a column, so that the upper column stands 
exactly over the lower one. But since the purpose of the pass- 
age under the upper flying buttress vanishes, there is someti- 
mes found(as on the cathedral of Chalons, Fig. 998),.that isol- 
ated column is replaced by an external buttress, to which the 
column receivins the flying buttress is attached as a round. 
This upper buttress then rests on the lower block and its front 
face remains behind that of the lower column. Hach external. but- 
tress at. the same time affords a very useful strengthening aga— 
inst the inward forme of the upper flying buttress, which stri- 
kes the wall at a place where the proper thrust of the vault is 
but indirectly effective. Still greater security against that 
force priessing inward results from the erection of transverse - 
walls on the cross arches, and made horizontal at top, as at 
the cathedral of Rheims, which then to avoid the excessive 


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a died aioe? to iba dite est oft edgow aiatie? 
teem seis neo dofdn stedso @€ose tewo eonsertiad pakyii 
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ona ‘ema eedota to tedmun ehtsai-« doge tet ~noitaoilays 
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de sdentds edt butvieos: 107 ylisocm asqqu oct ,pescoriiad 
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mos batcos boatfosi ddtiawe s as .kntusiitie evieesq a amiol 
“a7 | ei stonnsm 6til atl aro bivox 
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| (fo edt tect ,ctoorg sfdutwebar ehsotts (Ce8 (VO, e329) 
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f bb febom a at) bas , bantu 6 enolteéusy teafeys gaklaetti¢ga es 
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Ly 


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TH hie 0 Pan) he a ee oe hie te 1% re ee s 


534: 3 | 
loading of. the spandrel of the arch may be opened by circles in 
the angles. } . ? 

Certain works like the cathedral of Bourges even show three 
flying buttresses over each other, which can then meet more sa- 
fely any variations in thrusts by their strength and points of 
application. Yet such a large number of arches are-unnecessary, 
they must also owe their existence only to the cireumstanee, + 
that at first the master had ont clearly consig@ered the effect 
of the forces. Likewise the omission of the second upper arch 
must have resulted from the observation, that a deep arch. with 
2 short base stiffened the upper part of the wall. too little, 
which must appear after the first storms shook the building. 

A peculiar form of construction recalling the system of the 
doubled flying buttress, but based on an entirely different pr- 
inciple, is shown by the flying buttresses of the cathedral of 
Ghartres. Here the lower or rather the actual flying buttresses 
are covered by a concentric arch forming a drip at each side, 
on which stand little sadiating columns connected by round arch- 
es. On the end arches brousht to a coneentrit line with the fly- 
ing buttress lies a low layer of. larger blocks and on the latt— 
er is one concentric with the lower and corresponding ‘in thick- 
ness as an arch, built above to an inclined straight line with 
3 coping moulded at each side. Thus not including the low cover- 
ing leyer and the arches separating the upper arch, and trans- 
ferring the entire load to the lower one, there are two flying 
buttresses, the upper usually for receiving the thrust, while 
they strengthen the lower, so that the upper arch no longer 
forms a passive stiffening, as a straight inclined coping course 
would form in like manner. 

This double arch at Chartres has been too little considered 
in its refinements, and like those copings supported by openings 
(Figs.897) 899) affords undeniable proofs, that the old masters 


eS ee a TO mA eee RR a Te st 


with great acuteness recognized the importance of upper arches 
and of the stiff coping over single arches as sometimes acting 
as stiffening against variations of wind, and in a model devel- 
oped their construction and arthitectural expression. 
Bhoading of the top of the arch. 

But abi loading of the lower arch also cleats the nigteae 
of its ashlars and so ensures its curvature. 

Such security by loading is effected in various ways; thus on 


‘weg 
fal 


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as bus enciLies eteisaqse yd eisor isdto no .eee1tted taiylt 
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mE: anit maine | | total 
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odd bas eoaesrtsnd eid aeerded yaw smea edd mi bustixe diod 
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ak 1. -gsoktoerts 
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sdt yd beatot ess bse egiais ebte eit to etoor odt dhvowds 
ae ed? ,gedtcnotdees tscqu ont cele bus .neeeotdtud sarylt 
eee saddnd fsasetxs odd ot setensid redt deum asezousind saiylt 
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-teitq eteifbentesai ditw aottonnt 
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x dito adosd cnt dadd fae .celais obie to débim fevpony déiw 
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je $s sodinta: Setdsl sdé to dentds edd SCG .Rie oi owots es yl 
i beeogge ei di ssia etsibomtetai edt guiveel sail ont @ to 
Seni ar “ud ted dows rexel ied? to denrdt ot yd ton 
nena todd tua .esertind [sutstxe sit of of -edoubaco 
jo Bb ons bas. ts a8ky aisibsatstat odd eediate dove 16 


Ve wosai {Leas | hee hn ee ao. alae AT) ssotot goexkd on ys 


535 ) 
the cathedral of Cologne by tracery placed on the back of the 
flying buttress, on other works by separate mullions and arches q 
supporting the coping and water channle, that will pe mentioned bs 
later. : 
Contrary curve of the coping. 

In far simpler manner the. permanence of the curve is ensured 
by the form of the straight coping or rather that of the flat 
arch with the contrary direction as on S. Benigne at Dijon (Fis. 
895). Accordingly the. two opposed arches ensure each other, and 
both extend in the same way between the buttresses and the wall 
of the clearstory. But the effect of the form of the upper cur- 
ve is unpleasing in this example, that is to be referred to the 
fact, that the curve bends at the flying buttress im @ steeper 
direction. 7 
The arrangement of flying buttresses over doubled side 


aisles. 
Arches of single and double spans. 

“We have already stated on p. 289, that these may occur by two 
different principles, according as either the flying buttresses 
extend as one over both aisles with a radius exceeding their 
width, as on the cathedral of Paris and the minster at Ulm, or 
are turned in the ordinary way in two spans. In the latter case 
are placed piers over those separating the aisles, which pass 
through the roofs of the side aisles and are joined by the lower 
flying buttresses, and also the upper restconnthem. The lower 
flying buttresses must then transfer to the external buttresses 
the thrust led to the intermediate piers by the upper ones, So 
that the intermediate pier requires no great dimensions, certa- 
inly under the effect of a loading acting vertically. 

Junction with intermediate pier. : 

The simplest relation of both arches to each other will then 
be, that they are entirely equal, or receive corresponding forms 
with unequal width of side aisles, and that the backs of the L © 
lower continue the direction of the upper arches. Then according- 
ly as shown in Fig. 896 the thrust of the latter strikes at ab- 7 
out a the line leaving the intermediate pier, it is opposed here 
not by the thrust of the lower arch, bat by the wall on it and 
conducts to to the external buttress. But the thrust of the low- 
er arch strikes the intermediate pier at b and also is opposed 
by no direct force. If this on account of the small intensity 


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b siosd etd to notteesib add te edinntiaoo edd ylgnibtosos Oss 
ae satesagsearh 
ie Cel ee .eefets ebia efdwob steve sedouws efduod 

) sedto. doses sovo eseacttind eniylt befdvob to agiaeb edt tI - 
“Eigneads to got sxiteas sit netiite of etiech ost mort saeo 
5 ompe od <Bbne est gaisvoss yd edentds saoteitit edd ot bszo 
Sao ‘gk .ee0ee Setovnoo odd ni moitsciigqs Saki oele yan elaqtoar 
vont yd sei eadibomiocat edg¢ ot fdanoad geuwid odd dadd yer 
a skiexe elawte 4 .eno revel « ylno yd heaogge ek serode 199 
Peandasise ai <1 tete2 .2@-to meseye saortdud edd ei dace eid? 
| fee erscezetttnd enkylt Lsed to dosd ens. eyed wot .(YOE .ert} 
sh sf eesd? .enti bentioni os at gece sieinae tecd tedd ,sveog 
gua Mahose’ gatbeosig sa¢ eiti sent etode baooer s emosed oels 
ne £ et oleis elbbtm os¢ io diver edd to deunds ant asds oe 
hak bas ,tedto dose 19evo einiog ord is seig sisibeateinl adit 
/)\eesm ositoo esi yd eseogge eesadted sekyll aswel elinate edz 
suede meewssd ecuitate bas .ncitsoifggs to eéuiog eldpob seodd 
eoabre Bt yibebiesh sto .eeoudiod [eauetxe sdti of gatbssl 


Rakisdess: {satgizo eid ai bavot ei ¢aemeknet1s ne done .sa0: 78 
eeotstud gatyli towel edd sisdw .eive?d af emsd ossok to msdeye 


a6 
a 


git edd bos setial esd to toor edd dteened belssonco ¢edt to 
it to. eet dnsvetirh da aaitoa fos ,fi gmitcoggue eeortiud 
j Wiq sésihemistaL sus 
; pica bo bosot sae esecoudtud Soryit moxwl assesxita shins 
oleae yd hetisoss ,alethedsro done7e nisdres to esletrs 
aise batylt tetue eit: tedd oc ,efeqado odd aZritstagss sz9iq 
m toetie svitos ati etotsieds bos ezetie eesl doug eovisost 
g beteeigen vieriise sk ecomwte side sootad ts eonel .esdainsy 
> ylno es Seviooncs sis asavetiiad gniylt ses! ot 


— goa jose hea UA .rekg seduo edt of teatdt odd 


a yath eae Ly taal A )  pfloms: “seh rst 


t fi 
i a ory af tA oi . rr 
cea RS ta) 
1 A ee ais Re , 
eared J viiie <i eo ey) 


t “Ay: sy he Ly Oy F VaRey Lary ri q J ie ek eee - ‘ 
7 7 a ” 5 | y ; cf Oy tee ve 7 \ A, 4 iy 
yt i he Wa . 1 een " Mh? oe ee 


edt noowtsd sonsterd Ifewe edd to dmuooss co “godd 


of,8 oF beeoggo ems sseesiddnd soiylt seqaqu ond &i weiv eidd 


tiesy ysslise gat to tenidt sid eegoqgo asqe Bucsee sdd to 


Ue e sree W's 
; bane 


536 . 
of the force acting at B from that striking at a above, and fur- | 
ther on account of the small distance between the points of ape 
plication in actural danger results therefrom, then is still t j 
the arrangement siven in Fis. 896 a the more consistent, when 
as on the choir of S. Ouén in Rouen, the junction of the lower. 
flying buttress with the intermediate pier is placed somewhat 
higher, so that its thrust directly opposes that of the. upper, 
and accordingly the continuity of the direction of the backs d 
disappears. 

Double arches over double side aisles. 

If the design of doubled flying buttresses over each other 
came from the desire to stiffen the entire top of the wall. exp- 
osed to the different thrusts by securing its ends, the same pr- 
inciple may also find application in the converse sense, in the 
way that the thrust brought to the intermediéée pier by two up- 
per shores is opposed by only a lower one. A simple example of 
this sort is the buttress system of S. Peter Jr. in Strasburg. 
(Fis. 897). For here the back of peal flying buttresseare set 
posts, that bear ashlars set in an inclined line. These last a 
also become a second shore just like the preceding wooden strut, 
so that the thrust of the vault of the middle aisle is led to 
the intermediate pier at two points over each other, and only 
the single lower flying buttress opposes by its entire mass 
those double points of application, and strikes between Bhen, 
leading to the external buttress. More decidedly is expressed 
this view if two upper flying buttresses are opposed to a low- 
er one. Such an arrangement is found in the original. buttress 
system of Notre Dame in Paris, where the lower flying buttress 
of the second span opposes the thrust of the gallery vault and 
of that concealed beneath the roof of the latter and the flying 
buttress supportias it, and acting at different heights of the 
Same intermediate pier. 

Double stresses from flying buttresses are found on the choir 
aisles of certain French cathedrals, reguired by the plan of the 
pier separatias the chapels, so that the outer flying buttress 
receives much less stress and therefare its active effect nearly 
vanishes. Hence at Amiens this stress is entirely neglected and 
the last. flying buttresses are conceived as only conductors of. 
the thrust to the outer pier, therefore being rephaced by 24 
complete pointed arch. 


jae i Ce ie ie ‘yi 
Phe as LA vA 7." dels om ile 


| ‘ie tasgha be! bteaaate 
: aphid bias Vifiuseks io snowegeetse teeliase Sat 
pewter to fetbedtso edd no ytetaeo dt Ef edt at Llide 
- ods tovtsl efdy% .bonksiqxs ybset Le sect mos? oatwon 
“ it moyt owordd es olets olbbfn of¢ Yo tooy- edt aor? gui 
18 bniw ese! edd 4d bovesieos saw ti orodw ,tis edd ovok fen 
f Jf botenso scodtin. ofats shir sd to toot edo no allel ends 
fon one) eduOge ‘edd YT snottibnoo bereiésos est of yrstni sadn 
a + %o° “‘migtao ett .eeesettiod baty{? edd steve yitsetib. bauc 
at 


> 


¢ soitnesa! edd ot medd been Leatot 2’nt basot ed redtar yer 
1S SaSqs. isesd ot aseeortiud aofgit edt to edoad oft osrlity 
)\Bakw tesel oft déin snob sd don bivoo doidw .setsw to use 
Basie iestgoiseeie dastetb oot tom avetisd ak ef. eaeds sae 
nasi pak Hetoeiios tasit ef toot sao vott nwob aatwolt sotew edd 
1 ‘epooes «fo alist bes aie of? si berstisce ef aiid .eles 
cas lebiovess (uedT’ sotdoelles oft botseqen eb. cead seodn ts 
bY Genie tettie Ceded —manad sd ed Brewrct eso to foed gede «& 
N20 Yoor edt Yo setdsnz edt ni teten adi to noitoslicn sat 
B ar notedt hetoet{fon isdeu edd svomsot ot to ,eleis elbbhia 
dé ont weak yfovitas ¢i'natvons: San 2iuoge of elennedd sts 
Rent eae Sepesasmos no fares tedd ct tnegopsetts sgortt edt cot 
Pad" Potsey oldie edt ai eivoco yltaonnsxt Liite doidw bas 
Sdigction! eels beekat- or-ened? .avedte Baome not rd ts ened so 
“gasaevorget a@ 00 bileow aoitthbs wieds dey .efennedo asrel edd 
a ri ¢eqq0 sit most wold se1t edd déiw bentaneo [lew ysev 
pwewol edt sot astaw edd gadd bektit ent ydexeds ed Bivow 
Stoleteit bas .too1 sit io ocettac Lesnostiod odd co s{iei 
Bisaiads toa ti neve .ellew edt o¢ betaiae yiisse siom ed 
Balan w © sesfyogis si yd cB -.aeds mort. eonstelb retsex§ 
ay . 7 -tedots od¢ to -etoast edt x0 aLeasedd 
a notes edt to adosd sid \tacmenesite bacoes sit tot 2A 


2 Sep 


bi " 


; Be 


mre folRatpriso add bsnx9o900 tatit ei etedd bos .fenasdc 
gvnk o{dsg odd to satitue odd nor asdtel edt to aebrose 
{¢dgas2 od cheaxot ends fenasio edt cedt bos .19d¢03 eit to 
ayia. > ate efbbis est Yo toox odt to seting sit sort mserse 
sountsié : ee tivorttkbston ed fim wotstbaoo seal sid Ret 
Ss Peanditaadbeoukd eet yt: \Odd to nottoaui edt aor’ 
<5y2) Loh ge eg namie laa hay ggoapaient tas ea0eer0 
ON eee 


J 
4 


é 4 / x ay ae ; N 4 
: \ st es wy Fes 7 i. ue bi ate AT 


@ SdS to tnomeznesis ent tot hettve Ifew yisv oie BSee0 . 


b a? _ a f \ p 
oP i Asi 
oer 2 uae: i) wh Pee. nics sy .% eg ihe \ > re i ‘Mi Mati Anas LP. b 


tit 


yes 

Arrangement of removal of water by buttress system. 
Ghannels of gargoyles. 

The earliest arrangement of channels and spouts undertaken s 

still in the 13. th century on the cathedral of Rheims, differs 


nowise from that already explained. By the latter the water com- 
ing from the roof of the middle aisle was thrown from the chan- — 


nel into the air, where it was scattered by the least wind and 
thus falls on the roof of the side aisle without causing too 
much injury in its scattered condition. If the spouts are now 
found directly over the flying buttresses, the orisin of this 
may rather be found in a formal need than in the intention to 
utilize the backs of the flying buttresses to break up the str- 
eam of water, which could not be done with the least wind. 

But there is in this a not too distant contradiction, that 
the water flowing down from one roof is first collected in chan- 
nels, this is scattered in the air and falls om a second roof, 
at whose base is repeated the collection. Then there is either 
a step back or one forward to be taken, i.e., either tocomit. 
the collection of the water in the gutter of the roof. of the 
middle aisle, or to remove the water collected theron in separ— 
ate channels to spouts and removing it entirely from the build- 
ing. The first arrangement is that usual on Romanesque works, 
and which still frequently occurs in the Gothic period, om Not- 
re Dame at Dijon among others. There are indeed also lacking t 
the lower channels, yet their addition would be an improvement 
very well combined with the free flow from the upper roof, and 
would be thereby justified, that the water from the lower roof 
falls on the horizontal surface of the roof, and therefore would 
be more easily carried to the walls, even if not thrown to a g 
greater distance from them, as by the gargoyles. 

Channels on the backs of the arches. 

As for the second arrangement, the backs of the flying buttr- 
esses are very well suited for the arrangement of the special 
channel, and there is first concerned the carrying of the cross 
section of the latter from the outline of the gable into that 
of the gutter, and then the channel thus formed to reach the. 
stream from the gutter of the roof of the middle aisle. Satisfy- 
ing the last condition will be more difficult as the distance 
from the junction of the flying buttress to the roof. gutter in- | 
creases, as it particularly occurs with single flying buttresses, — 


ae a | he YAP blo 2 ee aa Fie (se eS 
Wi i YT ee wae 
a ny’ Ae re al Pia a 4 i 

A ny rh i ? 


7 Liglt ne p jal ti 
a ae / oe mare 4 . 
pea g y ie 


e We pert. ah! ‘somaiett a ei Seoktsev 5 +0: GLADE odd erein 
eres Lew node’ ¢ RQE of ECE -eRit zs ~wedente gradeast2 20 

fe ted $ .efeis elbbia edé to elisw qroterselo edt mott foeto1 
“wots t:ekdt evods dotdu fns .aoegeadted gokelt edd yd -bentol 
aiid eid no. gaibasteceanutoo altcrl yd beeadsgneids o1s 
arte o° wsettal sit to elstiges edt aed? .eoaneitind gaiylt 
pitauled toor edt to ddgied aft mort noist ese CCS Bre 
1 ods nidgil .istésl edd evede onkers eletari edd 2800 
yd we <sqig (solitovisa ‘tuo ad ot Gayot ei featol und 
Sssay oot 22? mort ‘eter ot doidw dgnoud? J &PS ete at oslg 
‘ feansdo att otek th eteas dotdw .efyozisy odd of bel et ts 
pata tos ont stoteied? .eesutiod yotylt edd Jo tiosd est ao, be 
Bt sts ebsa sd cele oso fae .ifew eft nf don Ife eroted esil 

_ stnemegoei7s eft to notices ont ancde o £0 RLY -batntl heel 
‘ings eA .gacdiett ds sivbsoo sdt cbse eb nelisie yloerisad » 

) ge § svit to Sbanct et eleis olbbim odd to few edd (S08 .2tt 
| “etult edt Xo eioed oid no baste exstq tien bas .sogsioo ns to 
y Ylyaotw 2 dtiw vetiox toes edt nofed bedekaisi ,coassiisnd 
putt gizad g*asmcocd Senteddo seve oft dast oc ,elstiqeo Ysitos 
n sd #oide mort toot oft Io ebastomtad edt yd oezefore saiw 
by etg [few edt qd agnofore eqig’ add ageotdd anob enolt ret 
oar ead to-vosd edd Zefmicl egiq beecions. sit oF Del eh 
srottel sad %6 aeottose edd enora d SCO .bik .eaout 

Bee ytemr0l edt mort mel exdd to oocanettib Inidneces snl 
/ 96 $'%0 Duckies toedse eftiak \aiieolone Sreiguco esom edt ai endi 
i /) geal. ‘ed nao eketnevhs yok .elnnedo gage eft toh egig bseolons 
f) shea i eb a yaa to favoner asd einen eonte ,tbat paso? 
3 et LuoL ih 

2 odd Mo tedd avetith evods beatae teewggosrss aft wor’ 
one qeiq oft dsct ot ond-si-telioi? ai nse2 u9ef 18 Lexrhs 
ani¢(t sdt to dosed ed? go berbassa to bestent agigq oft 
i) eth evods seisco 8 to faébied sido duode tuo bslisitoa ef 
dee tar!’ te0n3 a ys bemtot ef fedmo eidd bus .Lisw edd dittw 
edt hana inser eodt veaiontevinian botoertbh awst asqo dtin 
| a Rie sik zi ‘efsansdo sid otal 

 ssusiasvbs 9n0 y basot tet $ taba asgo ce guitgehe of nedd tL 
p pubic eieeh tear’ ds. to nokeatso edt yd beeestost seve et elds 
’ m .aetiey odd> mont nwob seven odd kntbeel egqig 
vee a eaaoonl sto wrot edd soxst saree 

gL ao at ds ogeiaay as tt ee: 


a A : 


os vA re 
aes hh 
li a i 


538 

where the necessity of a vertical pipe is foumnd.- ion 

On Strasburg minster, as Figs. 893 to 893 b show, wall. piers " 
project. from the clearstory walls of the middle aisle, that are q 
‘joined by the flying buttresses, and which above this junction 
are strensthened by little columnssstandins on the backs of the 
flying buttresses. Then the capitals of the latter, as showm by 
Big. 893, are taken from the height of the roof balustrade and a 
bear the finials rising above the latter. Within the projections _ 
thus formed is found to be cut a vertical pipe, as shown by the 
plan in Fis. 893 .b, through which the water from the roof. sutt- 4 
er is led to the gargoyle, which ¢asts it into the channel forn- 4 
ed on the back of the flying buttress. Therefore the water pipe. | 
lies before all not in the wall, and can also be made safe by a 
lead lining. Fis. 893 e shows the section of the arransement. 

Entirely similar is wade the conduit at Freiburg. As shown by 
Fig. 892, the wall of the middle aisle is formdd of five sides 
of an octagon, and wall piers stand on the backs of the flying. 
buttresses, furnished below the roof sutter with strongly proj- a 
ecting capitals, so that the area obtained becomes a basin like- 
wise enclosed by the balustrade of the roof, from which the wa- 
ter flows down through the pipe enclosed by the wall pier, and 
is led to the enclosed pipe forming the back of the flying but- 
tress. Fis. 392 b shows the section of the latter. i 

The essential difference of this plan from the former consists 
thus in the more complete enclosure, indthe substitution of. the 
enclosed pipe for the open chamnle. Any advantage can be less 
found in it, since thereby the removal of any stoppage er made 
difficult. | 

From the arrangement mentioned above differs that of. the cath- 
edral 6£ Seez seen in Viollet-le-Duc, in that the pier enclosing ~ 
the pipe instead of standing on the back of the flying buttress, — 
is corbelled out about the height of a course above its junction 
with the wall, and this corbel is formed by a great lion’s head : 
with open jaws directed downward, thus openly casting the water 
into the channel. 

If then in adopting an open conduit istfound one advantage, 
this is even increased by the omission of the front wall.of the 
pipe leadins the water down from the gutter, whereby it ina 
sense takes the form of a vertical channel. 

Moreover if an advantage is to be found in the adoption of an 


7 RES 

teak eds eed heesstoni ‘aeve sd [Lim exdd Lb ivbheo ego 
1 crested: est moa? owob baibse! sqig eds to Lfen taort ods 
a ne dou? -fennsdo gogo ns to mot edt eemuers yer 8 ol vids 
r emed qso% .Buadensge! at Ierhedteo edt ya beiestto 2i el¢ 
Snitbasts neh ni nwos ebsel oqiq edt foide ni teig gsitootoug 
ates eeso asingnsiad s yd hensiqet at eoiguaxs hbeaoit 
| OTS gomuloo oittif tatatoths emse sdt to ond dedt on .eeble 
2 mot. esitne sit bus ,cort ebmeda baidd edt bre Ilew sad 
sto @ ofat qetau odd eteso tedt ,elyosses s Zo Asad sid no 
| mas atit to, daewevotgnl ah seeorddud gaoiyit 6 tc goad oad go. 
bi Bis twoce asilsceg sit ditiw-nottosnneo etk.ed blwow Juoned 
== saa yilsoitioy edt even tuteg edt oefe dedid o2 


ide 
Pa, 


ey .  ,bemeqo ef uottessib avpildo edd od. eyasdo 
edt tt. date gunivd olgnetet edt to tebte ond to yainsge edt 

i) edd yd mevish od yea ti obtenk tntiist setsn edd des? .tiuel 
/ — geleis ebie edt to toot edt asvo hetesssor ac bas batw 
 seingasioes go .essatind goiylt eft oo Leanedo sdt gnidoses 
Vad’ Bisco ¢ivst atdt elfen sbie bevofo déiw ttobnoo edt Yo mid 
5 ot. ‘Leotiiev s mort eeeasq goubh edd Tf asdded [Lise sod. , dou 
{ od im} ‘elennedo edt tadt .absow tedto ai .noitieog fonilonr 
Syed. Broied sect rasqeete sham sis deecetticd zotyfi odd Yo ado 
| enn eeelo bnibdssixe west .olets olbbis eat to {lew eds ts dssiaae 
bee flows -olets elhbin esd to [lex edt to erstiey ssqgo1y sdt ve 

a )) -erxexuh) to, Istbeddso edd to stodo ods wo Sauet et nn e 


Bee ea he s(@8 .bi% at bedseusaqes ef weiv svitoage 
Ca ‘tedtous tdiw befoennoo siead ei bonolinsm Wasmezneite ont 
deen edd-ni betoooxe et bas eadgmsa ome edt yilettastedsa sed 
+0 aottevele ne neem of, .ad10% Isvesibem yasa so entot bsitev 
elias edt oredT stettel edt wo:gattees. tiebnoo tetaw Leiooqe a 
| risse e to {isubnad sad siti betroggse ove iennedo add eaninso? 
bPetosaneo enttonm {soitasv to meseya s yd wsddie ,ohsadesisad 
- edt goes ,eatot avoiisv bo egefors yd to [etall adgisase = yd 
ie Dahandas tas B yd to .(008 .Bi%) exgoxuA.to baa, easiad to artode 
g ‘eds ‘go @s ,fennsdo edt to noktoerih edd od efges of ts bsoslg 
"i gd Bemsot ei batd aist to mot aslgeie A sontelo? #8 Lerbeditso 
rae sbindsswse ot si sete? 42 to esseeadiud yagi? wsaqe edt 
‘Lpeppinadiajatied ‘edd Jann enttanm to. cetsea « to dnomehastie odd 
bacs. 70 eemwoo oLstasoncs js yd betsvoo sd apoiddud 
ae ty (NCB .Bi9), femasdo edd $0 goitoenth beniLont ess of 
3 + wok, preree bats atsee nts Jdgeots ants 818 


539 
open conduit, this will be even increased by the omission of & 
the front wall of the pipe leading down from the gutter, whereby _ 
this in a way assumes the form of an open channel. Such am exan- 
ple is offered by the cathedral in Regensburg. For here that p e 
projecting pier in which the pipe leads town in the before men- 
tioned examples is replaced by a triangular case open on two Ss | 
sides, so that two of the same adjoining little columns are next 
the wall and the third stands free, and the entire form stands | 
on the back of.a sgarsoyle, that casts the water into a channel. 
on the back of a flyins buttress. An improvement. of this arran-— 
gement would be its connection with the peculiar spout at Seez, 
so that also the point where the vertically fallins water must 
change to the oblique direction is opened. ) 

The opening of two sider of the triansle brings with it the 
fault, that the water falling inside it may be driven by the 
wind and be scattered over the roof of the side aisle, without. 
reaching the channel on the flying buttress. By a. rectangular 
form of the conduit with closed side walls this fault could be 
met, but still better if the duct passes from a vertical to an 
inclined position, in other words, that the channels on the ba- 
cks of the flying buttresses are made steeper just before they 
start at the wall of the middle aisle, then extendins close un- 
der the proper sutters of the wall of the middle aisle. Such an 
example is found on the choir of the cathedral of Auxerre. (Per- 
spective view is represented in Pig. 899). 

fhe arransgement»mentioned is there connected with another that 
has substantially the same purpose and is executed in the most 
varied forms on many mediaeval works. We mean an elevation of 
a special water conduit resting om the latter. There the ashlars 
forming the channel are suoported like the handrail of a stair 
balustrade, either by a system of vertical muntins connected 
by 2 straight lintel or by arches od various forms, as on the 
choirs of Amiens and of Auxerre (Fis. 899), or by a balustrade 
placed at an angle to the direction of the channel, as on the 
cathedral at Cologne. A simpler form of this kind is formed by 
the upper flying buttresses of 8. Peter Jr im Strasburg. With 
the arrangement of a series of muntins must the proper. flyins 
buttress be covered by a concentric course or by one parallel 
to the inclined direction of the channel (fis. 897), on which | 
are then wrought the seats for the muntins. Now that the ashlars © 


(pia See et? er ee re OPS 7 "| Lae ive ive 1% 
1 | 4th Pi f . ; om r 7 1 " , i &% . abi 
Ee ‘ 


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per o dix eao019 sit to bhavow eft teve deeds hasta neo dainw 
ps Lsoldsasy ef dois edd to sotl edt yikatbicosA Jefeis ebie 
eanthad ‘od ebaoceent0o dois sid te enkl ed? somsl .yntaatesd 
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q (20D. 248) biswan elenoilde Aga 70 S70 hedtoonkb ei Boe 199 
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j *: yd beaiupet moce yom dows odd to ddpted edt to simif s note 

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| rredge fois sdt to tdgiow edd ddim heesovont ek bus ,easasiud 
Soxank - | somse edt Saintes: sat 
he aL. i .Hode edd To neitooe aaord 

é to. aiiberndies qineveoen edt bnegsh doidw ao anoistbnoe eat 
bas. evods botiiasxe ybserls eved on ghusgebiecsatiad poiylt esd 
re od Iftw .sasdt betate yheools een sedw ot basgeq ai 
=k 3 ‘RORY .edtow toststILb owt ylne asdso dose dtin s1ed 
| sted ) et @nifidor edd Yo soneagmteq s1odw .rodeatm sxud 


a! : 


(% j 
‘i 7 ane e Al i hey ie i ye eh 


‘fovea’ edt fo digeb add ‘end pores cern macones i 


540 3 
of this course are made so large that each of them supports at 
least one muntin, each voussoir od the arch receiveu its load 
and this will ensure it against any rising upward. That in ie! 
many, even if mot in all cases, the upperscovering had to serve q 
as a stiffehing_as well as to carry water as mentioned elsewhere. 

Further description of flying buttresses and details. 
Line of the arch. 

As for what concerns the line of the arch itself, we have al- 
ready mentioned above the greater advantages of. a sreater radi- 
us, and therefore the adoption of a centre inside the inner face — 
of the wall. After fixing the centre the radius is directly fo- 
und by the distance of it from the inner face of. the buttress, 
or from the round here given and supporting the flying buttress, 
which can stand about over the round of the cross rib of the 
Side aisle. Accordingly the line of the arch is vertical at its 
beginnings. Hence the line of the arch corresponds to half a poi- 
nted arch and is itself very steep, so that its force at the up- 
per end is directed more or less obliquely upward (Fig. 405); . 
if it is low and thus less than a semicircle im height, its up- | 
per force will be guite or approximately horizontal (Pigs. 402, F 
404). The steeper the arch thé less will be its horizontal pres- 4 
sure with the same weight, and so muct lower will it be carried 
down to the buttress. Moreover steep arches can serve to receive 
2 part of the vertical oadeof the clearstory wall. 

But a limit of the height of the arch may seem required by t 
the general conditions, and will result in lowering the centre 
and increasing the radius, so that accordingly the flying butt- 
ress only appears as a segment of a half pointed arch. Thereby 
will the proportion of the thrust be so far influenced, that i 
the thrust 6fltke arch falls higher at the junction with the | 
buttress, and is increased with the weight of the arch other- = | 
wise remaining the same. 

Gross section of the arch. 

Phe conditions on which devend the necessary dimensions of t 
the flying buttress depends we have already examined above and 
in regard to what was already stated,there, will be compared h 
here with each other only two different works. For on the Prei- 
burg minster, where permanence of the arch line is ensured by 
masonry laid thereon, the depth of the arch amoants to 45 cm 


- a 


a @ %0 asqe 5 id elke eokakis a, 320 ie 
f ads, ebsiaannat eft to eoaratiiad bakylt peteveo rh 
pores i OC: te aacodtotds bas mo nal ‘to Giqeb e bovot = 
| 1 ete ¢.d tao 
leurs ond. te bp keoon eects ef axaow seifses eft 20 
naalitoee nedoid .eelgas bowstusdo dtinw. 10) sisupe sedéiea at 
Redon Cikve bas (002 .2kT) mawok ait meu) 42 Bo seodt yo awode 
fo edd to bas eng0l00 to Inibedtso ed to szodt ote fednemanto ae 
itouxdenco A wdc FCO .558) aisdsecgO af eakaeited 48 to dow 
, iad sedbus baibtvib eff retito dose ao xaiyt asexsoo ows dékn 
b eeentiud ante? edt to noitonut edd 10% .evonlinagne es tent” 
jot eis yrsitaeo eds 20 seecatoidt relics ead ot sldstinens 
8 bavognos *o sflomfa bobasqaue bebbs gitow wotef atatseo no 
Lobia to ysolens edt tetie ,soetuwe wewol sdt. of bedosiis = | 
St@ toouteott to ebom isti1eé eft to ywonooe eit eebiesd Bis: 
. ep vot wsifpoeg ef goktesfasiosisto sequede s Io soktoatverk 
Wy gesortesni edd sot erodmom isdois odd ever yedd 2s asi oz at 
) @atylt ao weds timo tud ,eeso nem deidw zebmu asdows odd x0t 
6a beattes tiove orctsredT ~ctoos eds evode benwst eozecrsiad 
to Bukwe yidaia edt ditw euresen betinkl tad mi Jasitaoo sted <4 
- tunontbe to eckenemth teen odd addin bas dows sds to anil sid Oy 
Ni a | ‘ebaibiiad sdt to ettaq ' 


Bh atest -Bniqo? - i” 
| leakares Bebioue 8 ei seeesidiud yniet? edt to micad od¢ tev0 ie 
S-emtot eid ao Oise isdel ei gedw od .foanado-on eseitamoo gf Ff | ; 

. 


‘to damooce no vent conetstiid add stiw tud .eeilaos eelder to | 
bbetnsioxs ed ¢evm etotot, LIetnosiszod oft .motdsatloni rseeel odd 7 : 
~oottentiont odd of teluotbhnegiea saodé sot 
7 -eqiq beacload 
, me as gatostg ed boanado Lis ts toa so sftsil et azot ef? 
Nad bas aeventn Stodier3 ao bawot as .zaiges adt at sqig bee 
Snoténem feel dowwio. odd a0 .mtetneggO ak eniveddag .c lo domdo 
fusmegasiis ne fone to noiteestnt edt eldtety yino el feebsi be 
xa +att of botaeeetgo: ecctitud lenvetxe ed¢ to s waldes odd yd 
ited gatyit edt to Raigoo edt yd bentotbhs ed blwode ioinn ,fOe 
* ite aneta bae eit 20 .taovt mi omse adt anode s 100 2% seee7 
. wtbbhia edd to {few yrotetselo edt nt. tiind sniqoo aids 
i dotdn fonusio 1300. £8 bast yisita0o sat no 2k SO? “Bit ai 3 
pe Tong ree mo tremegnsi1s bemuges edd etoibsitsoo beeb. 


é a RY Pearl eat hi nottsistis ne asddio isos ‘igs " 
| ‘ wey ics | eee Cire sa 


AER j 


aiivss fi , 7 i a 
ai : 


541 ; i) 
with a thickness of 40 cm, and a span of 8.m, while on the not 
covered flying buttresses of the Liebfrauen church at Worms is | 
found a depth of 60 cm and thickness of 90 cm for a span pf ab- 
out 4.5 m | 

On the earlier works the cross section of. the flying buttress 
is either square or with chamfered angles. Richer sections are 
shown by those of S. Ouen in Rouen (Fig. 900), and still more 
ornamental are those of the cathedral of Colosne and of the ch- 
urch of §. Katherine in Oppenheim (Pig. 901 b). A construction. 
with two courses lying on each other like dividing arches is 
just as superfluous,for the function of the flying buttress as. 
unsuitable to the smaller thickness. On the contrary are found 
on certain later works added suspended simple or compound arches 
attached to the lower surface, after the analogy of window tracery. 

Besides the economy of the terlier mode of treatment a freer 
distinction of a sharper characterization is peculiar to then, 
in so far as they save the richer members for the interiors, 
for the arches under which men pass, but omit them on flying 
buttresses turned above the roofs. Therefore such refined men-. 
bers contrast in but limited measure with the mighty swing of | 
the line of the arch and with the great dimensios of adjacent. 
parts of the buildings. 

Coping. 

Over the backs of the flying buttresses is a moulded coping, | 
if it comprises no channel, to what is later said on the forms. ' 
of Sables applies, but with the difference that on acconnt of 
the lesser inclination, the horizontal joints must be oxeleaged 
for those perpendicular to the inclination. 


_ Bnelosed pipe. 
The form is little or not at all changed by placins an enclo- 
sed pipe in the coping, es found on Freiburg minster and the c 
church of §. Katherine in Oppenheim. On the church last mention- e 
ed indeed is only visible the intention of such an arrangement 
by the ashlar a of the external buttress represented in Fig. 
901, which should be adjoined by the coping of the flying buti- 
ress. Big. 901 2 shows the same in front. On the end piece of 
this coping built in the clearstory wall of the middle aisle 
in Fig. 901 is on the contrary found an open channel, which in- | 
deed contradicts the assumed arrangement on the buttress, so i 
that either an alteration of the originally intended arrangement 


ojo ill lial 
ya J hi ; “hii * 


b tooth -regqu edd Yo aoldibbe bebustat qLdeespeedsa eid zo 

¢ eitton2 edt awotle soft d HCC .brt sbomeeen od of ef aqta 
a 0d ‘gendien® edt Yo exosd sit no bast eqtq beeoloas 
I ‘ ¢ Puenszcerse selinte A .eceruoe ows: to saitefenoo .sse 
_ ee -pasdnsddat te sisdisS <2 
9 et sosi¢ eid nd die beeolons sit to asla oft revoot0l 
Hines eedsh {{tte grsdieri ni eid? dguodd ,betoete1 ed of yl 
ed fst oa beenso sved ot anmgea cels bus ,bottsg ofdted pital 
| ssalt to setu05 ods 


rr ae ag . ) ’ selenaedo noqd) 
ud guivylt eit no efonnedo nace dows io sekadnavbs odT 
De cetdogstexo Isinsbioos yas dordy ve eese sdt of feleaoo 
© gaiysé to been edd Exe ,bevowst ed sac totew edt to osvoms? 
~ “a bieyisiets shie eds to etoor edd evods seesdt ct eesoss soni 
@ nf edueno. geiifont nists sonelsd edt nedt, .d{uotttrbh anien 
Oybebiove et sksqqote Ils dotdw yd ,agteeb(beaols edt to tov 
-betebaid vifetinecas coals ton et gniyah odd 
q sab eRe 218 ot ¢tedd ek foanedio cogo ne to wtot sesigate oT 
gd e086 “eR t®) astenim yaudesise no bavot ote Ff to exsdzom tsdofs 
Sbentdmoo sd tenm ¢I .(0C8 .bL4) ontexsA ts fathedtss edd bas 
o ‘Yeo! ‘to mioi efznize s ai aa oting paa Loensedo usgo Hs atin 
Emeka Gtod ge eldiciv-ad tava coveel edt 10 ,(800 .2rt)ibad vo 
.. dent euatnedo sdv svoda tedtehod baiwets edisq susdoidd aisdd 
6B Geasne8 to bas onboLotl to. elaerberies edd co basot sis eaniot 
7 iiepen eis eisicois: edd efarisdiss domett no yteagnco sav a6 
P@etylt siisoh déiw aodw nove Lechut .eeeso seedt ot gatical 
a 08 eens Bae terol edd? to etoad edd mWoID year soesetdiad 
, “Whe selonneds 
Bi: i -elete eLbhin. ea¢ ativ acltoaut 
; Mito wtetassels oft dtiw eaesiéud Briylt edt to nottonst sdf 
2 ese yligesip tedtte ,evods beista 28 eiucoo elets elbbia edt 
elttil ud bestoqgse eso 30 bawowh edd mort beisieo 2asitsor 
Be -gadyli edd to vast ditw eeetis vileven ithtw seedw platy 
& taeda #0 Stal flew edt to soold edt no dart? eade easaiind 
| ebiedue get dow ond to. trkoi, fefbar dasl sit sadd o8 EY 
@ Svad seua qoohd stds sed? {ECS .2i9 at 8) seogmt antinoy bi 
q ik vere ge aan yd benedtgnerta ed 10 dégebh oldeishience 
reba ‘8 BA snceteds Ilew ocd to baol edt mort otineer . 
i No ersten edd dadt o2 seingasios: yloqate enisyss | 
Soi Serene aPF Aeeta Prataan ota pear tind 


a A eee 


5 


542 a 
or the subsequently intended addition of the upper hadf. of. the o 
pipe is to be assumed. Fig. 891 b then shows the profile of the | 
enclosed pipe found on the backs of the Preiburg flying buttres—_ 
ses, consisting of two courses. A similar arrangement occurs on 
S. Barbara at Kuttenberg. 4 

Moreover the plan of the enclosed pipe in this place is chief- 
ly to be rejected, though this in Freiburg still dates from the 
Barly Gothic period, and also seems to have caused no faults im 
the course of time. | 

Open channels. 

The advantages of such oven channels on the flying buttresses 
consist in the ease by which any accidental obstruction to the q 
removac of the water can be removed, and the need of drying out. — 
Since access to these above the roots of the side aisle yet ress] 
mains difficult, then the balance asain inclines somewhat im fa- 
vor of the' (closed) ‘design, by which all stoppage is avoided, if 
the drying is not also essentially hindered. 

The simplest form of an open channel is that in Figs.. 893: a." : 
Richer members of it are found on Strasburg minster (Pig. 893: b) _ 
and the cathedral at Auxerre (Pigs. 899). It must be combined w 
with an open channel and unite above in a single form of leaf. 
or badd(Fisg. 902), or the leaves must be visible at both sides, 
their thicker parts growing together above the opening. Such 
forms are found on the cathedrals of Gologne and of Regensburg. 
on the contrary on French cathedrals the crockets are usually : 
lacking in these cases, indeed even when with double flying 
buttresses they crown the backs of the lower and enclose no 
channels. 

‘Junetion with the middle aisle. 

fhe junction of the flying buttress with the clearstory ‘of 
the middle aisle occurs as stated above, either directly or on 
s buttress carried from the ground or one supported by little 
columns, whese width usually agrees with that of the flying. 
buttress, thus first on the block of the wall laid on that tol- 
umn, SO that the last radial joint. of the arch lies outside the 
supporting impost (a in Fis. 393). That this block must have a 
considerable depth or be strengthened by ashlars lying on it 
results from the load of the wall thereon. As a rule it then ft 
remains simply rectangular, so that the members of the flying 
buttress stop asainst it, or by 2 bend extend down vertically . 


) 


? » 
yy 


i : # wine a ee a Me 
thy he wie” | fil re DY, 
Meigen e. a 
’ ha ; j 
in , (ie 
fy : 
rs 


nto Bee Gieitecss ven: tk: es iwasee) aut’ 0 Meaieks anit ot 
ce - Istiqze ead mo deer eetiots batid enetod of eed? .snen 
i yderedw (ssostinse ebis ond ni tdgvom ste bas nenloc 
_qmottuoexe Yo oldsqso eeviton betisy Jeon ety to emo 
oe se@%6 elafnit bos seldéh to wedaye stefqnoo odd snzolod 
+ .B E08 bas £0e e68L% yd fbedwecarqos es tadi oe .di mo 300 
poe if neonted nub basixe eo2eestdtad tniylt ed¢ to essduen 
eae euse sit te dnd ,nunfoo. edd to [atigeo sat bre neoloo 
Th ,fetmtl edd dovordt tro aedows yd obepesc edt zs 
Benet ts St emsece dosd sid te Sniqoo sdt to colsonuy, ont 
(21 TH 91S benwsoacs etsdnen eis to aniacited edd dads oa sen 
yede acit .f0C .Bfe nt d ta owode es seldes Soheod « no 
biw eosig eno at sham ef Ratoaiged eft teddte fecneio s to sneu 
Seen <be% ni ¢) piudessse ri bs elyouisd so duoge ofd 
glgxe x2: gateoh edt ed covig 26 nolvsiegen esitae ed Jeum 
greene & HO eteet elyoared sit dess{ da to ,SCF .a no beat 
BS ba) } seeaq oso Inio, edd dordw ageosds 
fsofd.edt a0 yntdeos {few edd to dteq oft to eeem stitas od? 
Srashs .vessdiud aatyli esd Sowawst ef taott seodw denisepe 
slats elbbia sit to [few ont gataropbs yinoesm Sateodgeo as 
jeserss0d gaigt?. sdt to setgqco sdt ashae oteolmies seddte yen 
frebas eyets Yo eaxot boicev teow sid yoI esad 2 es sviea 30 
neko eddie eotff “itoor sav Yo shsttenied edd tuiaedsecotsa ele 
idotme to Sointoo ‘toot bontotss edt svods dotdw ao tee ed yeu 


f aa Siesta x0 (toon eft to sheaarled edd ts fasta coww2it Lee 
rr edd ylisatt sc .eceitied aniyit edt so taes esthod dso 
BS shED) Sivdeets6 nt es sherteuled too sdi no basta deatt 
geitoo sit to ttedo edt wo Savot ef actéinioe Intiiveed yrov & 
he Helforsy sis ebnigos sad eaten .nitasod 12 ts dowde sis 
eempstt foe ,elete ofbbtm ast to [fan sit ditw aottonni, 
feat to sost sift tea tees dotdw ,bemtot epdt estuiov sit a0 
pines ot. euogolene stoved elisw ecowstud wor 1evostcl 
nei ..0t9 asides ,eeroms wobsin neds .eteiy eeeatind 
FOV x. s€20@ W278) weddisl edt no es noliosa 
exgeio ext, ‘dei doas eds to noftenusl edt of Brspon ‘at 
todd wiedt eetsotiat (29 .q \T .tof8) ond-ol-teffoty 
43 2 fseltcey Wot Gt ¢nd ewvods vebaod od ov tastde 
wy St 
@ ataeite 30 u22ticiv0oe edt taevergedt sebie ai 


+f ‘ei otic 
san foael yh che aang tuenestes) ee Hots ens 
ill a rans ne Ne : 


- 
( My 
¥% o . 


oP ps 


Mino tedt os yitoetib svettel eft to ,dnate esfosantg sds. 


543 | 
to the capital of the column, yet it may assume a recher treat- 
ment. Thus in Amiens blind arches rest on the capital of the 3 
column and are wrought in the side surfaces, whereby results ound 
one of the most varied motives capable of execution, while in : 
Gologne the complete system of Sables and finials are carried 
out on it, so that as represented by Figs. 903. and 903. a, the 
members of the flying buttresses extend down between the angle 
column and the capital of the column, but at the same time coy- 
er the passage by arches cut through the lintel.’ a 

The junction of the coping of the back occurs in the same man= 
ner, so that the beginning of the members concerned are wrought 
on a bonded ashlar as shown at b in Fig. 901. With the arrange- 
ment of a channel,ecither its beginning is made in one piece with — 
the spout or gargoyle as in Strasburg (e in Fes. 893), or there 
must be entire separation as given by the design at Seeg expla- 
ined on p. 392, or at least. the gargoyle rests on a pedestal, 
through which the joint can pass. 

The entire mass of the part of. the wall resting on the block, 
against whose front is turned the flying buttress, then forms 
an opposing masonry adjoining the wall of the middle aisle, and 
may either terminate under the coping of the flying buttress, 
or serve as a base for the most varied forms of piers and fini- 
als strengthening the balustrade of the roof. Thus either piers 
may be set on which above the returned roof cornice of which t 
the pinnacles stand, or the latter directly so that only cotes- 
sal figures stand at the balustrade of the roof, or siants with- | 
out bodies rest on the flying buttress, or finally the pinnacles q 
first stand on the roof balustrade as in Strasburg (Fig. 893),. 
A very beautiful solution is found on the choir of the eollegi- q 
ate church at S. Quentin, where the copings are unrolled at the © 
junction with the wall of the middle aisle, and figures stand 
on the volutes thus formed, which rest at the face of the wall. 

Moreover how buttress walls become analogous to the actual } 
vuttress piers, then window arches, gables etc., find their con- — 
nection as on the latter (Fis. 901). q 

In regard to the junction of the arch with the clearstory wall, | 


Viollet-le-Duc (Bict. I, p. 64) indicates there that it is imp- 
ortant to be bonder above but to form vertical separating joints, | 
in order tocprevent the possibility of slipping, a rupture of 4 
the arch by different settlements of the body of the wall. He 


ih 
en 
if 


A vi 
i ay , “ay 
H ie bai gl ; 


oT Bere | 
. eaadadia atsi to ovnreaiie ite titeces 
ee eee Papen 7 fa -* getiwder qisettese: 
; Pos anne 6 oe atte es tadé ered beton os et ef tt 

paedo eds Baad seiso edt to dont bas ~eidsdoagat beptes od 
bale Yo asoidetiay ni yitsioeges bas etuemevonm ai sai 


~ UF 
ne? 

at 

x 


’ oe! 


bat gd bore tanstd od {fiw ai ,f yd hetome ef etppeetg $0 
i aia ess moul baie a ytetincs ect ao bare yit exit ttel edd 


g ,ekbs adel so sogqe edt branes tat oe hevom ed yam 


3 Peebie ettoogge edt ve tHooo yam Sniock 6 Io gnineqcs Lse70° 


Gi guodsinw tadsemoe meqo Yas etdd ,eteinxe tnto, dAguotas 
* be 4 yiotit d¢iw yssstneo eft no neds .setxe gon aeoh ab rE 
- yond 38 "0 ,8 40 A atateoq odt tS THOOO YSR Otsidoud & zualice 
vat “gated bao boxii a ,elae eéatee platucten ed7 to dignat 
lena ae cs, 8 oa done edd to xactd 2 
Adee @6 fi YL. .eldintifetat yfrselo atom ef ernbecotq oaT 

eke 06s ot betsenerget ea Yifsotwanyh tnd Yifeottate tom ba 
oe ib  peneqe ietot edd ewode s POC bé#e .o bans dyn 208 1924 Te 
Veigd woled yiest nos e4e n0 6 FOS . tS ,t4ef odd mort doin es ye 
¥ ote _atssesd eds ‘eeitediaxe o 806 .Eht baw .deein eds mort. ofo 
be eee TSS. gor edt te bextd 14 aosta ¢zodaow ati se dots 
Be be «(hot itead sdt to. ctdbied to anottaoger9 | 

lebeqoisyves yleuotvesy edi ot pottelex nistyes 2 ni et cig 

! ” z heme ydersdt beyiast atinii sic ybsesle, Tk nedinee fetusou 
i; aden \di= oleis ebie edt to diftn edd $i efgmare tof vebin 
9 dedt WS= efeie obie vets stocdtigierieds S$ = eleais eibbre edd 
pods to woltostibh edd est toot ods taddos .f S wwitolins cad 
bd¢ zc} etinees omsdé (S = yrotetsslo edt to sdgisd odd bas “Ch 
Bapdi sc of ybsoris ef decd} ,€ 2 S motdrogorg edt eleis sitbin 
gst etfi slits wobsiw ddt yostadu ,noitst wonixsn 5 es fe 
Sabet & pesto yrsnibzo of tend of ,Bhavot edt to elsdigse edi 
. efit to! tdaied edd Jostis tgerit Sison dowé sbeainopst af nol 
, has tciites edt od satbioons ysose ddaii yo yiove woo 
1 ott Yo dégnel. etitse eft estgueao wobniw end tI snotenerc 
eee eG ys ib os sini fl 2 e& .ehnvor edt neeuted 
) ebogot sat. 8o elsdicse oft os: {lie woheiw oft te 
5 yo tgted: oft, qc besivpen ysotenselo ods to ddpies 
‘ to raat “a rd nteaartyd ew 22 .B\L f duds ot etanone 
rene nih fitw -aeds ie sed peo 


eh ge a a f= hit) es 


» 
» 


i 


“we ) Ps sd . is 5 pbs Oe o™ WF uo T i 


edt FOS .Rtt of 2% ,eanes srosettith s ef sigerows? — 


edt eoseo moe af sudT ,TIT onil setdgierta ond .wgos 


io hie ie ae 2 ca rr hi Co iia: bo ales _ , 


544. 
asserts that a failure of this free jointing almost always sys- 
tematically results. 

It is to be noted here, that a slip in a stressed arth is to 
be termed improbable, and that on the other hand the opened jo- 
int in movements and especially in variations of wind may prove 
favorable in a different sense. If in Pig. 904 the asual line 


of pressure is demoted by I, it will be transferred by wind from — 
the left like II, and on the contrary a wind from the right will 


form the straighter line III. Thus in some cases the pressure. 


may be moved so far toward the upper or lower edge, that a temp= : 


orary opening of a joint may occur at the opposite side. If a 
through joint exists, this may open somewhat without hindrance; 
if it does not exist, then on the contrary with firmly bonded 


ashlars a rupture may occur at the points. A. or B, or if the st- Gf 


rength of the materials resists this, a fixed end being assumed, 
a break of the arch at C. 
The procedure is more clearly intelligible, if it be consider- 


Ba not statically but dynamically as represented in the sketches 


of Pig. 904 a, b and c. Feg 904 a shows the joint opened above 
by a wind from the left, Fig. 904 b on the contrary below by o- 
one from the right, and Fig. 904. ¢ exhibits the breaking of the 
arch at its weakest place if dixed at the top. 

Proportions of heights of the basilica. 

This is in a certain relation to the previously developed str- 
uctural system, if already the limits derived thereby are very 
wide. Hor example if the width of the side aisle = 1, that of 
the middle aisle = 2, thetheishicofrtierside aisle =2, that. of 
the triforium #1, so that the roof has the direction of about 
45° and the height of the clearstory = 2, there results for the 
middle aisle the proportion 2; 5,:that is already to be regard- 
ed as a maximum ration, whereby the window sills lie far below 


the capitals of the rounds, so that in ordinary cases a reduct— 
ion is required. Such would first affect. the height of the win- 


dow story or light story according to the earlier and better ex- | 


pression. If the window occupies the entire length of the bay 
between the rounds, as a limit to it may be regarded a raising 
of the window sill to the capitals of the rounds, whereby the 
height. of the clearstory required by the height of the vaults 
amounts to about 1 1/4. If we also reduce the height of the 
tpiforiunm to 3/4, then will. the height of the middle aisle 


. 


tat gailhe sae 


is Stfed bu oteis* ebte’ ‘aii to ged ot Stocren10c 

“gat eke ebie edt to etibied edd gnivsses! yd beonbet iLise 
veils tk edgoin seffeme wert divest nso addgisd yollena nevi 
_T ) eat edt ta doando edd ncitsem nao sw dokdu. sot .ewo 
sbiaotiat edt Yo elatiqes ed? ere ,( ISP .3f8) 
p ost sais oe ,ebanox sat. to efettaso etd to tdatied ead 
ei yad edt to dtgaol eft E\S dudda> to ewobniw odd 
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eiqiat ‘gebakt coo aso tesiguia sat ot aotsootord etivas eit 
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545 
correspond to that of the side aisles and be 1°: 2, and can be 
still reduced by lessening the heights of the side aisles. 

Even smaller heights can result frsm smaller widths of wind- 
ows, for which we can mention the church at Rheims as an example 
(Fig. 921), where the capitals of the triforium columns lie at 
the height of the capitals of the rounds, so that the sill of 
the windows of about 2/3 the length of the bay is moved up to . 
the base of the side arch, and gives a proportion of 2 3. for 
the middle aisle. ) ae 

Form of the buttress receiving the flyins potéeenen 

The abutments of the flying buttresses form the additions to 
the walls of the side aisle for the adjacent buttresses, and .. 
therefore as a rule are set with their inner surfaces beyond 
the inside face of the wall, or if the rounds standing there 
in the side aisle have sufficient size, beyond the inner side 
of the latter. But since the width of the round is mostly far . 
less thah that of the buttress, as a rule there is over it a 
narrower part of the pier or again a round, which affords the 
bearins for the flying buttress. However this projection is al- 
so usually wanting, and the flying buttress rests on a corbel 
that projects frsm the inside of the pier, or it starts directly — 
from the latter. Not rarely the upper bearing is corbelled out 
inward considerably beyond the inside face of the wall or its 
projection, to more effectually oppose the thrust of the arch. q 

Gonducting the iwater from the side aisle. ; 

The entire projection in the simplest case continues in play 
with the lower part of the buttress. In richer designs the cor— 
nice of the roof of the side aisle is broken aroundiit, and over J 
this is usually found a projection. Yet where the passages on 
the roof cornice reauire openings through the buttress, these a 
projections can only be small or be only placed over the passage. _ 
The floor of the opening forms a continuation of the sutter. T 
The water cay either flow out through a channel extending thro- 
ugh the width of the pier and a gargoyle or two set diagonally, 
or they can be set. in the angle between the buttress and the 
side wall diagonally, or a channel for the water can be carried © 
around the upper part of the buttress, and accordingly the open- — 
ing through the buttress be omitted, if that channel has suffi- 
cient width to make it. accessible. 7 

Such an arrangement where the entire length with the balustrade 


awe a 1 Ga ee Fame Pd ae Get 7 OR gee ee ea 
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: ua 
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<a #0 batfasate footy iscimzet eft havowe qo wo71g etasts 
neds et sagolcd al svitom to used eid? sa%supa [sidaso 
{ eat of kegnsdo gated vino | ,eserttnd ebiesco eft of oafs 
ovens eit dedi ox apivount efi déiw eonshsooce ni 
Seer edt. Bo behsetze Ylderebtenoo vi eo 
s oo a tg tomtaninied vey Ahi & beoaty 


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ta notaly?b hee edt to s169 éaoa aul? ieee | 


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before the front part of the upper division on the height of t 


a 
AY 


the buttress, that is adjacent to the upper flyins buttress, a 
are set four little columns formins a square and connected by 
three blind arches, which stand on a projection of the lower 


part of the pier and form the basis for the pinnacle placed ab- — 


ove them. By such an always simple design is obtained a closer 
connection of the finial with the flying buttress, the decorat— 
ive effect is enhanced at the same time by the reproduction of. 


the dimensions of the lower pier im the pinnacle, and in a cer— 1 
tain sense is expressed the sthuctural idea, that results freg- 


uently later in extensively overrich and extremely varied solu- 
tions, or appears even less clearly. 
However when the system of terminatins in a finial had found 
a complete development, there appeared the endeavor to employ 
it in the oblons form ofdthat addition, chiefly that of the en- 
tire pier and in a more artistic. manner. The simple roof. of. the 
buttress entirely disappears, and also the surfaces remaining 


beside or before the terminal pinnacle were divided into finials 


in the most diverse ways. | 
Intermediate piers with arches of doubled spans. 
For systems of buttresses with double spans, thus over 5-ais- 
led plans, piers stand also above the intermediate piers of. the 
side aisles, which cannot act as proper buttresses, on which 


rest the upper buttresses and the lower ones adjoin. In the sin- i 


plest cases these may receive the form of the ordinary vault p 
pier or of stronger columns.’ j,eanwhile it is also very near to 
aid the stability by loading, i.e., to sive those piers an ind- 
ependent termination risin$s above the junctions of the flying 
buttresses, instead of leaving them beneath the coping of the 
flying buttresses. By the vlan of the aisle piers as well as .by 


their function, these intermediate piers will rather take a con 


centric plan in contrast to the. oblong one prescribed for the 
external buttress, thus the shape of a polygon or of a Greek c 
cross as in Gologne, whose four wings end in pinnacles, which 
Siants grow up around the terminal pinnacle standing on the 
central square. This form of motive in Cologne is then extended 
2lso to the outside buttress, only being changed in the latter 
in accordance with its function so that the outer arm of the 
cross is considerably extended, on the front side of which is 
placed a separate terminal pinnacle, or rather is projected so 


0 


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vofvorvcteor ear fo bsgno0o .etcr 


547 } | 

or front face of. the buttress or over the middle of its depth. : 
The first arrangement is indeed to be regarded as most prefera- : 
ble in statical respects, since it moves the centre of. gravity ) 
of the entire mass of the vier nearer the interior, and there-. 
fore increases the lever arm of the resistance. Thus is it found 
on the Freiburg minster (Fig. 892). But om the other hand the q 
otherwise sufficiently heavy projection brings the placings of. 
a lighter pinnacle over the front face, as found on many French 
works} producins forstherstandpdint of the observer the effect 
of great firmness, certainly making more apparent the principle 
of loading. Besides the actual loss in statical effect is only 
very small. 

Placing the pinnacle over the middle of the depth of the but- 
tress is found most simply om the cathedral. of Chalons (Fig. 8 
898) , in richer form on that of Beauvais. The pinnacle of the 
last work, with a body consistins of four little corner columns 
connected by arches thus forming a shrine, which however does 
not contain a figure as usual, but covers the great pinnacle p 
placed between the roof of the buttress between those columns, 
is an arrangement which is then transferred to the original form 
of the buttresses of Cologne cathedral,(Note), and produces even 
by the expression of the greatest richness a peculiarly astonish- — 
ing effect. Yet we might give the preference to that older arr- — 
angement, where the terminal pinnacle has an unsymmetrical posi- 
tion. Indeed the entire buttress thereby has a less independent 
form, but iss belonging to the whole is clearly expressed. 

Notes. Ghanged at the restoration. See Retichensperger*s Hivsce\— 
Vaneous BSsaysePe 320.) 

On the buttresses of Strasburg minster, that addition consists 
of a lower sloping mass, that moves back the centre of gravity, | 
above this being a pier of oblons plan, whose front portion fo- | 
rms a pinnacle (Figs. 893, 393 e). Thus the little corner colu-. 
mns of the pinnacle stand flush with the mass of the pier with 
pases on the projection of the cornice, so that also in the ar- 
ches afid gables of the pinnacle is a projection and the gaple 
roof of that part of the pier terminates under the sable of the 
pinnacle. The strasburs termination must be temmed particularly 
happy, since it combines a good position of the centre of gray- 
ity with a clear architectural effect. An allied arrangement is 
found on the old buttresses of the cathedral of Amiens, where 


fe act ve 8 aruote dott Ran! hdecttad edt. brvors. sexors ek 
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pig SAS Go toot. end ac yllstoozized elif aeddis yan efyohisea: sad 
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foster Lstrostzo# # oF seqsde aedota at tad (SIC .at) 
ie Ngee ‘30, 8b evods eeided Iereveer to Entietanco ese 
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va rt , 
ok era 


546 


is broken around the buttress, and which ofeurs on the choir o 


the cathedral of Clermont, but also om the towers of Strasburg 
and of Golmar, leads to an offset also in the thickness of the 
buttress, whereby only the unusual width of the lower part of y 
the pier is obtained a sufficient area. With ordinary dimenetens | 
corbels in the thickness of the pier are necessary, that may ein 
ther extend on the front side or be replaced there by the veawio 
bility of a sufficient offset, but in any eusenmayehead to the | 
richest and most varied forms. If then over the different bays. 
of the side aisle are arranged separate gable roofs, the water 
from the gutters between them can be carried around the buttress! 
Upper termination of the buttress. i 

What now concerns the upper endins of the buttress, the simp- 
lest design of this is a gable roof lensthwise, against the rear 
gable of which starts the coping of the flying buttress and the-_ 
reby determines the height. Such buttresses are found om the c | 
churches of Pforta and of Mantes (Pig.-905). The height of the 
endings can be further reduced by continuing the back of the | 
flying buttress to the front sable, whereby the extra width re- . 3 
guired for the buttress resistang by its weight the turned arch, | 
and that is already necessary by the condition of resistance, 
joins the buttress at each side with a wash. Likewise here very 
different forms are possible.(Pigs. 906, 90%). 

Then if a channel is found on the back of the flying buttress, © 
the gargoyle may either lie horizontally on the roof op the pier @ 
(Fig. 908), or on the top of the pier may be formed a basin, f a 
from which the water flows through a spout placed lower (Pig.: 

909), or finally the water may pass downward through the roof . 

of the buttress. There substantially applies in ali different. 
designs about what is said on p. 362 et. seq. Yet we note that 

the design of. the spout on the buttress like Bis. 908 reguires 
very lons stones, and therefore a deeper location ensured by | 
the loading results in a substantial rdéduction ia weight. | 


og 


Added pinnacles. 

An increase in the resistins force of the buttress by a srea- 
ter loading leads in the simplest form to raising the roof of 
the pier above the junction of the coping of the flying battress 
(Fis.912), but in richer shapes to & horizontal projection or 
one consisting of several gables above it, or to a great or a 
complete pinnacle. This additionthen either stands over. the back — 


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| yvede ,batn oft dtiv volitey bes ttef ennut yvenouem eine 
- t/edt 8s tdgled exms2 ods te soe tao dt enottiibnoo eidstxovet 
Wiel enavd bas rool! eit evode m 8.35 endd <tfvev 603 to 
b teds of WEY Borot Inottiey eit Yo baads & #uods of yridinvome 
| Zisw yrotetsefo eit dtiv veto edt to ¢dpiow edt .O00! = 
ake Bo aotioubobh setts Lid 090 ,Ofr tuode of st anomes noord? 
bo!  sttottefvoteo eat at bottime a fan «sOte (fezaecer serok 


Bs Rade qetq esd To othita ads TSsVToO sf{fer ys ivasy to ext neo, edi 
pees a M 


nai 


~O = wae sevel « eer 
gol edt Yo" etaeaow Y9- ottenrs eda eid? Ife of ynthrooea 
7 el a PET NEARY oe BRO HEL ‘ba sdgis gators 
1a he rh eee ctiaty saics > sonic onal 
Yee Be he i 1 ORO BG, 
hak ee P ae 


wy, wos 
ce ? a 
owe ase / 


55% ‘ 
but the middle gaalts have masonrry on the cross arches, which 
in common with the flying buttresses form a strons cross stif-_ 
fenins. One cu. m. of tolerably heavy machine made bricks may 
weigh 1800 kil. The remainder results from the section in Fis. 
912. a) alee . 

Et will first be computed how sreat must be the counter thrust | 
of the flying buttress placed at the height of 18 m with the as-_ 
sumption, that the pressure goes down at the centre of the bot- 
tom end of the middle pier. | @ 

For the latter point will be established the equation of mom- 
ents for all forces, that act on the middle pier above the gro- 
und with the wall loading it. The forces are the following. 

The sought horizontal thrust B of the flying buttress that t 
turns to the right with a lever arm of 18 m, the thrust of the 
side vault Hy = 2160 (p. 154) likewise turns right, and acts in 
round numbers at 8 m above the floor. The vertical pressure of 
the half side vault Vp = 6340, that acts at the side of the di- 
viding arch, thus about 0.39 m left of the moment pivot. The 
left turning thrust of the middle vault H, = 3240 (p. 154), and 
passes into the face of the wall about 17.5 m above the floor. 
The vertical pressure of the half middle vault V4 = 10,260 with 
2 lever arm of 0.39 m and turning right. 6 these are added the 
horizontal and the verticalresistance of the masonry on the or- 
oss arch. The latter acts with a lever arm of 0.39 a turning 
right and equals half the weight of this masonry, which with 
25 om thickness and 7 sa. m vertical area amounts to V g = 7 
0.25 * 1800 = 3150 kil. The horizontal thrust of the cross arch 
with this masonry turns left and varies with the wind, etc., in 
favorable conditions it can act at the same height as the thrust 
of the vault, thus 17.5 m above the floor and turns left, then | 
amounting to about a third of the vertical force Vg, so that BE 
= 1000, The weight of the vier with the eclearstory wall resting q 
thereon amounts to about 110,000 kil after deduction of the nica 
dows, recesses, etc., and is omitted in the calculation, since q 
its centre of gravity falls over the middle of the pier and thus | 
has a lever arm = 0. | 

According to all this the equation of moments of the forces 
turning right and left is i-- | 
ge 96) Bon, 840! 0 BR eg. eB gee eae 7 Se 
Hg * 17.5. q 


24a 


y okttie emooes ton ae! uote edt; to ttvag tneoet ta 
|} mest Yo sotesies aiasaes & eyente eteds eo wedies 
o Sei odd ypemtons to exwiq' ets no eud® .bertetes% ed oF 
sf ashe pteig efs to cos efdsey edt enhot eaeadtcd satyit 
ay Sait Weiw onstia eis a0. efetigas eds evode sotenimies . 
to ang ede bo Got edt dgiw ebae toos eft to eghia edt sacs 
We eat)@02¥ wexas ots anmuloo eft Yo 2fetigao edt bas ,eofneos 
saeiq ec? Yo eelgss tact ott gaintot encds atin sexnoo 
] | ad. B dove ct sbhsel efnict bed rieds Yo acl cnt ybsortle 
wenden Leeticey eft Iseocco esebsod edt has eidyted en? 
eteoutlsud wakyls gas moat seven to Lavomed ; 

i Rotylg edg ico lennstio edi pork totew to fevomsy ont 
tig «© dewords ed sédt¢io geum ,osdoge ybhasais eved ew doidw to 
4 efibin sat te taitcetom efyosie: oddebooot& bef sd 10 ofs 
a . ‘ eeenivud balyit edt to ofins 
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pp gattinon giah bee desw odd. revo egoth tevew odd tadt on SOK 
¥ soleie sbhic est to foot edd; 20 er])etiug edd 


Bs ei raeccos SBEI oF SYST cxs0ey ects al encliazaeqe: oat ve 
Ife eds jHeieuM 36 Ihiadoe sot acoraG§ sodeeto1g to taemaseta ede 
= Bae Gad ,atteq ett Lie ai siege bhouoteet zew Lennsdo asiae 
2 wast to 7tegnab etd snevery of exebeel at hed ou bace AG. 19 
a Siva ot tee eegestis enote xi’ bkal zetia Latex 
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ate seed ybsotls oval yeilidede ic gneitibaos edt dgnodé fa 
me at ezod bottinc sd fon [lin di ,etaemtedsh 20 coldo 29h edt of 
Sees eds to Snibnsderebus iclint s evig ed soiliasd eit to syed 
a | seignaxe slaule # xd acitsinvolso eit te Sat 
Sore Siege yeixntt ed¢ Yo. dawsdé toe sobsSalnolsd .efansaxd 
toe! ed? Bogsd, esx doidy oc (CF .8tS) slamaxs omac. edt 
aa botaayes ed non yom (ONE Gas bor .q ao dotwwio [fed 2 Yo 
(peipsy ied? sdotad ak betoeie ed od sotitesd s od Briniat 
i a9t00 ods Ber. sq no meviy sédatew bas sertdd emse odd to 
Bimdcd = dotdd exoiad S\liS ylno Baisd eofets ebiz edd ‘to 
rf se Yo eeing “qd bedsogque gatsd eliew yroderselo edd .data « 
P senron ini mookh edd mout um SS to Sdgied & oved bas encte 
Go ees €.fo guemioids 6 gatysd yisstsoo sdt no sad 
‘Bi Brod? sesfois, Anthtveb edd ot sieixs ybserls 


orang wae are | 


\ yh 7 


ee ae 7 es Rie ‘sh — }. 7 . war" 


990 
adjacent parts of the pier must not become entire regularity, 
rather as there always a certain relation of them to each other — 
to pe freferred. Thus on the piers of Rheimsgthe coping of the q 
flying buttress joins the gable roof of the pier, and the latter sl 
. terminates above the capitals on the shrene with the figure, sem 
that the ridge of the roof ends with the top od the horizontal 
cornice, and the capitals of the columns are taken from the sana 


course with those forming the rear angles of the pier. Morsover 
already the plan of their bed joints leads to such a harmony of. | 


x 


the heights and the borders conceal the vertical tendency. 
Removal of water from the flying buttress. 

The removal of water from the channel. of the flying buttress, 
of which we have already spoken, must either be through a pinna- — 
ele or be led aroundhthe gargoyle projecting at the middle or a 
angle of the flying buttress. ‘ 4 

Only on the church of S. Katherine in Oppenheim does the chan=- 
nel passing through the fier divide inside it to both sides, e. q 
ending at the sides of the pier, im openings given at a in Fig. 
901 so that the water drops over the wash and drip mouldins to 
the gutters of the roof of the side aisle. 

By the reparations in the years 1878 to 1889, according to ¢ 
the statement of Professor Baron von Schmidt at Munich, the oid 
water channel was restored again in all its parts, but the wat- 
er was conducted in leaders to prevent the danger of leaks from 
metal piles laid in stone gutters. 

Calculation of stabilitry of. the buttress system. 
Although the conditions of stability have already been stated 
in the Section on Abutments, it will not be omitted here in the 
bays of the basilica to give a fuller understanding of the cause 

rse of the calculation by 2 simple example. 
Example. Galculation of thrust of the flying buttress, 

The same example (Fig. 394) on which was based the calculation — 
of a hall church on pe 154 and 376, may now be regarded as per- ~ 
taining to a basilica to be erected in brick. The vaults may ex- 
ert the same thrust and weights siven on p. 154, the outer walls | 
of the side aisles being only 2 1/2 bricks thick = 65 cm and 11 
m high, the clearstory walls being supported by pries of. sand- 
stone and have a height of 22 m from the floor to the sguiter, 
but om the contrary having a thickness of 3. bricks = 78 cn, that. | 
already exists in the dividing arches. The side vaults have none, — 


ere atti rld oh nd 


ele patel? aud Cchibsdes: azeatdud add won dedi 
enemy ‘elquie odd to beotent OFC .2t% ab anode coade veo 


zs - son fo egesesstud iodo edt oo tiavet smi0t reliniz 


ee tadt o2 ,wesaetéiud efi dt w eliew Lagedo sit to 
ae enone tc edd o3 bedosite o1e afian evodt Ife .3if 


» vdexedé bas giqsh eviessoxe as asd agenitud odd sedé 
Meqnoo yd bevo7g ae. {fen es (aioso datd edt to wsiv edd 
10 10% velayuses to dedd adiw benotinen nateeb atodo edd 


‘9 
" 


‘ 


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$ n03eiog @ Be bonnelq gnied to Essdent es ,bessstost neve af 

aS t dtin eofnteo too Rakneoto eis comed has ,slortoimee 2 ek 
io ‘syitay otelquos & ateesetase: avroy Saetd 
nee -everttud edt lo noleivib Las nox lak 

i s oF akasl aeettidod gaiyli edd Yo toad edd to moitonut, ost 
iteagh bus .geeitiud sit Yo aciisntmass ac soleivih [staostied 
s edt to moitoant, edt yd moieivib baoose & bexit ei elon e 
Bis? .enitl bauots eti to tdpted odd. pated entity ,tLoadt 


ps 2 betentmobh auswiad edé to nofeivid Istaostses 4 to 


it weve m0 gnemisoas teoent edd oi Gesbhbai fawolt er eesviduc 
sak pedenimoheiq meilscitasy doidw ao ,Lawiedtss sngelon Yo 
«yen belieieb s 
ay Spesestie yihebiosh s .déiir teen on yretiaoo oft. 10 

| sestdied meqcotc edi etodn ,(08 .sit) emfedh te Laths owes anit 
x —evieasu £10 eboate anotidac aniytt edd yd beaict, dads 
ils. xs benzobs otvtowwiadse hifos s io stetanoo Sota’ ‘unas 
foo 8 miin .esians edt at istiserat ampoloo otiw bas ssdouw 
| -hegasiauinlane bas enanlos snot yd betroqqua etwsit s to sainde 
> sit emedT .celosanig slsne asot bas atiqe [saogaieo dgis e 
"4 repeat addzied edd of som 16ig Snsosibe edd to saoid 
ay $a¢ to modaye eldT -eoseoistud goivlt edt to anoitonut, 
rene £ 200% .19hq eg to encttaeg tnesettib ows to taee 
timo babloeb esol ybserLe ti ,banct seddusd 2b aoteivid 
it j.edt exedu .(€S0% .Hi%) seved ds aon .2 to esezertind 
a de bo ntgoo ath bos eoiuxoo iswol edd ao sdect aasiitud act 


ian te! ar soleivib, edd lo weileupent edt sue 


<o CS eee 
ey 


sg mort ensia& to baer sabolo) to efeibediso edd sdk | 


) edd esd JoomeRaatis eidt elidxcsel +8 ehatw zeltosdd ~ 


gaa asiuznsfoe1 sit beniates eved eéceotsdad add sedis! 


b aedsten baogeeimses tewod sidtil afd to ddated edd ak enctet 


eh | sano Yo dove edt to Eateniage ef Yo sdpisd 


549 | 
that now the buttress receiving the flying buttress has the c 
oss shape shown in Fis. 910 instead of the simple oblong plan. 
gimilar forms result on the choir buttresses of certain a 
like the cathedrals of Cologne and of Amiens from the junction — 
of the chapel walls w th the buttresses, so that as shown by F 
Pigs. 911, these walls are attached to the buttresses as wis 
thening wings a. Meanwhile this arrangement. has the ioe 
that the buttress has an excessive depth and thereby obstructed © 
the view of the high choir, as well as oroved by comparison of 
the choir design mentioned with that of Beauvais. For on the 1 
latter the buttresses have retained the rectangular plan and 
thereby have ensured the greater effect of the clearstory, which 
is even increased, as instead of being planned as a polygon this | 
is a semicircle, and hence the crowning roof cornice with its ' 
grand curve represents a complete unity. 


Horixontal division of the buttress, 

The junction of the back of the flying buttress leads to a h 
horizontal division or termination of the buttress, and also as _ 
a rule is fixed a second division by the junction of the arch | 
itself, thus being the height of its ground line. This principle 
of a horizontal division of the buttress dominated by the flying 
nuttress is found indeed in the freest treatment om even those 7 
of gologne cathedral, on which verticalism predominates in such q 
a detailed way. 7 

On the contrary we meet with a decidedly different system on 
the cathedral at Rheims (Fig. 894), where the proper buttress 
that is joined by the flying buttress stands on a massive small — 
tower, which consists of a solid substructure adorned by blind 
arches. and with columns inserted in the angles, with a colossal — 
shrine of a figure supported by four columns and terminating in 
a high octagonal spire and four angle pinnacles. There the div~ 4 
isions in the height of the little tower correspond neither to 
those of the adjacent pier nor to the heights determined by the 
junctions of the flying buttresses. This system of. the attach- — 
ment of two different portions of the pier, thus a more vertical — 
division is further found, if already less decided on the choir — 
buttresses of S. Ouen at Rouen (fig. 1083), where the upper fly- | 
ing buttress rests on the lower cornice and its coping at the 4 
height of the springing of the arch of the rear part of the pier. 


But the inequality of the division in heights of the two adja- 


oP er ae eee pe I eee 
A ee eT hile aes . Oe 


it Lo li o fibeuniate' an Ne voay nevis eouler bas griseoest 
a penne gaiyl? ede to tacrst beovinpet edt gaival, 
jemom 2 orsotteupe eof? tofiw .betwqmoo ed aso tagten Sorixupest 
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‘ona: 48 @f¢: to ytivety io exsaed oét esao aid? ni dads ois 
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pas eon ya * Of08 © & * H pM ovods wm b tuods af nokteotiqta 
ees eds teum seenttnd paiyls eit to sdgios 
', wo 8. § ™ wsns of ¢eum goigen yotbeol edt séin coms ead 
mente #t a e8,0 * sioied e\t t to seentoidg «a diiw so end 
pouinc: ; | <B «pe ST Swods to seats Lackixer 2 
1 je ee sors hetacotreg.s tewatence o% eidtasog fitse ei a3 
os jttoatg esew eved? If ,sos fieme etds d¢iw are Bit of 
7 th esogae Binos paitson .emuloy z98iseth seuwemoen 6 TO Bho 
fa ,esteis mevin en? at aoltrdiatelh toext0s eaivraeito ce 
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, Spentvds edt cost ted (yh to sseevont) asentiisa ati xe 
+) Janotacents nefsery tadvence estupex yitsacteo sefse biuow 
mw P) ‘{hakw to: toette edt dtiw senids to aoitaisolsd 
: yeeewead sniyit eis won Ssteuidgewni ad won Lliw-d! 
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dé 20 yiilicese edt yd eonofs bhoteateed oF oso efets ebia sit tc 
; 


cs 


Ysceeteolo edt sentegs haiw oct ealamet nei? eifew Lenweixe 
| ~toor bee 
. edt te ehiw am 8 bas cyid oa al feneq & denteze haiw edt 

en ted ¢i bose .fid. OF08 = OSE * ¥ ™ B Of atnvomse [Law y103 
mee oe -r .@ €.8! to ¢dgied ait te sottsotlags to gaiog exes 
btw ¢edd sloct ed? to ditygrel edt Yo yad eno @gastaya inin edt 

px or Yo Sete ns cot oqola to ddyaed m Of fac aottsntiont °08 
™ S@ * 08 of atomome ti 241 g “of gntbroo0s bas pa s98 08= 
‘chi ts pret: vameed ent to @dgied edt ts betiqgs ek haa fiz 
sto00L1 oft evod 
Pts beteqnoo ned¢ af too bas [Lex edt 20 toette [2203 eat 

bien ges ei etdt mor! .sigtod epexevs m 0,08 suodd ditw List 
i i Yo testis fodt Qe aotd¢orbed {fema 2 Yo eonowpoz2noo ab [tri 
oe ona ‘bas. ,ebte bucwbaiw ed? tc azotteud Zaty 


at biel 9 “om pes ‘tueda ‘erteowé bleoo todseyot aroty 
% ¢- 
} i a * ssteldiondbe bia ente PROTR OOF ivodiiv 


r 
’ 


552 


Inserting the values given above as obtained, B = 3020 kil. 


Having the required thrust of the flying buttress, then its 
required weight can be computed, when the equation of moments 
is established for the probable lower point m, under the assump=— 
tion that in this case the centre of gravity of the arch and the 
force G lies about 3 m to the right of M, and the upper point of 
application is about 5 m above M; G * 3 * 3020 * 5, Hence re q 
weight of the flying buttress must then be G = 5038 kil, i.e., 
the arch with the loading coping must be ph fib = 2.8 cu. min vou 
ume, or with a thickness of 1 1/2 bricks ne te m, it must have | 
a vertical area of about 7 Sad. Mm. 

It is still possible to sconstruct a perforated arch as shown 
in Fig. 912 with this small area. If there were practical grou- 
nds for a somewhat greater volume, nothing would oppose it with 
an otherwise correct distribution in the given limits, since ¢@ 
the assumed masonry on the cross arches would offer resistance id 
by its stiffness (increase of Hg} but then the abutment pier w 
would also naturally require somewhat greater dimensions. 

Galoulation of thrust with the effect of wind. | 4 

It will. now be investigated how the flying buttress, whose q 
coping falls 1 to 1 1/2 m below the gutter, acts with a heavy | 
storm of 120 kil per sa. m pressing on the opposite wall. € 

Tf it can be assumed that the wind against the roof and wall ; 
of the side aisle can be resisted alone by the stability of that © 
external wall, then remains the wind against the clearstory wall 
and roof. . 

The wind against a panel 7 m high and 6 m wide of the clears- yg 
tory wall amounts to 6 * 7 * 120 = 504Q kil, and it has an aver- : 
age point of application at the height of 18.5 m. se) 4 

The wind against one bay of the length of the roof, that with 
60° inclination and 10 m length of slope has an area of 10 * 8 
= 60 sqe m, and according to p 163 it amounts to 60 * 92 = 5520 
kil, and is applied at the height of the beams, thus at 22 m a 
bove the floor. j 

The total effect of the wall and roof is then computed at 40, 560° 
kil with Bboout 20.5 m average height. From this is deductid 800 © 
kil in consequence of a small reduction of the thrust of the fl- a 
ying buttress at the windward shee ES OT firtherrthe two middle 


gs together could Beceive about -cere----- = 0,19 m, that 
ree 110,000 f 


without too great edge pressure, that here is not pursued farther, 


has oi : he a cy ae a Rata te ha ck d Pe: 
tat ato L(80t bee thE ed attandtin bookie os mm 
cea mand af dotev othe 0008 orods. to osseeesd bain ode | 
oq baw dow e80to thtee odt wt ylinsq ,Reettitnd gail? ea? 
eee, ae 4 t' + elets ebtea edt to Axcnometyt toot as yO 
i ysentise ont neds tetsety dowm &! oorgt Latmoeizod cict 


“ yortaeh ban biawqu seetg biuow ¢8 ~enesttud gaiylt eds to 
oo seqat beatior! edi yd hevieoer ed yino seo th has ,forw sia 
| tecgu ens seéntage roitoanl, igtd oti yd sevreosetom doldn ,zol 
eqoed mod? bos yeson ti etedn hatv edt sevieces (fen yrotess 
pptaia 4 8t semen gataistiero taiveudiy edd sefiq edd wor? 
} ewe ofni cebitvibh bas {t2 006% = & escoese rg baiw ost 

pure to noitoevis edt ok aaiiiat taenogron eae fa 810 .4it) 
® 0008 ot aiecvome *@) te tead¢ to cettnatfont eds dtiw bas $a 
Diccimive eds of talvotiuedred gated vedio edt ~fbx are .tt = 8) a 
piststew edt gukeocqo .ftd 0006 ts eiiueet baa brawqn beteeris ) 
as ,bsol bain Incitiev asi dtiw oor bas Lkaw xto¢erselo edt 
7 eo%0% wogiet edt .atung oaons TG etiReerG. agit « eenogqgo tf 
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ak tT #paigoo eidi' vd bauswvawob betaubaos qielws ed tenum dots | 
tat od of fon |t yaigied to yakbesd Yo aennsh edt tact kemwers 
| ponstaize: edt to solsaenp odt vino sed? bas ,ozeo eld af dbo 
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be 


se 
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ne ey 


BO.pe TOG ‘2th VS tatvom emtl bea sioisd af mottoustenoo céin iT 
emo «pe Of8r i? toes ei anoftooe asoxs od? wodd ,.bewolf{s ef © Nv 
aa ¥o déqob « eved tedm ¢i mo 88 Jo dthis egetevs ce stiw audi 


. 
yeas ots yi so setvoOw ¢memec.diinu ¢ce@q elie fo selitcourtenod .a0 
Bas. 


~bheowbet tetivomoe oc binoe enoianeaih eeece? ,gaote tuo 26 
senevetad est Bo aoitvaf{awoisd 

a doing act te wilidsie ont af besinaxa ed of wok 

‘m SI Se ¢dated boxit s tot dotdy: .eesgdsed sorylt edt Ret 
‘a5 bas @ &.€ to diveb tewol e oved yeu m I to esendotsy 
gape” cx | | beth ® off BS to.s00 
° wit: oleis ehie odd to savadé éivev edt toe eeertted edt a 

= W taueds fsiucetsod ed¢ bas chostind goigls edt to 8 feuase 
oss geeuwtivd poiylt eds to gaigos ait y¢ betsexe Lin POA 
Gt ed# Hetutelesat .eotod yatsretsere: ae, B2O sett) baie 
vite oeaeoaaa edd La gelq oft to gous eft oF Btueroe grivol ve 
7 Train ie * 8%) O888. whats obS8e 7 
5: eee Sa er = $f * O808 ,esedtind paiel? 


i 
Satelit & ‘is ink 21 ¥ 008 net este: perce ? be 


558 
is indeed allowable (p. 145 and 155). There would still reaben a 
the wind fressure of about 8000 kil, which is transmitted to a 
the flying buttress, partly by the stiff cross arch and partly q 
by the roof framework of the side aisle. ‘ 

This horizontal force is much greater than the ordinary thrust 
of the flying buttress, it would press upward and destroy & siaed 
ple arch, and it can only be received by the inclined upper “<a 
ing, which moreover by its high junction against the upper oles 4 
restory wall receives the wind where it acts, and thus keeps f 
from the pier the vibrating overturning moments. § 

The wind pressure W = 8000 kil and divides into two components — 
(Fig. 912 a), one component falling in the direction of the st- 
rut and with the inclination of that at 45° amounts to 8000 * 

{2 = 11,314 kil, the other being berpendicular to the former and — 
directed upward and results. at 8000 Kil, opposing the weight of ; 
the clearstory wall and roof with its vertical wind load, and 
it opposes a high pressure of those parts. The larger force of f 
11,314 kil coinciding with the direction of the coping of the 
arch must be safely conducted downward by this coping. It is : 
assumed that the danger of bending or bulging is not to be fear- — 
ed in this case, and thus only the question of the resistance 
of the cross section to compression at x x is not in question. 
Tf with construction in bricks ‘and mite i+ etait 7 kil per sq.om 
is allowed, then the cross section is wad ae = 1616 sq. cm, and 
thus with an average width of 38 em it must have a depth of 42.5 
em. Construction of this part with cement mortar or by the use 
of eut stone, these dimensions could be somewhat reduced. 
Caleulation of the buttress. 

Now to be examined is the stability of the prick pier receiv—— 
ing the flying buttress, which for a fixed height of 18 m and a 
thickness of 1m may have 2 lower depth of 3.2 m and an upper 
one of 2,4 m | 

Qn the buttress act the vault thrust of the side aisle, the 
thrust B of the flying buttress and the horizontal thrust W = 
8000 kil exerted by the coping of the flying buttress during 
wind (Pig. 912 bd), as overturning forces, watt atetictr | oh the fol- 
lowing moments to the area of the pier at the height ‘of the floor. 

Side aisle, 2160 * 8 = 17, 280 : 
Flying buttress, 3020 * 13 =. 39, 260 


a 


Goping with wind, 8000 * 15 = | 420,000 


Pie mG 
iis ae ae,” 


‘& rw i 


- h resion: diiaiaa vers: feter 
Th Ont Bt ervaeeng te. tried evoaton fiite ene 10% 
Cie sin ccastye: et opbe tees off wort aR okt esa sotdn 
Dc, Ee aes Beatstdo sunt dnemom Eainivexowo oft ,etaemow Yo | hl 
ov edt “.eeotot L[estitov od? to *aexoe eldstovat eas o¢ Ienpe wee) 
act ssnosrivs oct to sigiew ,f -r1gnlwolLot edt ox asox0t Leot — 
pat dtqeb enetews & $,.8 bea suentotds m t (odphed m Sf dake +e 
f* 8,02 gntdgten end? ,w .0o 8,08 = 8,8 * f= Sf to emefor Ded: 
a dt mont gw Sit wetL ytiveass to ext nes ati eltdn .€ix OST ,08 
r sistoths Lisw isaretxe edt to s748¢ oft Yo tdphen .& tenbe ten 
000,08 eacgtesw empfoy m .no O8 twode Mtin doldw ,eeentind ode an 
: 


aces 


tenat ods mort m &S. 0 esti gt iva to erineo sti s€idw fix 
\ elats ebie od¢ to ¢{uaw edt to eowod Leokicoer edt 8 jexbe 
yt avons evyods beton ce tect? ifaw edi to eoat obftent on? ta pat 
860.2 fo seesdivd gaixl? eds to tdgiow edd .b Lid O86 0 oF | ie 
| © fsotiney eft (8 peeortsénd edt Lo ebte aeer edt ta yrivos ay. 
oe ue sre@ see) neigoao edd Rd bet¢imzanud eiveset, edt to tnen | 
pres: te ie Se ee bebtenet oc ceo Ses ,fid GOO8 of ginnous dot 


Y, “ ‘ 


m=sgat efteemom to more eape od¢ agpaTtT ,ehin seant 
F (000.2 * 680.8 + 028,68) + (G8.0 - ¥)000,80' 4+ (08,1 —~ x)ORT 08 
a a eee .0S8 ONT © 
ede bine emvaeetg ods to xX saa bie edt betegmoo al yderxedt 
Bir y ‘ym 82.8°¢ K bes lopbe sensi 
at tee yOtek od? obfetwo tadivemoe soil yhnotis eaxaeetq edt my: % 
‘fie to mbe oft combo aetnc od? mort @ 80,2 geatekh (Lita ei ay 
190 et tetq edt to nets bawory od? no gatteet absol iscitaey | 
t efnvoms etwnerengq egatevs odd bae , (ket 000,04! tuoda ts hed 
ibe ed? bas teic edt lo sece barorR ratesed babs de % guoda 
fad womoa. et e1sec6s§ syhe edt has fia ashes Brann? etiien tne 
“8 10 6 tnods gnied suit ,exweasig Ogar0]eve aldd esint asdt e10x 
Mifsnotitqooxe ylac aso seeso [ha nt caewse sidt woo .pe seq Ltd 
mozsn edt tedd bevelled ef ti th tduovdotad book scot hewolle of 
, ed ot et tota edt sedi ‘ beaceuts yignoste.o8 ed son taua y4 
iso xwo al ,wens beta ltie les oq cett tuum bea weqeeh tadwenoe | 
bi tesie bedsifddiee ef¢ ta nexet ef etpusety Bain edt enoitas a 
> soneupee aS nb tf jeoat«e Howogne te =e «pa seq {iad O&f to oo 
(te tesaeny seacttibaoo Lseol Yo 40 wnottegtieese: vertod 
f tivaet fenit ett ILiw aeons ooded ed of cs eoulav to 
; soe eaten: tettem edt Yo evsan O88 ted ,bacqeertes of 
tev a cs oN abo niten imam bubs butt “eh 
Cen ae ati . aD 3 iz +. Ge 


if Re pn se ra 


i a p Au 4 
rar ‘4 1 Dh? kn | 
q ru as wy % i, 


7 
VR)! ¢; tet hi, a ha 
‘ nen ‘ 


554 


Total overturning moment = 


176,540, 
For the still unknowm point of pressure in the ground area w 
which may lie X m from the rear edge is establisred the equation © 
of moments, the overturning moment just obtained being placed j 
equal to the favorable moment of the vertical forces. The vert- 
ical. forces are the following::- 1, weight of the buttress, that q 
with 18 m height, 1 m thickness and 2,8 m average depth has a = 
volume of 18 * 1 * 2.8 = 50,4 cu. m, thus weighing 50,4. * 1800 = j 
90, 720 kil, while its centre of gravity lites 1.4 m from the in- | 
ner edges 2, weight of the part of the external wall adjoining q 
the buttress, which with about 20 cu.’ m volume weighs $6,000 . 
kil, white its centre of gravity lies 0.32 m from the inner 
edge; 3, the vertical force of the vault of the side aisle aet- 
ing at the inside face of the wall, that as noted above amounts 
to 6,840 kil; 4, the weight of the flying buttress of 5,035 kil 
acting at the rear side of the buttress; 5, the vertical compo- 
nent of the pressure transmitted by the coping (Fig. 912 b) wh- 
ich amounts to 8000 kil, and can be regarded as acting at the 
inner side. Thus the equation of moments ist-- 
90,7200K - 1.40) + 36,000(X - 0.32) +. (6,840 + 5,033 + 8,000) x 
= 176,540. 

Thereby is computed the distance XK of the pressure from the 
inner edge, and X = 2.15 m. 

The pressure already lies somewhat outside the kern, but it 
is still distant 1.05 m from the outer edge. The sum of all 
vertical loads resting on the ground area of the pier is compu- 
ted at about 150,000 kil, and the average pressure amounts for 
about 4. sissies ground area of the pier and the adjac- 
ent. wallto -<---r-- = 8.75 kil, and the edge fressure is somewhat 
more than twice this average pressure, thus being about 8 or 3 a 
kil per sq. em. This stress in all cases can only exceptionally a 
be allowed for good brickwork; if it is believed that the mason~ 
ry must not be so strongly stressed, then the pier is to be made 
somewhat deeper and must then pe caleulated anew, In our caleu- 
lations the wind pressure is taken at the esthblished magnitude 
of 120 kil. per sq. m of exposed surface} if in consequence of 
better investigations or of local conditions, greater or small= 


er values are to be taken, then will the final result be changed 


to correspond, but the nature of the matter will remain the same. 


The wind against the clearstory of the basilica should never be 


gin evods beats yileves eldd eoate eieek pot bewnaes 
edt xd eonisd af baiv ade yevoetom bos ,eynthliod uci 
- gaibrooce satoe Latv oa medh .etotessele edt tankers 
Hesetctrn etoles ss von asaetion to notiguye edt to sonnet 
@ barony edt to wtivexry Io @usneo edi teteon weil sineseng 
seieeet exuevety to asitadiatath orotian yliaen & ieds o« 
b tuoce ot at aga tedt ,etweeetc egateva est wort tht erod 
eop.ef ti tadt on tehneia yiow obew af seiq efLhbhim ed it 
ieee ser? \(eveds bemvees ca) bnie ed¢ 20 taeq vvieves 
got ebies toe iivew sect deidy no ,ewesvtind edt of L1ek bison 
DP giuesooen ti exc bivon deide (fix 000,68 to baeteni 000,01 t0 
ila ifen 26 sotif£eand ed? t0% ned? sneiq edt medignueria of 
ee ede eet mao (esetteud fantetxe oft ,(8TS .q)) cdoamds [Len 
dieds ad gainettiice geoto ¢owxx09. « met (tela efibiew wit Yo 
ete efestevacd ..,cot beoxeo at suorétwd gaiylt bas tfeev olb 
OS BO teev oof & to ooelg eas Aas. yam aeig olfiin pnorie 
tite eetevecst joert0o & tedt emesae yileieveR seo enh <Beew 
is. aueiq efbbin owt edd 1k ,oléate al noitlead ed? tadi yatiae 
Edats are rte agdvesos o4@ baiv oft etbeogge avertind waa 
1. hg é  -@aottelsgoleo aa etismes Leivened 
IS dviw aoitsiyolss eng gnitastxe etneverq pardiolu 
Sixorghs es rot al shen o1ed ek dotiw .eliadeb teddant of yous 
“getu0D Stitne odd tatwollot ci yiseleotéws¢g ,oldieeog es siac 
rr i jeilenw yroteiselo fos sasiq elbiitm odd ai eiveasig eid To 
t dads BORh2E5G gasiots ebie ,Ioor edd to Atoweiettoedd Bokd 
/yraoesa edt ‘to bas eaesdiad aaiyst eid.2o “otvedad edd dass 


feo yd eguisool bus dtntig edt to acénomsotelss tastaoqani sat 
R enottaoisai nevis asd {ene edd Yo motsitbs eidt .oto aotte 
oe ed ton genm tf tadd of ,eeecia tacxrsthidb at eid7 
“tiseeid yisttsea of acttoogemvonfo amos diin rzeméseb sai 


ae ae + wngieed tuo bextow 
me rae to tis to serft MRR ous en oF esmoo emok 
ede 4998 oJ gaisoatet to bas yrowds rol eviata of. 190 
Loan otantrosqas r0t-es Liew as sdasaocs tot dso 
| aant. ultoeri0d ‘gece tey toa bed sw isd? sotwode vdet 
blo edy og sestin09 at dedé «Rinow dous to eaoisib 


edtuy at rane vod: tel te stersdd 


3 Ow OAS Tear i | As ; 
cs ad) ah Wy ie ‘6 vi vee fs io : e er ce x ‘ 
ot. not ne oe wa : ie Abe ‘¢ at 


eat Se ee ey mY 


= 

J 

a 
fae 
2 
e- : 
ad 
al 
on 
— 


peintuxesob ,bain edt to adé¢gucats eniytwv oi aedous enor ads 


pet aes Une Seda coitiqaiivosy base eiiedieh gafateonoo Ef 


sp ott Yo Eaves dst o6 Secodonoe dave ons sees es. 


7°“ y) P ieee 
¢ j y he - 
x ( 


555 
assumed too small, since this usually rises above the neighbor-__ 
ing buildings, and moreover the wind is raises by the side roofs! 
against the clearstory. When no wind acts, according to the evi- 
dence of the equation of moments now as before established, the 
pressure lies nearer the centre of gravity of the ground area, 
so that a nearly uniform distribution of pressure results, now-— 
here far from the average pressure, that amounts to about. € KiLUe 
qt the middle pier is made very slender so that it is unable to : 
receive a part of the wind (as assumed above), then its portion 
would fall to the buttress, on which then would act a side force _ 
of 10,000 instead of 8,000 kil, which would make it necessary 
to strengthen the pier. Then for the basilica as well as for the 


cael 


hall church (p. 375), the external buttress can take the place 
of the middle pier, uhen a correct cross stiffening by the mid- 
dle vault and flying buttress is cared for... Conversely a very 
strong middle pier may take the place of a too weak outer butt— 
ress. One can generally assume that a correct transverse stifi- 
ening that the basilica is stable, if the two middle piers and 
the buttress opposite the wind are together sufficiently Stables 
General. remarks on calculations. 

Nothing prevents extending the calculation with sreater accu- 
racy to further details, which is here made in form as approxi- 
mate as possible, particularly in following the entire course | ] 
of the pressure in the middle piers and clearstory walls, ineie- — 
ding,thécframework of the roof, side arches, passages, etc., to | 
test the behavior of the flying buttress and of. the masonry on 
the cross arches in varying strengths of the wind, determining 
the important enlargements of. the plinth and footings by caleul- — 
ation etc. This edition of the Manual has siven indications for 
this im different places, so that it must not be difficult for 
the designer with some circumspection to satisfy himself proper- 
ly concerning details and peculiarities, that only appear in a . 
worked owt design. ak 

Here comes to us the fear first ofall of seeming in any man- 
ner to strive for theory and of rejecting to seek for easy ways 
both for accurate as well as for approximate calculations, the- 
repy showing that we had not yet seen torrectly the static con- 
ditions of such works, that in contrast to the old masters we 
head been too much accustomed to take account of the quiet forces, 
thrasts of vaults, etc., while in quite particular magnitude 4 


re 
j iil or uh Vl A a 
pens that Bolo nd poem porns edd 912 
este Of, Bhke tinge et soreceter: HOLsaesde Ieioegue 
fiaed sacteety ace ted? , cr hneetetr: a8 ReEONAS. Laly 
yd godt. sorte’ ,eeneow sud guiylt svodsin betoste 
| ae ad events blwos mukadilinps potesm ed gatsddten 
9 ed Senn ox ,esonette texk? ome efvave@ate avo to yask 
iy » ated ot .befoetreg teddant ed yen begod et di dotdw . bee 
10" S ques tedt .duswet oF List sonmso ew ylotenstuotae yianss 
bt t 2 itipes \bewad ed dexu enoitsipoles two doldw ao eiotoat 
te to étiwil sidanolis eif groled eeedt of bus \enoltsaslaxs 
> ebats eit tO vntbaed of onoteteteot bus qtiobiasle eds .25" 
P toe » te Tootte eit ,baiw to esveecrg edd ,oetaom bas oaote 
a | wer bas soos tron beutfiont ao kalhbtin edd bae soferevid adi 
peer ever sons tent batytivers 2t tr yitasoed setetsen sedto 
i Wee ealemob svods- ot vodtes asnd oc SeOOqs ansicitos 
ss SE Syst -mutsotie? edd To gromgofeved . 
; it metiotisnds off Bo nolsosc 
d din Puede odd 90 getioes geon sds etmesetoos f° . ere 


_ slgnetas 682 .enohalw yrotataslo odd agoted hekaet1s ebseseg 
ededit eft ef 6 bee’ \elets ebte ett Io toor ent ek Ord fh 
. bas Swekg s ao ebsate dotdn .ctotdted gery? edt peidrogcne 
itteb no eidd ered woo su Yi’.tecr 2fdé to awortedmi edi cgnords 
Ps To sselo odd ai eddbin odd sot eseluoleo pas enolensulh adia 
Sh aeigi eds .eslets ebie. fax efbbim edd got .w c. baa @ trode 
| zs sit. aaa basos edd tol am O0 es & DP pokiootosa ods .ehin o 
iw ao OC of Cb gated td Liew woheiw @ .teiq sid to isht 
Px eo. dibiw {stot eit wo OC o emsfod eat dma ao Ob 8 ogsseag 


Petit go fi gaidie2 to .8 anHloo ede battzoqqes seid sid 
ot doidw sscasseth s yd ,sfete ebkie edt Yo tivev sad to 
dt add bus sista oft %@ dibin sit to noitawbor od dip 
> 8d #6pan ogee2sq odd to Asvikn edt sonkte: .seiq tewol edd 
. ti eit $e etivecs e1eds .ewote .bIT sno e¢ yftakbacsos 

— $5 sooth edt? bea dots patbivih efsite sworo edt neowted 
s Be’ wo 08 tesel te Yo (Lew eff to ezendoids 2 sheneas 
mone evan vimaeal be % sinh sig sinks oat mot wo tt 


Noa si whe sseteonet £ wt Oia eae: babetionee / 


en ilu pik itn 


Sets #6 bes .dotbesenyg sit wort evineen St e6 .wetayve ecesd. 


yo“ bat{Ledi05 madtie to yttecssen ent ‘eigen bas .o ¢.f tuotis ~ 


| pre 2 i , 48286 


} Bas Hone tt mead, 
tes Pah 
ee) a st SO TN Mee, Oe OO 


ah, 


gee 


x pa eee, ~ se eee RA A lL ae re Ch a CL Ad BN OD ee x45) (as 
ace en fAey pies 2 SO a PvE Ty (OTA pl ay iar Se Re ey tara 
oes é y's Va be ‘aa \y bey ahaa a Saige Si a yas a 


556 
are the varying stresses by wind, etc., to which must be denn 
especial attention. Reference is again made to the fact, without 
wind thrusts if. mecessary, that our sreatest basilicas conld ba. 4 
erected without flying buttresses, since.then by corbelling and 
weighting bhe masses eouilibrium could always be attained. a 

Many of our statements are first attempts, it must. be confes- 4 
sed, which it is hoped may be further perfected. In this oppor- 
tunity unfortunately we cannot fail to remark, that many ground 4 
factors on which our calculations must be based, require further ~ 
explanations, and to these belongs the allowable limits stoatanl 
ses, the elasticity and resistance to bendins of the kinds of 
stone and mortar, the pressure of wind, its effect of impact, 
its diversion and its sliding on inclined surfaces, and many 
other matters. Recently it is gratifying that theorists and pr- 
acticians appear to turn rather to these domains. ; 

4. Development of the Triforiun. 
Section of the triforiun. 

Fig. 913 represents the cross section of the church With bute 
tress system, as it results from the preceding, and at a is the 
passage arranged before the clearstory windows, the triangle 
ad becis the roof of the side aisle, and e is the little column 
supporting the flyins buttress, which stands on a pier carried 
through the interior of this roof. If we now base this on defi- 
nite dimensions and calculatecfor the widths im the clear of. 1 
about 9 and 5.5 m, for the middle and side aisles, the pier 1.35 — 
m wide, the projection f ¢ as 30 cm for the round above the cap- ; 
ital of the pier, a window wall h i being 45 to 50 cm, width of 
passage a 40 cm and the column e 30 cm, the total width e x is 
about 1.5 m, and hence the necessity of either corbelling out | 
the pier supporting the column e, or setting it on the springing i 
of the vault of the side aisle, by a distance which increases 
with the reduction of the width 6f the aisle and the width of. 
the lower pier, since the width of the passage must be constant. — 

Accordingly as our Fig. shows, there results at the height 
between the crown ofdthe dividing arch and the floor of the 
passase 2, thickness of the wall of at least 90 cm, and about 
1.7 m for the aisle pier at. f k, since the column e also has a 
base. 


Bconomizing the wall by a triforium, 
Then if such a thickness of the pier above the passase and 


Di wwottixedes 3 ie bioon waco shoxsiiun. ond distin 


bit auofi(al yilestos semoned ti conte ,eetiows snibivib 
bdaesedue ef cedove baibivie edt te tewrdt edd bee neath 
tfidste edd seimorgaoo nove yeu doidw ,ydesedd beaseis 
p odd dads. ,O19L notétasm yloo [Lede of setets baieeorts 
Fanti x0: tusg ed vomit xe madd oxom ei: eeam flew se dowe 
pwen Ss co bereoqge esd ev of dadt bas .tetq dose yathaol 
& gaitivess sebash tustroowl as aci¢elamoo sicied neve gal 
} ease fise etdé gatoubes .tdeter Seeesicat eids to soolgen 
Cae Sid svods eesmictdd oct guinseaol <yisserib amesa ore 
g ved Siow adaemozisos3 dtoG .bottupes ylioertbhat seaol te 
} eymonooe gotbtovs SUS ne ov yew eoelonommos teow edd ni bee 
jest vero? enoidibnos [etatonite Iie to nottvendenomab asgo saa 
jee } widd uk ead sr bus ,etstosdidots otdded Ie efqtoning etl 
| elbbiea ods ot bensdo ohseesq ¢ to daamegasizs odd oF fel 


oe: 


Be ye se” gurtdoiiat edt to iLew goed edt yotos {9 

‘a ved? to dele toolt ed? 6 &fC bua CLS segld ak satuvecs wor 
> [few odd So eesndoids edd ddootdt gathaates we shantsg teqgs 
ne vd Beszo? ef wvizotiad sit ,seaoo (Iie wobsain ead itasnsa 
| q Bi dotdy ,edelea eeeds to ehnuo r9m0t oft no Entbasia shseors 
¢ bas eedorzs tatbivib edd ovods scfga10> Eetoosfaed edi ao bse 
Be68 won switl «ebietuo odd te sheazeg ent enivolo ellaw oid 
es if{sw dosd bas skavseq .sbhaoits sdi 10% 
itenenth muntats dooce es hehiegss) ed oc s2a. dotdn, mo. Of 
Sto dibiw ofd sofdw .e Gf.) Yolevemioidds 6 etinesr suodd 
tbioses been eds stn900 etotersd?. .ebesoxe eedoss gatbiv 
pat soagh hd gosd edt Ralbaedxs aot ,.enotenssts Sasos art 
ki iedt evods exelq odd aeowted yftasq to ylevitas asia 


ee 


fredjiiin tdaten stect gedd oe , dows olatnconco s nootedd 

Bem yiteesoen cid? .elets ebie sit af ebawsor edd ot bsazs 

ease. we dsiv jeistq nobles at tedw mer? edfsces as 

rawll aid senotenouth Latos end most xattivess sadois satdivid 

a4 as sit to wah: evisoogeteg a8 ee sats at bbs ow etdt oder 
Bi Ne siege me j Moltoultsssoo 
abn wee prodeudigre vat aii goidose eeo1 edt cA 

8 0 - inva ‘Yo gost t98F00 ott buoyed esnel 


i00T o gaintot edt-toiddgted edd tarnoteseath esee 63 to 
6 is tim ess bo ezsnioiad yvsed fads ei eaponligeqse sof oF. 


ic ektus ait of ..6.t ,{lew eft to eaontordt etdd aldtiv. 


ptoala pare eenowt, gaibivib efd tenteke bersed sasatiagnoo sid 


Wen oe Pict Leak ee Oe eee” | ON eee ei) 2 


»™* Te 


557 
through the buttress system would be superfluous, it is at least 
of the same dimension at the height of the joining of the roof. 
No les superfluous is that heavy thickness od the -wall on the _ 
dividing arches, since it becomes actually injurious by the loa 
ding, and the thrust of the dividing arches is substantially in-_ 
creased thereby, which may even compromise the stability of the | 
crossins pkrerss We shall. only mention here, that the weight of | 
such a wall. mass is more than six times the part of the vault 
loading each pier, and that to us has appeared on a new build- 
ing even before completion an important danser resulting from 
neglect of this increased weight. Reducing this wall mass there- 
fore seems directly, lessening the thickness above the pier as 
at least indirectly required. Both requirements would be expres- 
sed in the most commonplace way to an a CRONE economy. But 
the open demonstration of all structural conditions forms the 
life principle of Gothic architecture, and it has in this case 
led to the arrangement of a passase opened to the middle aisle 
within this thickness. of the wall, i.e., to the triforium, 

Placing the back wall of the triforiunm,. 

Now assuming in Figs. 913 and 913 a the floor slab of the 
upper passase as extending through the thickness of the wall 
beneath the window sill course, the triforium is formed by am 
arcade standing on the inner ends of these slabs, which is pla- 
ced on the horizontal cornice above the dividins arches, and t 
the walls closing the passage at the outside. If we now assume 
for the arcade, passage and back wall thicknesses of 30, 45 and 
30 cm, which are to be regarded as about. minimum dimensions, t 
there results a thickness of 1.35 m, which the width of the di- 
vidins arches exceeds. Therefore occurs the need, according to 
the total dimensions, for extending the back wallijof the trifo- | 
rium entirely or partly between the piers above the junction of 
the compartment turned against the dividing arches and placings 4 
thereon a concentric arch, so that thete weight will be transf- 
erred to the rounds in the side aisle. This necessity disappears, — 
as results from what is said on piers, with a widening of the 
dividing arches resulting from the total. dimensions. To illust- 
rate this we add in Fig. 913 a a perspective view of the entire 
construction. a 

As the cross section in Fig. 913. b shows, the window wall pro- — 
jects beyond the outer face of. the triforium, on account of its 


7. fi as . 

| uJ < 7 rs ' 
‘ wilh om '§ ics ry ae 
. ’ rn . 


Sj sit to adele toolt edt no efesa tas mutrotint od? 

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me Hod ides anotifnum edt mott aclictiat edt to ennulos 
it: ne ‘88% ‘eepce eat bedaeid ef tobrotind edt cedw 292880 
‘oft .gotnedtgasate 109 «lien wobntw edt to aot 
: edt seeol te 10 ~.eidsietety ef semos bnooss 
qwteo  detdw .iisw dosed edt of samaies eft wort biel 
Og qu ens ni wed? wedela seods to edatot. eit a5 
oiinews etakot eit sobag eevooth sistit tuo sas seent 
ooo Skiness Sat o¢ modt dewooit garnolt 1sise yos souhnoo 
, rt © bebisoa bnktoolorg edd déesned edict sicis obfe sds to 
| q sd bauore noxoud cule ei osdt dotdw .edsle ro0olt szedd 
| poifot gottosiib a at feebcl ,d {2@ sbl2 2 te nsec os 
out, ide watdel edt of gnimuens ofle eacdt .to001 sit to sqoie 
to dad ozis soned bne toon edt to tdsted eff -toor eft diin 
2 meds metas72 ejfiweet ofot s ae tf no toeebmegsh moiiciLriué 
109. 10H stetq odd favorit avifesl sieeesq ent yd berivues? 
p adt yd qofto soesigey? besaieaee teigq edt to zevisd oct 
et “tevo ¢ £40 .4kT ni d eenote sit adt Beoalq sicterert ste 
im Beton 0 nso met? tovo eonqe edt bas ~epecoaq sit to tdgiad 
ved m | ) tettettotiad est fo. noigsyvel? 


gean! oh a 
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Bs Wie »wobainw has nuiaetiadt aeovted aotizeled 

‘pis dnsaeboes1e fedeu edt of batbtcees cused euote od? 
axot ee0dm of aunfes ot amufoo moat gaibastxs codots yd beo 
dove obie odd od Srege7 dtiv enuoloo ete to nottieodg ee [ion 
© siqaie mii? .echeowa no betate ot dedwiestiqgs eredt .2fas07 
“8 e edd at eeitanimobeta eolovs yd betoseueo samsfoo to wor moti 
‘SelB gnoeetos .nosd to slsibedies addi es elace asilies 
Be etextedino. Sit oo bos .nopti sa smeG esto .cerdysdd. .ewieda 
i }) ofamte to beotesl <yasmase ot moot to bes grwdaid 
| ° ic edd ai es ,vamnloo [stoves to besogwoo sistg cowitsmoe 
it gate tdaoo elatigas dvoitia eapiifew vo ynoiiG a engined .£ 
wa 1 loads ‘emse edt toieLlats adt: ni es .eodote oft. to exaiblsos 
t @eevso asit mutiotias edd) to ¢dzied telieme sd? (ore 
goer Wobsiw odd sto sedeon edd ebesoxe ancleivid to rsda0n 
at, ae ett - heap aeob woltsios soerib se tadd oa testi beabai 
s woled exolai ene rerent shbasd} eb sevol.to atois ade 
eee ere yates dak wobsiv 
b sit oie seine eid peaeet TawI082 


a 


= aD F ty 
cs 16 ap wat page 
: Sai sini fang 


iileihs ro Sa Bid ini 


a Gf ond? eeontotds stso= g i tiate' relates. pongh ie 


558 
sreater height needins a sreater thickness than the columns: of7 
the triforium, and rests on the floor slabs of the upper passage. 
But the unegual thickness assumes an entire separation of the 
columns of the triforium from the mullions from the window, and — 
ceases when the triforium is treated in a sense as a continuat- 
ion of the window wall. For strengthening, the arrangement ofa 
second course is preferable, or at least the separate ashlars ; 
laid from the columns to the back wall, which naturally lie un- a 
der the joints of those slabs. Then in the upper surfaces of : 
these are cut little srooves under the joints mentioned, which 
conduct any water flowing through them to the outside. The roof 
of the side aisle joins beneath the projecting moulded edge of 
these floor slabs, which then is also broken around tbe piers 
as seen at a, Fis. 943 b, indeed in a direction following the 
slope of the roof, thus also ensuring to the latter the junction © 
with the roof. The height of the roof and hence also that of the 
triforium dependent on it as a rule results sreater than seems 
required by the passase leadins through the pier. For connecting © 
the halves of the pier separated Brohheach other by the passage ' 
are therefore placed the tie stones b im Fis. 913. b: over the 
height. of. the passage, and the space over them can be walled UD. 

Blevation of the triforiun. q 
Relation between triforium and window. 

The stone beams accordins to the usual arrangement are repla- 
ced by arches extending from column to column, to whose form as 
well as position of the columns with regard to the side arch ro © 
rounds, there applies what is stated on arcades. This simple un- 4 
iform row of columns connected by arches predominates in the e q 
earlier works, as im the cathedrals of Laon, Soissons (Fig. 915), 
Rheims, Ghartres, Notre Dame at Dijon, and on the cathedrals of. 
Limburg and of Bonn in Germany. Instead of Simple columns are 
sometimes prers composed of several columns, as in the choir of. 
S. Benigne in Dijon, or mullions without capitals continuing the | 
mouldings of. the arches, as in the aisle of the same church wig 
916). The smaller height of the triforium then causes that the 
number of divisions exceeds the number in the window above, and 
indeed first so that a direct relation does not occur. Thus in 
the choir of Rouen is foundia triforium in 6 divisions below a 
window in 4 parts, while usually as in Chartres and Rheims, the a 
former doubles the number of the divisions of the latter. But 


ta 4h 
Av We ae * " pf de ' tt we, By) 
var 
oft 


yt wh Lindt preset asivotiss bas wobaiw asented nctitsts 
B vaotnosins est to nanfloo edt aevo enotilom wobnin snicelg 
| eed ct e8 eftag dtod io nottsle1 uissieo 8 moxt ybees 
sent paz of sovsshne edt ynotetvib evotiay s to S2pinsvbs 


rb 7 


edie te8<k. pnotetvih edantbsedpe bas alsa ofat ovisoii 


» eomnfos telisue yd bamnot eans esosqe ead bafbhivib 
Deke ‘Tisas bas episl to meseye odd sntrolqme sedi .eedo 
$ Eisgoteivib } i wobsiw edt diésenst (6re NIC. .eRtD). enoil 
equ pee dose owt to-edtcizaco muisotiad es¢ eneimA ts sleis sas 
So tdbted tasizoqur odT -enciel th elatat to bezogmos dose 
3 pga eit to moittecg weqeote vd beauso ybhesils oxtsotiai 
bin yd .oldeeivbe Snemeznstis os dove cism digim elele site sid 
bei toys ed daed bivow enmuloo oft to sdpisd sviewsoxe edd sot 
ds to Sddios eviteles sldsisbienco edi xnuse da tiedo sav m0 
‘ ¥ Toreebte edi to dignel Liswe ocd most gnidiness moisotiaw 
© 8 tebays aquoig dSod to nottenidaco edt of absel asve covyfos 
gi sd binow yllesien tedd tasuehnette as ,fore besgiog somuos 
bal “Ro motésaidmos edt .,ysd to dtioeel saeteetg a. ctin sldieeog 
7 tedéts osdw .stemitat ylusivoitaeg eemooad mntactixas ae wo 
ied .egeize encteivibh to wsdmun odd Yo. dnemeesQ@ n8 10 sailduos 
) (edt désensd baste mstrotiad edd to enawlon wegzel add events 
eqcory: gotmsot to msteya edT .wobakiw odd to anolilun ashasl 
is fas aesn7el to ncitsnistie of tertis aniiotins edd oi ebeol 
te “808 so .(XfC skit) eleeeusG de olubs® .2 nk es ,eamnfoo s9f 
Pemedeye howogmoo s ni enollina wobsiw edd of eanogolsns aoleiv 
\eaotiion Ifeme bas sbust to soitsntetis sdt yd sonia vol 
mi as9qgs ysu ¢4 ,fespeanu comoced fea wobatw odd to eesndoids 
fo [Msn toot edt nf enanlos olttil edt eptsins ot coals ostsor 


ce 


ete muisotias bas wobaiw edt svotersd? .tettel odd ativ 


a giel ent 0 eLaéiceo edt od 20 avizotiad sit to Lite odd of 
ie i ) smgidotiad edd Yo enunloo 
ig ont @tucserger « GLC ge TE ,eeeo tasét oft at oxotered? 
“nce omieonetee bosectbat od dtiv notifem wobntw eyisf ede to 
ud od Bae oe edt bne yusming edt of abaoqeextoo cele text 
| ads tee a ‘las oat out smubrorint) eds te enmalce Danner 
1 era 7 


gi enol Math raiveonbesith bono Liven: hare foroatibae 


} to egatnego bedots oft ebivib of absel exoiesods ynomisd 


veseds gaitosancs yaewuloo [fen bae olfbim vegiel eznaa 


df of eanoiifoma seh3ef odd déssned Saibusie moisotind oft 


98 buedxe saisvililon wobaiw egisl edd dadd oa .btesse otat erom 


~~ 559 


also the already mentioned difference in dimensions in the sep- 
aration between window and triforium excludes the necessity of. 
placing window mullions aver the column of the triforiun, ‘if: alee 
ready from a certain rélation of. both parts @s to be sought the 
advantage of a uniform division; the endeavor to bring them into 
harmony therefore leads. to divide the arched openings of. the tr- 
iforium into main and subordinate divisions, i.e., to first ar- 
range larger middle and wall columns, connecting these by arches, 
dividins the spaces thus formed by smaller columns connected by 
arches, then employins the system of large and small window mal- 
lions (Pigs. 917, 918). Beneath the window in 4 divisions in % q 
the aisle at Amiens the triforiug consists of. two such groups | 
each composed of triple ctges sions. The important height of the 
triforium already caused by Steeper position of the reofs of t 
the side aisle might make such an arrangement advisable, by wh- 4 
ich the excessive height of the columns would best be avoided. { 

On the choir at Meaux the considerable relative height of the 4 
triforium resulting from the small length of the sides of the 
polygon even leads to the combination of both groups under ac — 
common pointed arch, am arrangement that naturally would be inm- q 
possible with a greater lensth of bay. The combination of wind- 4q 
ow and triforium becomes particularly intimate, whem either a 4 
doubling or an agreement of. the number of. divisions exists, but 
always the larger columns of the triforium stand beneath the | 
larger mullions of the window. The system of forming groups then 
leads in the triforium either to alternation of larger and smal-_ 
ler columns, as in S. Gudule at Brussels (Fig. 917), or to a di- 
vision analogous to the window mullions in a compound system. 

Now since by the alternation of large and small mullions the 4 
thickness of the window wall. becomes unequal, &t may appear ind- 
icated also to enlarge the little columns in the front wall of : 
the triforium standing beneath the larger mullions to harmonize q 
with the latter. Therefore the window and triforium are brought ~ 
“more into accord, so that. the large window mullitins extend down — 
to the sill of the triforium or to the capisals of. the larger 1 
columns of the triforium.' ! 

Therefore in the first case, if Fig. 918 a represents the plan. 
of the large window mullion with the indicated smaller ones, the | 


first also corresponds to the primary and the second to the sec= 


ondary columns of the triforiun. But the small as well as. the 


5 8 


ve 
By ie me " Res 


hi ny q 
i ae 
kd 


a 
SP 
De 


_ A ats 


OP i) a 7 y ry ¢ N ed de a 
j i Pi , Piyige oie ms Ai U 


 sieet ban ptaeaos ania’ saoiiiue eenate vier 
nee ‘ek mod efda at dotde ,2ealy ede 90% eroorn ed? 
sais est ot paoqeert0e bas avizotias edé ta gamnico end 
. t-te ¢asagoleveb edi nk nodt tedial ect fmedt no 0 om 
hdsi , ede sot besifitc ed eiro o89 ovevoiias edt to aol 
| . ods os absef osie dotdw ,*o enrnfoo yrattdet efttil to 
Edsob edt of jse.t ywobain edt nt pattetxe ton ceiaiwis otent 
penal dt tot wobutw ed¢ Yo enoteirib to tedmun eat to 
edt Yo seentetds eit ylso eservieses Ifie wobaiw edy ylyaliires 
tKe tedtie Ruibivom egbe goiteetorg edt bas ,egciiiueow {laws 
Seo (SSC .Rtt) troqque eytsl edt Yo amefog sewed edi of woh 
balw sate saeqqs amuiaotiat doxe to sofqmsxd sti bavocs aezord ee 
BS igt@) etevoeod to Ieathedteo edt at etseq S ot bebivib exo ~ om / 
ig Bue (8t6 .gf%) enoledd 0 even edt ai atueq ai ores atte : 
anoles 20° ettennett edt ot ettaq © Atiu <pusdnart?s to tsetecin 
eft to sve peiifedxoe ssiluoeq edi oY e1x)ed setinetie (iso of 
¥ Gad dofde ,XI git teal edt mi néetiLem egaad ede Yo ananfoo 
edt te. eauufoo yaothnogeertoo edt fqgoensss @4% ai tads cossorx 
a akiee mutrotiadt eds to voolt edi ao basde ton ob admet Ifew 
@ 200L3) edt of avoh baetxe tud Pere «nit@ wk tb) efeiae ebiea edt 
agailledzco ezeds yleo eictetedé bas , {Efe .>it) ewan ods 
foo efbbio gattestord elisups edt cot eetad as heristds ed of 
i. . . « stobatw bas astvotkiat to aoivancivwod 
yin oad edam of stovesbne edd esesetont eyenta edaocr evel ot 
yosa to hasteni sokdasm sf -noboin sd to eokjeunitgoo s anize 
~wobsain odd esedn ~atevood si seteG..2.%t0 ¢fawers sit xine 
pea ed? davoidd m10t hbexasdony qiesedamos oi Smojxo anoil 
mutiotiat of3 fo ztooll edt bra wodatwisdd to [fla si Sabtoust 
fed eootifum baiid cs cilequsan: dois pathividS adé.ot awed agve 
nop ase yous sotcico sid woled sachaotiad ed¢ Sas ocodd coor 
@tint edd to t0ol2 edt svode bas egaso dtin sedouw xs bot 
pe yaliotertaus etersgse to xotdeierod ebatteuled yrooead @ si) ia 
Asibedise sit to oven odd ni meiriottas add Io ebsanoloo oii he 
pp at eeonted beard vedors Ladaeudee yd Seosigey et nase Je F 


nent! on 


. sek afody eds to tostie edd srt {082 spre) pista isaai 
mic geet Oe i e  lagbitpatatze. ett fle dtiw egase edd ai | 
. SSL gal swobckw to d¢hin vollase atin euirotiat 


Ps 
wil - Tus 


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é ayes uae | 
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sg % 
rho 4! . of [a ne i” if 
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act x ay J ae aa ay A) 
A i 


90d to,taeneguenzs eds Ledizosed ostedstd eved of 7 
eatdas end gatyquoco. enobaiw soin esods tot ylac 


560 
large window mullions also contain the inside moulding forming — 
the groove for the glass, which in this form is superfieees sha 
the columns nf the triforium and correspond to the little col a 
mn c on them] The latter then in the development of the elevate | 
ion of the triforium can only be utilized for the arrangement P 
of little tertiary columns ec’, which also leads to the subord= _ 
inate division not existing in the window, i.e., to the doubling 
of the number of divisions of the window for the triforige:“aboie 
cordingly the window sill receives only the thickness of the } 
small mouldings, and the projecting edge moulding either extends 
down to the lower tolumn of the large support (Pig, 922) or to ow 
broken around it. Examples of such triforiums. appear with wind- 


ows divided in 2 parts in the cathedral of Beauvais (Pig. 847), 
with tose in 4 parts in the nave of Ghalons (Fig. 918) and the 
minster of Strasburg, with 3 parts in the transepts of Ghalonsée « 
We call. attention here to the peculiar corbelling ousiet there 
columns of the large mulliéis in the last Pig IX, vhich has its 
reason that in the transept. the corresponding columns at the 
wall jambs do not stand on the floor of the triforium as in +t 
the side aisle (g in Fig. 918), but extend down to the floor ott 
the nave (Fig. 919), and therefore only these corbellings were 1 
to be obtained as bases for the equally projecting middle columns 
Gombination of triforium and window. 7 
In late works always increases the endeavor to make the trif- 
orium a continuation of the window. We mention instead of many 
only the example of S. Peter in Louvain, where the window mul- ia 
lions extend in completely unchanged form through the cornicess 
denoting the sill of the window and the floor of the triforium — 
even down to the dividing arch, naturally as blind mullions bet-_ 
ween these and the triforium. Below the cornice they are connec- 
ted by arches with cusps and above the floor of the triforiun q 
is a tracery balustrade consisting .of separate quatrefoils. 
The colonnade of the triforium im the nave of the cathedral. 
at Rowen is replaced by seSmental arches turned between the 
inner piers. (Fig. 920). But the effect of the whole is violent 
in the sense with all its originality. 
Triforium with smaller width of window. 4 
We have hitherto described the arrangement of the triforiun ; 
only for those wide windows occupying the entire length of the 
bay. For a smaller width of the window the saciabamealcoiie ie either — 


r 
a 


ridin vl iO (re sea) aniog? to deaado estht ‘8 GO. 
Ad ong ab il th totsel eit robo ly eet 30 ath 
sefoo-aoif{ion edt to ackeasixo. beactines ato rsd 
gnoLedd de ened) estou nt basct elawkapteat, odd 3 
pied | | 

j onee 003 $s eovise soncl 
poiist odd gnols anizeaq oe 
npr @iut 2 es exstow 195f 
: be to feesent 


ie adtso omataaos selanie to 
Bamoloo od? ti dtiv bas spone 
qleritae enseseg obtent & 
jead. yd awede si cissh s 
iNssonat & 2a spsazeo eld ¢ 
int avode eh: medeys edt to nottecitifewte tadixet A .o! 


4 


eieig one ag BOEHs Ss ie. phate ‘ a ; + | ss arn hon yg fi ey 


stmt .oleis ‘eb: eg end 
ygatbrooss eeso treserc. edd af von 
BNO 2 ioisd of tigvoa. ed of ai 
‘see to enviteonit tol{sme.cht dcosesode af 
beaeqat ‘egat ego ssotst ails ‘ares tq eit tolonls 
fiend .c to euninoliad edd vo Davo ots eroteted’ 
tay: {ovat eae pera enuuioo dtiw. batoniteaes estwie 
bi ye penne § esaviadsy ol stood tees faeaeye ce 


i 
ii 


L 


a 


a4 Aye ee, ony, Tet a oy ee ie hua 
; Dy. ae ad cies ne ed, 
ae ae 


561 Me 
stand beneath the wall surfaces remainins beside the window, 
as on a little churbth at Rheims (Pig. 9.1), or only within the 
width of the window. The latter arrangement in combination wi- ~ 
th the before mentioned extension of the mullion-—columns of the 
floor of the triforiumis found in Notre Dame at Ghalons (Pig. q 
922) and S. Remy at Rheims. q 

fhe close spacings of the little columns serves at the same t. 4 
time for the complete safety of Those passing along the trifor- 
ium, and therefore at. least. on the older works as a rule no bal- 
astrade is placed between them, but sometimes instead of it the q 
plinth of the columns is raised above the floor, that is either — 
effected by raising the moulding over the didided arch, byas 
steeper wash, or finally by the arrangement of a low parapet w. : 
wall above it. But the omission of the little columns, as in t 
the cathedral at. Rouen, entails the need of a balustrade. 

, Window over the back wall of the triforium. : . 

When we proceeded before from the assumption of an external F 
passage before the clearstory windows, the triforium is also s. 
still found with the same right, if that upper passage lies in 
the interior, as om the churches of Burgundy, and there is only 
the difference that the upper window walliis placed above the . 
back wall. of the triforium, and therefore all relations between _ 
its columns and the window mullions vanishes. , 

Simplified designs. q 

With lesser proportions of height or simpler construction then — 
iz also indeed disappears the passage and with it the colonnade © 
of the triforium, and there is found inside passage entirely o 
open over the dividing arches. Such a design is shown, by the c 
church of S. Maria at Liibeck, where this passase has a tracery 
balustrade. A further simplification of the system is shown in 
the same church, where also the openings through the piers yan- 
ish, so that the separate balustrades over the divided arches 
are only connected through the attic over the side aisle, into 
which they open by doors. [f now in the present case according 
to all probability a concession is to bé sought to brick const-— 
ruction, then also in stonework the smaller dimensions of the 
whole and hence also of the piers, make those openings impossi- — 
ble. Therefore are found on the triforiums of S. Ouen in Rouen, — 
otherwise constructed with columns after the usual system, the 
same arrangement as at Libeck. In the very clever way in the 


ject 


Pree a ee 
e ‘attae ost gathtovs: eateonit? basibuth to Terbeit ac 
6 “ie tad edd to sbseesq Sidi asdf bas ,a9tq edi. dsuotds 
: rete hs qaoofsd ssivostoimes belfiedtoo is'nt gi bayos 
i$notbanot modd ek edeageg teqgs edt: sefeis abia edd to 
os, fh ote emsdd ylgathacoos bas waoolsd. elct gatysveo mtot 
tao ‘eat es Ifew ea ,selg twegqn edt nivbaiasqo edt ese 
ee tnd ‘yorel? edt soasdibas ,areico sett Lentstxe teds to 
sm ee odd moat Suitoetowg eaentind 2 m0 vitoetts tas7 
«nae ‘9 | Lfew: ed 
ry pie” “gt bee neo + 7" ayizeh oct Se Kottowbenx sediant 4 
# edt exon  ersor comse nieiaee ci bdwet er dooedhs to tads 
q «hed Sfed of yine settal edé voy ,eaotiivm base edmst, woh 
matbived edt “evo galbiwow eft to deaw oss of nvoh boatxne 
eat aottetat edt of enero efain ebie edt servo otits ods fre 
ioe eels oteds eLidt .ecotilfum feild edt aeewted ayswrooh 
iheothar edd Yo emotentvih stais¢se wtf Seeanod of eveen scold 


is 


mee '- 340 : 

pou: ; mati. vent hes Yo covet af ecved el ofgol ,@eess vitolkuss 
ia ‘efibin eds * wobatw dgid tee. to dootte Og? eatwreito soy 
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. (¢as2 Yo woksteeai edt most eslezex dotde ,tedt woled ast al 
y feared eletaq: ot ometat eldswisecon teedota edt e6 a2nmstoo to 
ag 2 edt to eounlos edt Y¢ tasitace ‘edt eidoige ,noltqeones 
a Luteosty ad? ~abaues edt bas @vén edt to atetq edt dhiw ant 
iv Sas. qaibivid edt Yo aaqe ebir edt dtiv ene e ed? le saedo 
‘to doolte fut ast hodbecustantd freq aévaery odd jeevots 
a stebtenco twodtin Aeve aselo ed filoow alae ibeonsdae ydered? 
| to motcelfley dowe 20 moliqeeai eft To evitom ont tevoetol 

9 4 Bb tetsery dtizv aeliote seiyid neoban tH teve .pxoexied user 
i to ytotald ed? nf gairseooa deeiaquil ea3 to emo af etaedg 
as oute ~ested begangieed moltteog edd ebfacd bas  enuitce 


Bi 
ah 


veda fzeored ehretxe ti‘edodw ,aieveod aii esaddouT edt of 
b épetag ‘ened edt Yo atot ext rev® .yaote faq toting ei¢ to 
| Otds Yo toot edd tod .¢f of boevteted ed sdgia sofas’ 
“eyods eeiuettay 1408 betieo-ow Ovods at ¢dyvoe od of af 
eds | ‘peer adhe sosedanges ed8 Yo Bpatgniagqe 
ok Bib 4 Mae, Saline ti soontrorg ‘ee iid ent toe agnis 
Sea adit etadisebiawibai dtiw awobsetix? 
Seagate ttodo ‘goal ot anviaodier 


gible: Of (¢%8 mao? vitestif eved qed? weRaeusy eo atiw 


haa S@paisitod teivoee hes eedoids oh xlinespert oteswente 


iy 


562 
cathedral of himoges, likewise avoiding the opening 
through the pier, and then the passage of the triforium leads 
around it im a corbelled semicircular balcony above the vaults 


form covering this balcony, and accordingly there also disappe- 
ars the opening in the upper pier, as well as the arrangement 
of that external free column, and hence the flying buttresses 
rest directly on a buttress projecting from the upper face of. 
the wall. | oP 


A further reduction of the design of S. Ouen and in a sense a 


ag 


that of Libeck is fouhd in certain nerman works, where the win- 
dow jambs and mullions, yet the latter only in half their plan 
extend down to the wash of the moulding over the dividing arches, 
and the attic over the side aisle opens to the interior through 4 
doorways between the blind mullions. While there also those at- qi 
tics serve to connect the separate divisions of the triforium ‘ 
with a passage, they here directly form it. q 
Strictly taken, logic is here in favor of the last arrangement, | 
yet otherwise the effect of that high window of the middle aisle 
with its lower half blind and directly above the dividing arch q 
is far below that, which results from the insertion of that row a 
of columns as the richest coneeivable frieze in purely formal. ; 
conception, which by the contrast of the columns of the trifor- 
ium with the piers of the nave and the rounds, the graceful ar- 
ches of the same with the wide spans of the dividing and window 
arches, the greater part firstareathed its full effect’or was . 
thereby enhanced, this would be clear even without consideration. _ 
Moreover the motive of the insertion of such galleries nf col- 
umns between, Over or under higher stories with greater designed a 
parts is one of the happiest occurring in the history of archit- _ 
ecture, and beside the position designated here, also reappears 4 
elsewhere frequently in churches and secular buildings. We refer q 
to the Tuchhaus itn Louvain, where it extends beneath the windows. 
of the pricipal story. Even the form of the doge’s palace in V. 
Venice might be referred to it. But the root of this arrangement 
is to be sought in those so-called dwarf gallerités above the s 
springings of the vaults which characterize the Romanesque buii- — 
dings of the Rhine provinces. q 
Triforiums with windows in the back wall. 


Triforiums in the choir and transverse aisle. 


r i 


wteer feta to nal) odt mort ems yilevigizo ampryottat 11 

gibiiwd to edseg svods ao favot onfe eve yods .elate shia sss 
wisdets 40 etelguco af betveexs .vntdosl ef sasso. giisd sreEdw. 
poi eds niedsa oF ydersdd Joixe seu yodt beebel .atot Seunorc 


his 
; Was 


to edisq dow! .etescagq 8 unfivoes to eaoytua bevosa 
s efgnie « déiw enslq sot edgsenest oct bas steto odd ote 
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0 nefg ent ot ebsel too1 odd to eowseds odd exed yind .sleis 
> nedt medial sd? .mutsottsd odd to: Liew dosd edd ar enobair 
© abnidego pedots edd ot xeitie tremssmerts tiedd of baogess 
‘tin yllecwsixe weds eoubotgst youd gedt of ,mplaotias acid 
ona "ved? Jydetedd borkwpen eéseg Sd bos baisely to wots rbbs 
2 of garbrooos begasi1s oels ets yilenit to ,mt0k tastettih « 
band emted® to eefds: tqsensxt oft co avd? .meteye tnoxelich 
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tf triforiums originally came from the plan of shed roofs over 
the side aisle, they are also found om those parts of buildings — 
where this cause is lacking, executed in complete or slightly 4 
changed form. Indeed they must exist thereby to attain the cons 
nected purpose of securing a passage. Such parts of buildings | 4 
are the choir.and the transepts for plans with a single aisle, a 
but also the gable walls of the west end and of the transverse 
aisle. Only here the absence of the roof. leads to the plan of 
windows im the back wall of the triforium. The latter then cor- 
respond in their arrangement either to the arched openings of __ 
the triforium, so that they reproduce them externally with the 
addition of glazing and the parts required thereby, they are in 
a different form, or finally are also arranged according to a 2 
different system. Thus on the transept gables of Rheims the back 4 
wall on each of the three triforiums spanned by round arches, ; 
but in the choir of. Notre Dame at Dijon the entire back wall be- 
hind the triforium divided in two parts is opened by a sreat a 
round window, while at the west side of the transepts at Compe- 
igne is found the peculiar arrangement represented in Fig. 923, a 
whereby there is found in the back wall behind the three arched 
spans of the triforium two pointed arched windows separated by 
2 Slender middle pier, and further for the first arransement is 
afforded by the example in thet transept at Ghalons represented 
in Fis. 932. It may be that the similar division is more favor- 
able to the effect of the glass paintins in these windows, and | 
thus we must award their rights to the contrasted lines obtain- 
ed by a diversity of the system as in Dijon and Compeigne. 

Transfer of the windows to the triforiumso6f the nave. ’ 

The magnificence of the painted glass by which the triforiums 
described above outshine their sisters in the nave might then : 
lead to the endeavor to ensure to the latter the same effect. . 
But in the nave the design of the window compelled a chanse in 
the roof, thus either a substatute for the shed roof or a terr- 
ace as in Oppenheim, or by a gable roof with a sutter arranged 
along the clearstory wall. as on S. Denis and the Strasburg minster. 

ff it was then a little too strong to alter the entire design q 
of the roof, and to transform it into a form less advantageous 
for the easy presentation of the entire building, as at least 
the latter certainly is, only to obtaim the effect of some sta- 4 
‘ined glass, for which the entire system of the building otherwise — 


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564: : 
offered sufficient Space, then shall we see how this arrangeme tb. 
of the roof led to the omission of those parts for which they 
originated, for in both was lacking the determination of the h 
height of the triforium, and therefore the particular cause for 
its existence, and no reason existed longer, not to continue the 
window down to the terrace or the sutter existins between the q 
roof. and the clearstory wall. If then the height. so obtained a . 
appeared too great, it could be reduced and moreover the height — ‘ 
of the middle aisle, thereby securins an actual advantase in nae 
terial respects, whereby indeed the interior became poorer and 
the. effect. approached that simple arrangement. of an equally high 
aisle with two rows of windows over each other described on p.356, 

As an example of the last kind with gable roofs still belong- q 
ing to the 13 th century, we mention the cathedral. of Toul (Pigs, 
850, 850 b). The same arrangement in connection with a terrace _ 
is found on the church S. Katherine at Oppenheim dating from + 
the 14 th century. : 

Thereby the terraces over the side aisles. in Oppenheim, this | 
most convenient means of communication, lead to the omission of _ 
the passages fulfillins the same purpose. Meanwhile with the | 
plan of a gable roof and the thereby required gutter for water 
along the clearstory wall. formed a passage and ensured access __ 
to the windows of the middle aisle, as then generally the gutter — 
appeared in the place of the upper passage above the junction 1 
of the shed roof, and could be formed about as in Fig. 924. But 
we admit ourselwes unable to mention awy example of this kind. 

5. Vaulted galleries over the side aisles of the basilic 

The galleries of the basilica differ from those of the hall 
church -(p. 381) only in this, as showm by Fig. 926 b, that above — 
the arches by which these galleries open into the middle aisle, 
still is the height required by the shed roof. and the clearstory, 
but on the exterior and above that. roof are found the flying b- : 
buttresses. | 

Openings of the galleries into the middle aisle. a 

fe have already referred above (p. 382) to the arrangement. of 
altars in those galleries, whereby these are elevated above the 
importance of balconies and assume a more iddependent position. 
Accordingly as a rule there is found in the most important works — 
of the kind, like the cathedrals of Laon, Noyon and Paris, coll- q 
egiate church at Mantes and the cathedral at himburg, the arran- 


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565 
arrangement leertainly explained by: esthetic reasons, that the 
Span of the arch is divided into smaller openings by one or tw 
columns. These esthetic reasons consist im that the repetition 
of two nearly equal arched openings. over each other, as the el- 
evation of the nave of Rousm (B Fis. 920) shows, where however 
the galleries behind the unper arches are wanting, an ugly and a 
tiresome effect must be produced. The arrangement. of little col 
unns is so developed in Mantes most beautifully from the members — 
of the dividing arches and that corresbonding to the main piers, | 
that these columns and the arches connecting them as well as the 
tympanum resting thereon correspond to the lower ring of the dna 
viding arches and the rounds supporting the latter, and hence 7 
the memberins of the lower pier is entieely the same as that of 
the upper (Pigs. 926, 926 b).- 

Vaults of the galléries. , 

The vaults of the salleries mentioned as a rule correspond to 
those of the side aisles. Only in Mantes do we find im a very 
peculiar way that the bays over the choir aisle are spanned by 1 
radiating tunnel. vaults. These tunnel vaults are almost const- 
ructed after the amtique fashion on stone beams, that are sup- 
ported by two little columns standins on the lower ¢ross a 
The trapezoidal plans of these bays then led to no raising of 4 
the tunnel vault externally, but by the horizontal position of 
the top and a prigressive alteration of the arch lines, as rep~ 4 
resented in Fig. 926 4d. ’ 
But there the side thrust of. the first tunnel vault at the 7 
beginnings of the curve of the choir is met in a very skilfal way 7" 
in that the bay spanned by the cross vault, the quarter of. the 1 
compartment concerned is transformed from the cross vault toa — 
tunnel vault (Fig. 926 b). | 
Over the choir aisle the arched openings of the Sallery then 
become so narrow, that the division by columns in front is imp- ‘ 
ossible. But still. this system is expressed, by the insertion ; 
of a smaller arch within a higher one, whose members correspond 
to those of the dividing arches in the nave, and thereby as Fig. 9 
926 a shows, coincidence with the lower dividing arches is avoided 
deQver the gallery then lies the roof om the wall of the middle q 
aisle, and thereby is givem the motive of the passages and the 
arcades in the triforium, just as by the ordinary cross section 
without galleries over the side aisles. 


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566 
‘Passages above the galleries. . 
Since the purpose and origin of these passages is nowisi conn 
necbed with that of the galleries, the existence of the latter 
affords no greund whatever for their omission, and the cathed- q 
rals of Laon, Noyon and Limburg show, that these little arcades _ 
between the arches of the gallery and the window story produce a 
avery tasteful effect. Indeed in the works mentioned the arches. 
of the gallery are divided by only one little column, and not 
by two as in Paris and Mantes, thereby avoiding all competition _ 
with the arcades of the triforium. Im the cathedral of Paris 
was found a different arrangement in the original building (Vio-_ 
llet-le-Duc, II, pe 289), which substantially amounts to the a 
same thing and produces a triforium almost purposely like that 
mentioned above. : 


Although here especially the hoof over the gallery is made so 
flat, that it.does not afford space for a triforium, so that 
this is obtained by making the arches of the gallery opening i 
into the middle aisle and thuscthe junction of the same cross. . 
yaults much lower than the outer side arches of the same vaults, — 
about as shown by the cross section shown in Fig. 889. Only no 
passage in the height thus obtained is formed in the thickness 
of the wall, since in general the entire buttress system was not 
intended for such, though the space over this depression of the 4 
gallery vault afforded such, which then received great round o 
openings connected with the middle aisle and filled bg simple 
tracery. In the church of Yanmtes, whose section is shown by Fig. | 
926, the buttress system is likewise calculated for no passage ] 
in the triforium, and the dimensions are so moderate, that an 
arrangement as in Paris could not be executed. Besides the con- 
struction of the entire church is very simplerand particularly 4 
recalls Romanesque architecture by the small size of the windows. 

By the arrangement of vaulted galleries the piers and walls. y 
of the middle aisle further obtain greater safety, that in Paris 
is even increased by the flying buttresses above the vaults end 
still beneath the roof. But further this has led in the works 
mentioned to a Lesser height of the upper clearstory, so that 
only single flying buttresses are found above the junction of 
the roof of the gallery. 

Galleries in the transepts. 
If we now ask concerning the influence of the galieries on 


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567 | 
the form of the transepts, no esnthaSions are siven by the Fr 
ch works named, for in Mantes the transverse aisle in general a 
is wanting, but is single-aisled in Paris and Noyon, and hence 
galleries are lacking therein, or rather those placed over the 4 
Side aisles between the nave and choir open into the transverse 
aisle just as into the middle aisle, without being connected w 4 
with it. Also even the usual plan of transepts. with several aint | 
sles, this connection before the sable walls could be made only 
by open galleries above as in Laon. ixtending the side aisles 
around and thus the vaulted galleries on the gable walls are 
found nowhere. Therefore the gable walls are only carried so 
far in sympathy with the design of the galleries, as these have ; 
double window stories over each other and above the triforiun, 
While they are removed from all. such influence im Paris. Only 
the cathedral in Limburg shows in the peculiar construction of 
its choir and transverse aisle at least a substitute therefor, _ 
The two last parts are surrounded by side aisles and passages, 
which are only half the width of the side aisles in the nave, 
and also but a fourth the width of the middle“Bisle, since the 
vaulting system of the hexapartite vault is of square form. Over 
the angles of this gallery on the transepts rise then two towers | 
flanking the latter. Accordingly as shown in Pig. 925, the sys— 4 
tem of the form of the cross section in the transepts appears a 
in the same way as in the aisle. But the possibility of this 
construction is based on the plan of the vault explained. on p 
414, by which a pier stands at the middle of the gable wall, a. 
and was dropped in the plan of the ordinarry cross vault, or. ra- 
ther mast lead to the arransement. of a balcony oben above and q 
in connection with both galleries, as found in Laon. : 

6. Cross section of simple choirs, transverse aisle 
and gables of the basilica. 
Choir. 
Bxtension of the window of the triforium. 

As before stated above, the entire division in height, thus 
the widdow stories of the middle and side aisles and the trifo- — 
rium, also in the sinsle-aisled portion, so that also here if 
a passage is found before the lower windows, two internal and j 
one external passages are formed according to the usual system. © 


/ 


Triforiums. a 
Fach lower passage, that otherwise is bphieis site because a 


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568 
of the small height of the sills of the windows in the side ai 
le, and that is to be regarded rather as a peculiarity of cert. 
ain regions like Burgundy, Champagne and the upper Rhine, resu 
lts in the choir in a certain way from the arrangement of the 
triforium, in so far as represented in cross section im Fig.’ 
9-,, it was elsewhere necessary to turn am arch b between the 
buttresses, which then changes place with the lower window wall 
so that the arrangement shown in the side Fis. 9 / a resukts w 

with a lower passase a. As examples of this kind we mention No- 
tre Dame at Dijon and the cathedral at Resensburs. From Fig. 9 
also an external pagssase could meanwhile be constructed. 


If now in Fig. 927 a, as this is also the case in Regensburg, _ 
and Ss likewise first results from the construction, the floor 
of the triforium is only formed of slabs laid from the arch to 
the window wall, there results one of the cases mentioned on pb. 
851, acoording to which the pointed form of the window is not 
exactly the one required. Yet it is found in Dijon, but in one 
panel and without mullions, as then also in the middle aisle t 
the horizontal termination is only obtained by placing 3 smalle : 
pointed windows side by side (Fig. 848). On the contrary in Re- 
gensburg the square inclosed by the buttresses and that floor ‘ 
slab is filled in the richest way by arched tracery, whose sche 
me consists in a pointed arch spanning the separate divisions 
by mullions, so that above the spandrels and below the disk it 
is opened in other forms of tracery. 

In Notre Dame at Dijon as. in other churches of Burgundy, the 
windows do not extend down to the floor of the passage as in a 
Regensburg, but are rather raised above it by a plain wall sur- 4 
face. In the choir of S. Benigne at Dijon is then found a furth- 
er reduction of the system, so far that the lower lisht stories, — 
and hence also the passage appertaining thereto and also the up- 
per one found above the triforium are omitted, so that the pro- 
jection of the latter from the window watt is found covered by 4 
& wash.’ 4 

hikewise there is sometimes wanting as in S. Leger in Soissons 
the window in the back wall of the triforium, so that both light 
stories on the exterior are separated by a plain wall surface ' 
corresponding to the height of the triforiun. 

Transepts. . 


wy 
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Wists todas 20 asig edt, tio, btew et ject 
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569 
What is said om the plan of a choir with single aisle applies — 
in the same way to the longitudinal wallu of the transpts and 
only according as a rule the length of the polygon axceeds the 
tencsth of the bay, is the number of the arches of the triforiun 
and also the width of the window increased. Hence the length of 
bay in the transverse aisle always is less than in the middle 
aisle, as the case in ahalons, where the windows are divided 
in the former into 3. parts, in the latter in 4.: 
Rounds aid buttresses... 3 4 
By the junction of the sinsgle-aisled transverse aisle with t q 
the three-asisled nave results certain special arrangements of 
rounds. and buttresses to which attention is here called. 
Ror example Fig. 928 is the plan of such a parttof the cross- _ 


ing arranged about according to the system of Chalons, therein 
a being the crossing pier, b the opposite wall pier, ec the side 
aisle, d the middle aisle, and passages are to be arranged bet= | 
ore the windows. of the side aisles, which then continue vetoes 
the lower windows of the transverse aisle. Now the wall. pier at 4 
e requires three rounds for the wide cross arch supporting the : 
upper wall, while the simple cross arch meeting it at f only 
needs a single round. To equalize the resulting inequality of 

the number of rounds on the sides ¢ g and f h and at the same 4 
time produce a2 regular plan of sufficient strength, at the angle 
h project two rounds but only one at the angle g. From the forn- | 
er then extends down to the floor the round 1, as well: as the 


corresponding 2, that bears the cross rib, and since the latter 


an ee ee 


‘in the transverse aisle already rests on the round 3, they form 
the outer columns of the wall pier (Fig. 919), so that for the 
middle one with the same projection there is Lacking a base, ant] 
therefore occurs the previously mentioned necessity for corbel- . 
ling them. (In Fig. 919). 4 

By this peculiar arrangement is then solved the inharmonious a 
contrast of the singlesaisled to the plan with more aisles in 4 
the happiest manner, ,while the next bay of the transverse aisle, — 
whose upper wall above the dividing arch 1 m exactly like the : 
middle aisle, of which Fig. 9€8 represents a pay, comes to stand ; 
over the dividing arch h o, so that thus here corresponding to : 
the round 1 and likewise to the rounds 5 and 8 continued in the 4q 
window mullions, which belong to the dividing arches, extend a 


above these in smaller size as seen in Big. 918 at g, and accom= 


(yas re a. ; 
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iy nae , a mi es avant treqye ‘gomuloo elttil 
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570 
accompanying the window mullions, but here the corbelling of ¢ 
those belonging to the middle mullions makes equally projecting — 
little columns superfluous. ® 

By reason of such peculiarities, that are never oapriciousee en 
medieaval works, it is necessary to call attention to this nog. | 
entirely banished conception, which see in taprice=the naturéur: 
of Gothic architecture. a 

If we now return to our Fig. 928, then i.k gives the thicknesal 
of the upper window wall and of the larger columns of the triteum 
rium, so that the dotted lines s s x determine the width of the q 
triforium and the thickness of its back wall. 4 

Over the junction of the side aisles or of the side choir, the 
pier in question between the two windows, only aside of being 4 
reduced by the passage, receiving the diameter i k #.k t fsono- 
wise sufficient to oppose the thrust of the vault, but for the 9 
plan of a buttress at right angles standing at this place, as 4 
sufficient basis is lacking on account of the passage. For this 
reason the pier in question in Notre Dame at Dijon is set diag- 
onally, a position that is @ertaifily peculiar above the junction — 
of the side aisle, and its appearance is not explained at the : 
first glance. 

If we now assume that the passage before the lower windows 
resulting from the plan with single aisle is found only in the 
transverse aisle and not in the side aisle, then occurs the 
arrangement of the changed buttress, closing at the same time 
a part of the window of the side aisle concerned, or the neces-— 7 
sity of a flying buttress, that however strikes the side of the a 
nearest buttress, and hence either a strengthening of this or a 
wider span to the next buttress is required, All these aifferen- 
ces would be solved in the easiest manner by the plan of @ hexa= 
partite square cross vault adjoining the middle square, occupied | 
in Fig, 928 by the two oblong bays of the transverse aisle, whe- 
reby ab f would strike only a bisecting rib, whose thrust is 7 
substantially less. 

Gable Wall. 

The various divisions in height continue in an entirely simi- — 
lar way, at least on the larger and perfectly developed designs, | 
also on the gable walls of the transverse aisle. With the adop- — 
tion of the system of bisecting ribs for the parts concerned, ™ 


as at the cathedral of Limburg and the collegiate church at 


- i vy aoe 
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571 Ries 2 
Wetzlar (Fig. 936), also as Fig. 929 shows, the outer bay: of. 
the transverse aisle is divided in 7 parts, and there generally 
results for these: gablewwalls substantially the same areangeaaa 
as for longitudinal walls, so far as their width is now divided — 
‘in two parts, each of which nearly correspondstto the former. 
Side of a bay. But with the dropping of this Harly Gothic =a 
ansement the chansed proportion of width leads to a certain pes 
culiar form of window story. 4 


Ubper window story. 

What first concerns the upper window story is, for the general 
proportion of it to be am approximate equality of width and he- q 
tent, or even a predominance of the former, and hence the design 
of pointed widow filling nearly the entire width amd divided — 
by mallions, on which the sround line of the window must be that 
of the vault, would be made substantially heavier. It is here 
the ratio of the space, which on the assumption of a more conc- 
entric plan of. window first. indicates that of the wheel window, 
aside from the fact that it also in purely formal respects is 
the most suitable to place in the different archi teohmass form 
of this gable wall. a 

Wheel window. 

The first arrangement consists in placing the centre of the 
wheel window at the heisht of the base of the vault, whereby 
there is a crescent area bstween the circlenandithsiside arch 
and between the circle and the covering of the triforium remain 
two spandrels, which if. the radius of the circle does not quite 
asree with the height of that covering from the top of the capi- 
tal of the round, would be stilted by a rectamsle. On the older ' 
works like the cathedral of Rheims and Notre Dame at Dijon (Figs. 
9-3, 934), the surfaces of the differences inside and outside 
are plain walls and essentially contribute to the quiet effect 
of the whole. Those. crescent surfaces above are then on the tr- 
ansepts of the cathedral of. Amiens therefore made higher, so 
that also the side arch is a stilted semicircle, and hence the © 
horizontal diameter of the concentric wheel window is raised 
by the amount of this stilting, and thus the whole requires a 
lesser height. But the last consideration did not control in 
Amiens, but exclusively that of a perfect solution of those 
difference surfaces. a 

But on most works bBhe wheel window is set in the pointed side q 


wate | 


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} be ed betetaqer st efoxto odd sehen afyastoes sedd .qindase 
Setd bedaiog &.t0 megeye 2 yo atid woled bas ,mokeivit L[etnoss 
owl Pied Bakbaoqaoti10o: ond vd alesbnege edd dod ,eadois baile od 
bse sattas. eff .eforto sit ob bellit baa eacdd to 
Sod edd ewode ybectis bae \bedneled yldosxe tow bas \revelo vl 
isO00 vino sence s at tans ,wointw [eodu, enc to fetash gutant 
s SH .wobaiw Sodotea baoot tseud a to dueg dasnimod edd. ca 
ininaevtnag to dgezneid edd to one gaifmoqesii09 eat asiwitt . 
99 eth eed yLloorsce votiscexe bfod hae ngkeeh tagortiages ai 
§ fedntog « es ankswen doze obie aft e198 .(e SEO SEG sent) 
-98¢ 30 r90Lt edt oF awohodk yd. besolome asta stitae sdf bag 
bons yd Betecqieob si aso? eeode .wohaiw a yd belli ad moisol 
| ehh ati. ddocdtis ,vew bohioeh s at wobaiw leadiu besies 
vtadd af e1ed? aed? .dois shia odd te neqe edd medd peel 
gniaewol so? sfels edt gi hoyoicms ‘euitom odd. {Ob 10 he 
to. s00Lt edt of enot{ium wobnin segnol odd to eaaaloo oltiil 
a6 nleneg edd 0 on tadd».sennem e al fetooexe boa minoiias 
Raton > odd ot bebis oie asraloo eltsii ezedt ed be19b 
sae ybeoaly 7s esiora todatog seeds, ynotaty feedw-odd 


a 
oe 
é =, 


ea 


SS ga hene ee 


572 | 
arch, so that those crescent surfaces above are either simply 
opened or are filled by forms of. tracery. The omission of the 
lower spandrel was then easily effected im the same manner, and — 
meanwhile was made essentially more difficult by the addition q 
of that rectangle, which men could not decide to leave unbroken — 
on the richer works. To fill the latter was offered the arrange 
ment of a system of mullions. We believe that it. can be assumed _ 
from several analogies, that in modern times the solution in E 
question would haveschiéfly consisted in this, that the parts | 
of this filling divided by mullions and spanned by pointed arch- 
es could have been adapted to the circle by tihcreasing the hei- 
Shts at both sides like organ pipes. Such an arrangement causes _ 
a monotonous and bad effect. with a greater number of the divis- _ 
ions. But in the middle ages the sense of form was far more de- 4 
veloped than at presentyby the continual consideration of corr- 
ect art works, and accordingly the design was richer. And just 
in the solution of such small difference areas is expressed most. 
clearly the peculiarities mentioned. Therefore we cannot omit a 4 
reference to two entirely different species of the arrangement | 
in guestion. 

Thus on the transverse aisle at Amiens belonsins to the 14. th 
century, that rectangle under the circle is separated by a hor- 
izontal division, and below this by a system of 8 pointed bisec- | 
ted blind arches, but the spandrels by two corresponding to two 
of those and filled to the circle. The entire arrangement is on 
ly clever, and not exactly talented, and already shows the bes- : 
inning denial of the wheel window, that in a sense only occurs 
as the dominant part of a great round arched window.’ We compare 
it with the correspondins one of the transept of Ghalons, which q 
in magnificent. design and bold execution scarcely has its equal. 
(Pigs. 932, 932 a). Here the side arch remains as a pointed arch, 
and the entire area enclosed by itedown to the floor of the tri- q 
forium é¢s filled by a window, whose form is dominated by the in- 4 
serted wheel window in a decided way, atthoush its diameter is a 
less than the span of the side arch. Then there is that. mention — 
ed on p 407, the motiwe employed in the aisle for lowering the ' 
little columns of the longer window mullions to the floor of the 7 
triforium and executed in a manner, that two of the panels bor- 
dered by these little columns are. added to the outer circle of q 
the wheel window, whose pointed arches are placed at the heights ‘ 


‘a 


meee 218d A Ries alah 


The 


i lial Re 
af ss in rig eteohe oi? .abrrot odd to elatigqas edt to 
fuaateb cals orsd bas etree ecodt at multotixd sdé ne 
i dewated bainisas? oosc2 oc? .wobate Lesin edt to sete 
“rf edd -beaottnon exasloo edd bos antiactiad edd to qot ofc 
yd belli? veted af gonotoh nics enckifua to modsye & bated te 
a BSLItd) enotetsad bar ghosts sit o3 hotgebs eltoterssup 
> set? este at baidetukmib afreterteup yuielbbin odd 
e eds dost yedt .»a.i ,ytsbsoosea ai setisl cassis 
edt So bavot detec eft bus hbenottaen enwuloo oad fold 
yp ectentt sedtel doidw .d10tis mont of Sutbaogests0o wobniw 
bedetoxot glao [iotewtsnp edt atoted moitestorg «© on 
lliast brscos -enoiliua wobaiw slowke eitl teimedo Sas of 
re ee go .elorto odd to Bed aswol edt drogqa2 alrotest 
‘Bak eesotg otersqse ods to Paiblety odd Saszesq bas Jf 
ul x Wad .eblesso besnoexe ef asteye couse odT ,noitoorrh {saat 
‘edd ds Bao scanfoo elsdil esodtt iedd somerstitc odd dtin 
# restos dows ets srotesedd bes motrotint eft Ralieveo edsle 
5 ateys auisotias sit to ewodsiw sdf .seitedat odd of 
; 6 evisse1 bas .,eenows odd to eaotua Lawistatk sat ot ylicexe 
Tae seoldes gatnworo edt yd tcondsetd doit ylasivoit 
ia olden eds oi eodors bethieg déiiw erobniw 
{ betas igag2 od ot basbive® wobuin issdu odd adtow ssdsl a” 
t desfoia-sds af pentobs bsshat - -,wobaiw bedatog yrenlbto 2s 
“Shewetost1e oideiustosisdo s euds ,yteosst?d bas enotfiua yd 
open .Steinyievs ayoo° aso tedd ono 6 dows yd soslg arai 


Aa 
Ls 


«e Sidtod ylisi ai bavot phsorle sta bald sids to eslquexe 
we s(@£e@ .a¢2) emoesio? nf ze:0d .a sats 
8 ai wobatn edd mialoose ct hebesgourg nem semis stoetal ai 

feabeddso odd nt sennem teodeia edd ei Savcl ei sect ,eldas 
‘ fof aemtel edt Yo ofteluetiosieado es xueok to bos engolod 0 
. ) ee eine .aetere ost 4O egnerpernoe *eqou1g ods naimwot Sae 
bres eees0n asmred teow Yo migtto ede gedt ,eucs “ei chad to 
en neuyaxe ntetveo ‘as neve doide ni eorit nt effet yredolke. ef! Yo 
gteppexe seat ‘hae tdpwoe yiisnoltaetal 2ax geifsotsiey to moit 
hie fo wetexe off .elfeted (ls of mroh youetatznco bet 
etcey gattentmoberg a of yi leacoor ‘etttno cttw absel gottoust 
awe e (Yo teslquta ost at sevewod dotdw) ,eLode ea¢ to toette 
_secntetatgta nod the see Heean ak owode as ,eirow t0d 


573 
of the capitals of the rounds. The little columns thus strengt , 
en the triforium in these varts and here also determine the dian- 
eter of the wheel window. The space remaining between the whee *: 
the top of the triforium and the columns mentioned, then instead 
of being a system of mullions as. in Amiens, is here filled de 
guatrefoils adapted to the circle, and therefore filled toward © 
the middle by quatrefoils diminishing in size. The membering of | 
these latter is secondary, i.e., they lack the strengthening w 
which the columns mentioned and the outer round of the wheel. q 
Window corresponding to them afford, which latter therefore for- 
ms a projection before the quatrefoil only furnished with a pla- 
te and chamfer like simple window mullions. Accordingly the qua- 
trefoils support the lower half of the circle, or rather stress _ 
it and present. the yielding of the separate pieces im a centri- 
fugal direction. The same system is executed outside, put only . 
with the difference that those little columns end at the stone 
ere covering the triforium and therefore are much shorter than | 
the interior. The windows of the triforium asain correspond q 
a eM tn the internal spans of the arches, and reteive @ par- 
ticularly rich treatment by the crowning gables. a 
Windows with pointed arches in the gable. 
€n later works the wheel window wsufdund to be sppplanted by 
an ordinary pointed window, indeed adorned in the richest forms ~ 
by mullions and tracery, thus a characteristic arransement for 
this place by such a one that cam occur everywhere. eanwhile 
examples of this kind are already found in Early Gothic works 
like S.: Leger in Soissons (Fig. 935). 
In later times men proceeded to proclaim the window in the 
gable, that is found in the richest manner in the cathedrals 
ef Gologne and of Meaux, as characteristic of the Berman Gothic 
and forming the proper conseguence of the system. Only so much : 
of this is true, that the origin of most German works, at least ~ 
of the richer, falls in times in which even a certain exaggera= 
tion of verticalism was intentionally sought and that exaggera-— 
ted consistency down to all detaiis. The system of Gothic cons- q 
truction leads with entire necessity to a predominating vertical — 
effect of the whole, which however in the simplest of the eari- : 
ier works, as shown in Figs. 983 and 984 representing the tran- 
sept of Notre Dame at Dijon, is already just as powerful as in 


the likewise great wheel window, indeed contained as the chief 


p baasa s1ce tan? potequuess edt toe heeded? ao ecko 
940 (eedt bos (etiatoh efi vitro betareo at eforw ef? 
r “sino eattine dtiw beidace febrtoxe 60 #enm emted Lert 
be  eoned bas .yreosse tt bebpfont aelosto If, to Levomes 
| gotds at) ee inte seivetbroqied deiiga® efs to eatot 
‘ py Getaiog oat xa het oei{qqre erednyTeve Saw wobrir bevot 
foo een vee Yteoass ect to enoleivih stasagqes edt onfe tre 
sk pahaddigaaa to mtol afew oft Yo enokritages Lenoliuoqorg 
f siete seteveasss edd af dors ebte eft sazolod nt elidt 
Sey awirotiad end dae ous emse of¢ ta doxs rofetiw s 
, bevod ek eredd: weobsadenlad ebsots ne to at0% efamte ord 
> eas ‘Yo noldtoco7q off Siena  fnowebanite befoetie ston & 
é B69087 oe moteye ecodu praca ak rob aefiaie e élareq soo 
- wobain edt to dtbin edt sash .dodede ydeen 2 mort HFC .okF 
ta S@ foods ef yreoess dof dtir hate bas ettiag © of feb 
et atiewtoteds funk: iow shie edt to asqereds ned? evel 
pdivamtsotins est asedétal od¢ Yo tect evods beetes at enti 
> efensc Bet. bobtwih asd? eit bese fcbin smee edd to yi[otanixo 
a Re besveces i st sesit To dose hoe ,welte2 yo beaword 
Dis: saotilen ofb 
L bre ‘Sbteei buoot/ oalai ei mcinetic® oat ovods Sxeseeg oat 
: Of yohenterind yteoass s cit bedetase? wi weiszolias edi 
ae et ,efele obte edt. of paihacqsestoo' meitolins edz woled 
Saas Bk ,meteet odd Yo yrote wobotKe eb# Herntraoo ec FIuoda 
okeivid 8 qd ofeis eztevrenest off twiad bes Lint edt af heane 
be peibod toig % no soideR vd bourcte be wecove betatiog dite 
a8 miage puted sefdep cit ,eefoanate yd henwosro bese yifaccpete 
jose .eeotiive [iaws One opvel to weteye @ xd elonag > st bob! 
‘todwem Lataostnod s ed tho tho ef Sobiw to braids aewol ent 
( ‘edt sevewod doidw ot epaibivew wobais ect of gnibaoyaes 
| sRattcoeerges auds ,sooft edt os ebhmetxe evotilae fo meteye. 
| ib. ssh : eohsox 
(e: > dads @# poieve bengiceh xyliqesst atad etequos cela ew tt 
. Satedo eoneseiiit fatiostedwe 1 etinees etoded pono fads 
me Feenne edt neoe st eet -ebotteq elyte gnevetthd oat 
betetsges eettode omd quoug gaites ylisoitcev sofas 
ee es whed? of yrbbtonse sedto wose mort xl 
tet). xirw on: gk bow xeqqn ea¢ ddin mpiaoetins eds 
“he meat bite Batdd edt «eo ,yxote 


ony 
i etn) we 


a mer 


‘he ie a, " Hi 


: ‘ , ’ a a ; ‘i . = : i a \ 2 : \ y 
ra ¥ ae a ' ; 
- “—0 . > Pm A ib marae rs) i iat : 
olen) Aa Ls ae iy ie Are ta ek) ee i Aaa: 


574. 
object in the west end of the Strasburg minster, On that of Co 
ogne cathedral. But the assumption that this grand character of 
the whole is carried out in its details, and that all more neu- 
tral forms must be excluded applied with entire. necessity to the 
removal of all circles included in tracery, and hence led to the 
forms of the English perpendicular style, in which certainly the 


round window was everywhere supplanted by the pointed window, 
but also the separate divisions of the tracery presented only _ 
' proportional repetitions of the main form of the whole. : 

While in Gologne the side arch in the transverse aisle is also ™ 
&@ window arch at the same time, and the triforium yet retains 
the simple form of an arcade balustrade, there is found at Meaux © 
a more affected arrangement, where the proportion of height does — 
not permit a similar development, whose system we represent in . 
Fis. 931 from a hasty sketch. Here the width of the window divi- 
ded in 8 parts and filled with rich tracery is about a third 1 
less than the span of the side arch, and thereforeits ground 1 
line is raised above that of the latter. The triforium is appr- ~ 
oximately of the same width and is then diwided in 4 panalse 
crowned by gables, and each of these is asain bésected by a mid- 
dle mullion. a 

GhS passage above the triforium is also found inside, and like 
the triforium is furnished with a tracery balustrade. The height — 
below the triforium corresponding to the side aisle, in which q 
should be continued the window story of the latter, is then sp- 
anned in the full width of the transverse aisle by 3 divisions 
with pointed arches and crowned by gables on 4 pier. bodies set 
diagonally and crowned by pinnacles, the gables being again div- 
ided in 4 panels by a system of large and small mullions, about q 
the lower third of which is cut off by a horizontal member cor- q 
responding to the window moulding, in which however the same 
system of cullions extends to the floor, thus representing an 
arcads. 

If we also compare this happily designed system to that of 
Ghalons, there results a substantial difference characterizing 
the different style periods. Here is seen the endeavor to unite i 
into a vertically acting group two stories separated horizontal-_ 
ly from each other according to their nature, namely at Ghalons | 
the triforium with the upper and in Meaux tith the lower window 


Fs 
i 


story, or the blind arches replacing it. But in the first place — 


ale a. n ek testuta i dacs eda 
geal seicks bas baawnred ‘bebpetxe enanloe efagit 
a eds sebng eDege edt Yo yatmeqe Intecesy odt- 
580 est {fie xusoX% «i ytacd 200 edt cO .~efdtrac@e od Ifen ton 
a6 pte $nemegnetia eft yd yletem yer evitesooeh yleceq s af | | ‘78 
py sodtguexts ot elseif oz betudicénco dokim .Bweiday baa aet | Sa 
glexttce teomis of bivoo qed? tod? ,aottoursacas a 
} «vartal ua By 
f D hawatees eft mo motsotiad odd ofn1 oF Saibsoo0s If 
2 eaottaons2 oeis ara evedd evar edt to esodd détx 2eetaou 
‘ded ddated smse odd eved.qgedt etedu ,emiedh at as eins 
oO ieemofoo anibivih efisil owee on? .eneqea seadd yiao to 
oed etd ot 2athnotxe eioold cacte afd to ebas fnort esd 
ort maipoitoiass selweki{ odd to samigaizgs edt stot dokaw 


cee 
atx 6 


at ae eatizasy ai 
Bors 4Xuete trobnin- toved 7 
ean eoteniaohe7g dibeerd edt yrote wobnin aswol edd 108 J 


thé ipse2 eddated omse odt sot dedd .eno 1sqqy edt sol aads 
send Simzed weve ton [lin elofw edd io nokioss azote odd 
awe dade  e2tdd mort ebtes ylorttae .wohain [eedw edt to tnon 
Bowino ealemos e1eds ead? .doctio oft usisow deun noitiveqes 
if ea .todto fidse svods beoale awofatyw [etoveq to tasmebasite | gi 
ik Hefaesstge2 osic to tsonohnotee sedis mort divest osiwedilt | 
Hc Ost bewot ef ecdT .tivev aeecto edsisgse & doin Oxf .Bie " 
Paese Shtced bes eftey ont ai bebivib ewobnin ond (S.C 63h) 0 
eebEG at wottevels) eacasio? és sohed .2 bas eutedd nz se | 
ndtb  omsg Sisor nt eve dowe ovit gov .ee00 elgate esadd 1s 
(DEO. bi 8) . by 
pe sid of aseqqs esed ewohnin sewol oft sisted eegscasg sal 
MERSO .bi¥) costo ttodo edd wk es ,woitcoutence ofd sowl yeu 
0 @dé tO mgtsoltiat sai to Liew toad edt od de del O€2 .8f% i 
fave sci enoled® to wotaya sit o¢ Patbyooce sedi lew wobsin: te 
ig efzaa divin ysseesoss era vedo .eobsots msitotintd odd Roki | : 
sq oF ‘nedd dotdu .o Yerq olbbim edd diin 2edoue yd, bstosageo ; ae 
oge ene yd feosliqes od teuvn to botsitensq ai epsagag, di 4 
n od. te woteivié odd of Seibscoos enzoloo sissil bedoad A 
vakds. 20% bomuses oals ei eatedi ni se nedd tI .dows edd 
a seuddys avtsotiad ead | Yo bubsasge bediaoeeb sxoled add 
van ie “6 nedd ,enmoloo eesdt yd ented edfuay Senant - 
“ane Meat kia oft adil wobaiw edt to RoR? : 
teh inal iit Shisha a 


; 1 al te F i oo on ay 


575 
this purpose is attained in a structural way, for withen+ Mae 
Little columns extended downward and the erches turned on “a 
the graceful opening of the space under the rose window would 
not well be fossible. On the contrary in Meaux all was ob tatu 
in a purely decorative way merely by the arrangement of: :piten ae 
les and gables, which contributed so little to strengthen the ‘id 
construction, that they could be almost entirely removed riethel 
out injury. i a 

If according to rule the triforium on the tramsept gbble har-— 
monizes with those of the nave, there are also exceptions to ti 
this as in Rheims, where they have the same height but consist © 
of only three spans. The same little dividing columns then bear © 
the front ends of the stone blocks extending to the back wall, 4 
which form the springinss of the lizewise semicircular tunnel. 
vaults. 

Lower window story. ‘4 

For the lower window story the breadth predominates ivem more — 
than for the upper one, that for the same heights resulting fron 
the cross section of the whole will not even permit the arene 
ment. of. the wheel window, entirely aside from this, that. such a 
repetition must weaken the effect. Thus there remains only the 4 
arrangement of several windows placed above each other, as they 
likewise result from that arrangement of plan represented in ; 
Fis. 929 with a separate cross vault. Thus is found im Chalons 
(Fig. 952) two windows divided im two parts and beside each oth— 
er, in Rheims and S. Leger at Soissons (elevation in Pig. 935) 
are three single ones, but five such are in Notre Dame at: Dijon. 
(Fig. 934). . 

The passages before the. lower windows here appear in the same 
way from the construction, es in the choir plans {#is. 927). In 
Pigs. 930 let. a b be the back wall of the triforium or the lower ~ 
window wall, then accordins to the system of Chalons for suppor— 
ting the triforium arcades, that are necessary with angle piers — 
connected by arches with the middle pier c, which them to perm- 
it passage is penetrated or must be replaced by one or more deé- 
tached little columns according to the division of the width of 
the arch. If them as in Rheims is also assumed for this passage — 
the before described spanning of the triforium by three parallel 
tunnel vaults borne by these columns, then a harmony of the div- 
ision of the window with the arcade thus formed would become a 


’ 


+ famegcerrs Levan eds of ea tee eae babes 
a sent 8 ‘podows yd hetosnroo yino ete sumuloo siisrl 
52 , w wobuix eft of biel exe adele toolt edt dotaw mot 
; vais 20 doemesaeiss teifsoed yiov - .1sedgsetd taenoorgs 
ms $e1s8 . (60-6918) wothd seemed esdo¥) mt fawot ei batd 
e edtes . betasnooo enantoo elttil ond tobiedni eid ni 89% 
7 ova Paaasist cust bas eofove ietnomses yd etelg eftus ead 
ne Bvilsotos eis ilen doad ed? oi fdotde butded isy .asorat 
! gu9% / jewobatw bstateg tebnsla evit to tasheynsiie bofwiedo 
Bethe in: svehselozet astssts scl soitenst od sldit 
ney: _yBLatrog basot aed ete ytote wobaltw aswol edt wofles 

[adG-at ee eyswroob edd .edosenett edd nk yf{isvenes 3s 


- 


» bastxe ovle aso qodd ,xoddal oft s0Y Fasiolitns fon ore 
Bo edt to eelets ofte sdt mi as nedtd foidw .easraeq odd 
ge eeyo7? ts doisds nesasidelj edd to bse gucdansZok to 
Bs. fi 3 ; ' s@oble déod ta gafeta ertete revo 
* edd To tteq 2 deact ta s2olo Jeue eletiog asises 109 
wiw Sdd to ecoled) js endT .seldss bus eedo1is abess yd 
if ah eLosto secqe sid yino ,soksesuyp ni eelatvtb edd ot ofd 
rol ost - wesslg bas bovsge ylisutoa af dors sit to avsegued 
ii nedt ear ysieecoen eidl .esdows baild ylao be taianes sdasg 
/BhO. w’ to Snemexcsiis eit’ to aciesino stsiIemoo 6 oF vilspey 
edt ai es*esdoia baild to movaye s to goisgohs goorkb edd dns 
B sit of ebioceeti00 ‘seit stosuchastTIA o8.,ensiné to etasensi 
» el wdoveds 28 ist cent .seansm oftf af eaoisrbooo [easton 
asaga°edt to obiesh edd sol diheerd heiisper sd Sents 
“to esods dotdy itiv baa .sostawé Ifew sviecooxe srofsiv 
 sbebesiae [lew es sent sie Suse 
es 5 selagrog ag? Yo totastctl 


“> 


) doortsin aismet readies ab eyenqood edt esoledd st eitdt 


= edad edt deiw Isdtog sensi ne dnd .anotenentd oder 
ya heiashéee &.8t s98yo eedeta Gabidto goinss ant otnt 
edt at ffe te tog sdbvon sd denn doidn ,sesttal satito 
iisw stttas edd yauaod asft Ofnow .oblent aottostorxg 

rs soit enol) 908: ebufoxe sxolessdd fae autiotiat edt 190 
iefatto Jeevan te bauct yltetdo S18 eduemeastis foue 
* owdnse aye weented sosqe odt-entodz ot 
ee earee. tedusen ed3 ‘bas. ast ed? 


ith 


r=) ) 
Kea 


P35 La eS a Ree 
. a. (i e - 
: i mn cep ec ye bh aa 3 
dts iy? ue; 
i co 5": : 4 om q , 7 
a by 2 
ae il ‘a PAA TOS & ‘ “yay ht TR 


bh exigos sdt acti? galtigess efdated sdd tz ded .(Sc0 . 


bon: beobai $gsu on0 tididxe exelmd Yo atqoenstd ond ,nolget- 


‘without excessive wall surface, and with which those of the pass 


by TRS eae ny eden sets 
i 


576 : : 
necessity. But according to the usual arrangement whereby the 
little columns are only connected by arches and so form a wall, — 
from which the floor slabs are laid to the window wall, can this 
agreement disappear. - very peculiar arransement of the last k 
kind is found in Notre Dame at Dijon (fis. 953). Here sre arranel 
sed in the interior two little columns connected tosether and a 
the angle piers by segmental arches and thus forming three div- 
isions, yet behind which in the back wall are actually a very _ 
charming arrangement. of five slender pointed windows, very hor- 
rible to fanatics for greater. regularity. ss 

Below the lower window story are then found vortals, arranged — 
as generally in the transepts, the doorways as in Chalons | (rigs 
9-2). But if the heights reshlting from the entire dimensions 7 
are not sufficient for the latter, theg can also extend into | 
the passage, which then as im the side aisles of the cathedral 
of Regensburs and of the Liebfrauen church at Treves extends o 3 
over stairs rising at both sides. 

But greater portals must close at least a part of nr windows — 
by their arches and gables. Thus at Chalons of the windows ne 


a 


ble in the division in question, only the upper circle im the 


tympanum of the arch is actually epened and glazed, the lower 

parts remaining only blind arches. This necessity has then led. 
usually to a complete omission of the arrangement of windows a 
and the direct adoption of a system of blind arches as in the 
transepts of Amiens, an arrangement that corresponds to the str- 
uctural conditions in like manner, in so far as thereby is obt- © 
ained the required breadth for the design of the upper parts w - | 


sage are just as well arranged. 
Interior of the portals. 
While in Chalons the doorways internally remain without deco- 
ration, the transepts of Amiens exhibit one kept indeed in mod | 
rate dimensions, but an inner portal with its sable extending | 
into the series of blind arches over it. A greater development 
of the latter, which must be sought not at all in its greater - 
projection inside, would then occupy the entire wall surface un- 
der the triforium and therefore exclude the lower window story. 
Such arrangements are chiefly found at the western portals. Thus 
in Rheims the space between the internally visible members of. ff 
the jamb and the nearest rounds is animated by 2 system of blind 


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arches filled with fisures im relief and arransed in several. 
tiers over each other, which also extend above the enner arch 
under the floor of the triforium, and thus form an extremely 
rich enclosure. dn the new transept at Golosne the wall surfaces _ 
between the doorway of the triforium are animated by the pe 
gement of a great number of small niches, which by the corbels 
placed in them and the canopies over them for places of figdresll 
appear characteristic. This is an arrangement which goes beyond > 
the structural condition of economizing a mass, as expressed in 
the blind arches at Amiens and the internal portal arch of Rhei- : 
mS, and obtains a purely ornamental importance, but even there- { 
fore perhaps should have been repeated in the opposite sreaeeeey 
but. in entirely but nearly similar form.’ 4 
Organ gallery at the west. a 
Certain modifications may occur by the requirement of an organ 
gallery on the western wall. . | 
The monumental solution of this problem, found inside the wes~ : 
tern gable of the cathadral at Soissons or the transept gable | 
at Laon, can be termed an extension of the arrangement of the ¢ 
Side aisle into the bay of the middle aisle. There came then a 
between the western pair of piers one os two corresponding aisle 
piers, but each smaller pier stands accordins to the width of @ 
the span, from which extend to the western wall the ribs of the y 
floor of the gallery, and a vault is turned to correspond to th- ) 
at of the side aisle. That with the arrangement of a middle pier . 
the direction of the ribs is to be arranged with regard to an | 
inner portal arch, and may make necessary an inserted triangular 
vault is self-evident. yeanwhile io thes case would be prefera- 
ble the arrangement of the pertal towers of the cathedral of 
Paris, where for the sufficiently strong middle pier separating 7 
the two doorways are turned the bisecting ribs of the octaparti- 
te vault of the lower. 7 | 
From the entire arransement of such an internal sallery it 7 
follows, that a richer triforium can no longer be employed from 
the aisle. Yet the design of the triforium itself, or that of 
a passage in the thickness of the wall bemeath the west window 
map be of great use for access to the works of the organ. That P| 
the organ is to be limited im its height as far as possible and 
is to be so formed, that the existing west window remains uncov- 
ered, was already stated earléer. But this care may lead to pla- 


a 
— 
: + 


cia a o prise te Sas bahia sokevess ai iss edt ea ioats 
dqsensts p00 » preteen edd to soktentdmos edt no oven 107 
ytedsel aid tuttsets noitoee edt see .etewod sdt ditt | 
hey a ,toomoegnaxta Selifiquils ; ihe 
gi et edgsanest ait to teenggderts bonkéfque: erotsd edt ay 
eel ST .enotenomib ateds eotiupet bae elarbediso tee19 of ‘a 
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* smoteys Sadd gniytifqate to yiieesoen edt 
i deaf cat (niote wobniw tegqu eit to moktowber «2 ef gaxti 
‘tl eld getl{ti wobsiw saci s io Tuomegueits sds yd bedi im 
wayne to taemepneiie teens # fet9ney ar 10 ,tqeens1t oat 
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fe sm0ed ‘nk aiviey «6 GO as teat,  baso 
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578 Bass 
placing the vaults in question lower than those of the side aist 
For more on the combination of the western or a transept gab’ 
with the towers, see the Section treating the latter. - 
Simplified arrangement. cam 

The before egpiained arrangement of the transepts is peculiar — 
to great cathedrals and requires their dimensions. If these are | 
wanting, then the heights are more limited, and there SCERESES 1 
the necessity of simplifying that. system... 7 

First is a reduction of the upper window story, no longer penny 
mitted by the arrangement of a rose window filling the width of — 
the transept, or in general.a great arrangement of windows dom—- ~ : 
inatins the entire surface of the wall in the elevation. Since ; 
the predominance of this window story is a condition of the onic @ 
fied effect of the entire system, then must the triforium be on- | 
itted on the gable wall of the transept, and the communication | 
of the passage above. the triforium on the longitudinal wall of ~ 
the transept with the latter be made by stair towers at the an- 
sles of the transept, while the triforiums themselves are con-— 
nected by a passage above the lower series of windows. 

Such an arrangement is found in Notre Dame in Dijon (Figs. 
933, 934),where the stair towers in kuestion are corbelled out 
directly below the lower passage, and therefore must evidently 
fisst satisfy the purpose mentioned above, The same simplified 
arrangement is found on the transept of S. Leger im Soissons ( 
(Fig. 935), where the stair towers are still carried to the gr- 
ound, just as on S. Martin in Laon. 4 

All these arrangements are based on this, that the upper win- ’ 
dow on the transept Sable fills the height taken by the window 
story and triforium in the aisle nnder consideration. | 

By the arrangement of a portal then, as mentioned above, also 
the lower window story is omitted. However the horizontal divi- 
Sion of the aisle, and wherever possible, also the passage above a 
the height of the side aisles must be carried across on the tr- .4 
ansept gable, in order to connect &@t with the whoel both natur- q 
ally as esthetically tasteful. To moit this division and to fill. 
the transept gable by a window extending down to the sill mould- 
ing of the side aisle, strictly taken, with the design of a cl- 
earstory as a transept sable constructed to bring into connect- . 
ion a system of aisles of equal height. q 


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i tata nae ari sas Sack abil gesit on ototeved? .toored? 
| soe? ,REC HE 
«nelson eds és asexestind to exewes fiend. 
y ett oo .dueuteest evivostte ue ot Leivacace ansom 4 
ft bench biog se ok sort ,evid ehserls noltoantenco fo 
ok to asceedsiod yd sodiie efday oft aotktasl? af .8OA8 
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) goddis .tntblind eft to enticue edd t0% ,ebtoatoo' ast 
is eeoeentted edd ac dec? 10 PER deg ng ee sedsezos betoennos 
“agent eft 20 noteivibnisizes = t@ atsayed elyne ond con 
evo Saati vadt t00% edd to seth edd ot gnivbeoqaesi0s yils 
j ba -ofdaz sat to. xeqe sid 
Liaseées geum olace oft to tnénteers eid To somessogms edt 
Adena gadt yd Llew sidso edd te Soknece edt Hike sae07905 
Neds to devils ond oredw .cace eatiae ef¢ gatyyuseo woh 
mouse 20% been [erntonite s ooteero ybsorls elceg edd yd sb 
; 92 beoubes et ti ylectevacd «Juemiucs eis To Stbhin, edd yakss 
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sat @eces # ai wmtol ated? somke ,(08C .8i8) telsdet bos 
ge sosig gextt edd at seeds .oelo oh7 Yo mao. ext mort 
eidvao ydoeensit edd enotds sepseesq wot1ss to taemehnss 
n ts O62 ,b°8 agli) setq efgae denaetsi ait to dedd mov? 
Sinerere syiiootte yLlemavdize oe efdd 3a cen edt bedttiazed 
He OHRS, 96220 tmomohassts ‘ne % eélomexs todd swrot of doeq 
\fsibedies odt Aid nwone ors gohotv odd to ttbhiw teflene s 
a ME ay Je =etedehgal to cadé boa saae 
re duke bu: dawaehih| seqqu odd vaon sedoie hatle. 
4 edt gaiuego wobsin to. Pabesh seds to coetie sit’ 
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seach th pie etiih. # yd sotdy, .edemedd | bentsiq 
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TRG ioe Ree Se Te NINE TI 


UN Gat, ME ORO TIE CNL, 0 ha Se a ae 
1 ee f Ms in) able A ae oi 


579 
7. External Treatment of. Gables. 
Lower wall of the gable. a 

Up to the base of the roof there result the ditterawe develop~ 
ments of the gable front from what has been said in the cross 
section heretofore, according to the simpler or richer design _ 
thereof. Therefore we first turn to the examples siven in Figs. 
931, 932, 933.° 4 

Small towers or buttresses at the angles. 2 

A means essential to an effective treatment, as the principles 
of construction already sive, lies in a bold handling of the an- 
dles, in flanking the gable either by buttresses of increased 
importance or by small angle towers. Both arrangements then of- _ 
ten coincide, for the outline of the building, either occurring | 
connected together as in Fis. 934, or that on the buttresses are 
set. two angle turrets at a certain division of the height, usu- : 
ally corresponding to the base of the roof, that extend above 
the apex of the gable. 

The importance of this treatment of the angle must. naturally 
increase with the openins of the gable wall. by that form of win- 
dow occupying the entire span, where the thrust of the arch load-| 
de by the gable already creates a structural need for stkensth- 4 
ening the width of the abutment. Conversely it is reduced for | 
a closed treatment of the gable wall and is also reduced with 4 
a smaller width of window to the dimensions of the ordinary but- 
tress, so that tken are also wanting those ansle turrets extend- _ 
ing above the apex of the gable. Yet where the latter are found 
without the need of strengthening the abutment, as in Limburg 
and Wetzlar (Fig. 936), since their form in a sense is derived 
from the form of the plan, thus in the first place from the ar= 4 
rangement of narrow passages across the transept, on the latter 
from that of the internal angle pier (Pigs. 854, 936 a), which ~~ 
permitted the use of this so extremely effective motive in res- — 
pect to form. Other examples of an arzangement of the same with = | 
a smaller width of the window are shown by the cathedral. of. Mei 
sen and that of Masdeburs. 

Blind arches near the upper windows. 

The effect of that design of window opening the full width of ~ 
the gable wall, is so overpowering, that certain designs are ex- 
plained thereby, which by 2 different construction approximate 
this effect by variously treated blind arcades. An example of. 


a 


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i qoqqneeunaloe efdeil edd yd yimo one tee7g! eds word bad 
ue odd Boecongxs ei ylatsiq oxcm sevi ,egseasq badots edd 
petetpelico edt to oldsp tqeerest divoa sdd ao heaoldnem 
a abbabuts bedaiog ets 26 obfe foae fe dotdw ad (serfod te 


Sess bedolo yd beagege bas ,#end anwd bedetagse glouttae cots 
hehe ) + ypeloeaniq yd feds It aslise yd bonnets Sas aero 
we CS es \olda> edt to ofzaztst 

Brie ae ,efday add’ Ic efgnsiss edd no opereed 
“efgnetat edt to cottevele. sit to msot eft eaiecmoo non dodh 
on Ohieds os rettel eid to moldiogesg sid. .bidnp oft, 20: segang 
_ eedonaagiana too etamitor tsom off cl is 
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© posi Sdsidge yilexene> Ti 20 \soinieo edd Yo sate edt revo Bqo 
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a Be ag eorteret dots satbhivib edt Ye eesavoids siitae eds rend 
gt eonsiseqqds yes sucdtin . cor eds dieenesd [law wobgiw oad 
poqdferenes et ti to moktexilid! saokduvels edt to tasmgoleveh 
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tho nO edt to'elds: teseaasd ddroe edt of barot ors edt 

send tovo Bieigq to eeixzes & (ALO .eLF) asiate'l! vs doxarls 
yecenean eidtety ef 4:8 .REY ai wedd evyods bas flow robo iw 
Saote doldd biel exe notda sort .iIew aldap begolo edd bus ‘ete 
plang sot droages tesiaxogmi: brolites stadt etetg eeodt of exoold 
y odd. todd OB \tetg od teig mort dentut etivsy Lennyd betaiog 


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vets So ait eb oqeeasad éx00 ‘eat a ‘aaa ek bald rey, Bi 
va tod: batid dees e6t dottu Bo \nidnons 2 to dounds - 


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580 eae 
this kind is shown by the north transept gable od the collego 
church of S. Quentin, on which the great blind pointed arch en 
closing the wheel window is adjoined at each side by a smaller. 
one filling the spaces near to the buttresses, which are separa : 
ted from the great one only by the little columns, sapporting + : 
the arched passage. fiven more plainly is expressed the endeavor _ 
mentioned on the south transept gable of the collegiate church 
at Colmar, on which at each side of the pointed window in 6 di- 
visions filling about 2/5 of the width of the gable, is a blind 
arch entirely separated from that, and spanned by closed trefoi 
arches and crowned by gables flanked by pinnacles. 

Triangle of the sable, 

Passage on the triangle of the gable. 

What now concerns the form of the elevation of the triangle 
proper of the sable, the proportion of the latter to the lower. — 
wall portion, it stands in the most intimate connection with the | 
varied arrangement of the edge of the roof or of. the gutters : 
along the eaves. If then the water at the lons sider simply dr- E 
ops over the edge of the cornice, or if generally at the base 3 
of the roof no balustrade is found, there is also no need fom 
arrangins it before the gable, since it no longer has to form a 
2 communication. Therefore the plain wall of the gable triangle 
is opened in any manner or is entirely closed and stands above 
the face of the lower wall as in Pigs. 934, 935. 

Now compare the first Fis. with its section in Fig, 934 a, t 
then the entire thickness of the dividing arch remains up tot ~~ 
the window wall beneath the roof, without any appearance in the 
development of the elevation. Utilization of it is generally on | 
near to a simpler form of. cross section of the full thickness 
of the gable wall, and may first consist in the use of the tri- 
forium in the gable triangle. 

Thus are found in the south transept sable of the collesiate 
church at Wetzlar (Fig. 936) a series of piers over the proper | 
window wall, and above them in Fig. 854 is visible internal pi- 
ers and the closed gable wall, from which are laid thick stone 
blocks to those piers, that afford important support for three p 3 
pointed tunnel vaults turned from pier to pier, so that the lat- a 
ter cover the passage betweem piers and the sable wall. Other 
examples of the same kind, which however acquire sreater rich- 
ness by the little columns dividing the span of the arch are 


. holies nay a a! i 
ae. fata oe Si Wa ait $0 ee tiey: dqsensad add yd Asis 
peli) “fo. opazess elds to snemegesiie fetecesg afueiootized 
, e Rte) anow emge edo so eiévos tLe%3 yd beeolone sldsy 
fo? botts yfasen stom yeu © ui anode gedtier evidon suse 
aie glezbeiteo etd to esidag tqeeaesd odd yd gelatek to eld 
att» w6h snsenediahl ai seteal@ .@ yd bas nandehps bos ase 
menenze babwoto « Wd hoorice: exe eseiq Zao1te heosqe ylobiu 
sent wollot abene doidw ,elediqso tsodtiv aaoilinua ko 
oem fenand [lotews vd. betooendoo ots fas oldspE eat to 
i 1a sedi eted? .{fen dosd odd of Snetxe e}ataatigae tiedd 
)felferes sioofd enote vd ifen xosd odd dtiv Gookot ota enctl 
ent ,tnemezasste emsesdt goiniades .egnioece seodd 
petis. godied dtin eamufoo slttif qd booelgsx ed bLvoo anoil 
as ee erorvosaaeo fads miot aelefizso caote 
poet SHES ROG OW beateloxe yitoseuget) sonaem sit ak TI 
“ppor qd bosgoonnce yino ote aumalos elsdtil a0: unotilsa 

woo to been ond afiuse: oxsdt .etinav feannt to) Sastent 
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fd 30 deomegnert6 sa défi sifew eldey bifoe edi o¢ bemtot end 
@ oeedd .ofdea oft to oolient{osi s47 gnivoliol ssdois 
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oa s(eelded es8) soitecsloxs sefict « oni? 
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fant odé o¢ eshbeoiws seeds to meticgietsq odt efidwasall 

| kbeceaas to Bsstenl .viieseoen & seknon ei elded odd to 
"easee2eg offs bas .yiiaincsixed ehsots edt to tdpion Lsups as 
ipoek @ hemr0t ed aso cxtete ent lo bestani 10 .bersveo ssdtts 
Biinelt exencd isot0o ois aserdsd edseesg oeitosmnco Seasvoonn 


8 
? 


pekeeesg anivosanco sid déiw gdgtes cael eviavss isdiis yen 


fa sides sid to elgastis, edd to drsq wsqor sod dead oa di 


e oidad add to ddgies onktas sad‘ yquos0 ven fi 10 tk svods 
af edd stactl teow edé to motisainies [svnonfttod s miot eudt 
to dowsds etetgefioo edt to bao teow edt no Savot ef 


seta «ined to ferbedtso edd no has (d CE CFC .aRi®) 


) aoltoyxtesco ssiivosq sai woud feyoleved gaisd feebat 
Pe ot 8 bauo®, ai eased sit asewted eyed asodeew ow? odd reve 
gto « senate esas,’ ot dosd, toe. al aegorwg efdsem edd elie 


bash peti 


= 
a) 


mw absote of% ..9 wi noldoust anos ssigvas sos aod? .sfidsh odd . 


SSE vi ‘eet Sty Py, ace ms a i} 


581 ee 
shown by the transept sables of the cathedral. at Limburg, and 
particularly graceful. arrangement of this passage of the west 
gable enclosed by great. towers on the same work (Pig. 937). Th 
same motive is then shown im a way more nearly allied to the 
ble of Wetglar by the transept gables of the cathedrals at Mei 
Sen and Masdeburs and by 8. Blasien in MU&hlhausen. Here those 
widely spaced strong piers are replaced by a crowded arrangement 
of mullions without capitals, which again follow the direction _ 
of the sable and are connected by trefoil tunnel vaults, so that. 
their springings extend to the back wall. There the himher mnul- 
lions are joined with the back wall by stone blocks varallel to 
those spacings. Retaining the same arransement, perhaps the mal 
lions could be replaced by little columns with better effects, 
whose capitals form that connection. a 

£f in the manner frequently explained we now assume that the | 
mullions or little columns are only connected by cross arches 4 
instead of tunnel vaults, there results the need of covering 4 
the passage by stone slabs, that are laid from the arcade wall. J 
thus formed to the solid gable wall. With an arrangement of the 4 
arches Following the inclination of the gable, these slabs must. 
be laid on each other with their tops forming a stairs leading ‘g 
up from both sides to the apex of the Sable, that will later f 
find a futter explanation (See Gables). 
Horizontal termination of the passage. 
Meanwhile the paraltelism of these arcades to the inclination — 
of the gable is nowise a necessity. Instead of this can occur 
an equal height of the arcade horizontal}y, and the passage be 
either covered, or instead of the stairs can be formed a second | 
uncovered connecting passage between the corner towers flanking ~~ 
the gable. Then the entire construction, i. e., the arcade wall © 
may either receive less height with the connecting passage over: 
it, so that the upper part of. the triangle of. the sable rises | 
above it, or it may occupy the entire height of the sable and . 
thus form a horizontal termination of the west front. the last 
is found on the west end of the collegiate church of Mantes (: 
(Pigs. 939, 939 b) and on the cathedral of Paris, on the latter 
indeed being developed from the peculiar construction, so that ~ 
over the two western bays between the beams is found a terrace, 
while the gable proper is set back to the eastern face of. the 7 
towers, whose western sides are then connected by doubled arca- 4 


7 sho pple i. el AUR i a a 
iit a ih) iy ania te Re ar ae ee Poa aes 
yess Yes Be eae |  yhY | ' ; ; 

2 iL ee a alae ere ree | 


, 1m a 


| > hoe i "_sepeeeng Brceie eid, teod degd .eshsois 
By a et onde teas 2 A6ITS tresibzo ed? ot ateter en Jud 
P bs feuds bas ,exewod odd neowied ebsetxe elets efbhim odd 
de cntaten yeds no (absote edd batded qa Bnedxs tedtts elfen 
laud yiac $nort edt of buogesy100 noid bes m103 seluznelad 
= efdeh edd to cofienlfonl.efs oF balbrolis i9% sagt 
qeedt fne olbseint efdey edd reensed eomotetieh aid dn 
send gaifevel ebeoas snot elit yd motvsvele eds at heat 
‘to elcusxe oA .o98ne59 yuttossnon teqgs sda to adsle 
tiebddye tice edt to Sa9 tear ess yd owvode-el. Jusmekaes 
Pitads .eidt of eted noitwette feo of «(fC .vk2) eednall 
f enote eniei yd ‘ifaw dosed edt dtiw betospnos 91s eameloo tn 
sloo-tewol edt to alesiges eid wrot ahaa ta0a% esodw .etve 
q 866 ‘gout bawot ef ccad ni Levhsditco oft to bas teow saz a0 
‘edt Yo toor edt seddex xo elds? ond dedd saousgasdis wii 
jvayaeasc anitoosnes eis dgvords etosioig eloneseqgs slaie 
hiker dork: Secoloyytotitas add dens of ,eiswoOs ssn709 sds 
 beosla $¢ es asecas astiel edd fo aedove baifd yd bedseaias 
Stites seem ond Tot evods bedssta ovefiow es ,olgastas eldsy edd 
| ett: ai awohaix Hhagot .efdag ers engted egaeesg cert 
BF a hn is ,elyaaiz 
eiles hatevoonn ns yd tsemetcsiis stitas sdit esnoded asiqmfs? 
Bidsh end ydetedn: sides oi3 to seed ext to sigied eds os 
hte) evobuiw yd. bensqo sd aso fre ,efdieiv ylesisas ef of% 
pale go footw odd bedsolbat at ered. ylatadaen ,etddgiod dae 
"eds oalt .benteonos ‘sk tuentsent aeictz s 28 soos es wob 
-qiev ef ewore skus? nt .emsd extork fo Sgsenas? add, doidw 
huabedart yoboain feodiw teetg © to jnsmenastme edt dtiw edi 
Ski ieahh aelisue yzsesecen edd yd neve bos woled, tgsnaatd 
feed sataedqwe ot betgshs af apieed aeiquia gnidinesr odd 
ee: evotaomiad ait .eao ssvol off to soneoitinsen bas 
“tovsorsibbe odd yo boonedae od ‘ned? nso algasia? ofded 
Setatog yreantiz0 10 Lfetsas ,basor oeinsdil Ons Lizws 
Wi0 epoctng smac odT .eldes odd to eeibns cords said ot 
py sides sdt to wiot edd fitwegatnego edt to qyaoa1sd 
)efgnatas:6 ai’ Jen. exobriw Sauer soudt qd Senisite 
0 mean Susmegusiis os done Liotess ~ to Jostis odd edest 
b usenedal]d Yo dosudo ent to. dqsaness ddéton edd 
ae sb Oadmi efdeh edt woled eosly tneret 
ona] oe banger fovea. to peter aif 


@ a 


‘edous © 


( ; =) o, : ; ; ‘ ¥ | i 
7 +4 b 7 ‘ “ i a ot ” a a . as ’ i>" 4 ; ‘. 
‘ OU eS rR ee a at 6 cr 


FS SERVES a! SE CE. 3 SRE ae 
ha oy eee - ar Ae ey a 1 


582 
arcades, that bear the connecting passase,: 


But we return to the ordinary arrangement, where the roof. of. 
the middle aisle extends between the towers, and thus the gable 
walls either extend up behind the arcade, or they retain theeir © 
triansular form and then correspond to the front only by short — a 
columns set allordins to the inclination of the gable which su 
port the defference between the sable triansle and the rectangle 
formed in the elevation by the front arcade leveling the floor 
Slabs of the upper connecting passage. An example of such an ar— | 
rangement is shown by the west end of the collegiate church im | 
Mantes (Fig. 939). We call attention here to this, that the fr- 
ont columns are connected with the back wall. by large stone bl- 
ocks, whose front ends form the capitals of the lower columns. 
On the west end of the cathedral in Laon is found then the pecu- : 
liar arrangement, that the sable or rather the roof. of the middle 
aisle apparently projects throush the connecting passage between 
the corner towers, so that the entirely closed front wall only ’ 
animated by blind arches of the latter appear as if placed on 
the gable triangle, as welhave stated above for the rear wall. 

Free passage before the gable. Round windows in the gable 


Nae ; 
a 


triangle, = 

Simoler becomes the entire arrangement by an uncovered gallery 
at the height of the base of the gable, whereby the sable trian- | 
gle is entirely visible, and can be opened by windows at differ- 
ent. heights. aertainly here is indicated the wheel or round win- 
dow as soon as a richer treatment is concerned. Also the’ same 4 
which the transept of Notre Dame in Paris shows is very compat-— ¢ 
ible with the arrangement of a sreat wheel window lishting the. : 
transept below, and even by the necessary smaller dimensions of @ 
the resulting simpler design is adapted to emphasize the sige 4 
and magnificence of the lower one. The harmonious effect. of the 
gable triangle can then be enhanced by the addition of three | 
small and likewise round, trefoil or ordinary pointed windows ~~ 
in the three angles of the gable. The same purpose of 2 complete 
harmony of the opening with the form of the gable is further : 
attained by three round windows set in a triangle, that approx- ~ 
imate the effect of a trefoil. Such an arrangement is found on @ 
the north transept.of the church of Gelnhausen, indeed at a dif- 
ferent place below the gable in the circle of the side arch.’ 4 

The design of such round windows is very compatible with that 


, ey e i wi ' 
, AC y ° Tt ane y y a t 

) joe oe ’ i wane As! i 

zi] a) y i +3 a - Hl baie of ren i a . ; 


ro bor sill ivi ten edd weet Ws epscees pBansn 8 to. 
edd tea, {semen Bak soddsl edd d3tw soltoonnco edt yd evi 
| Ha) ‘al .evitostie atom ef tad moftvotinat edt to Ilan 
aw ‘pecege el ehsors edd to sosgqe fone te Ifsw efdsk edt 
Ter | eH ewobain Sasot 
' sop Ba eeidey edd al eourgit yd noitescoed me: 
ete siaiee edt. ot ou bastze von eeoh eksensq ebsore ont if 

eldiziv entemes olansiss ides odd to desq s aed?  egbia 
5 evad 30 wohsiw 2 yd bemeqo od tefitte nso ted#el edd bas (di 
ere & tebas Gayot edz ai esmubit « to sotdistusaetge2 
| edt no beyolgne Sasol ef. teel eff .tsilexr s yd lege 
* it -O@@d al aitush .2 to s{dse 


he 


od 


to ofées Seen oft yd awode af taenqoleveb asiiveeq yiev A 
» oldsy beqgeta segosq edd enoied ete to% .sésold de doando i 
bth, edt ylisen Rakyguooo seis ns tue helledaoo si doaude edt | in 
oted gaixyt efdag elqute & mi got t6 aetsnintest doiin ,dtbir 


a 


s #eeoned .xqouso feaeoloo s emzot ends bos ,efdey beqqeta edt \ 

atex #2 g¢iw ,xftiouro edd bavor edt oi hetneceaqex si doids 

Beis. «weds ebised esfigns 4 Bas adot if J : 

xe ‘exten ‘yow efdd. ai iia il bree Intkiussd tgaoe oft iud | 

hate edi yd betnocesq ai eldép eft Yo Baiflit s fove to 

etitne edt yarooo ton seoh el¢sy erode e29vorT aj dextdo 

° i 4 betuesnt wt elfucatad ofdes edt sebaw fads on 8008 edt to 

[t2 eoiatoo honifont ma yd bezolove sets otitoe etait .elyast 

ews fotdw e2odots brild etic ojaf bebivytb medi ai ezeveol vd ¢, 

Lies & bevalg ak eno efbbim edt exoted seesois banoxr elfamie 

seeders ehie edt nt beste nfol «abbas atteM .3 elidw ,xitionrdco # 
-ofgasiag eldey edt ni ewobnipy botaies 

t eidt ak natn .etnort deew edt to esivote wobsik odd nt sh 

betaiog s yw beoelosx ylrommen ef wobatw Isedy edd elas | 

$ détwenneti low guibivib dse1g vd bellil gated isitis besbal 4 

} ssedse dose shiasd beoale ewobhoiw oltate fatsveae yd.s0 .yI99. bh 

b odd buewot sasstont 10 ,degied [supe to ed ysm vette! ed? oe 

$0 soitenifoni edd eatsnixoraggs quomh srigas add tadt o& [ 

has. ernitn, vedayies msotiau duiW .di of Lefletsq sé to elds Ay 

watt go ofsdasonoo nisgs bos foooee & havoli sd. ysa quo woh , 


ey 


es seldeg ytooss# otek efdep edt to noltulozed 

g ud bob ss on Sais edt to sets erkteo sid sidow totel 00 

 esosge to Asdmun 8 oat eolosanig déiw eis x) 

Palade sadd nesone we epee bas exstesliq. © 

oad AR | ‘ cS y 
i nen ae 


MS ere ; 


Ven) 
fn ae ee 


x 


tn A 5 4 i 
a hel 


583 Hota: 
of an arcade passase before the sable wall, indeed it is effect- 
ive by the connection with the latter in a manner like the back 
wall of the triforium but is more effective, In Mantes (Pig. 959) 
the gable wall at each space of the arcade is opened by a listigg 
round window. 


Decoration by figures in the gable. % 
Tf the arcade passase does not extend up to the height of the 
ridge, then a part of the sable triangle remains visible over. 4 
it, and the latter can either be opened by a window or have 2. 
representation of a fisure in the round under a canopy or be 
adorned by a relief. The last is found employed on the entire . 
sable of S. Martin in baon.: 


A very peculiar development is shown by the west gable of the 


a: 


church at Pforta. For here before the proper stepped gable of 
the church is corbelled out an arch occupying nearly the — 
width, which terminates at top in a simple gable lying before : | 
the stepped gable, and thus forms a colossal canopy, beneath 
which is represented in the round the crucifix, with 5S, Wartin, © 
S. John and 4 angles beside them. | a 
But the most beautiful and perhaps in this way unique example 3 
of such a filling of the gable is presented by the hiebfrauen @ 
chureh in Treves, whose gabdle does not occupy the entire breadth _ 
of the roof, so that under the gable triangle is inserted a rec- 
tangle. This entire area enclosed by an inclined cornice filled | 
by leaves is then divided into three blind arches, which are s ’ 
Simple round arches. Befors the middle one is placed a closed : 
crucifix, while S. Maria andS. John stand in the side arches. 
Pointed windows in the gable triangle. 4 
As in the window stories of the west fronts, also im this tri- 
ansle the wheel window is commonly replaced by a pointed window, — 
indeed either being filled by great dividing mullidéasswith tra- — 
cery, or by several single windows placed beside each other, T q 
The latter may be of equal height, or increase toward the middle,) : 
so that the entire group eoproximates the inclination of the g & 
Sable or as parallel to it. With uniform heights, above the wine 
dow group may be found a second and again concentric opening. | 
Resolution of the gable into tracery gables or steps. | 
On later works the entire area of the gable is divided by pi- 1 
ers with pinnacles into a. number of spaces usually divided by | 
pilasters and connected by arches, that again end in gables at 


all é Pony 
, dart ae SSC. 
| peso. “ereteatio seed¢ neewded basdxe dotdw .gov 


teed Ens festiass edt os Snvdt el snometaentse oe dove 19 
‘ecto taf odd pandas ok diedeatiG .2 to dossdo ect no oly 
fisiv ‘fod et bas ,beqqede edi oOtuk eseeeq boobal atot 
8 tt bouiiat of esd? .eobsoik edd Yo euaimego odd davoidit 
ot ‘Bevomet tet .mobseit dseagreed [lite toswetasiss fs 
a Waadch avin voomgolsysh xetel edd to fostte brarr Jeon 

HITE Botatoc eoudt al bebiytb ef efdsy oft to ag¢bix edt 109 
xe mal enc elbbin odi ,yteoett bas encilinm yd redots 
a's a ‘ot teomLs yerzooh toirgasioes & yd beicwooo bes atento 
Bsveas en? tuo belledsoo ets L[eotnil zone mo4i ,dows eds to 
os. ne odd trodes th .eedota Baiid odt to tasq t9eqqm edt gaibhives 
rs ‘esela. Ifav bas sisibemreiat ed? wont belfledto0 o1s Fegiod 
. fr neerted ~welgnsiat [etetalinga te prod edd nt seloen 
 omae eit ts bao egninego esodw ,zeane0e4 efile edt sage zoel 
pews detsel odd tevo yifoesiG .elatnit edt te exzodt as tdy 
ie ye ows mteaze etetq etaltberisetal edt stoted tuo hetle 
pso000 @lbbia ott ansace elfdeR s dotcn meedvied ,seloancia salt 
saakg besotsinoem teal edt to yoiifediom efi 16 guinied eds tA 

7 <eoldes ebtea edé steve sotaioo Istaosi<ccod & banot nedd o* 
‘ mode So sno elbbim edt ,eveises eLétil 0 ten modt ets doide 
sites edt dotdy neevted bes ,cidey peimnors sid servo ypkbae 


Pa A 


oe 


‘if 


rey Gineomeltted isd owt yo fetewiae ul eotaroo edt to enil 
_-#a0 phen ee & bas stedint edt gat 
odd iti guomisd iniidwesd teor odd al ef olds aidd Tf 

2 ef edd to Seofo edt tuode oF ‘iabeotais teat .dgseaned wobsatw 
do #tedeetis edt exif .estrotaso at BY ody to gatoakged oss 
aeleveb YISTOIUStHOD | or elfaveotot tedwenok .asluskireq nt 
} efdasiue & batt of Sleotttth ed faow FI bas .2dtow reAto Yo 
S stad to eslomexe isddc end nord .rstial eat rod sottentn 
"Sat Yo agotisisey ylowsm ais ,.ovs .suyexiT .brudinetnl at 
2 exom yd elgmsxe pindtal edt word qaiiib sexki sods owoss 
5 aged esarsqse eit to sefdes$ oft Stiw cals weds base adieivi 
“asewted sidas odt Yo costae eft ovods YListnoxtiod esats 
| mee Istevec. gal medd ebivtb bas ,e1staslic sdeisced 
) edt bao teow eds to bre etqeenesd sit Yo eofdsy ads wo YT 

}>bobosiis sk yrese wba tw, sd¢ to ewobntn sit disened sgeeeag 
Ete Yo Tepe2s ont getis shite tehced adi no ea oase 
os efit To ened bp to spied out ts 900 i9qgu Sdt yot 


584. 

top, which extend between these pilasters.: 

By such an arrangement is found as the earliest and best exam 
ple on the church of S. Elisabeth in Marburg, the triansular f | 
form indeed passes into the stepped, and is but partly cia 
through the openings of the arcades. Thus eo Marburg the conve 
al arrangement still hascgreat freedom, far removed from the al- 
most rigid effect of the later development with pinnacles. 


Por the width of the gable is divided im three pointed blind 
arches by mullions and tracery, the middle one far exceeding thet 
others and occupied by a rectangular doorway almost to the base — 
of the arch, from whose lintel are corbelled out the pilasters - 
dividing the upper part of the blind arches. At about the same 4 
height are corbelled from the intermediate and wall. piers 4 pin- 
nacles in the form of Equilateral triangles, between which gabou 
les span the side recesses, whose openings end at the same hei- 
ght as those of the finials. Directly over the Latter are corb- a 
elled out before the intermediate piers again two entirely siu- 
ilar pinnacles, wetwheen which a gable spans the middle recess, 
At the height of the corbelling of the last mentioned pinnacle 4 
are then found a horizontal: cornice over the side gables, on ie” 
which are then set 83 little turrets, the middle one of them ste a 
anding over the crowning gable, and between which the horizontal 
line of the cornice is animated by two half battlements brite: 
ing the turrets and a giddle stepped one. a 
If this gable is in the most beautiful harmony with the West | 
window beneath, that belonss to about the close of the 13 th ont i 
the beginnings of the 14 th centories, like the Blisabeth church ; 
in particular, somewhat forestalls the contemporary development 
of other works, and it must be difficult to find a suitable ter- 
mination for the latter, then the other examples of this kind ¢ 
in Nuremburg, Prague, etc., are merely variations of the same : 
theme, that first differ from the Marburg example by more subd- a 
ivision and then also with the sables of the separate steps con~ 
tinue horizontally above the surface of the gable between the { 
separate pilasters, and divide them into several stories. ig 
Tf om the gables of the transepts and of the west end the 3 
passage beneath the windows of the window story is arranged the a 
same as on the bonser side after the manner of Fis. 913, then | 
for the upper one at the height of the base of the roof is eith-— 


i y \4 ia 4 iy / y J ais y 
ee AS a ml a \ Pas Pals : BY 
ih) a A 4 4 7, Pal " 
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; ont no eeso ett mive etd? »seinetisy toor edd 
on BSIe PiIseesooen oat bentstdo yltese ef sted toy 
e Lee edd to soxt ods obtent hearst dows oe ud emsod to01 
ee: 0: edt no guideet bus taemttaqnoo odd to patiorigqa ode 
a “no stwoere of tIwokttib exom somoced efit .tlvav sds to 
m eth pathecaxe 18% yed to digael s to tnspoos no etgeenest 
” } feds oe sets to eeol. tadt biova' ot sauaen el of andi baa 
ak bos yeu tenol edd sevo yitoaxe ell of eemoo sgeaneq teqqe 
done" .nettel edt co gniteos aotionitenco yous Ys bedasoggque ¢ 
jp enottaes peed ybsetls esd agtents grndesste edt sort elons © ae 
dee sbsors a8 to detecoo Sluow etmemegnniis iends0 ofGE 4G a 
}asewted hearst dows meso to epeaesg ‘gawol edt to shbe edt ‘ 
| nt oft no betiqqs satiel edd evteonaa ow Yi .coaneittad uf 
ai & satu egentwret yitiees ai dotdw .(.°@ -bit) .ecoledd to 
i | ofatasonos ¢uoda ed bentsoneo dows eft Hluow aedd toot : 
: henntsnen erotad edt ot ¢eattnoo al .fiove hotakog teaqu ond 
senloo te elder toeensit déuoe edt ao yielle: odd tnomegaszze 
ii. SwpLedteo yaitoetoiq ylgnoste yo betuoqque vigate ad Sivew 
e ‘eit exeguoo niske sw henoisas@ saaet sedoin sit Ile of 
i BS .enceeio® ts xezed .2 to fas eaad oasol to sefdss eiquis 
,eloin edt to noituoexe daeteoaaoo yleiidas asin decd Toor 
 sedoit tedd anctdtogotg f008 saidingss yLixseasoen Jeonls od 
etoetto waged a soubor od berttapex Ife te ton asw snamanto 
Me ne olde, Sbe toot to solttanif{onl 
Neaationt edd to soldéxoqoro edt af gonstiogat tasers to 8 
Bais dedt ,fositash od of ton ei GE YT »toot yiodsissio sad to 
| efit yd beesela ylletoeqes eaw boiteg desl edd to das oidtol 
ae ean pleetevnoa seivedil bas .etoo1 qeote riev to tnsaegset 
| yatoot todtelt to agieob od sobsloxe caéwoa sind sedd ,boxit 
me ,acoasyed benotsinss ylésoupeti esd yd bedasastg sis oowe 3s | 
ee to etoor odd oals bas ,zelets shite edt to etoor wol yllsven0 a 
| Yo eegvod edd neve bus ,eetadavoofatedtsoe gi adeibflied tsle 
£ eogeretety edt Istenep ai [Lite .einsesog seofoty? bas evine oe 
) -egoiblind dowsdo antisveo tot ylselookdasa etoor r9qo0%e 10% aes 
het ed usm etoor y1ederselo to nottanifent sit sot sdimil ed | 
tag ai sesetoni as cele de8: eb\t od C\C to emoitioqesa sat feb en 
cab dadt svods toor ytoterselo efd to seodt .s9dgid beisies fr 
eottes edt syods tooy 1swod edt to ,esleis sbie 
se cision meilecitaey edt sort vitvanesoes 


fai 


ans: 


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4 
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ve 
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vee 


585 ‘ 
either isolated, or the area is lost. for the passage. connecting a 
the roof galleries. This evin the case on the longitudinal. walls, 
yet here is easily obtained the necessary area to receive the 
roof. beams bu an arch turned inside the face of the wall above 
the springing of the compartment and resting on the thickness 
of the vault. This becomes more difficult to execute on the ¢. 
transepts on account of a length of bay far exmeeding its width, 
and thus it is nearer to avoid that loss of area, so that the 
upper passage comes to lie exactly over the lower one, andis . 


Supported by any construction resting on the latter. Such an ex- 
ample from the Strasburg minster has already been mentioned on. 
pe 351. Other arrangements would consist of an arcade set on +. Pi 
the edge of the lower passage or ofaan arch turned between the : 
buttresses. If we conceive the latter applied on the transepts ; 
of Chalons, (Fig. 9°.), which in reality terminate with a hip 
roof, then would the arch concerned be about concentric with . : 
the upper pointed arch. In contrast to the before mentioned — t 
arrangement the gallery on the south transept gable at Golmar i 
would be simply supported by stronsly projectins corbels.: ; 

To all the richer forms mentioned we again compare the very 4 


Simple gables of Notre Dame and of S. Leger at Soissons, as 

proof that with entirely consestent execution of the whole, and 

the almost necessarily resulting good proportions that richer 

ornament was not at all required to produce a happy effect. 
Inclination of roof afid gable. 

But of great importance is the proportion of the inclination 
of the clearstory roof. If it is not to be deniedg, that the G. 
Gothic art of the last period was especially pleased by the ar- 
rangement of verry steep roofs, and likewise conversely was so 
fixed, that this nowgése excludes the design of. flatter. roofs, 
as such are presented by the frequently mentioned terraces, and 
usually low roofs of the side aisles, and also the roofs of sec- 
ular buildings in southernecountries, and even the houses of 
Swiss and Tyrolese peasants, still in Seneral the preference is 
for steeper roofs particularly for covering church buildings. 
‘As limits for the inclination of clearstory roofs may bs regar-— 
ded the proportions of 5/7 to 1/4. But also an increase in parts 
carried higher, those of the clearstory roof above that of the 
side aisles, of the tower roof above the former results almost. 
necessarily from the verticalism peculiar to Gothic art. For 


Seren SR GRAS Seg yee ee pg eee Lae gtees - R 


: ) ae 
ak thre os tral i 7 b. es 


~ a 
at dl 


0 tidtn toto 1 | pteny joing sit ods . eee aia gonietgene 
aibrocos betouidenos at dotdw .ebie ond 4a tawot s bos © 
isi bontesés yitese ef exit bes bonotteom tant elgtoaiag 

si feffasaq déin Peutot tedt SC .bf8 af elidw .tdgted 
oe cat gesttn0o efdt ytiise ai tey protrstal yldstoemel af 
40! eat of oelt .evidoogersg to ewel oft oF Enthronoe debio 
else ivolé 84 aoleivigifeyps us vsiicosg ek aottsninied Isc 
iLont settealt edt oftdu .geixe tb to etzseq aedetd ofedtaeo 

. pemutonuiie to equows dectk nmi yilerosqes ,atcon edd to 

e8 gsie orinoss oels bas «acletoobak yonutea to gostte odd 

fo ashio oi ,ancitibhs Isinsouase to svitsio0eb ‘nistieo mutzeb 

- enqeanniae teotz od ai tdasoe ed od e8 ,eidd sJeNo9noo 
at ‘Beods Yo etoot odt to euoktosto1qg ebinw edd bas eisesd 

,bevteates geri svad ew doidn ot .esevod 


. ea 


of nat be exogaue soqorg odd most paitiveex esnoesst sedt¢ud 
. otissq <bexolame od of eietvot on ode to esnutéen sdt to bas 
bt yfiavensy es ebies ylexkine oveel ew ,eetsuif[s so at 
yoaibem to notisiotset edt af ciealvobiasg fede ying otste ox 
204 eds Yo aoitacifont Sactptao odt to aoftevievecg edd extor 
mw edd @oum cot w2eoqde of emece si wodw ,tuattoqmk si1om eft ef 
end at tect o2 raoosly gaem ol tecoeL ta ygaties? olvedtes ate 
ated. Seenzse otiueses esdourds blo Yo atood yasm oats ¢neeenc 
on fo ecpteeh yd besefqes mod? cee oF .1H9n EL tepash ect t01 


) ~wemts edt to ttaiqa befIao-ce edt of hetive 


ae : 
ddetdne yfLeuoiverg nutaniged @ dowe, to efdaqao fis yam tus 


tf 


/ede doine ai ,cokeSuteaxe Iwlowet otom 6 OF eotqmsxe s2odi 
pette edd bos -betelemoo nwod2e ef etoor odd te ernado benoit’ 
tens Giitw beteqnco ef hentsido yheaeds eomifsuco est to seeney 
pean ison et es wtot ieuspere att st bheowbota axow edt doidw 

eubebiosh bied odd de® wrod beeogora Letvict exe yreqexgog 
lectpet£7) sbetootex od Oisow FE tedi evoiled ew bic edd eo 


|) Bae. a 
example let Fis. 933 a be the outline of a choir with clearstory 
and a tower at one side, which is constructed according to the 
principle just. mentioned and thus is easily attained its stately | 
height, while in Fig. 938 that formed with parallel inclination — 
is lamentably inferior; yet im reality this contrast is more de- 
cided according to the laws of perspective. Also to the horizon 
tal termination is peculiar an equalldivision, particularly if 
certain higher parts of it exist, while the flatter inclinations 
of the roofs, especially in great sroups of structures, produce 
the effect of stumpy indecision, and also require with a simpler 
design certain decorative or structural additions, in order to 
conouer this, as to be sousht in the great. acroterias of the 
Greeks and the wide projections of. the roofs of those arn 
houses, to which we have just. referred.: 

Further reasons resulting from the propor purpose of the roof 
and of the nature of the materials to be employed, particularly _ 
in our climates, we leave entirely aside as generally known, and 
we state only that particularly in the restoration of mediaeval 
works the preservation of the original inclination of the roof 
is the more important, when it seems to oppose too much the mod 
ern esthetic feeling at least in many places, so that in the p 
present time many roofs of old churches require earnest help, 
for the danger is near, to see them replaced by designs of roof 
suited to the so-called spirit of the times. 

But may all capabie of such a beginning previously subject t 
those examples to a more careful examination, in which the men- 
tioned change of the roofs is shown completed, and the effecti- 
veness of the outline thereby obtained be compared with that, 
which the work produced in its original form as in Merian’s To= | 
poxgraphy, the trivial proposed form thth the bold deciéedness } 
of the old; we believe that it would be rejected. (Illegible). - 


gat 70. S6THWORO Eeaeerveate a» 
ei pag 8?  -lexene? of sobetvithdue ry 
SP kasewacte ot: bad yssve to cotetvibdae besatinos od? 
iB gaiwolfot edt to bewoqmoo et .,9%8 ,baetq ,petacoloae 
oe .(estiesw .efsved .stetmedo ,adefa) seostise easld of 
“on  se(etfotoe ,gbauot) eeoetiae Heyiwo ynivostory .S 
‘aa poo) ee Cawolfodd esostina bevsuo msxane .f 
fi oe eapoib{uog etsureqes 
bLvow e ato tLloatt: ed ybsoufs yea acostina sagdi-to doad 
ys to’gniblvom doom & 86 svieR Ysa bawot slonts « eodd bes 
ooebis 25 .ovod 10 antbnner 8 .setueds eiqnta & bas ,let 
edtexot Houtot: ets asostiue isxovea yifsoga vo3 .ofgns as ie 
fqmte s xo sottiensit [subs13 8 sotuact aot¢ia .garbinom 6 at 
i pent -ebim yd shia noiganidwoo 
yeeits soittasst eben’ dtin egathf{oom efgate Sasoquod 
y ott gk tsdt .aedto ‘does beeooge es gooatias beytso. 10 oasly 
} tedto done utoths siktorqg sdt to ataaq stsusqee odz xoitoee 
E beadot ets sseds bas ,(saegnat roumoo 4 djitw) edeoesd toodt 
& cone Bit) enola oft ofeevéo od? wort acoitienerd yew etdd . 
© 237) bunot s of evod s aozk (tee cart) enafg 2 of baoot 6° 
“eae ok ono tollame to 19hIe! 2 ot eyiwO: & cout anord fansaT 
- bawogace anome betanoo ed yleomsoe aso {ERE .8F9) sottoorro 
Joke B sotfoee sao1d odd ab tnogencet fon ob yodt nonw ~23arb 
ot Shusdo dostenco 5 tnd .(fbO .gt%) aowe tslo0tlo to sola 

ef ed¢ to auoidivom :{.o¢s ,Letiqe ,Bfodsis9 pegilis) ezwiav 
en ed fonabo sicteisdd bas ,basdeatt aweth yllsces ome Sait 
¥ ~Ulfecitaaodssa bomen 10) besa 
f 19050 anottisasat taurds dtiw ekatbiven elauta Oavognoo 
che: oe aginas bevestgxe déis esostuua baviso 10 galt 
ofgnta a to aolecowgeh edd socbetg aysnia yeds fedd .sedso 
» (ane Ube) ceQtt) (letwod Sawoqnes sadt gaofed sesds of .19d 
itim eQnibluog asve «fone eRt®) ebenot betatoag to eancttoratet 
1 batoits to (Tae »2i¥) ebavow to slband ¢ oitf enotsivid 
x vatoela of bast ybaouts eatot ca2td? .siasd bebgioni sd sso 
} seradmem tege1g: odd .obfa yd ebie Baath 
q eee ; «agothiuvom besktdmod 
g stor to: syniscs0r efgnte ‘to acoitsaidmes e1s axedaem gore 
e ststbemisdat {feae yd to ,merseyot bafosnaco sulsv aael 
Caged exe eantifsom g:attostosq sdd cone .egntbloos 
“arte mi eats, i setatbemistal eis aeqo neinge Soe .{sqionizg 
ae | | r 


Transitions from a curve to a larger or smaller one in the same 


‘can be included here. Thiss forms already lead to Sie moul- a 


principal, and sunken ones are intermediate 


TOS Shes ee, ¥. a SS Co Cha 4 firs Saas 101 ea AS 
a ay ee 4 TA org Ge ei 


| 587 uy Soa 
VI. SUBDIVISION @ND CROWNING OF THR WALL. 
4. Subdivision in General. x 
The icontinued subdivision of every kind ‘in ‘cornices, ‘jambs, 
enclosures, plers, etc., is composed of the following elements. 
‘1. Plane surfaces (slabs, chamfers, bevels, washes). | 
2. Projecting curved surfaces (rounds, scrolls). 
3. Sunken curved surfaces ¢hollows). 
Seperate mouldings. ; 1 
Each of these surfaces may already ‘bg itself form a mouldin 
and thus a simple round may serve ag a neck moulding of a capi- 
tal, and a simple chamfer, a rounding or cove, as acdecoration 
of an angle. But usually several surfaces are -joined together 
in @ moulding, either forming a gradual transition or a simple. 
combination side by side. a 
Compound single mouldings with gradual transition arise, when 
plane or curved surfaces so succeed each other, that in the cross 
section the separate parts of the profile adjoin each other wi- 
thout breaks (with a common tangent), and there are formed ith aks 
this way transitions from the cdvecto the plane (Fig. 940), Seoul 
a round to a plane (Fig. 941), from a:cove to a round (Fig. 942). 


ee ee le 


direction (Fis. 943) can scarcely be connted among | compound: moni 
dings, when they do not represent in the cross section a succes- | 
sion of circular arcs (Fig. 943), but a constant change in cur- — 
vatwre (ellipse, parabola, spiral, etc.)}; mouldinms of the last a 
kind are usually drawn freehand, and therefore cannot ‘be repres- 
ented or named mathematically. a 

Compound single mouldings with abrupt transitions occur, if 
flat or curved surfaces with expressed angles so adjoin each = 
other, that they always produce the impression of a Single mem- 


ber. To these belong the ‘compound bowtell (Pigs. 944, 945), in- 


tersections of pointed rounds (Fis. 946), even moldings with 
Givisions like a bundle of rounds (Figs. 947) or a fluted round 7 


dings side by side, the proper members. | 
Combined mouldings. 
Rich members are combinations of single mouldings of more or 
less value connected tosether, or by small intermediate small 
mouldings. Hence the projecting mouldings are lanier: termed 


eee Tam Ae ik par peace eT) 
i m7 yy a: ’ a " ; ‘fa ‘yy 
t Ske ad r ’ : i 


epee | ie gee 
9 edt to aottoesib has moteesonge ed ot Batbt0908 
'¢ @atg00 Sts Sukbinom aedtosa 10 amo to Somsatmobsic oad 
reldttesadzed’ as 2evin Ratbloor otataqes dors ab conti 
iad Ss ikega efyta yieve ai dordu ,a7dt to Mnotacszqxe to 
io 93 eg ed? simenenzo 19070 fo aoftibbs odd taodiin szeuznel : 
J027 ’ patiest to oboe etitas ati .slgoeq edd tc exutigo eft 
5 bas seisivegen [etotourte gaifatxs ~etemtio ,etatea 2059 
f eeosen tat ntodt otudiadnoo atcnetemuosic evidostis isdco 
‘gol .tadsen Laratostidors yievs to taaaqgofoveb odd 
od edn soiuestqxe afi ssasdo ge sodwuon 6 to alktowg, omea 
bSbe -BRkt) sedsem Sntawor!.2 to aowrasgyoo edd yd Dodnee 
; newod .snokina ack (9 .d .o Ob saaid) tedmem-easd 2 bas 
pale Agr <ehoktagsn0d: atited 
gemon bas ostoss2 to esotelvih atetagoa odd al yoserlAa 
b esom neve dotdw .etoduem sdt to aoltantotanst? & dbetsiqmoo 
Q hea dektetstid vine® bos scit¢deeyd af 5asaitaoo zibet 
v ‘“eamate wea & atrdidcs alyte sapeencsmen bsfleoeoe oa7 
she aRTOdMem eGpzensmen 


ia 


jen odd gosig ind aiih Akudend ttoa bkove aasdusz gyoesasnes 

pmettosance Dleua bas asem yi vo yligeals aaaibluem sieie 
1998 Bevino of? .19dIo asKe sbiesa goleaetdus toodiin ages 
agen giefq ef exnibicom sdf to colazetaxs edi ,eots asfsomte 
mot .eno to duatxs svetshoa « $idivixs aevoo baa ebagord ,te2 


Ba duets sofotto edt ted oso 'o 
pas ) 5 .,-@sedinon sid? op 

‘henetdoted bas siti seo13 teristag ers eisdass ofdto?. of 
Petoe: geetvesoe ,fboeon of barhroope era acokifersi? .rotsaetd 


e base .Stenisoberq anoilod bac ahbande .bebrosh yrev senitance 
} Saetrogal et elotieftes sat bemteono> eta Broattie Sind o19 
fostte 6d? senviwo sisoties ysev aw900 cals basd aedte edd oo 
a tect ~teatncd wevigo Saaiset? ,2et09 geugoed ovs talvorro 
PBenti{adige to eiyda sd% oiif aeviso Satkesio yldastenoo: 
Sada to gn70t tswol ed¢,no Byaeetqxe gifstivosed basot ore 
ta » afsm edt to otieved ed (istiqego eds te omit sysonoo oad 
eldon odd sidtdee of bevine ylaelvottres yeev oss yedt das 
| Sakbod aysula ek eoslg ai toatte. sdf .tetesm edt to anoitas 
kur baedespland oF yitaseoss? ehesi Tr ,ooktoved tsesg divin 
) Isatzteacs: | of agtesot tnomfe ak goNsIssqgs seodn Lon 
“a ee aalooidrs7 yrev 2) ataege th ytitsorrnd elidn 
ro Tht Sed sonar ede te aiedgen ost al 


é 


Te ees 


lines ‘in each separate mouldings gives an énexhaustible abunda 


ings without expression beside each other. The curves are near 
‘circular arcs, the expression of the mouldings is plain and mod- 
‘ 


constantly changing curves like the style of spiral Lines, they 


ay "aX ofthe hack alee tie * 5 By Oe Nebo iat 


According to the succession and direction of the connectio 
the predominance of one or another moulding, the course of th: 


of expressions of form, which in every style speak e particul 
language without the addition of other ornament. The stage of 
the culture of the people, its entire mode of feeling, surroun- 
ding nature, climate, existing structural materials, and many 
other effective circumstances contribute their influences in 
the development of every anchitectural member. How Sreatiylthe 
same profile of a member may change its expression may be repre- 
sented by the comparison of a crowning member (Figs. 948 a, bye) 
and a base member (Figs. 949 a, b, c) an antique, Romanesene and 
Cothic conceptions. q 
Already in the separate divisions of Crecian and Roman art was_ 


‘completed a transformation of the members, which even more deci- 


Gedly continued in Bygantine and Barly Christian art, so that 
the so-called Romanesone style exhibits a new seis 
Romanesque members. a 
Romanesoue members avoid soft transitions, but place the sep- 
arate mouldings directly or by mean and small connecting mould- 


est, rounds and coves exhibit a moderate extent of one fourth ie 
to one half the circle. q 
Gothic members. eo 

fo Gothic members are peculiar sreat life and heightened ex- q : 


‘pression. Transitions are according to needs, sometimes soft and 


sometimes very decided, rounds and hollows predominate, and wh- 
ere bold effects are concerned the semicircle is important, but s 
on the other hand also occur very delicate curves. The simple 
circular arc becomes rarer, freehand curves dominate, that show — 


are found beautifully expressed on the lower torus of the base, : 
the concave line of the capital, the cavetto of the main cornice, — 
and they are very particularly suited to exhibit the noble inv- — 
entions of the master. The effect in place is always studied w g 
with great devotion, it leads frequently to a course of the li- 
nes, whose appearance is almost foreign to geometrical drawing, 
wbile -invreelity it exerts a very particular charm. P 

In the members of the external cornice occurs the necessity 


piace .saten entifst ed? yens aoitosbaco yistsa act 
Di iabapiicn herknpst yiereds esdesy Te ,2dd3ais edt 
_ etanenins Ao wot sat tedtaet gatonemityr 508 cotseerg 
f gteksetst eat ab esosiq ynem ts 19900 0afs godaew tal 
ate nol e wort deaw odd Qattsfoqoo biove of yuseeqoon ef 


; 


ee | stavisedo edt to 
r gaon sake serene) okdto2 to t sceiatio tie gad at yifessvit: 
Bp kettaorees 00 abntbived neve Jedd set of ee03, fi ,bodiart 
a usa tididxs syouls onthtlkod exae odf af w9dso. doKe 
peat se add .stteq taetatixzS ed? to aokéelot sad of sarbse 
Bit edd .sevicado add to tetecbastaeed? ,gottsool afedi 
eins: dou enotéatter sac1ts yilereseg sfedd oetyredsO .9¢9 
Sela ged ecards ¢cosetir6 sis. to atotetvibites edt atin bac 
ead af sdae ci eettivisos tnstetich yllsosl edt of gatbr00 
2 yids Taitetem odt ylisivotiisc wai Oggestaxe at — 
$20. «3 93578958 od¢ mott sbtse yils sidn8/ .utkaioiv sdé 
iiuoea 79973 ytev avods enofe dso ,noltonrtenoo Boow ons 
Be gnoiem@enth ,1oloo ,exeveslo .seenttos aff of anthrojoe 
Si, Maow nt noitoeltoy ated boit godt ,Meticg bas atety atk 
Sfoty bid seven aoxe efbbim odf .evedmem to sonasssqgs sdv of 
oF bas bestitts ted ,edoogs geod efi af alsizsdam antbhlind ot 
“Saae 2 Pal ng yeas as vod? sd 
a ' ‘gnoktonsdacoo Aoted of ebateinow 60 softtagio7 
@etdois saote ty. gort tneseitih vai af sintosdidois 40528 
Bis) edd ot* :notesoagxro Lentedxe dra gies steast edi at ot 
oto aseqe ns> O00 tact oa .femwoo weve ect dood teve gf 2998 
jeg. edt o% aed) at) bael esoosistitf ef selyte dofad adaisgqee 
boshom ati of setet redts1 fod .eacde L[atditicie to vettiuetl 
Be seosiq: ffsue yloc yigane auiams oe gntmto® .adtssssqo7g 
ita c syisoe2 yicousn fo ges geov3 edf tatifads , sere anotl 
-goye\eisiadoiad {faw yrenifso sesdd coil .miot offsueiqg 
@dzem notn toy pivowloisd of asifvosq asotmtos slate besous 
Mes Woon as SotimtL ore abatt eacdn .edotnd bebluom sttupet 
-sbakt dotad)ense odd node: .esotootte suse ond of oldie 
§ a8 doisd: bebLb0m sd? .se0elq) foo1ettid at od yom oe xsi 
ps8 tars yteatihzo ed¢ to enoienomth edt of betokadeart af 
Levan sat s07% besagexc 10 Shleom {efoage of absex 
a toauenser quave: bas ,eald esosftaague odd tic onitsas 
ons 6Si3g8. fuom cdi ansot oeqgofersd .bedtove ad of 946 
Bae ies cetecsecsnr ptwait bas saslyst0a 
P ba * os) Ca yr) rele gy . A ‘ih 


At ‘ 
: i ee i j CA Me 
UE a ee eee ee a One ) 


: 589 3 a 2 
for safely conducting away the falling water, expressing ‘in ¢ 
its rights, ef washes thereby reguired assuming a particular 
pression and iyfluencing farther the form of the ‘cornice. Sim 
lar washes also occur at many places ‘in the interior, where it 
is necessary to avoid conctéelins the wash from a low position a 
of the abserver. a 

Siversity in the development of Cothic mouldings is almost un- 
limited, it goes so far that even touldings corresponding to ef 
each other in the same building always exhibit new changes <7 
ording to the relation of the different parts, the height of t 
their location, the standpoint of the observer, the lighting, 
etc. Otherwise theie generally strong variaticns not only 7 
ord with the art divisions of the different times, ‘but also ac- © 
cording to the lacally different activities in art. In the last 
respect is expressed very particularly the material at command 4 ' 
in the vicinity. Entirely aside from the separate forms of brick _ 
and wood construction, cut stone shows very great ene 
according to its softness, cleavase, color, dimensions of ‘oom 
its grain and polish, that find their reflection in working and 
in the appearance of members. The middle ages never did violence 
to building materials in its best epochs, ‘but utilized and brea- 
ted them as they deserved.. 

Formation od mouldings in brick construction. ‘= 

Brick architecture is far different from cut stone architect— @ 
ure in its innate nature and external expression; in the middle 
ages it ever tock its even course, so that one can speak of a = 
separate brick style. Its differences lead-in part to the pecu- 
liarities of artifitial stone, but rather refer to its mode of. @ 
preparation. Forming and ‘burning supply only small pieces of un- 
‘iform sized, that for the great mass of masonry receive a simple +. 
prisnatic form. With these ordinary wall bricks are even const- 
ructed simple cornices peculiar to brickwork; yet when members a 
require moulded bricks, whose ‘kinds are limited as much 8S Pos- 
sible in the same structure, when the same brick finds use so : | 
far as may bein different places. The moulded brick as a rule % 
‘is restricted to the dimensions of the ordinary ‘brick, it is a 
made in special moulds or orspared from the usual ‘bricks ‘by 
cutting off the superfluous clay, and sharp reentrant angles a 
are to be avoided. Developed forms like moulded angles and yet 
more plant and figure ornanentation must be shaped by special 


St 


Reh! ax so at ¥  .bulfabow basddext yd 20 eblvon 
dt cance ptnised & bb stntoetitore dotted at elisevesq otodt 
at tet", Cottons? ba. ot¢atdrs eff 1ovo vetosrsio: [atrsaabet 
ih’ beenorgxe ‘okgol bance ted ,etotoesidors snote of geriyoeq’ 
} tr eoesso .plodw ede to tnomegreste ent ot es gxredmom adt 

Bch es ; ~oleta of toegaes af tadt of roksetst yleousse 
ot “beanotd youebust s yrotnoo dt Ef edd ok [itan offaa 
Damian atsooane. to aiodmew oft seftesiwedd .anoai sban af 
fm odd etetito z00md .tnebneqebat etom emosed seve esoiaico bas 
S#e evote to eotteveo tae1> edd dtqobs ton of asoknt09 
(20 atnemeknsita 20° esseiut hedoss ed botemins ass youd 
Megaooes 1. coupelg stfoo arzso avonaitaom yd ,seedd of boiltes 

eae sfeet oie efuoreban 10 esutbiros giv staves to elsuag 
e 06 eBart) {for 8 10 e3be no tor setHod 8 lo FARred odd ot 
fee gia A .t001 edt to ego ontvoeto1s odd s& List ton 05 bas 

@ bontfoat siamte sito aottoetota tewol ed? yd bemaot od asve 
Set a ousin fee -8t to [Ite wobninw sdt yI nwode ee Aor 
oe to! soetg szonol ‘eas ed bivew 8 baa eettoo dora Sari 
: oouaxt 
esi6o & evsd teow tL ,evitoetice ed ot gaibivom dokid s t08 
So solos amorta edt ovods assqgs of tobe ni ,motenomih dase! 

Stato: otidw eit dtiw tr to tesstovo edt as Ifsu as ,ffew ant 
Ie yllersae2 end? .e9eas09 baxaf2-baiverretis yilssan edt 548 
Baurhinow edt to asta ods ,nottuoors [eokndosd edt aot ebkes 
Bea’on £8 BbdT -ovetxet boa aoloo att (isrretem ed¢ co abseged 
pimseq sidtem to: 1tofoo bas atety eakt edd eolqued geioe19 no 
Snotebase bectets osisoo bas Atab madd ,eredmem essoties S108 
Pat eredmen azicod of eldierog ator e& FF Soman .Suoseomt. a6 
tex 66 S48 etzaq tne7mSttib edd sedy .xiistsosiy saon aden odd 
bao bas efgmey nstootsn set go abegr am .2attofoo teenretifo yw 
i nko tedwom dsew bas eftiese yrsvs tof .Xsondoow Iavesid 
d dolad makaasia yoeo of as .se750b daid @ al evitoetteni 
rer eSvo4g 
boatot ak agaiiivom to onte eds ot basgen mf noitgeoxe ah 
. BAtow tedoty odd oo dbatrsq000 eabaad [stnemsate odd 
to atetenod! dotdn ,xosdhd fs ets9 mtotafo odd to evartidors 
bent dots yaiwsot sowpsly besels bas Segede ylseifvoog staal 
} ,eredusn qued3 wode sont eanti eeodr ~etaousato sgaif{olt to 
oa sniandd to wotssteqo edd ess0 sorte .gseb tom deoxy sods ren 
* pee. at to asomiotdt odt ek eonetettio gseat s abssm 


fy 


h AR 


590 
moulds or by freehand modeling. 
There prevails in ‘brick architecture in a certain sense the 
‘industrial character over the artistic .nd: fanciful, that is 
‘peculiar to stone architecture, but sound logic expressed in all 
its members as in the arrangement of the whole, causes “it to be 
scarcely inferior to that in respect to style. 4 
While until in the 13 th century a tendency toward stone forms 
is made known, thereafter the members of Supports, arches, sa 
and cornices ever become more ‘independent. ‘Anons others the main 
cornices do not adopt the Sreat cavettos of stone structures, q 
they are animated by arched friezes or arrangements of moulded 
allied to these, by tontinnous térra cotta plaques or recessed 
panels of plaster. Drip mouldings or undercuts are restricted - 
to the height of a course set on edge or a roll (Figs. 950, 950 a 
and do not fail &t the projecting edse of the roof. ‘A aripscoslae 
even be formed by the lower prajection ofda simple inclined bre 
‘ick as shown by the window sill of Pig. 951, where p is the cov | 
ering brick course and a would be the lower piece of the window 
frame. 
For a brick moulding to be effective, it must have stond se 
least dimension, in order to appear above the strons color of oat 
the wall, as well as the contrast of it with the white -joints 
and the usually alternating glazed courses. Thus generally and 
aside from the technical execution, the size of the moulding 4 
epends on the material, its color and texture. Thus as we see | 
on Grecian temples the fine grain and color of markle permitted 4 
more delicate members, than dark and coarse grained sandstone 
or limestone, hence it @s wore possible to design members in ¢ 4 
the mass more gracefully, when the different parts are separated ; 
by different coloring, as again on the arecian temple and on me-— 
diaeval woodwork. But every puerile and weak member in brick is 
ineffective in a high degrsé, as so many modern ‘brick ‘baildings © a 4 
prove. g 
An exception in regard to the size of mouldings is formed by 
the ornamental bands occurring on the richer works, as on the 
architrave of the Holstein gate at Libeck, which consists of : 3 
large peculiarly shaped and glazed plaques forming rich tracery 4 
or foliage ornaments, whose lines then show sharp members, tha- 
neither great nor dsep. Since here the operation cf burning de- | 
mands a great difference in the thickness of plagues, as would 


Y citar ft o “ene sie 
, or ., ¥ oi! a a) 0 aa ij Oe ys dias 
vans i il | 


i ne ie 92 

abe eno" haute TUN teed qeeh tot elisbiovece osed avs 
: at we qybserla sbhaad L[atnenento saodéd sonkt ,ysaeooon 
9 satwisdtc edt nort betavages e18 toloo aitsdt to yi 
tel: ist sie etodnem atedd acd? searetieg beetnos ai: soetine 
Pe + ~ .efode edt of edi teditar 2zomisly edd to exis edt of 

} ross ek aoloo yd atedmonm edt to noktentdmoo atid god 
re ipabote no cele atnengaom fot nemtaD ddsogzteom no beak 
ie ‘pexelk div tee sue eaodd esate ,asveisidors ysatood 
. - sao Sinn begiata to ber off dtin destiaoo nedd dotdw 
bie eelaas ia alotsd besaly to oan add tadét dootatebas 
paotdoetoig @ aatvig to been edg yd Senolis saxkt ssa 
1) tididxe C20 bas €.O -ndord --adisq) Seeogse faom ad? 
eo teit .doedB ai atzox sort aeist ylieido edoisd bebla 
| Bee eagtd at ovodt efi .setusdo edt sott boviaed o16 
eifvoog ead? .82C .2£% ok owode basor edt wott ro .f .9..6 
¢ yen edt ot cottsvele af botysers yilateqe2 ef Sc .3iT to 
Bomdotds oft of tuo yiletige ete .d 0 Ys aonit atetages sdt 
| oll mottod eft no d gs eeroo & tent o@ ,xoit edd to 
gniblson dove got geist sd of ek e109) «e@wode @ SCO -8iT as 
“got fon 918 C20 baw BcO -ehiT ai b ts egbe smotdxe end Faas 
q ero & tesel de aiaget Jud us 

par sioind bebivom séatsqee ad¢ to aokteaidmoo dose 107 
t awolls doftin ,evitentmisted aedd at baod, [ise edt secmen ts 
9 eden stadseo a dfiiw teeqas of bakblyom enttas sdé to mit 
y: ‘pddaied tied so edoisd to dibin edt to aslzas talugnsdost - 
eam gvot bapomg eld? .Oce .2ff ab od & 8 odkl faretsa 7 ‘20m 
Le eR RID oid && ,naottsoitioom teslgqnis sat eayisoas sadd 
ofa iseoetraa.telh yd esooslg, af heteieqse oats edorsd be 
seas. 0 eories od¢ tad¢ of. .abinm’doiadia {sd guods To nsdt 
va of6 0 Gif 20 tT 6 8 .0 9 £ es Tinseg 

Aun eas otuediia botaesenyes suotbfaou etsisqee [id 
pensdogoense ee evtse edoiad eesds tadd oc .[sm0gskD odd Gain 
irgemaye aids asdw bentetdo ste sasot beitevy sito .arsbasd 
@. .82e sat ydenwode gs .heagorb ek adoiad bebluow to aqede 
bs Wd. edt ao sbosgeb ss os adoisad ofsusqee sav to sqsde eat 
ac aq) edd ni duods eeti nollod ad? to satago. add stadt 
a #dgta ts sasq evotot boo sdt ted? oa .éuto, das edi to 
s . dose to daod ‘68% etasasiqget 060 .3f% .8arbIvow edi cynosad 
- to ssguol edt .emee edt etuoers of ved? anodes bas det: 


grog if} 
a BB, 08). : Gated ath bepaedoas edt o¢ od ¢eon: adotad 


Bat 


A mr at ae Lt 
ek Witt : mers aN oN eee a Pe 
TORE 9 Sy oe a rn 


591 — 
have been unavoidable for deep mouldings, then were rather le 
necessary, Tince these ornamental bands already ‘by the contin 
ty of their color are separated from the otherwise colored wa 
surface in coursed patterns, thus their members are in relabi fi 
to the size of the plakues rather than to the whole. oa 

But this combination of the members by color is thereby obta-— 
ined on mostsnorth German brick monuments also on window and 
doorway architraves, since these are set with glazed bricks, 7 
which then contrast with the red or striped wall color. It-is _ 
understood that the use of glazed bricks at angles and ‘jambs 
was first allowed by the need of siving a protecting ‘coating to 
the most exposed parts. Fiss. 9,3 and 959 exhibit different m0- 
ulded bricks chiefly teken from works in Lilbeck, that either t 
are derived from the chamfer, like those in Figs. 956, 957, 959 « 
a, b, c, or from the round shown in Fis. 95%. The pecubiar form 
of Fig. 954 is generally executed in elevation in the way that 
the separate lines a, bh, ¢, are spirally cut in the thickness 3 
of the brick, so that a comes at b on the bottom surface, eter, | 
as Fig. 954 a shows. care is to be taken for such mouldings, t : 
that the extreme edge at d in Figs. 954 and 955 are not too we- 
ak but remain at least 3 cn. | . | 

Hor each combination of the separate moulded bricks in a rich- 
er member the wall bond is then determinative, which allors the 
form of the entire moulding to appear with a certain number of 
rectangular angles cf the width of bricks or half bhengths 7 d 
most natural, like a a bc in Fig. 959. This ground form may t 4 
then receive the simplest modifications, if the separate mould 4 ; 
ed bricks are separated “in places by flat surfaces set between @ 
them of about half a brick wide, so that the series of; bricks aa 
result as a ec, aef or sec etc. 

All separate mouldings represented hitherto are : woeeeeeedl 4 
with the diagonal, so that these bricks serve as stretchers or, HF 
headers. More varied forms are obtained when this symmetrical 
shape of moulded bricks is dropped, as shown by Fis. 958. ‘But 
the shape of the separate bricks so far depends on the bond, 
that the centre of the Bollow lies about in the prolongation 
of the end joint, so that the end joints pass at risht angles 
through the mouldings. Fis. 960 represents thé bond of sach a . 
‘jamb, and shows that to execute the same, the length of the 
‘bricks must be to the unchansed widths as 3°: 2, so as to reg- 


> Md 6 
eee My. 
Dae mre ee pA 


44 
Ty -" be a og a 2 43 “ Ue a7 


Cane ; 


PaNe fast: ch ey suchas ont tekuoe’ 
st ciluets a2 stot eeotttas saancl on ddanss ekdt tof 
a ning ppp 5 d onki’ odd es aed sonta 82 nit at 26 
, phen of etoteisd? .ifema cot coum entesex 9 ds dotad odd to 
bot yreassoes ef sk noktrbnoo sese ade ai sidieacg baod 
tat -dotid edt to dtgnef edt fait oe ,2 6 ra 9 d tntot edt ae 
‘st iets. of es dtbiw ay 
tak bectstacs ef admet Yottd dove to as doat! A i 
Rie | eote ,2efbA .aionnesel to 7 
ep 8 | eftouhoow to egarolool ‘ 
. wd wetodsan yd botfgase eiedwit edt to adtgast oct x3 
de petoeanom désnette ai soasasttth & ,aeadtt sat tq gortse 
‘eldtensa odd yd todtast .setudsanal bas aetaeeors sedd- 
p attseré rot betsoibul ayeu adv ors esitiistinosg ole 
@tinoed et of bstqshs yflesols os sis atoducm Ls1psou0tss 
ibbte add nivtootdo edt to eeeq7sq edt boa Lattetea edt to 
f @aeto yisisq edt satwodtd .t1e to worseivid isitoyos as Ga | 
Zz Seonidenca hoow at Heeastgxe uesostedo iieds ovsd arsdmem ; 
i 


on ek isowaote to ofoe atstzso:s Seebat exsat bas e198 
eesco: notfantotedets ¢ eysule ef eted? asdt fad ,SoLdaed 
é etennen oitI ak f[etsastea adtiot 28 sacatsq sit of 
hid kbee tol emrot t¢ cottaler efdt ot sortovtdo na sue a 
3 s@ ebtow bali soanso doidu oxbst wot tasef ta ,hebawotay st ! 
t) seat? guehom nt [Lita eno soit 23 .t58 naltoats te sehnow o8 i 
obvedud od% sbuloxe \sfonnso (otediec hes mand ,1e9gme2 to etige 
$4ts¢ Leltcecse eto0m edt tenh base \tose send cdottawuees edit te ‘ne 
ooo w otaoteisetq 2s to aeinomom yfetex e176 tebi0o of1r0d edt to 
Eveeq awiot edi totenstt of hetovaehas new tact  edutsedidors 4 it 
‘esca bas aeiveed edd of Lniaetem afdasosas ins astdgil edd o8 By 
f{ edt act eeelpainsem e1er a8 eerdt dowe aeve ,enots atoddnte 
. asd eae tE taG .eetutinm bas eoorh sill ,aoltouttenos set 
og eved taue yeds 2s ,betsemase sewitow {evestibew scot meds 
2 jdtowenote of goinnoled darit fue ofddo8 Yo yshitdod of 
pottiages bus esontist ext Yo gisgq s edam o¢ evorte yedi 
t bearetensss beobat you? .xronlbasd nwo tied? of satfwoeq ‘ti 
iy ast feds of gatblofyan edt to sri0t ent @acee ésionos 2 at 
ee Hotstint qlbatid sor deebat hoe ,leiteten guts 
ig Gor? deo inees savot cebcow ot enota wost szasdo ard? 9 
£6 dE boon ak elsow sodiiev edt ak geri? tA .anottibaca 


ie ae ) Bs 
: ot rey aan ne en Syaehe (at cencnog sondoug od Via te 


as 


pera SU 


592 

reouire the so-called three-quarter ‘bats. 
But this length no longer suffices for a jamb proféte: tore 
as in Fig. 958, since then as the line bic shows, the strenst ‘2 
of the brick at c remains much too small. Therefore to make the 
bond possible in the sage condition it is necessary to transfer 
the joint b c to d e, so that the length of the brick-is to the 

width as 5°: 7 
A rich selection of such brick jambs is contained in the wo 
of Essenwein, Adler, etc. : 
Mouldings of woodwork. 4 
By the lengths of the timbers supplied by nature, by the dined 
ection of the fibres, a difference in strength connected with 
them crosswise and lengthwise, further by the sensible hygrosc- 
opic peculiarities are the ways indicated for treating woodwork. 
Structural members were so closely adapted to the peculiarities © 
of the material and the purpose of the object in the middle ages 
as in anyother division of art. bikewise the purely ornamental 
members have their character expressed in wood construction. | 
Here and there indeed a certain echo of stonework is not to be. : 
denied, but then there ‘is always a transformation cone ae 
to the purpose 2s to the material in like manner. % 


But an objection to this relation of forms for mediaeval art 
is unfounded, at least for these which cannot find words enough 
to wonder at Grecian art. If then one still in modern times {in 
spite of Semper, Durm and others) cannot exclude the duration | 
of the assumption hhat many, and just the more essential parts. _ 
of the Doric order are merely memories of a prehistoric wooden 
architecture, that men endaavored to transfer the forms peculia 
to the lighter and tractable material to the heavier and more 
stubborn stone, even such forms as wore meaningless for the lat- 
ter construction, like drovs and mutules. But it was far nearer _ 
then for mediaeval workmen permeated, as they must have been, py 
the nobility of Sothic art first belonging to stonework, that - 
they strove to make a part of the fullness and magnificence ot. 4 
it peculiar to their own handiwork. They indeed transferred just 
in a concise sense the forms of the unyielding to the more yiel- 
ding,material, end indeed not blindly imitated but transformed 

This change from stone to wooden forms resulted from natural 
conditions. At first in the various works in wood it did not come | 
to produce monumental effects, but to serve the purposes of the — 


’ j ‘ ei a . Dulee ean o B. yt . iy ey i, va “ vel t Ly Aa iy i 
ry ‘ Pee mo dah ets iat - mae Wy te ' ale , ry, , 


Y putsnotie coake ‘eftew af 10. \edseitio to: aavit 
prac yng eginow aod? .cen tot sometneracoe aistieo’ s akatde 
hoa y endé oye) edd seem bowel ylasttas taomfs erg asntosit 
(esode od ,harot edd. ak soemk to teeaeattes, zefss13 8 | 
sa tet s at yino zwo00 biluod soidw ~haktokeaq easo eyonls 
Meett [pivesem edt tn§ -stofostidow snows no yan best 
neti @catede ewolls ti es sat on ,gatiieted rote0o1g Bidd 
18 2tb te noktoennod ad¢ to packsthoop ,eoasen asantit to 
oe qd bornses ytifidete to sinemetinpst odd ,atieg 
“etento stom bas t9ast a betovet madd See ,sasou sefg 
/tooteban Lis goktourtanco suote ai eh sofodw odd to 
s soneaTs f{sotttoes & anitosl aeel to e10m ote, toivetal eds 
it ot oa .boatater et-tostte blod edt ylno imo90 yedd Srenix 
fe conte ,visagsoen 6d ot atuemeiivess Lis dafaay itonbocw 
b teand: to ef sottostorg betkess wid orstoetidews L[aasedse 
| ef bevogxe tedw boow to siméean yrctiemesd oad? to cannced nok 
\@ed? .amiot banot ets Asonboow at ststn eTroiseqed? .eaenqmst 
elie epota) to sgakhivem bas sevintos ed? of baiiis 
8 ends Hoe ebasd {stuessano bas yrineoto ae yloo etedd evi9e 
god ets goaso wot Sod nf eosei .eangang evktstosss yloiss 

Sia, yluousos etog 1st gud boon ed? io sass biloe odd at tp 
p efttoxa edote fentqys teowis edd wort yfaatbtoo04 «ao notine 
F +802 bua Soe -29fT af eslitouy boon edt howret eva LC gr? 
‘ed! Joa teum wadt to tusq vesqeed edd .a0 ballea e178 seoat 
singh gO aatifst exed: aedt (ide .eki si os) {isu edt to 208% 
. {tea eds tet boow trotoitiee otemer tags o te fod \d s 
: ' grate oad 

17 had to baa rsabe edd to ctot asanisd Sa8 asg¢iede od? 
sath fostto edt sot gaistvuonebas eedsm isddact etree ant 
“dtow oft sleotttks exom cedam ff soeso aketueo at cn8 
4 fasnemanto «5 does etacy eigwexe tof .ysu ssoultasque 6 
go) beniniet ei si .ewatt & to esbe edt ae elaas os easot 
sae ed of gaibtoooe betite gon ai Sako edt (400 .8f%) 
olgey shET ak) dg earl mtdt oft yd mevig et eoitoarg iebor 
Pted?t .8 BOL .2i% gid 9 of Sakbqo00s twleynatosy tuo: ef tas 

“to aottareg08 qgibu dedé sididxe {Liw datol edt to noksizog 
Phalsowboow at sateselyan oe ei sect .{4 292 Sue de 0) adisg 
it an japettoanzetat on cody 2E,boow edt to gntysb tenel saz 
nce “eu satan shuad gatmroro eds to Qnibloom edy ak 

ae i re dae onset ti pentt hen: out nedd bos doude 


a 


¥ 


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i ty A 


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of a 

pi ‘A F) ZI ii 
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me i) PY; a 12 LAD Al A ye 


593 | a 
lives of citizens, or ‘in works rather belonging to furniture 
obtain a certain convenience for use. Thus works of wooden arch- 
itecture are almost entirely found near the eye, thus permitting 
& greater refinement of grace in the forms, to whose aid almost 
always came painting, which could occur only -in a far more lim-— 
ited way on stone architecture. But the material itself aids : 
this greater detailing, so far as it allows sharpes angles,use 
of thinner masses, conditions of the connection of different 
parts, the requirements of stability reached by lighter.and sin- 
Pler means, and thus favored a-:freer and more ornate treatment 4 
of the whole. As in stone construction all undercut members in 
the interior are more or less lacking a technical purpose, and , 
where they occur only the bold effect is retained, so in the j 
woodwork vanish all reouirsments to be necessary, since even in — 
external architecture the desired protection ‘is of prief durat-_ 
ion ‘because of the transitory nature of wood when exposed to __ 
dampness. Therefore where on woodwork are found forms, that seen 
allied to the cornices and mouldings of .ctone ‘construction, they 
serve there only as crowning and ornamental bands and thus a » q 
merely decorative purpose. Hence in but few cases are they wrou- 
ght in the solid mass of the wood, but far more commonly are n 7 
nailed on. Accordingly from the almost typical stone profile ‘in 
Fis. 9-1 are formed the wood profiles in Figs. 962 and 963. If ® 
these are nailed on, the deepest part of them must not ‘be on the 
face of the wall (as in Fis. 961), thus here falling on the line © 
ab, but at c must remain sufficient wood that the nail holds 
the strip. . q 

The sharper and thinner form of the edges and of the: project- 
ing parts further makes undercutting for the effect dispensable. — 
But in certain cases it makes more difficult the work ‘in guite = | 
8 superfluous way. For example where such an ornamental ‘band 4 
forms an engle at the edge of a frame, it is returned on itself 
(Fig. 964), the joint is not mitred according to the term, and 
modern practice is given by the thin line a ‘bin Pig. 964 a, 
but ‘is cut rectangular according to c bin Fis. 964 a. The first — 
position of the joint will exhibit that ugly separation of two 
parts (c ab and dja b), that -is so unpleasing in woodwork by 7? 
the least drying of the wood. If then no intersections ere found 
in the moulding of the crowning band, then each piece can ‘be s a 
stuck and then the mouldins be coped for the distance ac at the 


a 


ae | 
een 
$ tuorsbas WP sees eat é © $a) AOR: cyte at eflgas 
pest nedt tesa bns Sel{it eta te tootwortde .RLT ak 
baeds: doute yloiem eten Ones edd qo eefkos out) Th et 
, woud ot ye fiwortiL6 ssoultreqer sutwiedte as gntoubory 29 

1 at beosboty qyliees oe at fadt .sgbe too ylqreds yrevd 
seogze ylleves. eeosty Lis ta efdsnciiseide e¢tno ai .boor 
set foetnoo edt Snead’ ono edd no eogia, ,soeiueo senad 
Sa hnadat eydeteds taof yitase ef tf 1eddo sit co Hae 
beinet st (ewobsaiw bas etcob to esversidows exif atieq) doce 
vofaas eisiiLe eds gafvores | got eradmax ind00 ..ote .elsned 
boa eitecm.amiot ated? setetuade ao dose ,berebtencs ed od 
yeaontoidd (inue odd yo efut «© se eioktsoitibos tosiseqat 
kisogosq edd sesetont of eldartced of goism Jadz. sonst 
rot out ginathrosod .idged ofk of tadmem oft fo dihin sdf 
ess B15 dotdu yd) \isotayd taomls amooed o cde bee ZC. .a3tt 
bee OAC Legit ai nvods ae) dove ,zacttaatdnoo saddo Sarot ca.s 
: taf?) beoaly. ora pomucetin vaw salbote e at .8 492 
ddaite e*asot of sebro al.alsortwav xashoor wo codire 
ards fo etom sot .((de at lai sonof bn8 s9e¢qn edt to 
Bee EES: oF 

¢ ei ao baeot vileven ous enatbioon lebhe nigh yiblod- Sto 
ol je Shi Gaestiotea: seqag: to-asoltestors eft weed sactt ,aused 
mereoate) (920 .ptt sit) orol gefngreions ont doaozggs sesdt 
ite eat gadd {fone od) daywielitowm edd to eqaede of? ylisisess 
enact ocos on Soonbet' ek wesd ea7. to bas Sabsol od to Gian 
Bre 250) .nnre yd) twode ote bckt eadt to eolasexd .atiaiseg yt 

ad yersed s43 to eine oft fo foiys ifte sit to aredzon, edt 
| “sama pale exettel e4% ao Rakvasd) tisds te eiecga esooed 
SD aisks you e798 “epnods 16%) hadins ehatolpom ot baoges 
ie ; apiset ce totecs od ucve Besbai (fin dotdn .geidtvors 
mo dea .ebas0d gurifrt ete co awed &ninget wort cedsen daet 
im enotocselobcatoas sd¢intates ted Seolvom tog ess oaods yl 
186. jtaonk stedt yloo bas ,avedttidoss supitas sdtvedti aos 
‘ a ree qo y1sestt to tuementc soetssce 2 yd botevso 
| to ‘woatites sdif ,ebtetno ne beltan eyntbhl[som coals. sis 
esd aetied mo: £900 .gk8 es duods ed yea estot seetiw ,eoh 
edt nodt S18, [atacvesato ylewl .seodd to aot¢soitit 
ea aes: tedd ,nlieax due elactdasy ao Aoute eeakionon 
| otk sHoisoeiong oo mot eydt. bos enelq oat 


igs,ate 
nas bas eaiahecaain 1 ean as is edt oi 
q N ee fs ie Ay me 7 m0 rm 43 $ < 


me f pals i 
r sk i oe ya a) Pans ‘ 


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Mae iis Ve NUR RY 


| 594 | 
angle in Fig. 964. But if the cavetto is undercut the piece e e 
in Fis. 964 cut out of the fillet and must then ‘be glued on aga- 
‘in, if the angles op the band were merely stuck beforehand, hen- 
'cé (producing an otherwise superfluous difficulty in the work. — wl 

Every sharply cut edse, that is so easily produced -in working | 
wood, is ‘quite objectionable at all places usually exposed to 4 
human contact, since on the one hand the contact is unpleasant, — 
and on the other it is easily lost thereby. Therefore on all 
such parts like architraves of doors and windows, framing and 
‘panels, etc., occur members for removing the sjuare angle are | 
to be considered, such as chamfers. Their forms uostly suffer 
important modifications as a rule by the small thickness of such 
frames, that makes it desirable to-increase the proportion of a 
the width of the member to its depth. Accordingly the forms of a 
Bigs. 965 and 965 a become almost typical, ‘by which are then ; 
also found other combinations, such as shown in Pigs. 966 and - 
966 a. In a similar way mouldings are placed flat beside each 
other on wooden verticals,in order to form a slight :prajection 
of the upper and lower parts (Fis. 967). for more on this see 
pe 233. 

More boldly shaped mouldings are usually found on wales of | 
beams, that bear the projections of mpper stories. As a rile t a 
these approach the rectangular form (like Fig. 9¢8), since then | 
generally the shape of the profile must be such, that the stre- 
ngth of the loaded end of the beam is reduced no more than safe= » 
ty permits. Bxamples of thes kind are shown by Figs. 969, 970. _ 

The members of the sill lying on the ends of the ‘beams, that — 
become square at their beating on the latter, also mostly corr- — 
espond to mouldings suited for stone. Here may again occur und- — 
ercutting, which will indeed even be useful so far as they pre- 
gent water from running down on the filling boards. ‘But general-— 
ly these are not moulded but retain the rectangular cross sect- 
ion like the antioue architrave, and only their front side is q 
covered by a surface ornament of tracery or foliage. Hore rarely — 
are also mouldings nailed on outside, like railings of balustra-— 
des, whose forms may be about as Fis. 963, or better ‘be a simp- 
lification of these. Purely ornamental are then the mouldings 1 
sometimes stuck on verticals and rails, that remain entirely in 
the plane and thus form no ‘projection, ‘being made with the etedia 
in the wood as a substitute for a mouldinm in actual relief. s 4 


ee 
ee . amale ae, Seay “INQ era nt avoda ek -mrot s donz 
. | Pi eoriy | feten st ekabiinolt | 
$ 08 eats testsesy odd axolis Iatem teso olftdl 
)  gasot £fasteonla to scitstaseorget eft of tlosts 
| Meliabooyae bos Istem tdguetw ,elaiiaiem iedso al beruoe 
awos ops dome .ehatbinol .yleaclo saan etimil oft aneth sort 
aS ,nott sdhoomw. at tecqqeeth yIfodw tsouls .boon bas enote 
1 eaitor sedit¢ yd tootte svidgexoosh off sosiget of berodel 
ot asatf edt to ,fsiseisa edt Yo etnsen oft of beriue 
av te Si asadh g nt dotdy .nevih oon 3nibloow sdt to 20369 
Bod. rae banot ete ylnouwos ook .akhiieia tdatla yiae 
. ta to soesottind edt moit hetetiar asea sess siueaq. cox 
elaas es0% .@eodd 22 eanthloom ouce edt 186d etotesedd Has 
S jeefosntedat seolone stadt eelitsy nowt ai bavot eis ateog 
t to pekad eff .attedo to getmenle mot aeve to ..oto ,antad 
y totmed> B Qnived yino .eiguie ysev cod? sus elat 6 es ataog 
iia -ei.qeo eds yrertnoo edt ao ~Ste -8f7 ut nevis Satdinow edd 
SER .Oty ub ea tuods bomrct ,s9bt0d akdt & dtin tuo gla 
alist avounttace: yd bemseus sowidenoa coals ai anct setial 
.aneds so ,larbediss 2andebray to aolltad futtiessd ei* go 
| o(D¥O. .RET) aszctd ralqaoo e1om hanot oels ste 
lise ei banot seuttenos yrooest ateroltseqmi edd ad 
Be ectbircip hetommad otdsd owt tadt .xew ekdt sk ¢& to 19dmsm 
‘edt Smoyed anitoefioug yewol ed? .gediq dose no beosda 48 
edd to ted a Yo nofttoes eso79 5 emrot cYC -ai% aadt o¢ 
Bi con dotdw vd .eiaow estomd no Sesol oss akatbhiloom ass0rd 
eoneottinsss odt feoxe of svotte ylisoes eekus sf{bbiea odt 
os betusastq sae boti widd to asiquexd .otutoedidena snote 
} bos Acednid .nobaSil. ,gtadaihf to aevaot Isaeitqad oxnogd 
iad ota yleomettxe odd bas ,xobwaaui1d ta aisiuscl beet edd 
‘epison seodd [le a0 -doedhd te eiltsy .2 forsdo edt to efo 
si edt yd cwods ae .itow boazsct dtin beakdmoo [stem saso. 
7 \efdteaog esn Ji orudsco7g, aidt yd ¢u8 .t9tssl sat go cok 
@ to azenl{ntoos13 edt oboe eagot stateges to wobesst edd ofet 
ow nishom asituia eveds assesoq cisow sad? doidw ,antblioa 
woda OG .2i7 «cok tuso pesing ylduid to seodt ylistoeges 
gp seldeosedad ¢sdd to: sbsséagted nowof edd to oeasd Sake [ier 
aii: oe (stol): t9hq ssqdg as cto puad edd ef NTC .3ft 
P68 bao mint 8 7 7 toate saint o¢atop att, 99f «9tou 
| | See shottet: sevel ent nt. 


ii 


igh 


‘itself to the representation of almost all forms that can ‘be. ex~ 


‘iron draws the limits more closely. Mouldings, such as occur in 


especially those of highly prized cast iron. Fis. 976 shows the 


Fis.977 is the base of an upper pier (Note). 


595 

Such a form is shown in Fig. 971. 
Mouldings in metal. oul 

While cast metal allows the greatest freedom, so thet it Lendl 


ecuted in other materials, wrought metal and especially forged — 


stone and wood, almost wholly disappear in wrought iron, end men 
labored to replace tbe decorative effect by other forms more gs 4 
Suited to the nature of the material, or the lines forming the q 
edges of tbe moulding were given, which in a drawing received 
only slight sinkings. Most commonly are found members on those 
iron parts that seem imitated from the ‘buttresses of stonework, — 

and therefore bear the same mouldings as those. For example such 
posts are found in iron grilles that enclose tabernacles, foun- 
tains, etc., or even form closures of choirs. The bases of these 
posts as a rule are then very sigple, only having a chamfer or | 
the moulding given in Fig. 972, on the contrary the cap-is- shar-_ 


Ply cut with a thin border, formed about as in Fig. 973. Bhe 


latter form is also sometimes assumed by continuous rails, as 
on the beautiful grilles of Masdeburg cathedral, on whose posts 
are also found more complex forms (Fig. 974). 

On the imperforate tracery sometimes found is usually made a 
member of it in this way, that two thin hammered perforated ‘| pars 
ere placed on eack other, the lower projecting beyond the’ upper, 
so that Fis. 975 forms a cross section of a bar of the tracery. — 

Richer mouldings are found on bronze works, by which men in 
the middle amges usually strove to excel the magnificence of gs 
stone architecture. Examples of this kind are presented ‘by the - 
bronze baptismal fonts of Yirgburs, Minden, Hinbeck and Libeck, 
the lead fountain at Brunswick, and the extremely rich taberna-— + 
Cle of the church S. yaria at Libeck. On all these works is found 


a 
Bg 


cast metal combined with forged work, as shown by the inscript- — 
ion on the latter. But by this procedure it was possible to at- 


tain the freedom of separate forms and the sracefulness of the 
moulding, which these works possess above similar modern works, 


rail and base of the lower ‘balustrade of that tabercacle, and 


Note. See the Gothic Musterbuch of VY. Statz awd G. Ungewitter. 
‘In the later feriods of Gothic art, men sometimes toiled to 


‘erica PT nee ee te 
Tees ala oh ies | m 
er i. 

atte: bas yoeotieb aids ssowoaods of ols asteaets 
m, gattootosg: sebtw ewollod odd ebam qed aodw ,Atonts 
7 .ehatbfron aelogas yd ebavot peoslass bre ssaqtid 
mon domevy ost of bouct ets Jooqgez sidd ak acaesoxs 
| alain foy avountdd aidd [fe itiw siqgere a& 24 eOofdto2D 
em goof at ecitaut to socieg ad¢ cout sedmen s9gn700 svisost 
eit, o3X@...gft ovtee 
es “eeodt ets cinow exnomd edd asdd futeoesa exon LfiszZ 
oramheageta yrseceosth edd sted ti aeve .eisten oldoa at 
“fevesthon ead ht auitaes ett tof searet salnges assde 
‘pg yd befvoexe sovede s ¢s tvods ,atehom diiw korsqacs 
io of wod wead/oels yods ,gdinerd fsokad onoe) futexso & oF 
ntofvom {nfoos1y teom edt so fanot ef gudT -oeso aids at 
nase sunaneit OVO .3h2 ak covtg cedt elyuexe got ae ,hbofieq ala? 
ig eer. snotratat (16 xakbtove toy ,uiedesbiih af soustta 
eamugealk edt to nottuosre Sue notésrsderd 
Oa ey San eennibivneor edd to sokisasqest 

a odd notfot od eeseq oeeds to eqooe sdé obtetne oot! ti 
ae ot antbso00e alfsteh aiedt cfai agathlooe fo noftaoexe 
ies: ont co biel efftorg add ot ankbroooaedob ak tr sande al 
Wied aigogeertcs akatbivom {soittsv tot sacs ,soeiine easiy doe 
Mucex® ¢anfet bad edt of zoso Istuosisod sot) 40 .tatot: bed adi 
pr beubtace ed3 tefts nedt dotdu ,stefquat odd céin onoh ef aok 
i, ss0ege cvo fue obs Aaois eaag Tanm TS 

ae Soisday edt dofdu of binow s yd ede es $i edotad teq 
e@gukdate edd tno etuo dedd, easig 8 dtin to ,bessetg at 
bd Gt Bbaogestt090: tadsy onsig odd yd Dedoette af tx boon al 
| ,tasiveynooas bi co gokttee for eecb etd? oredn bas ,stelqued 
| siaeatil e%H .doitiw ,asqasa tugzetirb te esguog oSae afseiio. yd 
ay ys, eeasla-ottt of ebie. as beyolq 
ok got ab vite bos .pietieg edd stake etgoo0 ti fetes Jdeso al 
giwo ,eisow ovedt [fs no Tokwd ck jhotleefio Daedesi? dviw 
et pottsvefs off toidw ol resnse eres oct af tual gdt aattge 
ae | eRatws7d at mordevaels 10 aale edd wout bas 
bonaot eati odd .xeatoo s basots ebuetxo anibluom 3 otedR 
rit ‘Boon sot: .erkt omee edt ¢s Sattiye #9 batuoore ut aid 
BS i ons gottos2g. of Sayot ese senrea emsa ads ul .gaiedtH yd 
jaibivos teovsttih to ee saan eds to dod ~guoitsstensq {fa to 
ly 1 acatala Un : .  yevedmem 20 mottoetore 

“i 08 tormsend eosrite Istets@ rtf19 ne 


eee 


by chisels and sgouses of different shapes, which. are élso en- 
ployed @s eids to the plans. 


transfer also to stonework this delicacy and refinement of me 
alwork, when they made the hollows wider, prajecting,nouldin 
thinner and replaced rounds by angular mouldings. The sreates 
excesses in this respect are found in the French works in. pat 
Cothic. ‘As an example with all this thinness yet with a very 
fective corntce member from the palace of -justice in Rouen ma 
serve Fig. 978. ot : 
Still more graceful than the ‘bronze works are those executed il 
in noble metals, even if here the necessary handling opposed 
Sharp angular forms. But the genius ii the mediaeval work whic 
compares with modern, about as a sketch executed by a sure ha 
to a careful geometrical drawing, they also knew how to obtain | 
in this case. Thus is found on the most graceful ‘mouldings of new 
this period, as for example that given in Fig. 979 from-abmon- 
strance in Hildeshein, yet avoiding all injurious sharpness. 
Preparation and execution of the members: 
Preparation of the mouldings. i 

It ties outside the scope of these pases to follow the manual» 
execution of mouldings into their details according to ievernall 
In stone it is done according to the profile laid on the dres-_ 
sed plane surface, that for vertical mouldings corresponds to . 
the bed joint, or for horizontal opes to the end debatt Bxecut- 
icn is done with the template, which then after the moulding is — 


‘cut must ‘pass along the ‘cut out space. “4 


for bricks it is made by a mould in which the unburnt ‘brick * 
is pressed, or with a plane that cuts out the sinkings. - a 
In wood it is effected by the plane that corresponds to the 
template, and where this does not suffice or is inconvenient, 


In cast metal it occurs GiSh the pattern, and only in forging 
with freehand chiseling; in ‘brief on all these works, only exc- 
epting the last, in the same manner ‘in which the elevation ig 
made from the plan or elevation in drawings. 

Where a moulding extends around a corner, the line formed by a 
this is executed by cutting at the same time, for wood sometimes — 
by Mitring. In the same manner are found in practice the lines 
of all penetrations, both of the same as of different nonlieea 

‘Projection of members. 
# the carlier triginal sketches breserved to us are ‘not found 


be} 


rere ae ¥, 


7 aut, .boilaon qedd e& woth sense s sk vol -eenttootesy done. 
Fis go totfootor: yrovd .foeeqa mort bewiot ssw patdirw 
“to sedotete Ipatytso edt so 28 bae .bebiovs esw soatane 
 Tenogetoo heationt oft mo emfootidors odd .exoWot engol | 
@ dmuoooe mo snedt tedt of ,fsottrov ti ee ylyoare anerb see 
“petnosoatet stew yods .xemrot edt to dihin evitoeisb odd 
yisatins a6 yd beteteus cow oxew vifsgotassoc yind tto 
Se stan etom on ak ti fuese1q #6 F5Y vevitooqersq Lanois 
Sais Sts Sn  \hole¢siaessiges to 9dom eesfias os doom yoldue 
 Yhottoeto7 to sottpoexs toiste s of Hasod oe sotend vd 
nts \boosttse Suotido sot coftos7g nk eolev elssil’ eso aidt 
sineb Sit wort .eotseessm fentoe sdt nevig et atdated at ylao 
Bok ao edt aisiqxe [f{sde sve .nword gaol gniddemoe gatiasqet 
7 fiatatieo ak e1odmem Yo soltooetetat odd to saltatmeastgst 
Beas eamrot deoigute odd of Ssoubom soaso ylias 
eect! 2S ~nottwoexe to welqmsxe 
i ‘Pavers yllasnosizod ebnstxs (080 .att nt 2) > tee i 
Bemwode ef olitosy toot109 edt aottevels odd al .tscx0co stcupe 
tee .oldterv tog ote snoktosarsiat sdt exsdw .o en sa¢ vs 
Py ebatl bettoh vd betsotbat ers yeds eesnteeld to tnvose8 ae 
ole gedd et “cd $8 bomkfont ensig & ao nottoetowg edt af ty3 
tn ag ent tevo a0tbluom eit to nortosasetak to entf{ Lantos oni 
Sada ti tse0qqs oslea feom Satf atat .8 O80 .219 nk b Oo sail 
th dee sueupe & siti beosts ef atatxe gntbl[yoa sit doftdn ao 
qe iol bseqrec betosiorg ets Bb Re © > etntog ett .#t werd oF 
ikiw dotdw eveda ,,y yd onti oat svods fb 9 entfL eesd edt oF 


a 
— 
ae 
= 
a 
 ' > 
a 


ae 
? 
ed 


948 f fd mort senti seedt «O . ¢dxboe efitorwg oft hetnszoxrcet 
dota yelitong edt gninimioteh @tniog oft Yo etigted eft tro 
tH fen ed? cele tect oe ((082 .RED mi) & ts ose edt boretiel 
fog eds to ozodd of Lanpo ens fe most *a™y*>(*t*e etuiog edt to 
fa elttorg edt to statog stam ofteepdt sa 0 wort by I Ye eta 
Benil tdgisata to bezeqmos Ba wet Ce aweith ed nao ted? bared 
| pbavo? od ilfse tava ziatog erom eevavo od? gaiainceiod 20% 
Mt to sdgied od? .dtqeb teewol eft yrininteteh » at w tesel 
ef OF © Wott tito bisl ecotereds ef ao onil oft wort sotstsl 
@ Satoq edt ored? mort bow ,b o of owerh aeit ef q g enti ond 
Zo mot? m tnidq edt: 30 Sdpted oft Yto agaiysl ,t d eveds 
4 Yew owse odt al .*m satog ods palbatt .t do mort enti test 
"| sfokventaresen btarwoos he moet bawot ed of etatog setto 
fgns-s - e nae bosoms eI abseixe aatbivom & 4S 


in eked } ( 
a res - a . ‘ . 
oll 7% ow éipae ua g eA ‘ i, 


yas ite > ' rat TR » ovr) a 


such projectinss. Hen in a sense drew as they worked, -just as 
writings was formed from speech. Every projection on an incline 
Surface was avoided, and as on the original sketches of the Oo 
logne towers, the architecture on the inclined octagonal sii’ 
was drawn exactly as if vertical, so that thens on account of 
the defective width of the former, they were repreientedeaaian 
off. only occasionally were men assisted by an entirely conven 
tional perspective. Yet at present it is no more expedient to 
employ such an artless mode of representation, we are already : 
by custom so bound to a strict execution of projection, although: 
this has ‘little value in practice for oblique surfaces, since 
only in heights is given the actual measures. Prom the danger of 
repeating somethings long known, we shall explain the graphical a 


2 
ti 


representation of the intersection of members in certain frequ- — 
ently cases reduced to the simplest forms. a 
Examples of execution. . 

1. A moulding (a in Fig. 980) extends horizontally around a 
Square corner. In the elevation the correct profile is shown 
at the angle h, where the intersections are not visible, yet 
on account of clearness they are indicated by dotted lines. . 
But in the projection on & plane inclined at 45° is then shown a 
the actual line of intersection of the mouldings over the ground | 
line c din Fig. 980 a. This line must also appear if the body ~ 
on which the mouldings exists is placed like &@ square set discon 
To draw it, the points c e ng d are projected perpendicular q 
to the base line ¢ d above the line h, ¥z, above which will be - 
represented the profile sought . On these lines from h i are 1 
off the heights of the points determining the profile, which are 
lettered the same at a (in Fig. 980), so that also the heights 
of the points e’f’1’g”’a’from h i are equal to those of the poi- | 
nts e f 1¢d4 from c k; thusethe main points of the profile are 
found, that can be drawn so far as composed of straight lines. 4 
For determining the curves more points must still be found, at 
least m in a determining the lowest depth. The height of the 
latter from the line ec n is therefore laid off from o top, and 
the line p p is then drawn to ec d, and from there the poiat p a 
above h i, laying off the height of the p@int m from e k on the _ 
last line from h i, finding the point m”. In the same way are . 
other points to be found from an. accurate determination. i 
2. A moulding extends horizontally around an obtuse-angled c 


nF 3 ee 
oe ein thc ‘alkane V hektaie out ws 162 tee basis) I90%00 
eared gk aweab elttorg edt to etatog aatdnoqeen109 edt of 
gl dads 08 ,atettel edt to yiiisiiste edd yd aevis at 
> anode of [snopgesa“d d mort cal odt mo senil edd to ae 
a yn // ‘ed d wort elgtorg edt to atatog 
S8e euli odit dein senti esedt to acisovaresat 20 atakog edt £5 a 
S¢ dsim cottevels edt ak Stengs aneth ets efpas off yattoonid na 
tea autaterese! adi tedt of ,.ote@ ,evede eentl edt to atigiedt a 
fsiarereb eisineos etom s 10% .hecissdo ete ‘3*d onid edt to | ii 
wode. bas ose oBES at beotsolba: ae abeeoose eo seviss et To . fie 
2 ‘Pesel to ei st to8 .*p po bes Rg 3 eentl bettod ods yd oted 
| ) atdglied geecesocy odt o10t soldw eialog evods bail of yiseae 
oon & bag O88 .giG wi m tatog edt of if ,eitiorg eds to enitqeh 
salad powot so wollod edt 20 enil ext tk ¢adt oe .p t¢aios oda 
Sttw exzedé to goitoeare¢as to sarog edt ,@ezasqges dtiv Aov 
ton ek acitooexetni edt ti to ,tibex Leotttov bas Letuoriarod 
Reoads onli odé dtiw efitoesa eds 20 eaodtoearetat edd ,novig 
best, yoltiorg ed¢ to enbe xainasdrevo eft bo tafoq szewoli odé 
(a ek tatoqg ode 
@oesieint m3x0% Savory ofgaia & dfiv yhod, 4 10 buibioom & +f ig 
so: Bind mr ufdr.e SSO .S8C ~attd) dean s etl sostq enpkiio as we: 
edeyvels oid nf asiq edt to tufog berfeeS dose to soltiaog: aag 
* ay. ~tenaen griwollot edd at bentatdo. ak 


teq & .@ tnfog edt mott es ,nelc oft mod awedb et seed? i 
[Bet soereds tio gatyel fe oe ~pi®) noktevele eds ak a8lu9 | 
ttose odé ot dasw edé¢ to oghe ef nord tatog 2idt 30 sonst I) 
8G git) desy edd to nottoee edt at esig at © 3 t¢tgneL ots audi ; 
edd wort bas .*9 ¢4 seluotineguegt « paitoors ,*e bas Wo mond ‘ 
awedh et desw odt to ont eft ditw setisl eds to sottoseret ak 
bf nit 9 most awexh tertt [soituer edt eteo tadt ~fatoostaod « a 
goliavelo at *e tatog oft to solsigog ods yoiatwrtesed ydotedt 4 
beta edt yd botsoibui ce ,et]edso {fe haveot eis ysw oms2 edt al. 
uino won ai sf .eenit hetiod edd bas esetsol edt to ydisal 
miedt moat sdgeos, adaiog ond to seonedsaid edé stadt boson od wr 
ae@isi edd to tied edi at sedst ed sysuts taum deaw edi to i 
auia bas ,ceitoetorg to enalg edt of *8D 10 eLgus ne ta beni Be) 
-oele tsdt of .desw edt of tetvotbnequsg sotioerth edd at 
‘Bo btaf od tevm ¢ q dt¢gmeL edt .¢ tniog edd 30 sotsiaog ede 
Goce edt to soitoes edT .‘q 92 *o mort aoftoon OG Re 2 yo 
eo) t Beret anes oat xin os ton BS 08) od, teadTvenh! “et 


is iad ae 
1 


, y 


we) 


ey 


‘ op he : . oa ‘ 4 . . Lee d 
' ta, I | | ; ‘a aS) ee ‘i 
as i ef “ : i } i Mi 1 WATE os) Y ue ‘nd Qe eY ’ Nate gh mY Wits a4 yey 
ae RR VOC r ON © , ry Bs (ta 
; Py. ls f a a : ah : ete? . 
’ “ ; 4 ‘. von Fal he} Ken «A ! 
? any ae’ i, nn ” 


598 | 
corner (Figs. 981, 981 a). The relation of the points bic de 
to the corresponding points of the profile drawn in elevation _ 
is given by the similarity of the letters, so that the distanc- 
es of the lines on tbe plan from b b’ areceaual to those of be 
points of the profile from b h. ’ 

The points of intersection of these lines with the stead 
‘bisecting the angle are drawn upward in the elevation with the 
heights of the lines abore, stc., so that. the determining points 


‘. i 
Ri. 


of the line b’f’ are obtained. For a more accurate determination 
of the curves one proceeds as indicated in Fig. 980 and shown 
here by the dotted lines g g’ and qq”. But it is at least i 
essary to find those points. which form the greatest heights andl 

depths of the profile, like the point m in Pig. 980 and here q 

the point g, so that if the line of the hollow or round is ste- 4 
uck with compasses, the point of intersection of these with the a 
horizontal and vertical radii, or if the intersection is not g | 
given, the intersections of the profile with the line through 

the lowest point od the overhanging edge of the profile, i.e., 
the point i. 

3. A moulding or a body with a simple ground form intersects — 
an oblique plane like a wash (Figs. 982, 982 a, b). In this case 
the position of each destred point of the plan-in the elevation — 
is obtained in the following manner. 4 

There is drawn from the plan, as from the point e, a perpendi-_ 
cular in the elevation (Fig. 982 a), laying off thereon the dis- 
tance of this point from the edge of the wash in the section, a 
thus the length f e in plan in the section of the wash (Fig 982 b) 
from cW and e’, erecting a fperpendicular at e’, and from the 7 
intersection of the latter with the line of the wash is drawn 
@ horizontal, that cuts the vertical first drawn from ec in plan, 
thereby determining the position of the point e” in elevation. 1 
In the same way are found all others, as indicated by the simi- 
larity of the letters and the, dotted lines. It is. now only to 


be noted, that the distances of the points sought from the edge | i 
of the wash must always be taken in the half of the latter inal 
ined at an angle of 45° to the plane of projection, and always i 
in theidirection perpendicular to the wash, so that .also to find 
the position of the point p, the length p j must be laid off in ] 
the section from ec” to p”. The section of the wash is drawn twice 


in Pig. 982 b, so as not to.mix the aiding lines. 


men 


opal 
sont ib tote a no ebnote ae Lesogylog? ta wotaq <- 6 
imeryg s atocetstai aafrg & ,b8ek) aa0t [anoaylog 
5 Gash. to ala edt. eevig bod s €8@ «BEt al .(s FOS 
oa sasetax daew sdt dotdw wott ,sasd sds Yo fadt er\5 
Bere pane ete enogyfog dtod So efatog egos edd datiG 
2 sfo evedt bas woled esad ok Yo eeods “add ,fotisvelte 
oe ~ydoew edt) Yo oybo ont gattsotin:: d @ enkfL edt evods 
weyers a -mouit eoustcth evces: .d eall of? ylistacsizod 
bts t¢nieog/ edt dysordt husnew coeds ,dese ocs to édrnied 
} on yteta eit Yo eebla Lenopetoc eat to eelbbia eds otoneb 
i to etaieg eat ovin § { epil etdt Bo eaotiogvaseto: efd 
edt ‘bas  ~noystoo ods to eebta eft dtin desu edt to aot 
eras ell @ aale Sis ai. Jd word. werk cost -Sontaneseh eta “Lf 
‘ayelo ect se Leotéxev'a toets bre ,e © onit adt of 2 ©. oF 
be ott at *L L enil edt etuo dsi¢w ,m aoitoeetednt ods wort 
atin getial ef% to secitoecreset edt .n wort Iétaoat«od & 
dotdwite etantog eft o18 taig Laaogetoo edi Jo eeghe 
i xawenze /a¢ntog edt ditw eeedt yritocnacg .dsen edt ao teen 
Ve id ae -aeoktoratenoe edt caetelqnoo Save? 
a-ten: setidoas' ot msok! bavesg ono wort goléienss? emsa edt 
SB endt bas .g COO -3LF at navik Joneam ody af sham od 
Vaelinte ef acitsainecsige: L[eotdqesg off .atot benoit gas ot 
0) Rao \ ; eseeee ile 
ionosts00 ak dotdy to. aso .sasdseu begede yitastetteo owl .¢ 
/@8eso fose .1sdto dose goseiedar Laoiisev isddo eit ona 
sien behi{pos.& oo. qote dust) yertooh 8 To) arsdzea, edd: aodn 
Db caaeste g@ wd baseveo ysetoob s ef dows baild sehrel « ak Bf 
wae yedd sooatetat letnti edt to esadmem odd seddt oe ,fotnef 
@ dein nobuin yrsctht0\ 0s ak ascw so ,do1s edd to dmst ent to 
‘ /Sntved: to bastent 184 moaned fateosivod, edt ,xeor enote 
pkiipom gizb yrsenrds0 as ddin bemsct ef ritaum eet to notices 


2) 


a 
; 
1% 


[ 


Do: 


if 
\ a 


wi 


ae. 


pw kane } -contem sag 
G .dwat eds to atedwom of¢ to netq odtod » FOR RIT Bod 

eixe @ 28e “BIG oi dotdn yeaad ext bo efitorqg sdi od d be 
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299 

4, - pier of polygonal section stands on @ wash of a ‘differs 
polygonal form, i.e., a prism intersects a pyramid (Figs. 983. 
983 a). In Fis. 983 a bie d gives the plan of the pier and i 
¢ is that of the base, from which the wash rises. 

First the angle points of both polygons are brought into the 
elevation, thus those of the base below shad those of the pier 
above the line h h indicating the edge of the washs then draw 
horizontally the line i, whose distance from h inddestees shel 
height of the wash, then upward through the points a k ad, that — 
denote the middles of the octagonal sides of the pier, so that 
the intersections of this line 1 1 give the points of intersect- 
ion of the wash with the sides of the octagon, amd the edges eo 
1” are determined, Then draw from b in the’ plan a line parallel 
to e f to the line e a, and erect a vertical on the elevation 
from the intersection m, which cuts the line 11’ in n, and then 
@ horizontsl from n, the intersections of the latter with the 
edges of the octagonal pier are the points at which these edge 
rest on the wash. gonnecting these with the points 1 already . 
found completes the construction. ¥ 

The same transition from one ground form to another may also i. 
be made in the manner given in Fis. 983 b, and thus according 
to any sround form. The graphical representation is pienscrsk: ‘in 
all cases. 

5. Two défferently shaped members, one of which is hortzontelll 
and the other vertical intersect each other. Such cases occur 
when the members of a doorway jamb stop on a moulded ‘base, or- 
if-in a larger blind arch is @ doorway ‘covered by a straight “q 
lintel, so that the members of the lintel intersect the members — 
of the jamb of the arch, or when in an ordinary window with a 
Stone cross, the horizontal transom bar instead of having the 
section of the muntin is fonmmed with an ordinary drip moulding, — 
etc. The first of the cases mentioned will suffice to explain 
the method. @ 

Let Pig. 984 a be the plan of the members of the jamb, Fig. 
984 b be the profile of the base, which in Pig. 984 a extends 
around the obtuse corner. It is first to draw the lines fofmed a 
‘by both profiles in plan and elevation, and thus. to select those 
points that determine the lines of ingSersection. Such points are 


those in which the edges or bordering lines of the Separate mem= 


bers that strike the profile of the base, on in which the edges © 


: i >. ~ yore 
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600 


or bordering lines of the base cut the profile of the: jamb, oe 


with recurved members, those in which the curves intersect. 

‘Points of the first kind are k @ 1h in Fig. 984 a} points 
of the second kind being ¢ mi b. To these are added.those re-. 
quired for more exact determination of the curves, like = g in 
Big. 984 a, To determine the point d, draw ad in the section 
in Fig. 984 b. from a” to a’, erect at d” a perpendicular, and 
through the point where this line cuts the line of the profile 
of the base, draw a horizontal in the elevation at the same . 
height (Fig. 984), and then the intersection of this also with c 
the horizontal in Fig. 984 designated by 4”, with the veeioel 
through the point g in the plan will be the point sought. 

Likewise to determine the point h, whose rectangular distance 
from the Q@ine a a in plan, in the section from a’ to h’ rasoheul 
in h’ a vertical that cuts the profile of the base three tices 
These intersections are drawn in the elevation, and thus the in- 
tarsections of the last lines with the verticals through h are 
the required points h’, h’, h’ in Fig. 984. The point i or ac 
corresponding one results in the elevation from the intarsection 
of the @@ge line concerned of the profile of the base with the | 
perpendicular drawn through i in Fig. 984 a according to Fig. 
984, But since the round in the profile of the base has received 
greater projection by horizontal additions, then the lines 6 and 
7 in the elevation are not identical with the line 1 in the plan, 
put the plan line corresponding to the first is set back farther, 
indeed so that this distance from the plan line a a is determin= 9 
ed by the distance of the centre x of the round concerned in the "i 
section from the line a%a”. Therefore this distance is laid off 
in the plan, and accordingly there is drawn the dotted line 10, 
which strikes the profile of the jamb in 0 0 @, these points are 
drann in the elevation, and thus the intersections of these Lin- | 
es with the border lines of the round give the points sought at 
o’0”, by which the beginnings of the curves are determined, in 
which the round intersects the separate parts of the profile of 
the jamb. To detemmine the extreme point of this curve, ‘or the 
point m, draw from m @ vertical to the elevation and from the 
centre x of the round a horizontal across to it, so that /theoip- i 
tersection of both lines gives the point sought. 

2. Cornices. 
Principal cornices. 3 © 


ac ce 


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601 
Romanesque main cornices. 

In countries where Romanesoue traditions remained nohin th 
cornices of the Romanesque style sometimes showed a great mass 
of corbélled members, but in general the ‘principal cornice ag. 4 
well as the belt cornices at this time had already assumed a a 
Simple and clear expression. There predominates either the round 
or the cavetto (Fiss. 985, 986), or the round and cove succeed 
each other in rhythmic sequence. The clearest and most. copcaull 
‘ive succession of mouldings to be obtained in the last way, =i 
be the combination of two roundu with & middle cove (Fig. 987). 
and it has also been enployed in manifold variations. 

It is preferred to term the last moulding an inverted.Attic 


base. Although a course of development from the Attic to the 
mediaeval base may be fbllowed, the assumption of inserting 
this member for a crowhing one is somewhat strong, and as we 
think is also entirely unnecessary. If usually there was an ol 
deavor to place round and cove beside each other, which Rouanes=| 
que art has done in every vnossible sequence, it was so sebf ow 
ident, that one must hit on this form, indeed on account of ‘ties a 
near simplicity in the first line, that to explain its origin | t 
does not require the traditions of the Attic base at all, so ¢ 
that at most a certain facility in its use could be derived fhe 
erefrom,. ) 

Those simple mouldings as shown by Figs. 985 to 987 eréinot 
sufficiently important for prominent belts or main ‘cornices, e¢ 
even if ornamented, and therefore subordinate members are usual- 
ly added, that consist of continuous slabs or bands lying in t ~ 
the surface of the wall, a frieze interrupted by small piers { 
(Rhenish works), and corbels (especially in Burgundy) or the a 
arched frieze employed on German works with such preference. j 

The mantfold treatment of the Romanesaue cornice transfers : 
itself to Gothic, in the lower members particularly developed 4 
in ‘brick Gothic, while the art of cut stone rather returns to 
the upper continuous members and especially to thé :cavetto be- 
neath filled with foliage in predominant places. 

Gothic principal cornices. 

bike everw other cornice, the principal cornice must iprevent 
water from running down the face of the wall beneath it. ‘Already — 
the under surfaces of the Greek cornice in reference to this 
technical requirement gg either oblicuely undercut, as in the 


id ee River a Piatt agen vie 

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ti b sotey aniveres to oO efit tead¢ vpusnaweb. satcos ais 
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a | . SOO 2559 mh as bemiet 
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= -aatot 


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APLC RAGS ABS OE NE SecA ere, ee NO ae 
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603, : 
Doric order (Fis. 988) or has a water drip as in the Tonic 
989). But to Gothic art was it reserved to devise an art form 
_ @nd from the fulfilment of this purpose (Pig. 990). Bow much a 
this form depended on that purpose éspshdéws by many works execu- 
ted with a certain economy, on’ which the undercutting or drip 
formed by the projecting edge of the roof covering was supertl~ 
uous for the cornice, and therefore the latter ‘consisted of onl: 
band and chamfer or band and cavetto (Fig. 991). It then had o a 
Only the function to remove the fall of the water beyond the f 
face of the wall. But any vicher treatment would be uncertain q 
by the shadows of the edge of the roof, unless it was removed. 
from their reach ‘by a vertical surface ef sufficient heisht, t q 
thereby resulted hee band 4 in Fig. 990 as an essential part ofa 
all such forms of roof cornice in contrast to the design of ps- 
sude antique or modern cornices, in which generally the ‘very da q 
delicate upper edge is not alone ‘concealed by the margin of the 4 
roof, but even by an inclined gutter hanging before it (on acc= 
ount of removal of water), and all richness is made unrecceningig 
cBat by the vertical band a the undercut cavetto is then again — 
moved scofar downward, that the function of removing water ‘indix 
cated by its form can be actually fulfilled. The height of this | 
-band generally equals the vrajection of the cornice, thus: being 
formed as in Fis. 992. 
Gavetto with drip at edge. i 3 
The members have an endless variety (Figs. 990 to 999). The ; 
most common if not the earliest profile is shown by Fig. 992, : 
especially the slope in which a cavetto is cut; on account of = [ 
‘its clear and simple form it may first ‘be mentioned. It-is rec- ; 
ommended by ease in execution, which depends on the fact, that 
the stonecutter has to dress the minimum surface possible, whi- ‘ 
ch is removed by mouldings to be wrought later. This the oblicue 
surface a‘t is first cut, ‘in the latter accordis to the size 4 7 
of the cavetto is made a rectangular, oblique or triangular sin- j 
king c deorecf sae, and thus the remaining circular segments — : 
‘between the sides of the sinking and the line of the cavetto are 
removed. It is generally necessaryyin the design of every member | 
to take into account the mode of execution, and to draw the pro- 
‘file in the same way as the stonecuiter works. Thereby can be ; 
avoided most certainly the very difficult and satiny effective 


‘forms. 


ets | . 

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a | 19900 yer aveda betsotiakt abdod 

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prantand dye 


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Spe eae 


may likewise rest by a horizontal cut k 1 on the face-of the wal 


‘from the curve of the cavetto (Fig. 992 a) or this may intersect 


by the lines sketched in. Yet no very great value is to be ple- 
eed on the latter, and they may serve rather merely to assist | 


vie se bt Nh EO lad a hal at aN AD 
Met lea sree y FERS AS NAN en cli 


To establish a definite proportion of the chamfers ae aa 
to the diameter of the cavetto is impossible. Abcordimg to th 
nature of the stone the distance ac, that results from the th- 
ickness of the overhanging part, may increase or diminish. As 
the lower limit may be Westgneted a width a h = 1/4 of the wia 
ab. According to the material is arrangem the depth of the co 
etto, and thus the choice of its centre. In no case must the ca- 
vetto extend behind the face of the wall, so that g lies behind | 
the line b i, while this point may well lie in it. From the cho- 
ice of the centre afidiof the radius of the cavetto also veseiiall 
the width of the lower chamfer e b as greater or Smaller. A seta 
isfactory proportion results if ac +e b = ¢ e and a c'is + cb abs 
about as 5 : 8. The edges formed by the intersection of ‘the ose 
etto with the chamfer best retain the rectangular form, and ane 
pointed form is only permissible so far as the strength and tine! 
grain of the stone permits... . a 

In case the point ¢ falls in the surface of the wall, the low- 
er part of the profile ican be omitted and the cavetto pass into 
the vertical surface, therefore being cut in s lower-stonescIt 


Purther the transition can be made by a rounding oninstead of 
the chamfer be, or by a round in richer forms, that prajects ~~ 


that (Pig. 992 b). Thus also the lower chamfer can afteruards 
be undercut (Fig. 993), as any combination of the different me= 
thods indicated above may occur. : 
Varied profiles. 4 

The ppper edge may also receive a richer form, as by the add- 
ition of the two chamfers 2 n and o n (Fig. 992) or a chamfer 
and a cavetto. The chamfer a n-is therefore particularly charac- 
teristic, since it typifies the indispensable water drip in all 
other cornices, and that as a special undercutting of the roof — 
cornice separates the upper band from the mouldings. This simp-— 


le cross section in Fig. 992 may form the outline or rough shape 
for the richer and nobler forms given in Figs. 993, 994,’ and 995. 


The latter are antirely taken from earlier works, and we have 
attempted to bring them into a geometrical scheme as indicated — 


the besinner. 


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noc bo seed? saqot tacrettin « sevieoes Fi .asonttisqes stent 
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604 


But a slavish adherence to any such network of lines must bd 
injurious in any case, and they are to be used in detebuiniage 
only a few particular points, while the same connecting cavetto. 
either is to be struck from a freely chosen point, :or is to be 
drawn freehand. @he last procedure doubtless preceded the geom- 
etrical determination, even when all arches were struck with 
the compasses from points determined by the scheme, 

On the earlier works are sometimes found also the undercut 
outer edge separated from the member below it, so that the lat-~ 
ter has to support the overhanging edge drip. An example ‘is a 
presented by the cornice of the west faced of the cathedral et 4 
Rheims (Fig. 1000). s 

On many profiles and particularly of Barly Gothic, the under- 
cutting is transferred from the upper edge of the band to the a 
lower edge of the cut stone, so that there results the form sh- 
own in Fig. 996, which is distinguished by a particularly bnld 
effect of shadows. 

Richer main cornice. i 

Thus in Figs. 991 and 991 a the edge of the roof projects ve 
yond the face of the wall by means of a cove, so that also the ~ 
drip forming a cove is set back by a second moulding beneath ite 
In the simplest case the latter imitates the former at a smaller 
scale (Fig. 997), or since the undercutting strictly taken is 
here superfluous, it receives a different form. These compound a 
forgs of cornices are especially indicated where they consist 7 
of two or more courses lying on each other, as also in Figs. 
997, so that each course has its own profile. Yet sometimes the 
form of the profile is indspendent of the location of the 50inee 
and the latter intersects the entire member with only 2 ara 
the skilful form of the ed¢e (Fig. 999). The latter best suits 
the rectangular form, leavins the pointed, as dependent on the _ 
resistance of the stone and on the weight of the ashlars lying 
on it. - y 

In the richer forms cf cornice the ashlar with the upper und- — 
ercut cavetto is generally supported by one steeper and flatter, — 
that is entirely or partly filled by leaves. These latter have « 
on the earlier works an actual structural importance and serve @ 
to steengthen the upper margin, Figs. 1000 and a in Fig. 1001. 

But sbill more essential becomes the function of this over- f 


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overhanging part of the cornice if the upper ashlar forms a 1 
ter to receive the water flowing down from the roofs. The ‘bore 
of this gutter tehen has a parapet on the more richly formed - 
cornice in order to make access easier. The arrangement of th 
gutter thus leads to widening the upper surface of the wall, and 
the load of the balustrade requires a strons support by the ‘low 
er cavetto. The walk is then set back from the outer edge of ‘4 
the upper part of the cornice, and this upper margin receives 
the form of a wash. a» 

Instead of foliage, these cavettos are also sometimes filled — q 
by figures cut from the mass of the ashlar (Fig. 1002(, cornice 
beneath a gallery on the south bower of Strasburg Minster. 4 

Belt courses, parapets and hoods. a 

Besides the architectural problem to separate two parts of t 
the wall lying over each other, to crown the lower or serve as q 
& support for the upper, there comes in question here mouldings, 
for which the problem is almost entirely to cause water to drip 
off. Hither they have to allow a sreat amount of collected water 
to run off (like cornices beneath window parapets),or they have 
portions of the wall beneath them, or also to protect dangrerous 
‘joints from falling water (for example hoods). 

Formation of the edge drip. 

Therefore these mouldings as a rule require anstrongly shaped 
wash or a drip, sinee they may be lacking on main cornices with — 
projecting margin of the roof; but to change such a roof cornice | 
as shown by Figs. 992 to 999 into one of the preceding kind, tsa 
conversely from the profiles given under Figs. 10038 to 1007.Ri 
1003 to 1008 contain some transformations of the proportion of 
projection by the form of the upper edge. The most of these pro- 
files show projections equal or approximately equal to the height, 
only those are exceptions to this proportion in which by the om- 
ission of the lowest member occurs a reduction of the height. : 
This most easily results by extending the overhanging part a in | 
Fig. 1000 downward, so that by the addition of a cove tangent 
to the face of this member results the form-in Fig. 1003 and - 
that of Fig. 1004 by retaining the compound member given in Fig 
1000. Both forms are taken from the west front of the church at 
Haina. This extension of the marsin may further occur by addi- 
tion of & round or of an entire or half ogee hollow to the chan—— 
‘fer a b in Fig. 1005. If then in this case the centre of this . 


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‘by making the cavette a pointed arch, which usually occurs on 


by the equilateral as shown in Fig. 1008, whose construction ian 


606 | | 
moulding be moved out above a b, it is next to form the upper 
wash in a flat curve tangent to the curve of the round, as aledy 
given in Fig. 1005. : 

The same result of an enlarged undercutting can be obtained 


churches in Méhlhausen; it is shown in Pig. 1006. But most deci- 
Sively is thés result atteined, when the moulding is ex¢lusively 
cut in the horizontal under surface of the arhlar, and only the 
front edge of the stone has a chamfer as other moulding. 

Thus the propertion of the projection may also become predom= — 
inant by a lesser inclination of the wash, as from a to cin | 
Fig. 1005 or from b to cin Fig. 990. It then depends on the 
nature of the stone whether the upper edge b remains acute ang- 
led or is to be made a right angle by the changed direction of 
the wash. The best assistance in this case is afforded by the a 
form of the upper moulding as a round or ogee moulding. 

The preceding Figs. mostly show a wash inclined at 45°, so % 
that they may be regarded as shaped from the ground form of: the 
sSouare set diagonally, and thus the latter may also be raxiacoii 


- 2 


explained by the aiding lines sgiven. 
Inclination of the wash. 

In the church style these flatter inclinations of the wash =f © 
form an exception particularly belonging to the last period of 7 
Gothic. On the contrary in secular works in many cases, for an : 
unusual depth of the window jamb, it may be preferable to red— 
uce the height of the wash of the sill by a flatter inclination, — 
and to continue this over the edge of the projection of the edge 
of the sill forming a drip. But since the woodwork of the window — 
frame rests on the upper edge of the sill, and thereby ‘is desi- 
rable a rapid removal of the water nearest this, either the line 
of the wash can make an abrupt bend there or be raised by @ cur- 
ve (bin Fig. 1009). Then the wash of the edge of the member may 
also retein the original steeper inclination end form a bend 4 
next the sill. ; 

In the better periods of Gothic art occurs the converse casé, 
that the inclination of ths wash is steeper than the angle of 
45°, These steeper inclinations were then either carried over 
the projection of the member, or form at the face of the wall 
an angle with the wash of the latter inclined at 45°. Barbticul- — 


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| 607 Patent 
‘Particularly commonly are found such forms on the offsets of 
the buttresses, where sometimes the wash inclined at 45° may a 
seem too weak to transfer the load from above to the under and 
larger surface, but on the other hand made necessary the fora | 
ation of this wash in two blocks, and hence the arrangement. of. 
@ bed dividing them became necessary (a bin Pig. 1019). But a 
with a less steep form the latter would have had too acute an- © 
gles at a. On English works is sometimes found the joint made £ 
easier by fillets, chamfers or undercuttings, that break the 
surface of the wash and afford a right angle for the blocks. 
(Fig. 1(0 a). The same stsep wash is sometimes found on the 
sills of church windows and finishedcatithecinside edge with 
a shallow channel (c in Pis. 1010), which prevents the water . 
from dropping that runs down the inside surface of the window. 
On many smaller parts like crossflowers, the function of the ; 
wash is neglected, where the little moulding (ain Pig. 1041) 
with the horizontal surface is attached to the stem, But here ~~ 
the ‘joint lies not above but below the moulding, and therefore q 
the horizontal surface cannot be injurious. Since also as a : 
rule even a complete wash would not be provided belonx, thus the @ 
wash found at a is rather to be regarded as a chamfer of the a 
front edge. 
Hoods. 3 
As at first were mentioned the caps of parapets, then everyth- 
ing said applies likewise to the proper hood mouldings, that oc- 
cur above reliefs, inscribed tablets, or even richer jamb moul- 1 
dings. For such purposes are suited the profiles siven in Biss. 
1003 to 1008, as well as part of those given cartier. a 
Belt courses. 4 
The same forms are also assumed by belt courses, which indic- 
ate the floors of buildings in several stories, but at the same 
time serve to keep dry the wall surfaces below them, as Pigs. a 
1012, 1012 a show. For while in the rain driven under b strikes - 
the entire height of the wall, in the latter ere formed dry ple- | 
‘ees under the belts c, d and 6 with the same inclination of the 
rain, which then facilitate the drying of the remainder of the : 3 
wall. Particularly the water running down the wall from above 
will bderthrown off by each belt. The driving efc *ropping water 
‘back against the wall dees not occur-in &@ moderate wind on acc— 
ount of the larger drip. - 


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yr een ee : age NNT, 


a PU ee 


‘joint adjoin woodwork or another inferior material subject to 


between two different materials, and it especially occurs where 


608 | aK 
By @ steeper inclination of the wash these belts may become 
also caps of balustrades. On the belts which neither at the 


easy injury, ike the caps of balustrades of salleries, the 
wash ceases to be imperatively necessary, and in some ‘cases 
may be replaced by 4 horizontal surface asin Fis. 1013. ‘Also a 
the undercut may be omitted (Fig. 1013 - nike ’ 
Junction of a roof. 

Frequently the problem of the bect is to protect the joint 
a roof joins the face of a wall, no matter in what direction. 
The usual practice of the mason has neglected in modern archi- 
tecture this profection, and aside frim lead flashings has sou- 
ght to replace it by a slight projection of the part of the wall 
above the junction of the roof. In a far more perfect manner is” 
this attained by a belt with drip inserted directly over the 1 
line of joining, which thus in the simplest case has the same 
relation to the face of the wall as the moulding b in Fis. 1010 
a to the wash beneath it. A very clearly treated example of this 
kind is found on the sacristy of the church of S. Wartin in qas-— 
sel, where over the junction of the roof and a window with the © 


face of the wall, the moulding rises -in a gable line and ends 


in a crossflower at top. 
Corbelled members, Handrails. 

Gorbels are already in part contained in the given profiles. : 
Thus these are to be counted with all those parts of ‘cornices, . 7 
that support channels or balustrades, thus the lower cavettos 
in Figs. 997.4 988,. 1000 to 1002. A -corbéelling in the proper se- 
nse is further formed by the parapet cornices on the north side 
aisle of the Strasbure minster (Pigs. 1014), in so far as the « 
upper face of the wall against which stand the jamb columns a, 
project beyond the lower and place the bases of these little 4 
columns even out over the extreme edse of the member. q 

For this Last projection accordingly is. not arranged a proper | | 
eorbelling, but it supports alone by the combination of the str & 
one of this base with one of the bonded cornice stones. Here is @ 
@ corbelled profile of the projecting base of the columnis omit=- 
ted, which was perhaps originally intended. The entire design a 
has 2 great effect by its bold projection, but is still not ex- 
actly beautiful and indeed is only based on this, that since i: 


a 
» 


MET ery ee | 
x Ra ene re Pre ee | ; 
a : ir of an ¥ toad J 


OO 
rete teeay on abeen baol tuodtin flaw teqatsg yrevo 
go? pentstio ed of sew Ytenneoen vineorses to dthiw reas 
a qtoivetar oft at srobniw ect eroted hawets gnifmeixe ens 
pen Y gatyl eno dtiv nottoennoe af bheoely ed of ak garifedtos 
m edt dgcened yeibnetxe ehaows beifd edt bra , ebient sewol 
: sgatifedres fencetat ede ecoted faete enmrfoo ezodr ew 
Bd ddeened abalfledrco dona breot ove elsoe reste! 5 00 
‘yeo “gon? sbeizote ortine neve to ,sernociad te edexcut .ewob 
Dae es deta 10 nepico s to Letiqes edt motY deste restic aedé 
poe Seon odT {fan ost to eos! std nt antog « mort so ,adiqlug 
ti doqabeci gatifedios edd aenasigde eftnogeyneits seedd to aos 
| p ef wobniw yed edt to rool oft ae Bnibiooes .tedtaR Toot 
# wort efoetomg nsdd doidw .edele saote ozem to sno to hes 
*tathivom qiab bobivom s to mrot sft ni wobain eit to so8T 
iP ed?’ saoitostotg edd to eesm edd wo wetl bne .(CrOr spit 
8 to autens? betcovat as es 9880 seolqmte edd at Ssasde es 
Wot ed teow cotienifont to elzae ett dud .(2r0r bie) hime’ 
* ‘Buooed ton ysa etoold edd to eslyns eft Sedt oe .qsetea yl 
‘ }e10H ~enote edd to sonatdekeet oid yd beddiwrea nadéd otuos 
F)  .medto dose co beoala aredmem ewoda Sntiledios edd yltnus 
org etiqteg exit eaiesd eltttl cortsaedd to Letbeditao sad 10 
Sofiw ,e2eneextind Sniyl? edt evods efetsented toor oat moat soe 
Meksiteces 6ds yo beebut Lettaso a9iq 8 mord ssiste aati ledice 
Beeb ofievss & to woled Bnttetenom COO! .bifl ot nevig tedd to 
ih * m “erom .ett to asot odd ei lmeet eidd yo .woveel yd betst 
Beent yiev ond osm of: dows nevitie eed offd09 tedel odd of 
fs yd yiotiqnize teotesip oft dtin exyailisdroo gatssno90 yf 
hiw YEG oie no es couttswoe to dnowban eodtovao To solditeuqes 
tgemoe ,(EFOr-,\fOl .egt) santa? nt eeved eteviaq & Yo wob 
fg@msexe as doidw to eantbluom to eacttentcuos dJeedoiz edd atin 
oLfot eysris doom arsduom steteger ed? .QfOF .8fd ni awode si 
| ad Lison asidel odd bos .snifl Leqronixg baecwmoo to eflomte a 
by esot setegustor® yiisatkiso edt mort geiviste yd yllewiss 
evtaiies edateges ads 
ip to Checbasd odd seogtug Letooge « yd betivpes tedusm & 2A. 
Pi baot ed teom wdmon Seghontig edl eed bobalont ek acts 
4 eudte bedeated neg .yow duetncvaes © nt basil) edd anil 
Bods nt etertoat SOF Bri af ea hentatis et ezograq eid 
> ot bas ,e1elies febacd oft nt tuo ome [fsx efit to 


Saas ts -0 > to ben ‘edd Eeoyed Ife ts tostotg ton ob 


es eal eh emis fee 


é 
ot v 4 , ’ h: 


\ al ae wai 4 a Wns a a 4 rid ve me Fae hw 


B af Ly 
AY oe Wee 
. Z ‘ 


om * 


¥ 
Al 
J 
‘iyi 


od 


609 


every parapet wall without load needs no great thickness, the 


upper width of masonry necessary was to be obtained for a pass-_ 
age extending around before the windows in the interior, by this 
corbelling is to be placed in connection with one lying conerball | 
lower inside , and the blind arcade extending beneath the vies 
ows, whose columns stand before the internal corbelling. @ 
On a larger scale are found such corbellings beneath bay win- 
dows, turrets or balconies, or even entire stories. They may 4 
then either start from the capital of a column or pier as om p a 
pulpits, or from a point im the face of the wall. The most com 
mon of. these arrangements ekpresses the corbellins out of the | 
roof gutter, according as the floor of the bay window is copos- 
sed of one or more stone slabs, which them projects from the _ 
face of the window in the form of a moulded drip moulding (a in 
Fig. 1015), and lies on the mass of the projection. The latter 
is shaped in the simplest case as an inverted frustum of a pyr- 
amid (Fig. 1015). But its angle of inclination must be tolerab- 
ly steep, so that the angles of the blocks mag not become more q 
acute than permitted by the resistance of. the stone. More freg- ia 
ently the corbelling shows members placed on each other.’ a 
On the cathedral of Chartres little basins like pulpits proj- 
ect from the roof balustrade above the flying buttresses, whose 
corbellins starts from a pier capital indeed by the repetition — j 
of that given in Fis. 1000, consisting below of. a cavetto deco-— 
rated by leaves. By this results the form of Pig. 1016.: 
In the later Gothic has striven much to make the very frequent- ;, 
ly occurring corbellings with the greatest simplicity by a mere | 
repetition of cavettos undsrcut or sometimes as on the bay win- 
dow of a private house in Urfurt (Pigs. 101/,° 1018), sometimes 
with the richest combinations of mouldings, of which an example 
is shown in Fig. 1019. The separate members must always follow . | 
a simple or compound principal line, and the latter resilts most. 
naturally by starting from the originally rectangular form of 
the separate ashlars. 4 
As 2 member reguired by 2 special purpose the handrail. of st- 
airs is included here. The principal member must be a round fil- 
ling the hand in a convenient way. for detached stone railings a 
this purpose is attained as in Fig. 102. Handrails in the face 
of the wall are cut in the bonded ashlars, and in certain cases 
do not project at all beyond the face of the wall, but are prod 


: 2 he 
: oes 


bh , at nf he ’ 
4 
, ae i by a i > - 
. i Mallia ‘/ f fs val 
ed 4 ’ Bi ik a 
a 4 eal - Bie tS 


eee WI tg 
Tie Mapee al 


HAY 


- (asot pi) ‘wo Daw! vial pra ape esvoo “ boowborg 
vl wf pene 8 te agdmem edt soeatsink eielces ont to etal 
’ pew tg efitnifg edt to evedmev 
a ae iy ~dtatiq enpeensmok 
tHOOC Csike deew odd eebieed .botreq espeensmol odd al 
ap scot SSO .28k%) di Baioetgoer odtevac dali edd 10 “ch ta 
10. ot fod to Bimemegnsims tasqqys ssecs astntse ga doundo eat 
| tad peed oittA edd of baogeet2a0 notte tedt ,ebsvor bas 
eyo A .ebatbluon to esitzvee vodots # sididxe asve somid 
aodtiw’ otteveo sit et astto ylielooitieg Zaitisooo slrio1g 
a adatdoondto és dosdo sit mort SSOP RAH of as désensd 
ue ot @f bos .mso00d te doivdo yistesnom edd wott « BSOL .glY 
bss ,pamtbhliod ofdtod ylied yasr of begaedoay seonfe Basot | t 
ett otdtos selquta yneu oi eiseqqset oale ti sascw a 
jo edt sont golitog wets! bas wetlzee ai (@ GS0f \eS0h .aptt ; 
es sdoodalt®, te tebeexelA «8 to do. 
. seuoilod so eensiq, beritoal 
‘te @ottonc? edt beeestqxe yfteelo at ensdmex seadd al 
quay tostorg zo esokat0oo edd evil anor doa good Ji ,dtai . 
n odd te gasm woqgn eds to oxveserq edd ymiso oc asd gL sud 
@ sbnleins eoié moisoojorg edé woe od bus case asbeotd & of 
ao eqole elqmie sad xd bellitint yletates ote saoidonst 
eiblind sigate no bayolous:evewle teouls st exotesiedd fotde 
ide eidt to tanooos go eyion dois etinp ac neve senitemog has j 
‘ge ti Sedenim bicdeeste edd no sasc odd eong bas .easntrt Iss 
MLaiG mi bodneeetcos aso bebluonm yldott e disoaed dasw olgmts 
+ vd weqselo dey ai eiseeeta ssaqqu edd io gakbssage onT .d. 08 
A LASOl gr ai s foe £80) .ua1tF .O1e teil? s to magi at dean 
Bett 2 ; to wsdmse tedto 10 desw 8 to moltibds Jxsa odd eovisoss ») 
»(OSOr 827) 0 10 d ehbs 19 ‘a 


P y -etodmem hanogmod 
‘to elitezq edd bemict ei dofdw to eaxsideer odd aeotaxe of 


ty 


‘i ua 


Weld 
io ssbaiames 8 yd bddysdase yloonmoo ef woilod aidd .dtotlo 
Git olde ofat {fan edd to soat eff mort 2S0L «Rif aft o dese 
}asdmom efdt to notttecg wel ed? .aseaeg yhtoorth 6 wollen 
> gud .woiv doerih ai efditetv yitetdo. sd of Sk. aseuso asv 
meee, otom 8 esdam oye edd o§ eaasaisea esi basd sedto 
“se * rid sitter a ai bavot eomidemoe aan dads .oldartesh 
fe 2 sem 2 gis oe odt cuodn . (SOL .gi€) setew to wwolt 
meen Hee ane hoe ene edd re snesatnt edi 


610 : om 
produced by coves sunk above and below (fig. 1021). The end jo- 
ints of the ashlars intersect the member at a right angle. 

Members. of the plinth. 

Romanesque plinth. d 
In the Romanesgue period, besides the wash always occurring 4 
at 45° or. the flat cavetto replacing it (Figs. 1022, 1023$from 
the church at Yoringen), there appear arrangements of hollows x. 
and rounds, that often correspond to the Attic base, but some- 
times even exhibit a richer series of mouldings. A Romanesque 4 
profile occurring particularly often is the cavetto with a round 
beneath as in Fig. 1024 from the chtirch at Weiprechtshausen and — 
Fig. 1024.a from the monastery church at Loccum, and it is asain 
found almost unchanged in many Barly Gothic buildings, and else- 
where it also reappears in many simpler Gothic profiles (asin 
Pigs. 1025, 1025 a) in earlier and later frofiles from the chu- . 
roh of S. Alexander at Binbeck. = 
Inctined planes or hollows. q 
In these members is clearly expressed the function of the pl- 9 
_inth, it does not crown like the cornice or protect lower parts, 
but it has to carry the pressure of the upper mass of the wall © 
to a broader base and to show the projection bhus arising. Both 
functions are entirely fulfilled by the simple slope or wash, . 
which therefore is almost always employed on simple buildings, — 
and sometimes even on quite rich works on account of. this spec- 
ial fitness, and thus the base on the Strasburg minster is a . | 
simple wash beneath a richly moulded cap represented im Pig. | 
10.4. The spreading of the upper pressure is yet clearer by ‘he . 
wash in form of a flat arc, Fig. 1023 and a in Pigs. 1026, that 
receives the next addition of a wash or other member of its orl 
er edge b. or c (Fig. 1026).: | ) , 4 

Gompound members. a 
To express the ashlars of which is formed the profile of the 
plinth, this hollow is comnonly separated by 2 remainder of the 
wash e in Fig. 1026 from the face of the wall, into which the | 
hollow d directly passes. The lew position of this member howe- 
ver causes it to be chiefly visible in direct view, but on the — 
other hand its nearness to the eye makes a more complex form 
desirable, that was sometimes found in a profile hindering the © 
flown of. water (Pig. 1027), where the arc 2 ina sense.forms 
the channel surrounding the base of the building, in waich rain 


da 

sar Avon tal. 
“= 
if 


t eiay eonte toe te0 peteh Iktau Hoote redeunter 
“4 Hult HeiR: soatnod toed ence ’nh. mh wetwrerso tlew esd 
ben un aukesd aeday seve bes elonnrtio gedto vediast eonke bas 
prerels eidd ot tout, tsdaw to totbnate efit asic ,saove 
» baa tuo bedasw ets etntol, edt todd, tqsoxe . gitar os 
apna to sereod oft ni beveres ef agian tnord daitos 
gusdo ef (SOF .gfG ni oiriong yond One (tieest to expose 
f solisietis eldt yfwola wed ont ~mae% betsotbar sds 
t oe . etds Yo edéniig to selitotg odd yd mwode yitraq 
¢ “9 (yende ,aeened (dB ,gindasie) nhoae wiwetdeo dé BP ods 
Bas Hie ek wxacgge mot eidd sey vntzaen beaker eldt beniades 
’ » odd -o¢ softreset edt moat emt0r to astensty © ed of 
bev b ifeon ‘on eavtee bi conte ,bsfiova ed dave ssotersis bas 
Dhepnsds ait of gaihroces ve1tt ts Sewxdt sessed ef soned bus 
| <NSGP BLE nt bedecthat egbe oft tc eqede 
ot soe eftatia to selitorg od? exxow daadroant stow al 
betsieges ssiitoi ond to tetenos oele nedt Ons .soetuoo owt 
eh epieitoeh nedt ei baad eidt to cdgied sa? .buad [soidieyv « 
ie 6268 botd etdt to eefomsxt .elodin edd To tesvoaisto edi 
b ustesis eB %o dovedo odd wort tact edt .QSOr .eSOh .2gk% 
Ste mio? talvgnstos1 edd to aottsotbal as dtin osevad abi 
Pel faxkertso edt 50: ntono sft moat tedtsl edt ,aisides 
@ taltter9 evyigosm odd ots bait 2 fous TO .deew odd to bemuoi 
fo) ‘smouued{dii ts eiasM .6 Io douwtio edd to edinify sdé 
\ddntic eid to eatsdmom sii 102 deat .tasbive-iles et wf 
feds to sasd stitue edt s0t yiisvens ea ,betesion ed ayanls 
:: ad Bap ,vedicen edt at snoneniss ylasiveitveg seaots ,4arb 
; 6 has edini{y «00 wutisq geitosjesg wianowte Lila of acilqqe 
ri s8FS sq cee sedvtet etetq hae emmofoo to 
ae bireeateus odt to tnentsor? feautostiniosé <€ 
y et a he | eBaoudiad edt Yo aict Loxeae® 
ens sanotenenth bextugelk 
is eeu seettiud odd to amoienemth uc mot Leseneg ect 
- stoteisds ew fotdw of ,2noidoe? aeiliss edd at betsost 
t Sadw XSf oF BSf q ao botsrtanomsh eew Sevlt .esed a6e%s1 
sae sostie add. tot efdsiovst saom ed bloow nottevele 


ee ey, 
ufietdo eis ssoitsveis to eoggt sadw bre . (ESE .Rik) doin 


pai 0 (a eeBE DRE ent?) esessssind betgoexe ui bewe | 


iad tau ‘as eectot sbie ssfto heseblencs) medt ors Ee 
> er eros eteurds 


ay : 7 
ie Bi 
viewer 


ie 


iu ( 


ial a 
dad 2 


Pr pe Ne APE Se nee te 


WRAP AS) 5 TA i ae ta al ie de 
Mg : a ak e er 


611 


_Painwater stood until dried out. But since this lower part of" 


the wall. otherwise is in constant contact. with the damp earth, . * 
and since further other channels and even water basins made of 
stone, then this standing of water just in this place can do 
no injury, except that the joints are washed out and the proj- q 
ectins front margin is removed in the course of time, a removal | 
occurs of itself, and theporofile in Fig. 1027 is changed into 
the indicated form. But how slowly this alteration proceed is 
partly shown by the profiles of plinths of this kind dating from 
the 14 th century, as in Nuremburg, Mtihlhausen, etc., that have 
retained this raised margin. Yet this form appears in a sense 

to be a transfer of forms from the interior to.the exterior, a _ 
and therefore must be avoided, since it serves no real purpose, © 
and hence is better formed at first according to the changed 4 
shape of the edge indicated in Fis. 1027. 4 

Qn more important works the profiles of plinths are formed of 
two courses, and then also consist of two profiles separated by | . 
2 vertical band. The heisht of this band is then decisive for 
the character of the whole. Examples of this kind are shown in | 
Figs. 1028, 1029, the first from the church of S. Blasien in 
Mihlhausen with an indication of the rectangular form of the a 
ashlars, the latter from the chotrhof the cathedral im Erfurth _ 
formed of the wash. Of such a kind are the massive profiles of 
the plinths of the church of 8. Maria at Muhlheusen. 

It is self-evident, that for the members of the plinth shontd | 
always be selected, as Senerally for the entire base of the al 
ding, stones particularly vermanent in the weather, and the same 
applies to all strongly projecting parts. On plinths and bases 
of columns and piers further see p. 212.° 

3. Architectural Treatment of the Buttress.: 
General form of the buttress. 
Required dimensions. ; 4 

The general form and dimensions of the buttress were specially _ 
treated in the earlier Sections, to which we therefore briefly — : 
refer here. First was demonstrated on p 128 to 127 what form of 
elevation would be most favorable for the effect. alone of the ~~ 
wind (Pig. 343), and what types of elevations are chiefly foll- 
owed in executed buttresses (Figs. 344, 345, 346). Om pa 163 and © 
335 are then considered other side forces and especially wind 4 
thrusts, it was shown there (p. 335) how under their influence — 


iia a ate 

“gud styoorte beesetonl eine tom beskupes ad sty iu 
five bekiags epotot obta elify .ncitevole sit to mich be 
{2 fae ,oldetinens geentiod edd ocotsuninth tee2k) oot shen 
ae Zh orotian yletemixosggs af qu bebutso ec gottes tenn 
telaxe esw tenidt butw vemieue yiltdate te aolis{polso sal 
eXtEh soi enotisiaolss att rzeddsut Bas (OL of Edi: .g ne 
) deh 80h bas 286.9 to Sham etow egeaetttud to nalansre 
vpatwolfot OCe O8OL RIE Qo tede ext eneteind ¢ gaikeT 
tie beatesdo. ei teats. -bebacancoes od tarm asottayitsoyal to 
eiq edt ta notteook eat gewrds ¢inav ocd to #oedia ed? yl 
atone sa) 6 Il c0°1T Kéentia of4 20 got edt bne I easd eds at 
bi gmbiiu0so eeoute eds enas) neviy od as beaiaisteb si esod? 
net te teoette edt bebbe ef edt .f tar ov BBE .q) [stuot ee edt 
pods bas .tdgis edd wost neds bee bef ods mors gaxit bois 
* tr | ehasol af etvesera edt to icomeoalguih Rats Ly 
‘B® echooo geonateuvorio emoa ai tdgia off mocvt baiw oft as ty 
as ovls eiqesneqaibat egilew moedt dotde .8 satot ela setsecy 
Pontad 21 UID notéosee oft sot ytilidsta ods to noitantszeavat 


y a 


a Sede Cale tehinacs sno tens secs ,Jetaosicod ylisen od & oo 
ow 20 wr ped ef% $6 xb0Oso sao ysncnem Keqgn oft to gaibiie « 
Be ed) of ef stdt ezeo ot . (Oe .q) cedgid Llite gaiyt eno to 
ae esas. eael sekasv ehsol odd bas & Yo tastivees eft Lt ,ce@.t) 
ese ebheol tw98qqu ods (astvothusqieg 6 mort esoyer Yo syns 
pdb 40. saeadeud ed¢ nO Ytunounm xf yigetheoqeettoo beeastoat of 
: } Bedowe Gbie off Yalbhulout aokiegiveovatl as nO .eifsw eble 
eSB) 08 SEB -g eee ,etde dtr ifaw of2 Io teeq s30eqqe odt 
mee | +8eenttO 
metob ess seetdiud edt to wick lesereg bos sactensath edd iI 
éeiwoles etaatrozgss to stemoos yd heteothot szsdiedw .benta 
poasd sodsuttes toerth yd +0 .(€CS 1c) eslut Isotatans ye 
buutoetidors of geort o¢ dxom ek If osdd .sonetteqze Isnceted 
ae et esoubor mobiee sao anoeset oldetias base Lsottearq 105 
et wot od modsod sort swatsed so eqole elgnte 8 ddiw eae1 
aigoo Sectwi fas’ ,eced end seopbes déged Oot sesmiotdd dod 
> brotte neo eeesttud sdt to sotsaniayed reqqn 9d¢ 2a Ilew es 
ee gewe souet eeem ed] .emrot beixey teow edt, 20%. ystnutrog 
ae \itegs: bebba ese! 20 exor om tem eosig ono! ts ates 
een To gbod edd otal ylqseb oot tuo sd toa teyn ates 
by Be Bt tme ly Sebesoxs ed fon teum cess yus et bas 


ot and ra th hh bese sate at aenks. ‘eoptt 


Tah ve 
’ Bas vr mete 
pa had Ls 


> eee a Al a 
. 


612 ; 
might be required not only increased strength, but also a chang- 
ed form of the elevation, while side forces applied very high 
made too great diminution of the buttress unsuitable, and it m 
must rather be carried up in approximately uniform dimensions. 
The calculation of stability against wind thrust. was explained 3 
on p. 163 to 170, and further the calculations for different 
examples of buttresses were madé om p. 336 and 402.° 

Taking a buttress like that of Fig. 1030, the following course — 


q 


of investigation must be recommended. First is obtained with on- 
ly the effect of the vault thrust the Location of the pressure 
in the base I and the top of the plinth II or II a (p. 140), and 
there is determined in the given case the stress occurring in 
the material (p. 143 to 145). Then is added the effect of the 
wind, first from the left and then from the right, and the res— 
ulting displamement of the pressure is found. q 

With the wind from the right in some circumstances occurs a 


TE, 


greater side force S, which then makes indispensaple also an 4 
investigation of the stability for the section III. If this tora 
ce S be nearly horizontal, then must one consider also whether 
a sliding of the upper masonry can occur at the bed IV; or '¥, 
om one lying still higher (p. 340). In case this is to be feared 
(ises, if the resultant of S and the loads varies less. than the ‘ 
angle of repose from a perpendicular), the upper loads are to 
be increased correspondingly by masonry on the buttress or the 
side walls. On an investigation including the side arches or ¢ 
the upper part of the wall with this, see p. 338 to 342, 
Offsets. a 
If the dimensions and general form of the buttress are deter- 
mined, whether indicated by accurate or approximate calculatiog, — 
by empirical rules (o. 273), or by direct estimates based on p 2 
personal experience, then it is next to treat it architecturally. 
Bor practical. and artistic reasons one seldom reduces the butt- 
ress with a single slope or batter from bottom to top, bast in 
both thickness and depth reduces the mass, and whose copings ; 
as well as the upper termination of the buttress can afford op- j 
portunity for the most varied forms. The mass taken away by off- © 
sets at one place must me more or less added again, and the off- 
sets must not be cut too deeply into the body of the buttress, : 
and in any case must not bs exceeded limits, as indicated by ob- — 
lique’ lines in Pigs. 1032 to 1034. The offsets must generally 4 


bear ab aogsedo toette ton bse taegk-ood ed .fon 
“Cy ee eenoitoos 
Ads ‘chad ead bibs +plt xs avotd 2s teatto. fquads ae th 
wh egbe edt chen ettiecerg Reowt)s a ssoxe blwow trzq a6qqs 
eds 20 .ts05, sewol ait to 0 tetoq edt of heaneteaast ed seum 
bee Baol on sed sade @ tutog teecsice ylteoorth ed? yoatinos 
in wennocont geisesde to sepash edt tedt of .0 * etueeetg & 
gonssetces LSare edd déivw oted goat at ft bas BD etciog eds 


Ra 
“ re 
# ultase ytey tivses ysa weeds to tentds OF YINOGeD onote eae 


Reds gt woled 223 veunttnon doi¢we ,etasq eft bo soisersges 
‘wen bas blo no bevtoedo ylétaerpest ed nae ZH ykOatD A TO 
| lent seilwoor mo eobiaed atvooo yleta1 som $s teyoeso™ ) 
6 en? ~fesxeoiq robaim bebsacl gigaorvie ebieed ilan togqeisg sit 
ye “£9 ened beew yeds wtaloq aitct dnolteyo ton Ib atotean 
gots! gi bes ,aqeerto bees coals yods cetoiace ggorte vi 
Yo enoitiaog of@ ened hesenioiss eomiteomoe san exedd apni 
"8 4 . «808409 
meat! epasdo ede vfieuhety exen of exiteot2e exon ef tf: 358 
jdw youneces¢ edi to gauibsexge eci of gHibeegessa0e soticon 
“aedto #0 eeldsy beineant .zesqeifs gesetu yd hetoettise ed of ef 
\ seats ele? to eelosnniq patbsol vltweaq: bad guistimecssid  xlé 
eae Obati qilesoden di ,jeetio sno ylao esd seouttod edd OY 
# to. datbaicae go’ teiiueo fansetai edt to fdsisnh edd te bovely 
rt tines of¢ to ¢aniudd sdt easoco soslq elas te sol .dfesy 
yetoxg edd yd shbtswawob dgemtudae sft to gatsasloe as aeatuces 
fags Yo toiog eit sotiesxe oft no fotsothai ed onle bluow aot 
§ eno to beedenr .(Seor ort) denade fenietal edd Yo. acitac 
9) Isttaso edt nofed redo ete syods eso ,efselio ond ¢taixe 
69 Ji-Jeds Hiewnwoh ust os beosly eddeso sedte!l edt .(EECI 
id ateetto fo wodmpn odd T2 .(SEOr Lakh) ceases Lilie odd dtin 
fe ed 10 este wictinn to ed yam gent .deeeston! teddagt 


Riintan gedite aso ¢dzied atchébaivib ad? .tellewe Sas s9g7el. 


ear bitesolq e iididxe to .ytilaspe os ,dasaisohesg ¢12aq 
cokbwead te nottela:,edd. dud» .atdgied oi egnsso oimdityds 8 16 
tepe base boeazsiaqxs ylisefo ed gesm sedto doao ot etuag tus 
bbls alan »beyisoteg 
90, enon 8 beatdnos. od yen gnovi af notseetorg eds dtcl 

‘on itis seeensiad sit to sebta died ¢s noitosporg tascy 
i Bein eneeoees. {etod) sodoed to eaottoutteat edt aT) 

| Tae ee end nae err neteres toluednt edt al fa 


y bis) Tae ey 
ron “ ‘A. a fu Deira’ i a . in iy 


- 


Tote ee! oii ee aaa 


613 a 
not. be too great and not effect changes in intermediate cross 
sections.’ 

At an abrupt offset as Bhown by Fig. 1031, the foree D tn ee 


upper part would exert a strong pressure near the edge A, that 
must be transferred to the point C of the lower part. On the 
contrary the directly adjacent point E that has no load and haw 
@ pressure = 0, so that the danger of shearing increases between 
the points 0 and BE. in fact here with the small resistance of q 
the stone masonry to thrust or shear may result very easily a 
separation od the parts, which continues far below inn the form a 
of a crack, as can be frequently observed on o1d and new works. iE 
(Moreover it not rarely oceurs besides on secular buildings on 
the parapet wall beside strongly loaded window piers). The ol14é 
masters did not overlook this point, they used here partieulae- 0 
ly strong ashlars, or they also used cramps, and in brick — 
ings there was sometimes alternated here the positions of the . 
courses. . 3 

But it is more effective to make gradually the change in oresein 
section corresponding to the spreading of the pressure, which 4 
is to be effected by steep slopes, inserted gables or other par- 
tly transmitting and partly loading pinnacles or the like. = 

If the buttress has only one offset, it naturally finds itself 
placed at the height of the internal capital or springing of the 
vault, for at this place occurs the thrust of the vault, which : 
requires an enlarging of the abutment downward; by the project- — 
ion would also be indicated on the exterior the point of. appli- — 
cation of the internal thrast (Fig. 1032). Instead of one may 
exist two offsets, one above the other below the capital (Pig. 
1033); the latter canbbe placed so far downward that it combines. 
with the sill course (Fig. 1034). If the number of offsets be 
further increased, they may be of uniform size or. be alternately — 
larger and smaller. The divisiodacin height can either make one. ; 
part predominant, an equality, or exhibit a pleasing reduction 
or a rhythmic change in heights, but the relation of. the differ-_ 
ent parts to each other must. be clearly expressed and easily ‘ 
perceived. 

With the projection in front may be combined a more or less 
great projection at both sides of the buttress. 

In the instructions of Lacher (Note) the height of the capit- 
al in the interior determines the height of the lower end of the 


; ip tates a Ce 
Pyt aiee " i rae 
Peace: petbivos aiah beliae-or eft to "bathe: 
agi at betectdnt et teatie eit to eonst«coqwi' beroi 
foe ‘ea oredt henot si seette eidd to soienemibh eds 20% ¥ 
“i basta efcansiq s tt ,edauce ectemes ehdt evades aews ati . ‘ve 
BE 6 eteotbni oels emt? emee eis to tauw doitentmrotehi/etat — . be 
Aibion edt co aa oxedW .maot selawie et «102 acoituaimib to 
. f ota0 end ,settew of doardo ef2 bane Band+eN of ctedasilhs 
(eas! Pyeetfeme Fleet! efatt gaibivom clab edt evods seertitud 
Be ode to saoggqre eft ai ensqive efdianetac e¢i sdxrokr od ot 


i 
eon Hatttoqawe oct dtiv shue geoittud steqoiq oft slide alts 
er 


ig aa - ,eeosdiad ett to tdg tok 

oP ahiegiedg eet Pivdoe® etdoesmray sxvehveyeasiosek «avout 

ites ods Yo soltenimyes edt est{ dotdw te sdgted edt tol 2A 

fadé ,edeao yrsetbio 102 upxiren’s dea ei elag 102 ,1Ssic 

& edd ‘orro sotat0d toon sfid to motted sit dtsened eqota = = | m 

ja sotazcs. edt to shhe weqon odd ot yllenckiqeoxs abnacinxs 3T } ‘f 

bee eestidud ed¢ sevo atootorg gaifiiind edd to floor odd ssdt OF 

nr09 $o03 edd ro .{s Chr .eeCr .ebtt) satsk te fosodo att 

d edd gotstotis .qso etl bae easstiod said Onvote shastxe 

me eaesugs sted eesiitud oft doidw ot eetmaos toot odd to obs 

. Rte er Sioteisd? bas ,elodw end to spette heting eit 220 

a eiton donett ylsss yusa co bavet ess ess? .rew sodsone nl 

sbis ifs no besshot tausq s tse et paaadind odd To aso wol ont 

¥ fa7T) ianibivom ods to nolvos(torg edd afeave acitosto1g sect 

lage aacitostora dows tebnau ssote nodt exottiad edd to moktcog 

Wao dotnds statzeifos oft to [eqgedo skodo edt mont slomexs ne 

c ‘Yo gasq fads somidvemc® .e de. BOOP sdf ot awode et sitaend 

| s aba euoth Letiges saotw .ounfoo 8 yd Deoalged. af esorwssnd 
~—(20P .9£%) setting edt ddecned otsevso add 

ond to ¢nomegtatis sdt wort tfueet eacltentdson asedt0 

p eeeuertdudeedsenotesoe ls esfosnatg edt wovt es [few es eo! 

e stood ead ti ,mohooaxt zeivottasq dviw baqofeyeb sd nso wae? 

e 469 6dd to tdored edd ovods beset tse7) s evieser ot estir ; 

No .efeetto ttedd to bas seottind edd to eqsd | \ a 


oe 


me ee -too% bede s Yo maot edt ni gad 

‘~gao To ctot teeloute odd aletnoo CEOr Hae SEC! .egkt 

& to efet of? .ilew odd teatsss patase£ Yoor bee s to tadd ‘iy 

bL2G6 ‘8 33. sn entabreten eid of gnibsooos betratie er soiveal 4 

one ep sib Shan s boii obi ons “to “foktbeog ates 
by. | | 


i. p - 
v ii + 
br . Wit ay 
| ; 3 a . ie We ‘ i) vie ra " m ry 2, ‘7 io me T A} 
Pr | a am 


614 
offset of the so-called drip moulding. Thereby the before ment = 


ioned importance of the offset is indicated in the clearest weal 
For the dimension of this offset is found there the rule, thaew 
its area above this remains square, if a pinnacle stands thebeaan 
Thisidetermination must at the same time also indicate a lieis 9 
of diminution for the simpler form. Where as on the church of 8. 
Elisabeth in Marburg and the church in Wetter, the part of the a 
buttress above the drip moulding finds itself smalles, there tel 
to be sought its ostensible purpose in the support of the garg- 
oyle, while the proper buttress ends with the supporting moulding 
Height of the buttress. 

Note. Revohensperder. VYermischte Schriften. Leipzig. a 
As for the height at which lies the termination of the entire 
pier, for this is set a’ maximum for ordinary cases, that the cap. 
stops beneath the bottom of the roof cornice or of the a 
It extends exceptionally to the upper edge of the cornice, so ; 
that the roof of the bulilding projects over the buttress as on 
the church at Haina (Figs. 1035, 1035 a), or the roof cornice 
extends around the buttress and its cap, adjoining the balustr-_ 
ade of the roof cornice in which the buttress here appears fav— 
ors the united effect of the whole, and therefore is effected 
in another way. Thus are found on many early French works ont 
the low cap of the buttress is set a part reduced on all sides, 
whose projection equals the projection of the mouldings. This 
portion of the buttress then stops under each projection. Such 
an example from the choir chapel of the collesiate church of 3:4 
Quentin is shown in Fis. 1054 at a. Sometimes that part of the / 
buttress is replaced by a column, whose capital srows out ot . 
the cavetto beneath the gutter (Fis. 1055). 3 ; 

Other combinations result from the arrangement of the gorgoy al 
les, as well as from the pinnacles placeddonnthéebuttresses, t 4 
that can be developed with particular freedom, if the buttress q 
rises to receive a great load above the height of the cap. 

| Caps of the buttress and of their offsets. 

Cap in the form of a shed roof. 

Pigs. 1032 and 1033 contain the simplest form of cap, namely 
that of a shed roof leaning against. the wall. The rate of inel- 
ination is arrarged according to the construction, as a horig- 
ontal position of the joint requires a steeper direction (Fig. 


» 


efd 
8 potisnifont sit of qs{uorbneqieg totot & bas (Yt OF 
st todd as istaaes teal sid asim .(SEOh Bit) eno aedtslt 
am ‘ine Bubiabged edd ,. sisitsism bertm to oan odd wot edly 
4 3; ¢e bebaod sé teuu d bas 8 te gniqoo edt to eeolo eft 
ase of Bakbtoooe tI .fisn sds bas anatdind edt of esinas 
‘gatseteos bed « dtin got Js eell asides edd noitvousdenoo 
ec tadd ,ebasaavisath oft [Lite ei Sr tot ,xediscow 
3ia0 #s ni nedt tetew to soidsiieceg odd of bezogxs stom 
ai: i | «moltieod 
Daoksostorg tuodtiv nisuer dens egeaettiad add to esbie edt 
Bend sid yd dove svieoss yom SCO .pit ai bempeze mtot edd at 
baa geddel odd to desw edt a(E€O!l .8f9) Savors saigos ine gai 
| | 'g¢) 30. t9rq odd Yo geo od to mottoowrh ext svad isdsis 
och she Q80h .gra) st temists beaxot bned s déin eoasd 
iid Boryaaquooes gaibiuon s ni efetenco woisibhs cxea sal 
Wo ees vo eqove tedt ,ssotttws sdt Yo Gmigoo edt to ef 
i2t070 uae edd 10 dnewettib ef seatte bas \(VEOL woke) dasw 
4 edt fo gatqcoie s sedimst .etivgs2 yiered? .isdiel edd as 
Peeods a vino fadt of .costiwe obke edd ts Ratbfuon Lefnac 
a edt ywonte feo. .(CfOl .ait) r9snt09 edt Hbago1s ebastus 
} ud ((OSOr .Bf8) Letnocirod ocd sm10% yltoatéh slitorg La3 
PB: ne ‘eiktoug edt to noidtiodvelb s tuodtin eldiavgog Lieu 
peat Hk dis) yilstnostsod pathivem efdsy edd Yo gnthued A 
> suid bavots Si antdsetd to anees teclqmiea odd anzod (Pho! 
o2°.gotteratitaco Isinostiod edt ddin ti gnivooanos oa has 
Dice ebait oals ti bas. .bebassonw a2ntsme2 elitoig ods 
¥ «spotensnib rstse1 to asides Lantos of 
be lisel edd sad¢ oa Booubet 9d ago scetq eidt to déonel odT 
ives odd tach @ fh0l .gtF oF pntitooos etiste Toor edt to not 
bike? sgnibivom letaosizod edt to noliaspor 
y Sanat 998 egeo eeoitind co efned sist shoinsg asésl add al 
Be untqoo sd3 to noident{oci to sni{ avsosos s yd boosic 
fo Se¢poo nextordas os to seoomwg edt beebaT .ShON weit a 
bas , yeu. sootieyni ne ged ai Peaistde qereds ei sfitorg 
Sf diiw gateesioni tobsa edd to gottvoterh « earoco eysnis 
| \ edd godw Saitiate teow ef soned Ons .eviwa odd Yo avsths1 
ee ete ee yo) ovddgtetse aisgs. el nolisntioat to 
" | [etnontved bas oldst edt to aoitsniduco eid? 
tot gs diin ,exader odd gatiting yd benistis ed sedtrat 


aes mage) sods Tecrincpraigie ap (OR0f .fb0! seat) 


wn 
pre 
1 tp 


‘i 


615 i 

10-7), and a joint perpendicular to the inclination allows a 
flatter one (Fig. 1038). With the last construction, that res-_ 
ults from the use of mixed materials ., the beginning aud also 
the close of the coping at a and ep be bonded at. right 
angles to the buttress and the wall. If according to this 

construction the ashlar lies at top with a bed resisting the Py 
weather, for it is still the disalivantage, that the joints are _ 
more exposed to the penetration of water than in a horizontal a 
position. | 

The sides of the buttresses that remain without orotection 
in the form assumed in Fig. 1032 may receive such by the break 
ing and coping around (Fig. 1033)s)The wash of the latter may q 
either have the direction of the cap of the pier or be flatter, 
hence with a bend formed against it (sis. 1033. a). - 

The next addition consists in a moulding accompanying the aay 
le of the coping of the buttress, that stops on the horizontal — 
wash (Fig. 1037), and either is different or the same profile 
as the latter. Thereby results further a stopping of the aa 
ontal moulding at the side surface, so that only a short piece 
extends around the corner (Fig. 1039). Most simply the horigon- 
tal profile diteetly forms the horizontal (Pig. 1040), but not 
well possible without a distortion of the profile. 

A bending of the gable moulding horizontally (e b im Pig. 
1041) forms the simplest means of breaking it. around the corner 
and so connecting it with the horizontal continuation, so that 
the profile remains unchanged, and it also finds its. applicatial 
to actual gables of. sreater dimensions. a 

The length of this piece can be reduced so that. the inclinat- 
ion of the roof starts according to Fig. 1041 a near the extreme 
projection of the horizontal mouldins. a 

In the later periods the bends on buttress caps are found — 
placed by a concave line of inclination of. the copins as shown 
in Fig. 1042. Indeed the purpose of an unbroken course of the a 
profile is thereby obtained in but, an imperfect way, and there © 
always occurs a distortion of the latter increasing with the 
radius of the curve, and hence is most striking when the line 
of inclination is again straight. 

This combination of the gable and horizontal mouldings can x 
further be attained by omitting the return, with an intersection 
(Figs. 1043, 1044), an arrangement that allows entire freedom 


Bi 


eR ae es Pe Cera ry 
pee vip ed 
i sitll ne dr 
es sow ated 08! ul sadatbicon dtod %o asittorg edt of 
o tatoq edt booyad beynolorg evs exaiblmom edd ebolieg 18 
a } eagean’ gua .eofnas sdpia Js Ite tuo neds baie noitoes19 ) 
ioe “fentuen & gntosig yd bebfove ed cals yeu aoitosered 
ion 50 .(e AOF of BOE -eb£2) eo died dotdw ao mods 
% edd cels tesnem stséteo © nf beeeetgxe et batt atdd to 
{She edsibomtece! etdd. sot boaress asot edd al taoqgnue to 
Hiss .eeottiud sdt te efgns eft gost antbaetzs eodulov 
MB cebtt) {sttgeo s to mrot edd Yo svidom bisexz ond obsm 
“ivengatel “mot lemine os cela ssw oeods to beetanl .(e Sd0f 
yifeges dc tix-,seeqge bfveo txef to mrct r998e1t es yilen 
of enor sett) ackbivew side oft to sednen sevol edt mort 
a @ftat won sont@ .stsibomtetar né Rataiet ylorsem asdi 
B eseoqig baiusy deom edt evtee oels astulov seodd hotieq of 
| ¢ pb eemtt setel nt ekdd .tedoriado eceibowiedal ylotsg § 
ba ak sted as90cs coals esotetsdd siotow .eslosnatq edt to oust 
ie ditod bas .ecoutiud oft to elane edt mort bslLledioo noidte 
ffs yilesene2 eudT .beob qote oso sanitbivom ¢aceetiib 10 
geb Istvisd yitaersqoe eldt ci Ssfosites sie anolsibaoo 
om ; eaqao eltasy bre bere to oottesi¢dmod 
 eqorh setsn eft geo fede olgake ont to tmomegnerte ons Ye 
f gevo tug .edventto sewol edt no afd To gathiuonm giah oad 
mm Sede eas to noisentduoo add yt bel ed nao asten fit solg 
snk) .eeomsdnd oft to obi2 tnork edd evods cide? a ditn 
aechennepetpe s tuodtin 10 dtiw Bemtot sd: yen efday sal 
#osanoo nih ad yem i to .gatbhlvom Isiaoziaed s ao aniteos 
Shs weddast .tsdnam yas af toon bede odd Aninebicd sdin 
3d BaetAsan efdsh edt Bae beitino ed oels nso oSrtbivonm Lad | 
f xevo Sasitxe yeu sides edt ,soctine obie acd ai gliqnide tio 
p \ddbeerd aelisne £ eved wad 20 aecitied sit to débim etidae 
so .Soov) bode sit gnofe yifedaorizoc bustxe pea tooy oldad 
$e motvantion? sf3 oc Lefleteq sd nao suse add Yo eabic 
fou Seaifont dove {is to sailitozg edt eniscuco dsdx to} 26 
‘ec ‘Sonate .yiseesosn ylotuloads gon ef aoliovatedal as .egnt 
g fh ‘xo wollos edd nsyo awoh ebbe troti sit sevocgniane japan 
di setadistioo ti stotereds yeolkur sit ¢s yews wolt {lin 29 
RN qzsmtbro oft mott aninett£5 mtot Pilate sank 
wsenh oot s qlistosqee\2i sootia yikge 20 .parbivom qiab 
} to ddgtod od? to moitiogoig toaxe ms sage .toesodt 
bade gem acoeet’s bn sonia .bsxt? ad of gon at 
Bi ai on iia See 


° wd 


mee whey y z ne ba me at ana Late SRT ATE Ce Te 


iwAd aie 
wy 7 


my 


1a 


eg i 


eal 


EO 


cal o "695, baer E 
eee 


616 
to the profiles of both mouldings. Im certain works of the lat- 
er periods the mouldings are prolonged beyond the point of int- 
ersection end then cut off at right angles. But further the: in 
tersection may also be avoided by placings a neutral body betweer 
them om which both die (Pigs. 1044 to 1045 a). On earlier forms 
of this kind is expressed in a certain manner also the function 
of support in the form assumed for this intermediate efd free 
volutes extending from the angle of the buttress, as likewise | 
made the greufd motive of the form of a capital (Pigs. 1044, 
1044 a). Instead of these was also an animal form, a head or fin 
nally a freer form of leaf could appear, which usually scrolls — 
from the lower member of the gabte moulding (Figs. 1044, 1045 « 
then merely forming an intermediate. Since now in the Barly ‘> 
ic period those volutes also serve the most varied purposes and 
a purely intermediate character, thas in later times is true is 
true of the pinnacles, which therefore also appear here in a po~ 
sition corbelled from the angle of the buttress, and both alike 
or diffegent mouldings can stop dead. Thus generally all semera. 1 
conditions are reflected in this apparently trivial detail. 4 


Gombination of shed and gable caps. 
By the arrangement of the simple shed cap the water drops fran 
the drip moulding of this on the lower offsets. But over the an~ 
Sles the water can be led by the combination of the shed roof 4 
with a gable above the front side of the buttress. (Pig. 1046). | 
The gable may be formed with or without a projecting moulding 
resting on a horizontal moulding, or it may be in connection 
with bordering the shed roof in any manner. Further the hori 
tal. moulding can also be omitted anf the sable moulding be wut 4 
off abruptly in the side surface, the gable may extend over the 
entire width of the buttress or nay have a smaller breadth, the 
gable roof mary extend horizontally along the shed roof, or the 
ridge of the same can be parallel to the inclination of. the Lette 
As for what concerns the profilins of all such inclined mould 
ings, an intersection is not. absolutely necessary, since the w 
water rammingnéver the front edge down over the hollow or oa 
fer will flow away at the angles; therefore it contributes a c | 
characteristic form differing from the ordinary profile of the ~ 
drip moulding. Of ugly effect is especially a too great height 4 
thereof. Hence an exact proportion of the height of the gable 
is not. to be fixed, since in smaller dimensions this must be 


dat. “yfisredes Pastors {ewe 0% HEY TessESTB 
£ ofdea cei eased odd aribivee ” banot ed uso eno 
MMA) kei. "sOdIBG 
| = eldse oid ehoxtdud. eit to solgns ond svods 
b Lenibupigacl edt ao gatvi so eqole etfs gaotosgmoocs 
9 sdntog gnizesi gaol dfuses yer ydereit bos ,eesttsud dd 
ioe s€QSOP sQrRout s) enote edd to santsn odd of Bath 
geu8/ si seddcot toh .o d ontl off ¢s Ito duo WMlerenss ove 
pylient? vo .gaitines1 oe Ssoaztzye add adsensd [adios 2 
yD ebdOs .eb29) wt0t Letaosivod a d8@b eno 2 dove be 
dot webSeL noticeun at tntog sedé te olosaatg. & t¢ SuomeQ087 
‘edt no seldey gaitoseiedtai edz to seteye begofeveb yiini 
Boe sates eis to setvoo. edd Younsiae izes stolqumco s 109 
ekdap edd to aoidevele ns yuseeccen you teddawt ai es fans 
6 B .euyo desx) sdt yd owode es ,eostise toot edt evods sath 
eyed?) «gnedtun besister s yd bemsot ef elut & ee sited dedi 
6n Odd soned bas ,eclgus ost svods entesd 19den honte? s14 
4 1 sensaspasize us dowe eworle GO} whit .aelyogsaa wo etvoue 
re dene Pe “*ghood gid. to efday es etit mentee 
Bie Bonet ylleven ek abieeb loor bavegmod ont Yo Heodsentl 
i everiind. sd¢ to digob 6d? ynole baibnetxe toot wid 70 aldek 
MISO? .bka) Liew edt to cost ent ot noktoexibh [stooxtrod 8 
jazdeneg ei $i ¢edd-o8  .wrokt asideia 8 svieos: yeu eiahe tol 
m | eO%0u MO sao vd eeiweble 
ii poms srel gif{sisns)sxs escelice loom etd cudew osmis) a0 
Boo wo telusaatoss sat. banc? yilapen, one eiiow detign® ad 
otf edt no bas ,ersides eisvsqee odd To eeshe eid to mot 
Beate teivgasioe: diiw scosizce eft Io saemdacds exifeleoa edd 
Haorsettamias odd ot eotudiataco ylfettagere cin® .(202 422%) 
wos Soofetebay esuoioas edd qifeitide aod ewods ong ofodn ond 
synod: eent eth os gathacqeeti09 nolteroosh 2 s1aq 2 oF evig ov 
 steden eat to Levoter odd stavifios? os emit enes adt ts ins 
F eidd ‘eidsp oft Yo wrod oddewd .C10P 2g. VW ond-el-dolfosve 
ots elitowg efi conte -.sonerltut ine ead: sostivea est no 
e. (#8 308. o(e Ob0f .5rt) efdsy edd Yo anil eds to moktetiatl 
Bis WAGROL git) vrettnos ont 'no oney FE Qotiiuew eidep 
nc oh eres ‘ed asphi0-mielq aieass soddte seldsy sat 
od eds ID) .Saemento eyaliol so yrssads . [tote 
ene ten to sead Odd da\ gnivaew at 
einai 9 bens ©. Leldeyg-sdt af eb dow 


iy 


ye, 


f 
Aq 


4 vy 


617 
sreater than for small dimegsions; sgenerally suitable proport 
ons can be found by dividing the base of the gable into 6 or 
parts. ) a 

Above the ansles of the buttress the sable noulding meets one 
accompaning the slope or lyins on the longisudinal surface of 
the puttress, and thereby may result lons hangins points accor= 
ding to the nature of the stone (a in Bis. 1047). Hence they 
are generally cut off at the line b c. But further is arranged — , 
@ corbel beneath the surface so resulting, or finally is caploy- 
ed such a one wish a horizontal form (figs. 1044, 1045). The ara 
rangement of a pinnacle at the point in question leads to the r. 
fully developed system of the intersecting gables on the pinnacle, 

For a complete regihabionnof the course of the water above the 
angles is further very necessary an elevation of the gable moul- 
ding above the roof surface, as shown by the Greek cyma, and t 4 
that here as a rule is formed by a returned sutter;. Thereby a 
are formed water basins above the angles, and hence the need of 
Spouts or gargoyles. Fis. 1046 shows such an arrangement. 2 

Govering like a gable or hip roof. q 

Instead of the compound roof design is usually found a simple 
gable or hip roof extending along the depth of the buttress in 
2 horizontal direction to the face of the wall (Fig. 1034), wh- 
ich again may receive a richer form, so that it is penetrated 4 
sidewise by one or more. om 

On German works the roof surfaces are generally left smooth. 
On English works are usually found the rectangular or undercut. 
form of the edges of the separate ashlars, and on the French is — 
the scalelike theatment of the surfaces with rectangular edges. 
(Pig. 1046). This essentially contributes to the animation of 
the whole and shows how skilfully the ancients understood how 
to give to a part a decoration corresponding to its function, a 
and at the same time to facilitate the removal of the water. 
§Viollet-le-Duc, V, De 101). On the form of. the gable this work 
on the surface has an influence, since its profile can form the 
limitation of the line of the gable (Fig. 1046 a). For a raised 
Sable moulding it runs om the contrary (Pig. 1046). 7 

The gables either remain plain or can be filled by a cirela, 
trefoil, tracery or foliage ornament. If. the horizontal moulding — 
is ‘wanting at the base of the gable, as a rule there a blind a 
arch is in the sable. 


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618 a 
The ridge of the roof of the gable would only be sufficient 
obtuse that its slight inclination to be executed, and it ther 
fore could be strengthened by an accompanyins round or. poimteaa y 
moulding (a im Fig. 1046). The profile of this member forms ‘taal 
front view the simplest form of crowning of the gable (Pig, 10. 
A more perfect form of it would be obtained by placing om it a 
Stem with knob. The motive of this arrangement results from the 
construction of the pyramidal stone roof, as shown later, but 
likewise from that of the wooden gable roof, and it forms a de- 
tail much exposed to overloading in form and size. Therefore 
we shall attempt in the following to sive some developments of 
such forms certainly based only on views od mediaeval works. 
Let the triangular gables in Pigs.1049 4, b, ec, whose heights. 
equal the base with a cornice an eighth the height of the latter 


the side Fig. 1049 a shows a section through the ridge. If we 

now assume that the lower joint af the stem set thereon passes. 
through the point a, then will e f be the rise of the required — 
ashlar, thereby determining the projection of the crocket,. But 


in any case even with a varying lacation af the joint there re- a 
sults by the verticals erected at a and f a relation of the tae) aq 
of the crowning to that of the crowning of the gable cornice. . 
The lower size of the stem is then found by an extension of the 
line a 1 to the side of the triangular gable and thus to m, the & 
upper by the triple division of i k. According to the suns Oa 
of the intended form, further considered below, of half the side : 
of the square on i k remains to e g and f h in the section in 

Fig. 1049 a behind the projection of the gable, so that the ae 
is set back from the front face. Different determinations of the 
dimensions are contained in Figs. 1049 b, co, where the width ete 


is always taken as a masis. 

4 development of the Height of the crowning from that of the 
gable is unsuitable, there occurs almost a converse relation be- 
tween both. Evidence of this would be given by. trial, that for 
the low gable in Fig. 1049 d the assumed proportion would exceed 
that represented on the stseper one in Fig. 1049 da. 

In general a polygonal. ssetion of stem and knob is preferred 
to a square one, by which an excessive size would be produced 
diagonally. The polygonal stem can then intersect the roof of. 
the buttress or return to the square,above the junction, and 
in any case occurs an intersection with the moulding crowning - 


Bais ehae sofat00 habeas end TE .(o eh0r bit) efdey otic 
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pends ‘Bas <Jenokat’ odt of mrt bree sit..to s10m. 10 smo yd 
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I 0. ages Tae asinoztoines 8 of eiton aistuse ao 


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619 
the gable (Fig. 1049 c). If the sable cornice ends with a drip, 
above, the polygonal stem usually has the position given: ‘in Pig. 
1050 in plan on the upper edge of the drip, and there ig ‘oT 
either as in Pig. 1050 ap b]aa transition by a bending of the 
angles of the stem, or a simple intersection occurs of. stem ant 
gable cornice. The form of the gable becomes richer if itis ad= 
orned by leaf. buds or edge blossoms, which are then best placed 
at the middle of the stem (Fig. 1050 e. - : 

Covering the offsets. 1 
iverything said here concerning the caps of the buttresses a 
applies in like manner to the covering of the offsets. But it § 
is in the nature of the matter, that all combined forms require 
a certain size of the setting, while every small offset af only 4 
a few inches is satisfied by arransing a simple shed roof with ‘4 
drip moulding. 7 
Side offsets in the dimensions of the buttress can be connect— 
ed with those in front and thus with the front shed roof, and : 
then either as in Figs. 1051, 1051 a, the drip mouldings may ex- 
tend along the sides of the buttress or be omitted as in Fis. ' 
1051 b. In Fig. 1051 a the inclination of the roofs on the dif-— 
ferent sides need not be the same, so that thus a different 
Size is obtained. 
further each of the forms shown above for the caps of the 
buttresses may also form a composition placed on the buttress a 
diminished on the sides. A compound arrangement. of this kind is _ 
Shown by Fig. 1054. This form may be changed in a particularly a 
effective way, so that the piece on the buttress reduced in th- 
ickness may be combined with that set on the buttress reduced 
only in depth (Fig. 1052). Such forms are found on the towers 
of the south transept of the cathedral at Laon as well as on : 
the central tower there (Fig. 1055), and produces a sood effect 
especially by the multiplication of bke angles. On the contrary _ 
on English works is sometimes found a simple chamfer of the an= 
gle, which then in a récher way is obtained by rectangular rece 
esses in them with inserted little columns, so that cap and base ~ 
form the transition to the right angle. 1 
7 In the later periods of Gothic art the cap is usually formed | 
by one or more of the ground form to the diagonal, and thus viKeal 
wise is made & multiplication of the angles, that is then led a 
on certain works to a semicircular ground form of buttress. (Fig 


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620 

Rarichment by blind arches and shrines.- 
Blind arches. ; 
The richest ornamentation of the buttress results from Sew use 
of blind arches, capable of the most diversified forns.: The ad a 
option of these makes necessary an enlargement for the never ta 
Cut away by the blind arches, and the members of the blind arch 
es best project éntirely. Lacher says of them:- “It is then best. 
that thou wilt break it up with tracery, so leave only its les 
gth and thickness.” The buttress of the church of S.° Quentin r a 
represented in Fis. 1056 forms in a war} an Early Gothic iflust- 

ration of this text, so far as shown in Fig. 1056 a, the blind 
arches are formed by little columns projecting from the front q 
surface, which stand on the lower projection and Support. the ate | 
ches inclosing the bkind recesses joined to the mass of the buttr 
If the blind arches e?tend around the buttress, then would be | 
necessary an increase of its thickness by that of the columns. 
Richer arrangements result from upper and lower divisions an 
Big. 1056 a, whereby only the former and larger columns of an 
entire piece project, and the smaller ones are wrought on the __ 
ashlars of the nucleus. Thereby either the former can be accom- 
panied by the latter as by wall. pilasters (right half of Pig, 
1057), or only receive the arch on its capital, as shown by the 
left half of the same Pig. | 4 
Qn the buttresses of the clearstory of the church of yantes 
are lacking the arches set on the columns, and their capitals 
directly bear the roof of the buttress.’ In the converse sense ; 
are found to predominate in the late time the arched members tx 4 
vertical spandrels extending down to the base, so that the oa 
umns consisting of pieces are omitted, and at most recur still 
‘in the capitals and bases by which the rounds of the members ex~' | 
tend downward are ornamented. | a 
fo the arched work and tracery is applicable what is later s a 
said of window tracery,. But a peculiar condition concernins 
the height of the arches results if the blind arches enclose 
a part of the buttress terminating in a simple sable roof. For 
here the height of the capital is determined by the need for ¢ 
the crown of the arch to remain below the horizontal. cornice 
of the gable roof. Therefore the arch on the gabled side must 
either recede to a greater depth below the line of the gable as | 
at a in Fig. 1056, so that in a richer form above there can be 


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621 
found a place for tracery, or it must be stilted. 
The proportions. of the little columns and mullions may be de- 
veloped in @ifferent ways. In the plan of Big. 1057 we employ 
the proportion of 1: 4 as mentioned elsewhere in regard to the 
window mullions, so that the entire width is divided in 54 par 
of whieh each division recsives the inscribed number of parts, 
This proportion is also one suiting open shrines, where the in- 
terior is vaulted, since it about agrees with the thickness of 
the abutment for the stress in the arch. Meanwhile in the ease 
mentioned yet a little increase occurs with regard to the square 
form. To entirely similar results leads the geometrical. constr- 
uction represented in Fig. 1057 b. In this a b is the entire a 
width of the surface concerned, ac and bc are the diagonals . 4q 
of the square formed therebdvy, so that half the difference of b € 
poth lengths determine the diagonals of the angle square adef, a 
and the intersection of these with the diagonally plaged equal. ‘ 
area g h i k gives further starting points for the form of plan 
of the arch members and of the little columns placed beneath them. 
Thus on the assumption of a combined arch system with large and a 
small mullions, the plan of the patter being imitated for the : 
corresponding part of the larger in both halves.of the Fig. in . ; 
different ways. Meanwhile also in regard to a single blind arch 
the small mullions vanish and generally the form of plan becomes 
Simplified, about as shown by the finial represented in Fig. 1057, 
As generally in smaller proportions an enlargement of the a 
jectingsparts , an addition of certain dimensions. connected with 


the natural conditions occurs, so that such a one is first given | 


for the analogous blind arches of the body of pinnacles as given 
by Roriczer in the “Little book of correct finials(Figs. 1067 to F 
1067 e)aand p. 458. q 
By removal of the masonry nucleus and covering the resulting 
open space became the parts of the buttresses furnished with 
blind arches at Gelnhausen, that first serve to receive fisures. 


Shrone with horizontal covering. 

The simplest form of this is that mentioned above and allied : 
to the buttresses of Mantes, entirely separated from the vaulted 
construction, while from the free columns to the back wall, thus 
a slab is laid over the buttress and on the latter is placed a | 
sable roof. Fis. 1058 shows such a form from the south transept 
of Strasburg minster, which occurs still later on the south tr- 


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a ott ac one ee [lor es ,zemfop ts dowdo eid to tqeanes 
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ides oats a0 esom etecr noidgovatenos bet{vav to ¢aemqolsveb 
“aOidinvoos: edt co asdt ,aliateh to aa102 Isinemento sacdd 
(edt dt¢in esvidom Isesd setiise-edd to yilid neh edd 
snoitogtssnoo To rict begelsevesd 


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| : ¢ivev Lensut.diiw entise 
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ieides & tasd to asec stitse edt miot tedéie doidw ,sbiesi tos ~ 
) dose eiitdidxe C@Of .aLt .edele beatfoni to bevonasenoo foor 
_g od absel dnengolevsh todsard evi oi gecd .taomeyasrie 
6x. floss Lioteut odd eXif bouvet ono, o% setit besdat ,sinev 
* awode mond OOO! 1.82% got ts mict Ledioo edd to aoisiteqey 
"7 bobdtiw bebelont nedt ei dove Ketatog seodw .dfusv Lonaué 
ods eti ato? emasd snode esodd elidw .oidag sslugasiad 
cater s te enmsloo sitsif sit to aelq odd ewode 2 CBO! .8i9 
eit bas tivev edt to dnowt edé.de gabbloom odd déin eleoce 
e at patdatoy! ed? .noitoes odd at d O80l .b19 boa .emssd 
ath solisme ot bos efotw eds io shastagem oft o¢ Snibrooos 
fat heor sat déiwsiosv edt to nottentdsoo edd ot basTibisow 

; wd Be. sevoo readme & To cuot oft Ye talol © déiw eeoetg 


622 | | 
transept of the church at Golmar, as well as also on the cathe- 
dral of Chartres and other Frence works.’ In a richer form ae 
arransement is found on those two intersecting gable roofs and 
the placings of a crowning over the crossing, this almost lead- 7 
ing to a colossal pinnacle, like this development in Golmar, 
there indeed in very low proportimns. Qn account of conditions _ 
and generally from the severe character of the detali. forms 7 
culiar to that early time, still the horizontal coverings becomes — 
nowise peculiar to the transition style and is to be regarded j 
as contrary to the Gothic orinciple of construction. It is evid- 
ently not the latter, for so may be developed tha waulting sys-. | 
tem always, and thus in no period is excluded, the horizontal 7 
covering. Everywhere appears the latter as an extension of the 
former, indeed as an independent form of covering, where permit- _ 
ted by the span to be covered. Accordingly it is decidedly in 
the nature of gothic art to develop the entire structural form 
into an art form, ise, to employ all those details, in which 
the decorative character appears in the foreground. When further — 
Gothic art in this very rapid development soon passed from these _ 
forms of the earlry period to those more graceful produced by the 
development of vaulted construction rests more on the choice of ~ 
these ornamental forms of details, than on the recognition of : 
the incompata bility of the earlier basal motives with the fullg@ 
developed form of construction. 

Shrine with tunnel vault. q 
A symmetrical support of the slab results when the columns are 
connected with a back wall by stone beams laid across and proj- * 
ect inside, which either form the entire mass or bear a sable 
roof constructed of inclined slabs. Fig. 2059 exhibits such an 
arrangement, that in its further development leads to a tunnel 
vault, indeed first so one formed like the trefoil arch, by a 
repetition of the corbel form at top; Fig. 1060 then shows a 
tunnel vault, whose pointed arch is then included within the 
triangular gable, while those stone beams form its abutments; 
Fig. 1060 a shows the plan of the little columns at a. greater 
scale with the moulding at the front of the vault and the stone 
beams, and Fig. 1060 b is the section. The jointing is arranged 
according to the magnitude of the whole and in smaller dimensions 
wouldilead to the combination of the vault with the roof in two 
pieces with a joint at the crown of.a member covering it and 


i: 
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stiuavy eseo4xeo dtiw eniada 
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6 bsebni ef ered? bac .(F30F satt) sfnav exo10 eid yd 
sree eit soe -.eetv0o aidd to tigeot daetsqgs teas! & 
> to meteve oft efuc sonie tadd .bedetidates ed Lion 
jaeh oi bas sausdousie edt to yboo siléns edd esartmisied 
bac ass to mokéieouxe edt ,aredmem ati Lis to sacugoleven 
| y emtson0o St ee gooe es ,betinpet ef enokessarb Ife at 
+ goty ,bebavoss aseqgs yeu noftsasique eidd bas ,eosqe & 
mie 6 to gatisvoo e1liae edd mtot of tI wolfe esonetauso 
sp Losatoste & to sotsstiat edt ylso aateonoo ti sonte 290 
te enctizoqoug edt nodw iu3 .ezogzsg svidatoosh & sot OV 
‘ti yeentot {sntos déin anidivav od bsel beteveo ed of sosqe 
P edt toobs of dent .timeot tedatd 6 yd te9gGs ot bexinpet sd 
‘eud? .ecotenomth bas anoltibhos edt of betine deed tivev te 
line gent odie) to botisg teed eft ai tigsy Isagsct odd haltt 
se e63 eyods ae .tivev eaoto edi ablesd sosiq adi enisinian 
Md sevo se Elen ee .(@c& .g) evobatw odd stoted gnibnsixe 208 
seu bas esefimA to isrbsdtse edt Yo eedoteg Snitosjo1g 
job ti see agva ow hesbal .cconesrdiud edt noswsed sLiad ame 
oliaae. setei fis efeoxs jadi ,ezendota s of yitelootiasg he 
oan escoo8 bos sonseatens# end yd ddauord es dose ,ci to eno 
o esail boltsay ston eat 103 etuditvedye doit « abicitie asvs bas 
je otis sotsel edt ot yviaaeluotineg baa oodt tI .tiusv beddia od’ 
Bbawoms oft to enoissoqoig oft s1edr eseso ni ogls tiuev aagoxs 
| steatt wobie ati to sonetettif Isdsiehiasoo edd bas w10t 
bas ,boncitnon tas! elowaxs edd mi es ,cisev [eanst edd 
yxe od [itw omafd on .notdstoeiis aisdiso s dtiw eissqos 
Yo 220 odd to modsert est beteasee cd [fin yfoo ted .exsd 
<ontude odd ot busker ni terit bas tloev to m10t slgate 
od Saene5 Suodtin yisisdt beatstdo od Sliw ytorevib vinis. 
A woo genttde no elsdigso bas anaufoo eiisil ,eseesitiud of 
Rerie eet bier peed sad dedw ylage ediuev Beot Yd. 
 etitingsy 
‘ ~enitde ent to atuoqque 
qn Sea hod © evenpe sdt oxst ow e VO! .8r9 of 
p eteisces edd to enoteneuth oft tiveer dotdw most ,eiesd 
syaentves eds Sninzot awanfoo efssif adv to ee dows: eft to 
leo efnate $ od tinooveteds seeriind edt to beet 


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623 a 
forming the ridge.: a 
Shrine with cross vault. : : 
Meantime the tunnel vault.is also soon found to be supplanted — 
by the cross vault (Fig. 1061), and there is indeed expressed 
2 least apparent result of this course. for the principle may 
well be established, that since onle the system of choss-vault 
determines the entire body of the structure and in general the : 
development of all its members, the exposition of this condition 
in all dimensions is required, as soon as it concerns covering 
& space, and this explanation may appear grounded, when the @ir-— 
cumstances allow it to form the entire covering of a single bi- & 
ock, Since it concerns only the. imitation of. a structural moti- 
ve for a decorative purpose. But when the proportions of. the q 
Space to be covered lead to vaulting with actual. joints, it will | 
be required to appear by a higher result, just to adopt the form 
of vault best suited to the conditions and dimensions. Thus we 
find the tunnel vault in the best period of Gothic frequently q 
maintains its place beside the cross vault, as above the passa— 
ges extending before the windows (p. 855), as well as over the : 
projecting porches of. the cathedral of. Amiens and that of thalel i 
ons built between the buttresses. Indeed we éven see it develop- 
ed particularly to a richness, that excels all. later applicati- 
ons of it, such as brousht by the Renaissance and Rococo styles, _ 
and even affords a rich substitute for the more varied lines of ~ 
the ribbed vault. If then and particularly in the later time the _ 
cross vault also in cases where the proportions of the sround a 
form and the considerabel difference of its sides first.requires — 
the tunnel vault, as in the example last mentioned, and even . 
appears with a certain affectation, no blame will be expressed 
here, but only will be asserted the freedom of the use of the 
simple form of vault and first in regard to the shrine. Cert— : 
ainly diversity will be obtained thereby without damage. to unt ta 
To buttresses, little columns and capitals on shrines covered 
by cross vaults apply what has been: said concernins piers and : 
vaults. 


Supports of the shrins. a 

In Fig. 1057 a we take the square a b:c d found in 10$7 as a 4 
basis, from which result the dimensions of the separate parts 
of the arch as of the little colunms forming the buttress. Ins- 
tead of the buttress theredcould be a single column according 


‘ a? 5 | aa ae” ae jot Val " he er 
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fo ae pelbvedte 10 ibogsersa ed eben vikiees edd, ot 
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< oe + 4) jentade oft t0 tdpted edt to coktdoqexs 
pe febon shsu ore eniude edt to tdgted to aotsaogoxg sa? 
ee BE ageb 2st oc base .P 2 > of F : E toods ,edtow weblo sac 
| . } to besd end seds 08 ‘ atgitd bedetldstes ed of sipati 
: i onan ~efor & es [etiqss edd to got esd. svods oaia Jon yeu 
£ io ene enottr0v07 tebuele ero .dt woled aniene: yinoances 
eiid flotiw no aleteebog 10, excold Yo Tnemegnetie ead YO 
7 ote B .omefoo estt 6 ot 3i Botoala yw geivasi bos ,ebnsde 
te etodones nowt gatunavia yo feyolque meg sve Bray 
a nt tfuay edt to eesed odd to das 
a ree  ,enteds eft fo nal to w20¥ 
SP itopastos: 70 e7ape: eb eatate sat tooasle hasorh af 
ay neo sotzetal sid civ’ S ; I to solsaogoug eft ot wrod asdd8L 
# ) rencion ods nk solttotxe odd to mzet susv0oe sat dtiw foatdmos 
aioe bels ef wot telozastoot edt geoY «FOO .2tt cr awode 
bede 5g° to wtot ofisassnoS « asin fotoeanoo move @f bas ,boae 
ft baoyed asivel eis to ebie sit to seeoxe edd ¢edé oe , 200% 
) te eeesignd Sit to cost odd etoserstni asidis eniide oft To 
Pte sat efbbin sid soued bas ti mort motsootorg s no etest 
P emienth té es bedetegqse yloaisne ci ebie wsllame edt to ico 
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b edd e808 Slvow asbia stomiitty aokylog 4 .ackylog suites 
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aa ews | ‘,aedota To enotgaings bobmegense xd 
SPOTR ON Gri’ * if  -@nivde e422 Ralévord 

dc hamege peor sit to Sac sit to saad edt te Qatyl sebi est 

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it de MM \acteestoxe sttaited Jaow ed? eemoosd sfodw edd 
Bd ovat. ene eoiniwo fadaosited  tiney edd revo bone 

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624. | 
-to the earlier mode be arranged, or according to the later b 
tress with attached little columns. The ribs reauire by thei 
small dimensions a simple mouldings, a round or pointed bowte 
or this can be replaced by the compartments in which the rib 
Proportion of the heisht of the shrine. Ns 
The proportion of height of the shrine are made moderate on 
the older works, about 3: 1 to 4%: 1, and so far dependdon thal 
figure to be established therein, so that the head of the latter 
may not rise above the top of. the capital as a rule, but more 
commonly remains below it. More slender proportions are. obtained 
by the arrangement of blocks or pedestals on which the figure 
stands, and further by placing it im a free column. Smaller col- 
umns are usually employed by arranging iron anchors at the hei- 
ght of the base of the vault. 
Form of plan of the shrine. i 
The ground plan of the shrine is square or rectangular. The 
latter form in the proportion of 1: 2 in the. interior can be 
combined with the sauare form of the exterior in the manner 4 
shown in Pigs. 1061. Yet the rectangular form is also fully exp-— 
osed, and is even connected with a concentric form of pointed ‘a 
roof, so that the excess of the side of the latter beyond that — 
of the shrine either intersects the face of the buttress or __ 
rests on a projection from it, and hence the middle line of the 
roof of the smaller side is entirely separated as at Rheims. M7 
Moreover such irregularities were never feared, since then mere- 
ly heightened tbe picturesgue effect. a 
fiikewise the polygonal plan is sometimes found, first that of 
the hexagon so that the shrine proper projects from three sides 
of the hexagon, and a niche made in the rear wall completes the 
entire polygon. A polygon withwmore sides would cause the disad- 
vantage, that the columns would conceal the fisure. Yet such -4 
defect is sometimes avoided by replacing the two front columns — 
by suspended springings of arches.’ 
Crawhing the shrine. 4 
The idea lying at the base of the use of the cross vault on 4 
these details is that the decoration of the principal form of 
the whole becomes the most definite expression, if there is as— 
sumed over the vault a horizontal cornice and above theis a a 
ble roof with gables over the front, just as over church vaults — 
are found ceiling beams with a roof above them. With a square 4 


val i is A ae de 
wes oi . ‘ie 


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pot ys r. | Bas .wobke odd evods aelday. edi YO nofsitoqes & 
paeateat jetoot sfdsh satioeatetal ond to tromepastts 
beknod ‘Ro noteetmo odd od ehecl eeontdgil s9i8575 XOT %0 
4 to sotsesat eds Ot¢nt tinev sat gatelet od bas eoinioo 
6 oft yfno atot aedd esoative eeodw .utoot gutdoos 
B etoor edd to wottosetetor oa% to@ .adiuev av to ese 
x onhaae noidoseretal to tatog edd to Baltueoos Intosqe 
‘fo mottosetestat edd siti ¢evt ,ytieseoen otiediee as 
vet edt Yo ¢aomepnsrie eft ebnenoh eles oa1eveaert 
he t eet vbimetya oft et moktibbs wile Fo st03 secisss dT 
gt aces shinde odd to sedsossiio edt fobdu qd elosaniq tse73 
ide aa ‘gis to tdaten edd ydoted? ,iskait wollod s to stadt ot 
* beletuatt odd Yo dsdt yd beoslqex 2k aweloma betsino ody 
it tdanots yqaed e ylaiatres bas .eatade edd mk beoslg tates 
Biss noktonisenco cacte oft ai balagougne to Jedd .cidd at 
p sbnee oad Ro sosetroqat edd yi foxusio sdf of betasqer de 3a 
i cy Sxattrs nt eatide odd henidacs ec you cassited odd atin 
teal poten aa 10 tb to ooitéscivyet « aniai0t toddie .2¢en 
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patiud edt to got ait oroted eell Wodtte si setial edd ak 
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| eae re ~totew tot twoge edd gaitroqese — 
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9 oft mo ae .teoge odd aised seendotdd adsl of sesasiud 
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ol sebau qso 8 éviese1 essous eid bus stadt baoyed sootord 
Sra pean elisil e eadieeh siento eros roY bss 
os adtoas ecvisoss tioge eit Istiqas seody ao .gesiddnd oft 
aed: no bebuetal sd of stasqes “dnemozsatis ne dove .aut 
erat Ai ean wR edt to eee 


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625 | 
ground plan the same treatment Sf the different sides leads 
a repetition of the gables above the sides, and thereby to th 
arransement of two intersecting sable roofs. Further the endea: 
or for greater lightness leads to the omission of the horizont: 
cornice and to raising the vault into the interior of the inte: 
secting roofs, whose surfaces then form only the external surf 
ces of the vaults. But the intersection of the roofs makes 2. ha 
special accenting of the point of. intersection by an ornament. 
an esthetic necessity, just like the intersection of nave and 
transverse aisle demands the arrangement of the central tower. — 
The nearest form of this addition is the pyramid, i.e., the 4 
great pinnacle ty which the charcater of the shrine passes ins 
to that of a hollow finial. Thereby the weight of the mass of 4 
the omitted nucleus is replaced by that of the figure of a - 
Saint placed in the shrine, and certainly a happy thought lies q 
in this, that of expressing in the stone construction the stre- _ 
ngth imparted to the church by the importance of the saint. sl 

With the buttress may be combined the shrine in different 
ways, either forming a termination of it or an offset. In the fe 
first case it lies in the wall surface or rises above its top, 
in the latter it either\iies before the top of .the buttress in 
a smaller width or has the same breadth, so that the architect-— 
ure of the shrine continues as blind before the solid mass of 
the buttress. 

Buttresses extenlins to the roof sutter and carried 
above it. a 

Also the relatioss are of the greatest importance, that the 

buttress has to the sutters and spouts. 
Supporting the spout for water. a 

The simplest arrangement consists in this, that a part. of the 
buttress in its thickness bears the spout, as on the choir of 
the church in Wetter (Fig. 1062). In the simplest case it has 
the same width as the spout, but may ekeeed it, so that it may 
project beyond that and the excess receive a cap under the spout, 
and for more ornate designs a little column would project from 4 
the buttress, on whose capital the spout. receives another pear- — 
ing. Such an arrangement appears to be intended on the buttres- © 
ses of the castery bay of the south side aisle of the church at 
Haina.’ a 
On $he cchurch of S. Stevhen in Mayence is then found the ar- 


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irakanbs sonol end Sutsobsod vestmedo ofc atin aoldoonsoo 
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bat Rit snetdonisanco exiéae edi guthsol yd becveas at 
or Welt af owvode mrok ode basot ee anole aii engiacd .a a0 
bes pep of tnowegaati4 off a0% evitomw eldative & exelto dolar 
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pus 04? gelyousey oft of botouhbooe eziiietaw eft doltdw dyvorde 
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ite Piet das oidtom tovsmid ylase eds of Satgucoted= skiesh A 
62 sit yd besolone et eestétnd est sredm .COOr weft. yd anoda 
¢ seten s bemrolt af esoative seggmietsi co Jadd os ,serntce 
sfdecned. Bsosig guoge odd cial assur asdisn odd dofdw oort 
jt to debin oft ydevedy .tsemeyneris, desl edd od floow eidd 
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| edd eit exoting sedi si9ed? stooge s od Satbmetxe sediah 
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~wilenogelbh toe 
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gq @ sed eesatsud sdt Yi .ytiersoes saténe avin essoso yl 
J rstew eit ,sedieg) ood evods Sater isosaniq s 10 teaq dei 
nit < seth: adwords to Beeteat tusq teddid edd bowors betrse0 
each tae eiewos to asercattad edt no ylaslvoiixey seeds 
eetatirs meee: ak cecelg tedto ai nnenen 


re he ei.) Lif 
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626 us 
arrangement represented in Fig. 1063, where on the gable roof 
of the buttress is set a detached column, which Supports the 
Spout, where a strongly diminished part of the buttress formed a 
as a square set half diagonally forms the first support of it, 
So that the adoption of this ground form beneath it occurs in . 
connection with the chamfer bordering the lower edges. On the 
same construction is further based the frequently occurring de- 
Sign, according to which the column is replaced by a detached 
pinnatle (Pig. 1064), én the body of which the penetrating spout. 
forms a course, so that the ppper part or the body of the finial — 
is ensured by loading the entire construction. 

On S. Benigne in Dijon is found the form shown in Fig. 1064, 
which offers a suitable motive for the arrangement in question, 
Indeed the same appears to be substantially modified in reality 
and we have not been able to obtain the existing direction of 
the water therein. Therefore we give Fig. 1064 from a sketch a 
with the spout placed at its. foot with ohly the addition of the @ 
front mouth of the spout projecting over the pinnacle. The abs= om 
Snee of the spout indeed permits the possibility of a later j 


Change, so that the pinnacle forms or contains a vertical tube, 
through which the water is conducted to the gargoyle. The arran- 
gement in question is further found in full activity, though ti a 
Simpler form on the towers of the church at Volksmarsen.and on i 
that in Wildungen. 

A design belonging to the early time of Gothic art is further — 
shown by Fig. 1065, where the buttress is enclosed by the roof 4 
cornice, so that on its upper surfaces is formed a water basin, : 
from which the water runs into the spout placed beneath. Next. 
this would be the last arrangement, whereby the width of the 
basin is divided by a gable roof so as to leave at each side a 
gutter extending to a spout. There the gutters like the sable | 
roof may be inclined, and the spout be replaced by two spouts re 
set diagonally. 

Extending the gutter around it. — 

The division of the upper surface into two sutters then chief- 
ly occurs with entire necessity, if the buttress has 2 rojese as 
ing part or a pinnacel rising above the sutter, the water being — 
carried around that higher part instead of through it. We find 
these particularly on the buttresses of towers and on the arran 
sements in other places in connection with the buttress systen, 


sete 


Pe ee me A SAL ae Rees eral, fe Oe ee 
Re ae aye ur eee 


sf ‘ Wa} if ) of 
fi j ¥ 


ia ie 3 lh etioncat: 4-8 edt Yo esos vlag ewed noitaem bas 
Sp ienee toon efduct eteigmoo edi nd Sevologe efrceentéud oct 
tg ‘odd bas cosine, seqqa ony noowted sonerettib edt tedd oe 
(iitbie edd eovis nottoctora aidt yd bentetde eloaantq sid to 
cme -dgnoidd bedoste ei $evew edt dotdw worl ,sodtes ode 
stan pivow geostaae edt Yo eonesetiid etd? .yLisnogeis 
“ent cen bos ewetit bosoepo1g sfosanitq sit eestano .eaolean 
Ang sasontend edt to sort oft Hacyed ivo. belle 
ie ' -TOTsu ene gckvovbacd 
w odd ‘Yo Sehkekbaco. & wore boacivnem erueusgaeaie oid 114 
ye ye tadd .ehataavbse odd brotie euit bos .tks nego edd nk 
pauwoze ‘setew adt abitoubno) .bevewss bre noon yiiese ef eds 
% Heit egstnevbs oct eorrene yLiscre yrertnes ons ao eeetdénd 
ot srom yilseteaeh ote ateidgo dowel .ecisges tadt0 
g edd ditw beqissaisn si mottod edt bas todtal os ae 
{asvo yd bontatds teed ei cagcune test odT y ydaisiaes 
mf 2201 spit)-tedaw edt Yo noisoowtB edd ni egiab déin ede 
venofe teowid edt svods sizec ed? goavetsind a2id r)6% 
saneng ¢eow el goisibaom eist .sonstaies? ond bec zthedt ¥d 

palorcs toor edd evods eszccisdud odd Ratbastze yi besestquo 
Rtoor eldah © déin eodsuturet case teolquia edd ai nodd dotde 
ig@ ¢dotl edd revo zi sgodite astéief okt suiwors doai ed? agdw 
favo .beosiq: sd mao oake beasetool we dtdfwao .seddsh ated seve 
2 Mr gosset eii cad sesetont sift) .ezbia edd to slbhia est 
aed potdiogosg ofnt'gntawc1s edd to Suigaiq¢d edd earoongs os 
got shesd tnsixs fentaett aed of bee. .akbic edd to dtone.s ond 
ih seloenaka Jeexy o Satoais 
tt craebtud' ont 40 gage otas te solifeoq si? gaiateon0D 

b Io, duengolevel 8) ,eteizs gogsuh.enede on ti ted? .be¢ste sd 
e43 07 Haage1 ai eotdivelttib mbstiso e4aues toar odd goat 
Sitoenth yd Soeitte boos, ca eaquboug doidw ,tooa edd od noid 


‘ 


fet bausobe add 10 ,eastéded edd. spate décor: act to gee. 


i atds bas foor.eds Yo sostwwe dpwot edt ddiw, .eedots batid 
G.edt batded cozesq sofnipo. too edd tedt 98 .Seblove series 
jewels: neduted. {svagtet [leme a.eovee! neve bus gesatted Sci 
# eoubexot ensomns. soviz at guiheol o slgleaing odd ya. 
ahd “ieee euds .weeiddad edt to goratpiest eis. .etosost resto 
eg ett? <aoktose eroro etst fo, débtw bes exon 
4) ori dhposemndis edd tess .2istd af. teal) beaeorgxe 


ocean het 
cane on Ea nant ea. iepepatien edd, eehige ae 


nee fi ‘ by - ne hal ig oe ‘ 2 DA j , aa w) ~ : Pet iy 


Oe 


iret 


better avoided, so that the roof cornice passes behind the ris- 


627 ‘ 
and mention here only those of the 8. fhapelle in Paris, where 
the buttresseis enclosed by the complete double roof. cornice, a 
so that the difference between the upper surface and the section 
of the pinnacle obtained by this projection sSives the width of 
the gutte r, from which the water is ejected through beasts set F: 
diagonally. This difference of the surfaces would have remained 
useless, unless the pinnacle projected fhere and was thus corb- 
elled out beyond the face of the buttress. . 

Gonducting the water. ‘ay 
All the arrangements mentioned show a conducting of the water q 
in the open air, and thus afford the advantage, that any stopp= | 
age is easily seen add removed. Conductins the water through the | 
buttress on the contrary usually ensures the advantage of a sh- 
orter course. Such outlets are generally more perfect, since t 
they are larger and the bottom is maintained with the greatest _ 
certainty. The last purpose is best attained by overlapping sl- | 
abs with drips in the direction of the water (figs. 1066). = 
For high buttresses the parts above the thrust alone increase 
by their load the resistance. This condition is most clearly e 
expressed by extending the buttresses above the roof cornice, 
which then in the simplest case terminates with a gable roof, 
when the knob crowing the latter either is over the front or 
over both gables, or with an increased stzge can be placed over Ey 
the middle of the ridge. This increase has its reason in that 
it concerns the bringing of the crowning into proportion to a 
the length of the ridge, and in its greatest extent beads to p a 
placing a great pinnacle. i 
Goncerning the position of this part. of the buttress it is ta: 
be stated, that if no stone sutter exists, a development of it q 
from the roof. causes certain difficulties in regard to the addi- 
tion to the roof, which produces no good effect by direct. cont- | 
act of the smooth surface of the buttress, or that adorned by 
blind arches, with the roush surface of. the roof, and this is . 3 


ins buttress and even leaves a small interval between them. 

By the principle of loadins is given ammeans to reduce the 
other factors, the resistance of the buttress, thus the thick- 
ness and width of this cross section. This condition is theme — 
expressed first in this, that the frofile of the buttress again 
approaches the vertical, which is then broken by the different 


siiaic ail ee a Ce ame ete 


99d 
Eiaevs ubkdedante emitemee egad aivdt. bas eveetto 
ee ww eidenelod askete eogzotdind ,svedweets betste oA 
» fuott1sq .eosla mi sis evode ksheod ylsnowte etino 
enue ebsol rsqqn od? «(86 wg) woo edeurdd Satd yt 
nel fas Llet qoleveb of ytieudsogqo emoolsn odd biotite 
 otat suse entt.%o eaisos sit ri tend yabmiowoto Batreged 
“ago +. ‘spelosnata to wok adt pk sen yotessioni 
ip ins. | stelosantr? «bd 
4b luna to goin of anthroson ealounntd to nolsourtescd 
-pistesn 
Ps etind bas eeldss, dtiw. notdoenaoo tiest ‘ni ylteida 
) Ro emtot oiddod to query snoniwosa ylasivoiixeg 6 tol | 
4 Uetdans baa emtot beitterevih eleneatxe 1ieat wi bas toon 
ied ~elodw edt to eeeandois oft od studiadnoo ylisitastadue 
te S bebtage: ot]ew vad? .ynthsolieve ot teomle buetxe yisost 
seo “mommco ect e8 bne ,eebutiagaa oovit ee yaidoso at BI sad 
mot bevolome ovew yeds .eebast ban elaitetsa {fs to aoia 
eye aces elbbin edt ot aodt 21 .ceoqtug efdsvisonce y19ve 
a at dose jdoul boos bos Ilide ditw berwssose aysule noitstes 
ee senotteotiqgs nishom [fs ai beatsia ad of 
a | «tesoised o¢ gutstoces zeioecnid 
9 to08 “elteis” edt yxutaso at al of3 to sewid gasl adt aoa? 
atemoo edt no xhbneqqs ns ddiv (od0%) “seloeaaig Joortes 
Bofenomibh odd to asciveninisied Joev409 esvle doidw ,eeldsz 106 
Beddin toed has Letnemsnto stom ,eoloezaniq to ehaii ntetzeo to 
Wisdosttxe as ai sted wolfot Liste en gedé .emotensalh r9flems 
on Pere. nf tosrtidore Jevhsding  ~rewad Tod esdtto y& «otay 
a Radi saat Pirdee atdoesvwrey .weavogenodo¢ aR 
 efosaaig edt to dintiag etenpe ons ed. a get VBOr .pig al 
ons. edt etsope fanonadh bedigeent ede ad heatwisteb ete sent 
be @foaaetq-sdt to tisde eit to h db mele odt ,bavol ttes vores 
yt ebivyid sed? .ateredt bhomact seacsoex odt to 2 @ mostod ess” 
| bestnaores ebandt bes <6 of evods to & Tia yed (evasy €: at 
ods geimrot toLret evi dtiw gy d ditw d mort souste taaaberp 
Iyeetoen eit edisdeeb aed? .eee0et edt ¢a ybod eds to yothlu 
> enti. edt ontesete& andi bas .p 3 & = gt Jods on wi xX gy 2 
ee ed? Yo aeottoetosg ed? acaimterzeds { moxd nxath 
edt Geented constelh edt estvedl, .2@ gp m f et neta 
or tasoo eldsy edt 20 noitrelosg ent socimseteh setaupe 
) sremotto' Reeererarennnan tnctencnre re ous epcaaey., 680 


Wye 


eis rae 


j 


hia a RMA OL ee i nts Merete aN y eed! of 
i 4 x 5 +? ry fo ee 


628 
offsets and their caps sometimes ornamentins only to a few in 
As stated elsewhere, buttresses risinm tolerable vertical and 
quite strongly loaded above are in place, particularly where yve- 
ry high thrusts occur (p. 335). The upper loads at the same time. 
afford the welcome opportunity to develop tall and gracefully | 
tapering crownings, that in the course of time come into ever 
increasing use in the form of pinnacles.’ : 
4. Pinnacles. 
Construction of Pinnacles according to rules of the old 
masters. | 

Chiefly in their connection with gables and tracery, pinnacle 
form a particularly prominent group of Gothic forms of. develop- : 
ment. and in their extremely diversified forms and combinations — 
substantially contribute to the richness of the whole, but like 
tracery extend almost to overloading. Thus were regarded fron 
the 14 th century as given magnitudes, and as the common posses 
Sion of all materials and trades, they were employed for almost 
every conceivable purpose. If then in the middle ages such exas 
geration always occurred with skill and good luck, such is not. 
to be praised in all modern applications. A 

Pinnacles according to Roriczer. 

From the last times of the 15 th century the “little book of 
correct pinnacles” (Note) with an appendix on the construction 
of gables, which gives correct determinations of. the dimensions 
of certain kinds of pinnacles, more ornamental and kept within 
smaller dimensions, that we shall follow here in an extract. 
Note. By KMotthes Boriczer, cathedral architect im Regensbur ds; 
Reichensper ger, Ternischte Sconriften. | 

In Pig. 1067 let a b be the square plinth of the pinnacle, ¢ a 
then are determined by the inseribed diagonal square the two sq- 


uares nekt found, the plan ¢ d of the shaft of the pinnacle and 


the bottom e f of the recesses formed therein. Then divide f g 
in 8 parts, lay off 2 of these to h, and thus is determined the - 
quadrant struck from h with h g with its fillet forming the mo= 
ulding of the body at the recess. Then describe the rectangle > 
g gk k, so that k g = 2g 3, and thus determine the line 1] m 


drawn from 1 determines ths projection of the crocket, whose 


ae 
plan is 1 mg go. Sikewise the distance between the two outside 
Squares determines the projection of the gable cornice. From th- 


ese results the elevation of the pinnacle as follows:- the heig 


7 


a Bdiied i a a ia 
apne Jy: a] sii pe a rey bi 


Wis i ” We ; er 
| af eds Yo $44% do 8 © dene yolbwIont ybod oft to 
ba shad wait suo of devin se d's ¥ * efosaniq edt to stadt bas 
athe B = efosnntgq edt to dthin vegan offs ,etedann erse ~ 
tdypted edt to 2\6 neds ei ofdayg odd Yo a ogbiz edt 
1 atinees & nottoetoig edt to tniog emextxe ont nedt souks 
wo yd bos o @ #f elday odd to eqole edi nest .nsigq os 
oe ‘seotatoe ofdsy edt Bo sagied edt havot et smaz end of 
eo teqqu edt of eotaroo eit Yo onif tewol edt to soke 
te edt, to dthin sewol edt es qo ¢ dtbin efi aevig gq oF 0 Be 
eaale eas to pod yd bomtor0eteh ef eibhitiw tun seqgqu eaodw 
) ote B22 tH eouvesoe owt edt hae .asig ont so dg ti” a ra 
ef? aevis dotdw ,sehlte owas edt dttw enti afbbia ect no bed 
r Hee »sete edé yeiavoro doadk eds to softener 
1 edt to sejbe teqgam edt evin redt Sf bas if etniog edt 
Rexel? edi bas tewoltescso edd post efosratq odd gattateqez 
js etenpa aelq edt yd beokwriotef af notssetotq ezodn fee 
Rides ed eocateib ef? .¢ a obke ots to S\It yd wt tdylted ett 
Tas aa est 2evig tedtert sefg ed? oct £ 9 bow d & seteupe ows 
) uae Yo B\S xd benimnotoh ers x TI hoe w v edktbinw ed ofidw 
tebas $ethinow edt %oihie dowd qot edi ‘to tipted eft ae [Ler 
© etaupe ede wort etivees coat sdt to sokstoejotq eit .t]enolt 
es 4 Bo eseute eds yo esiacvoo ofd Lo tect Bas .usalIa oct al 
| EbEtvis wd nevis yilentt ore sisvoors edd 30 exbhe «shan ont 
Sebb edt yd eidgted tteds bas ,etteq xia otat 8 2 eonesaib 
Bes? .aely of oo 
. eer pend tenooro edd to mrot sit to nottivosxs aedtunt ya 
i f Bas saottsatduco nt yifenckeib sawrs slosaniy to atct saz 
, eri odt ni .ofdag wobnin heviwo edt stdin sottoansoo nt 
dnesetiib - ilive fayot ei tedoei to noltouttaal benobtnsn 
Bsi\geods asbiced aslocaniq *o. aidstfed sit to aenoitaniw 
Muto ebod odd Sloote sno of Sathsorod .tosoito® to ssodd tiv 
es. teliso od tedt uottsogowy. 2 dé & 6 to stdzies evad himatyg 
Rveed yhed edt seito of? of daibtooos ,"notaivib deeat” 
@ 98 egoitsogoty sebasle deve to aay odd Sod 18 binatya 
rer sediw? bas: .epote sit to eesaboos edt no Jnehaeg 
: < canara do@ .gotwesh edd nt boete Iisde sfosaaig 
A 400! saidmoo e1tine odd mott ‘bectagooey ai Ji .istoel at ae 
ph s0aten Das eelosanig ot stelen enoitsnimisieh novia odd 
a tise « uabbaed (20 Ratotothe acseertine a0 ncttoant (atosms 
a ne ge haath versie poet ultatoorss ai Petco? 


ee ia Neat ee) 
ais Pa 


eT ee ee 


629 
of the body including plinth = 6 a b, thab of the latter = a 
and that of the pinnacle = 7 ab as given in our Pig. By the 
Same numbers, the upper width of the pinnacle = 2 bh g on the p 
The ridge n of the gable is. then 2/8 of the height from 6 to 8 
Since then the extreme point of the projection a results fron 
the plan, then the slope of the gable is an and by o P parallel 
to the same is found the height of the gable cornice. The oxtenm 
Sion of the lower line of the cornice to the upper one, thus fre 
om o to p gives the width » p as the lower width of the stem, s 
whose upper am& middle is determined by h g of the plan. Further 
8 @= f h on the plan, and the two squares ars s are construc= 
ted on the middle line with the same sides, which gives the ance 
mension of the knob crowning the stem. 
The points 11 and 12 then give the upper edges of the mouldin 
Separating the pinnacle frog the crossflower and the flower it- 
self, whose projection is letermined by the plan square a ob and 
its height t u by 173 of the side a b. The distance between the 
two squares a b and ¢ d@ in the plan further gives the width 189 
while the widths v w and 11 x are determined by 273 of t u, as 4 
well as. the height of the top knob aidtof# the moulding under the 
flower. The projection of the knob results from the square e6 r 4 
in the plan, and that of the cornice by the stkuare c 4 there, 
the under edge of the crockets are finally given by dividing the 
distance 6 @ into six parts, and their heights by the distance j 
mm iin plan. 2 
By further execution of the form of the crocket then results a | 
the form of pinnacle giwen diagonally in combination and drawn . 
in connection with the curved window gable. In the frequently 4 
mentioned Instruction of. Lacher is found still different deter- 
minations of the heights of pinnacles besides those agreeing 4 
with those of Roriczer. According to one should the body of the” 4 
pyramid have heishts of 8 a b, a proportion that he calls the . 
“fresh division”, according to the other the body has 7 afid the 
pyramid 8. But the use of such slender proportions he makes de- 
pendent on the Ssoodness of the stone, and further whether the 
pinnacle shall stand in the drawing. But generally in Roriczer 
as in Lacher, it is recognized from the entire combination, that. 
the given determinations relate to pinnacles and rather an orn- © 
amental function on buttresses adjoining or bonded to wall sur- 
faces, and especially when combined with window gables and kept 


er oe iii 

ae ei Ea ORS 

‘exon ends ot ton sud ,ssotenamth efsrsbor oristw 
tives gfest eseninzed bra vecsowtted,ssg Heol tedt 
Sel s seedoteonl od Uribtoota weoldsy. wobair 

“ko notsoussen00 edt wolfot cals ssf [isda of 
- iv rey | »texolioh ot gakbioogve 
sptrat acfosnaig edt to eextieo eo consteth edt 
Sareea edt @hotds bedtapewvortto b o dti «hd 2 8 Sete 
bbbe efosnety ena? to Ss ettnes edt 50.3 6 82 aevig c THOT 
bd ee ontrox tt tedét dtiw motteotrret¢nt oft ci bas efpas eda 
. on jedée Yo noteivih bas Gmwat eft Yo anoieaenih off yile 
ced henuoto od {iiw doide. .wobatw ea? so ddae Keild end 
Situpe edt coct eiivaer none sedéal oa? Lo silior eat 
Tee cies teroisom wi «dd 9 obia end dtin betevisecos olgns 
a doin Bedt .6 YOOt .pit ebte edt ri nvode seutem ed¢ ak beqo 


Le ' : 


jen ffs 


‘ 
et 
ae 


Seettoo to miot sHetettih 2c ted ,natg at boos ereones 
/gutbnoqeensoo oct dtiw efasd thocettio o bane soltev 
ae eliseors ede Yo oetsvpa fomroe eft to eaif eibbin ess 2e 
; Oaf to baiq odt yatninieted etesipe seivo eetody ,elday ede 
ya onesse baooes ent «bo dttw sebienios sofievele ni f£ 1 ee 
eae) ,wotfavele uot o a yotifwom wore eft to nelq oft seviZ 
te oa Se fant ut.¢ ee déswot edt ,2 pp Goad qot ens Yo tender 
one to salq qoe ens ef vy w teal ocd Snes ,o o exods 5S ate 
: Sioa: ‘bexusio si ore ens act ¢s tadéd Beton adv of sect et 42 
re ‘ .hORetoo 
irae 0. te sedt-conteteteb asad efoenntq edd to tadnied eat 
ry oa Latot eeotiw ,olday ef mo tewoLltecoro edi to tatog ens 
é%. .eloeanig out to) ¢Hgied ed? S\t se hextt al & of v » most 
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edt toi ebte edz tot tadd Ce eloananig edt ne ee gots 


ag Lote yoted) e16ecce m i ebis edt ,osdst sexed? d s setgupe 


twatmed ode. neat etivees .btaurwoh hearoovoo ezentl edt: to 
ed £12" entl sedt0d code ao ,wtewol? eds to mete ad? 
So omeonyanlin -eldag etd to evsvo ett Lo dots se¢oo end 
“appanage ed? Mo asig odd) wexh sectt \awollo? ea hesoriee 

¥ soars, el? te eLoenciq ed¢ Yo. meig odti nt & t XR eLitorg 
baile e | roMuottoctore eee. bi cedd eted ,op Lisde ab doin 
Hae heents svetencecersdetale evtcte net? .elosanta ets te 
| | ee peat sece wobatw ed? do efitaxy end 


hal ay an Me ; 
i ee i ; si y Vv [ iia! mo ie A 
’ ‘ id ' ¢ 
) On if * 
; a 


Bab Caren ee PA ay OM GN CORY 


i). 


pam eae Yo # bue ed? dgroats aevys1h x «x ontl ect .f aA*R te 


aes ent Bas viu Bos t @ wote off Jo netq ekt te noidoeasoo 


ve' an te 7 : T. ‘ : ’ 


SO 


630 ey) 
within moderate dimensions, but not to thus more structural. us 
that load the buttresses and terminate their forms. 

Window gables: according to Roriczer. 

We shatl here also follow the construction of. window gables 
according to Roriczer. | ; 
The distance on certres of the pinnacles in Fig. 10867 b meas-— 
ures 6 a be. With ¢ d circumscribed about the squara ab in Pigs 
1067 c¢ gives as e f on the centre ¢ of the pinnacle set back asa 
the angle and in the intersection with that likewise set diagon- 
ally the dimensions of the jamb and division of the mallion for 
the blind arbh or the window, which will be crowned by the gable. 
The profile of the latter then results from the equilateral tri- 
angle constructed with the side g h. By Roriczer this is devel- — 
oped in the manner shown in the side Fig. 1067 d, thus with a 


concave hood in plan, but 4a different form of corresponding ele- 


vation and a different basis with the corresponding form given 
at g hi. The line k k drawn through the end k of the hood giv- | 
es the middle line of the normal square of the crossflower of 
the gable, whose outer square determining the plan of the 4 lea- 
ves 1 1 in elevation coinéides with c d. The second square n oa 
gives the plan of the stem moulding n o in elevation, the third 4 
q rthat of the top knob gq vr, the fourth s t is that of the stem 
at deabovess o, and the last uv is the top plan of the stem. 
It is then to be noted that at top the square is changed to an 
octagon. 

The height of the pinnacle then determines that of uv, thus 
the point of the crossflowser on the gable, whose total height 
from uv to x is fixed at 1/3 the height of the pinnacle. The 
separate heights of these are given in exactly the same propor= ~ 


tion as on the pinnacle, so that for the side of the outermost 
square a b there taken, the side 1 m enters here, ete. By the 
connection of the plan of the stem s t= and u v and the extension 
of the lines concerned downward, results then the diminution of 
the stem of the flower, on whose border line will be tangent t 
the outer arch of the curves of the gable. Thelatter can be con- 
structed as follows. First draw the plan of the gable, thus the 
profile g k i h in the plan of the pinnacle at the place from uy 
which it shall go, here then in th@e projection of the plinth 
of the pinnacle. Then strike the separate lines determined by 


the profile of the window arch from the assumed centre, here at 


et Pabteoe eferaqes ods yd sediaut bas o veot «3i@ ai 
t6 toore ged? .efttorg eden edd wot sgitivecs eontl 
E- Ro enif gatdataint’ edt of «séluelhneqieg yx entl ex 
cae eG se0 dotdw tot? ,extneo s tettel edd ao devoe bas 
T Mestwo edt) of haw mote edi Yo eatl eds oF taeyned dors 
dtiw olaémeonco cud extute yignibrooes hus tore ef 
se Yatbrogsortes 8 fl .Gidag ed? to sentl dows certo edt 
wetenoe ec Bivos .otB a0 So Blad tikka edt alt aovig 
ef els Bo nofisetorg edT .eontl idginistea dtin el{dsy reins 
gentoo emexrtxe eft mond eofday edt to deew efe ao gaitses 
bese (x o éaptod «feat cetwedtif fas .t p ante .slitoaq 
" b xherotie. niselimie acelq oft no edipaet edt OF yaibrooos be 
— eit to dome tetvo ost ro meds Yo woksudixteth edi 
a tan «4tetosd of gaibtoses eloaanit — 
Sutiw yew s mi ecsiks evods bevolevah noisoustenco odd sad? 
@ab & neve hroiis ylao yodt tex .sedesd yd sewiy eolonexe edd 
rs) ; | . «mobsse1t 39 
aa te dzbiw edz to cotérogote eds enreonos sartt ted 
6a vino ti ,seloennia ect meewted eometeth eds wk elas 
sige Re dtbie eds” ,zoloennig ed? asonied constett odd seus 
nl Nedt to ssanpe eft to eble oft yd beontoieteb od Litw “ef 
bitfede hte eidcs aedtede eect ttef ait ti é@cd ,elowenata sad Yo 
pele @d42 to taemeoleveh adi c0 .¢k sod somite SI to OF A nodatd 


é ‘. 
emg 


Pay = 
oi. 


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node” wore eft Yo esodt mort eerif{ dows edt to a TSOL <Qt® 
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bt .nedgid evs emoz caie ,eforko tiat a xf[no eved weliar omoe 
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wtces #t ,@fLoanaiq eft to tigter ed¢ B\S aa d THOL . Rie wt 
auao ders edt Toiteq seqqu odd Ye awkbeaax oft Seds eatdd mort 


edd to sect of nolsacdeorgq eaterni as ai al evan ease ont 


ft ko Letbasge edt to seqwoo tipiecsa a dii® exotered? bas 

, Mf emoe fait ,tedtis? eyse ed stonottenoto eft 80 .0 = ofd 

: ate edé al eteothot iliv 2% eoste .tewolt Lfame 6 bos seer 
£ goinertoids yf. ted? oa ,dood edt oels [few es wote iltw at 

- ea ae | »eiesd 6 ea eforte odd Atiw ebem ed 
Beer’? Hh: «is? bt ‘> ,@elwt oeedt to oxlaV 

Pe lieasi a mevibh ton eved sw isdt xasa9e7 oW 

e ode a eced. seeresannd to. gents fnetal end mort gaidsb 


iii ‘ are 
bites ORR ee ee Re ee 


| 
| 


631 ) 
Zin Fig. 1067 bo and further by the separate toncentric arch 4 a 
lines resulting from the gable profile. Then erect at the poinam 
x @ line x y perpendicular to the diminishing line of the stem, 
and seek on the latter a contre, from which can be struck an 
arch tangent to the line of the stem and to the outer line of 
the arch, and accordingly.strike thus concentric with this and. 
the other arch lines of the gable. In a corresponding way, a 
given in the right half of our Fig. could be const#uctédzan an- 
gular gable with straight lines. The projection of the leaves § 
resting on the wash of the gable from the extreme corner of the @ 


profile, thus q r, and likewise their height n r, are determin- 


ed according to the lengths on the plan similarly Lettered, and 
the distribution of them on the outer arch of the gable is <7 
Pinnacle according to hacher. 5 
That the construction developed above agrees in a way with t 
the examples Siven by Lacher, yet they only afford even a great- 
er freedon. 
What first concerns the proportion of the width of the whole, & 
this is the distance between the pinnacles, it only requires 4 
that the distance between the pinnacles, “the width of the gab— 4 
le,” will be determined by the side of the square of the plinth 
of the pinnacle, but it is left free whether this side shall be a 
taken 8, 10 or 12 times for it. On the development of the eleva- 
tion of the gable, whose principal divisions he gives to —— 
pond to Roriczer’s (Note), he derives the construction given in 4 
Fig. 1067 b of the arch lines from those of the stem, “when shoul 
hast the stem of the gable, thou canst draw the arches therefrom 
some gables have only a half circle, also some are higher.” Si- q 
nee he now fixes the total height of the gable to the point x 
in Fig. 1067 b as 2/8 the height of the pinnacle, it follows f 
from this that the radius of the upper partof the arch causing 
the ogee curve is in an inverse proportion to that of the Lower, 
and therefore with a straight course of the spandrel of the gon 4 
ble = 0. Of the crossflower he says further, that some need a 
great and a small flower, since it will indicate in the distance a 
it will show as well also the knob, so that by thickaning is: to 7m 

be made with the circle as a basis. 

Value of these rules. 

We remark that we have not given these rules of the masters 

dating from the latest times of Gothic here in the sense, that 


eT ee tae here ee 
yepe iki gisele ties aaa , 
ee Me ELIE a OS eRe j Dias is 

: yi 3 ed blucda mess Md: beateddo eadheroqouy eit 
ee a. toate to hota odt of dese! ts esy aielo 2 dove '.evit 
gf sobtonsi ont att evag aeluctéasg/nt setloed neds conte 


a 


94 b stots pi mobsert teetsesy eild sredwyteve boisiecedqae tad 
rn enad orit toiadae2 gifstent> ow sdbin saed ook .acitso 
g nieces eienntbed of ovis vedd tadt .eidt oF celu1 dove 
~ geal mot nofietiso s wet blvode setwoa dud ,anoid 
‘Wakbaeose olosanig yteve deomls wilser at .mtol sento 
foukb eft to snomodleveb Istosce s ‘eetkwoss solsteog 
geoktinkte: fre Saetcodat toém edd .anoivsogouy tlsotiisg 
jomen ybetisie ew fokdw mort .dedd et slowantg odd To aoks 
p sroteredd sen oW sevetddus edd to nottsataved fue gatbeol 
Bae tk no mr0% eridae odd to sebi yathass oft golsveh od 
B epee tessons ni ,m2or yomndo & 9es5 ono AI dedd wore stor 
puosstie BA .coivies stieds sruted noce yew bofyeq sitel 
a exedwytevs to entt tedd of ylno sisisx of aseqgs eslot odd 
he ees yoasile coldiw .eslosnonig Istosemente stom bas salgot 
| Pelgnie 6 io chen es bevfeoncs mead sven oF tasqys Yond 
“Medso su900 etedd .nokiassp at 632 aloold Isveves nodk 
ed idkw SOOr whit at Betaesevess ofomexe ns no es. .on0 
“a ‘ ‘~eatowots sdt to nolvoojorg eat oc Dragged of beg 
I tease o6 mo 2¥ sel. ,(880f . git) d w@ dé#gnel ohlia ode i0¥ 
'Uesofederth otateiom to¥ seig eft fo eeendoins yrantihso os 


¥ 
2 tg 


B of tavows fiftw.elesoniq edt to tdgfed Istot ent eoncek .osad 
bevevods 21 .avoold Lerveves Io bezoqmon od cafe [fin ti bas 
ayq edd to vot end tf has ,mo O> et onctea ods Yo aseandoigé 
$itow Sedd ,excods 3 9 8 o ee mets ,Bne no tes enote « at 
© Betacd edt to enoitoetore edt ti tdytod sat Biad gv extem 
‘20 waite s aoiahbendil aa dove enotstoetorg tent o8 ,etimil eeods 
me is seebbi¢daolt yitaeblye etn ned? 
te ‘mete edt to eteteses yatavors edt Saor Sit tuo at 
edt boe wete ed? .d yg Ralbicom s 44 slosanitq adé mort 
the ‘ot gatBbrooos bentetdo ei tx1eq cide Yo Sdytet ent bra 
paeerers ete yiedoa’. vd nepts ylimoxpet? stasq & st cot 
iS T- exoniohdt sewol ed? ,b 9 d#btw edt yd Beton 


" ie "eee a: it “a 3 ‘ot ‘Stupocanl edt to entiine ent natooe 
ey ae \ 
6 ee 


bas benteosos aftéq edd aisef od mid Sagso ot ylao 


Sang e*tsetesm ond eudd .gosla oi ct eflosantg sebnels 


mi : 
WW semts b ea tio bial ed yea P 8 & Himatyg odd to ¢dgied edt 


hae tw Bebelont yliaiutes csls wk dent st/¢8egqqy edt .¢f of s¥emex 


682 propor tidad sue see 
the proportions obtained by them should be generally determina. 
tive. Such a claim was at least in the mind of their inventor, 
Since then Lacher in particular gave this instruction to his s 
only to cause him to learn the parts concerned and their forms. 
but emphasizing everywhere the greatest freedom in their appli- 
cation. And here might we generally restrict the true use of all 
such rules to this, that they sive to beginners useful explana: 
tions, but nowise should form a criterion for the value of any — 
other form. In reality almost every pinnacle according fo its 
position requires a special development of its dimensions, and — 
particular proportions. The most important and significant fun 
tion of the pinnacle is that, from which we started, namely the 
loading and termination of the buttress. We must. therefore seek 
to develop the @eading idea of the entire form on it, and there- 
fore show that in one case a Stumpy form, in another case a more 
slender pinnacle is in place, thus the master’s rutbes of the 
late period very soon hefuse their service. As already stated, 
the rules appear to relate only to that time of everywhere spr- 
inging and more ornamental pinnacles, which already results that 
they appear to have been conceived as made of a single stone. 
When several blocks are in question, there occur other conditi- 
ons, as on an example represented in Fis. 1068 might be explai- 
ned in regard to the projection of the crowning. a 

For the side length a b (Pig. 1068), let 75 om be assumed as 


an ordinary thickness of the pier for moderate dimensions, and 
the height of the pyramid 2 b 4 may be laid off as 4 tiutes: she 
base. Hence the total height of the pinnacle-will amount to 3 m 
and it will also be composed of several blocks. If the availabl 
thickness of the stone is 40 em, and if the top of the pyramid 
is a stone set on end, then as c def shows, that would not 
make up half the height if the projections of the bosses still 
remain in it. The upper knob is also naturally included within 
these limits, so that projections such as Roriczer gives for ye 
them dre evidently forbidden. 

In our Fig. 1068 the erowning consists of the stem supported 


from the pinnacle by a moulding g h, the stem and the roll knob, 
and the height of this part is obtained according to the divis- 
ion in 5 parts frequently gieen by tacher, the projections as 
noted by the width ¢ d, the lower thickness of the stem by ext-— 
ending the outline of the pinnacle to g h. ; 


| edt: gaiches yd tivvet fis amrot ¢aetettia | 
da pateenac es 10 nena yd to ~Hd249 Ono tuode ‘mete 
8 (ve (6 800% ef) gatbizom 
ioanaig ed¢ Yo Satawosd 
, epatnrors edt 10% yileseook 
a raseritanieres grade edt ogni doold isqqu edd Saidiud 
¢ tad :istsoten oft to ounten oft yd hovebaid et binsryg 
6 sxc} tostsecnt ns: eeviy bimetyo s to assent s to aokigay 
) mokisniaiss s to nottqsonoe edd of begogqo ai enotesedd 
$ paticirtod gatawoto s to wiot edd bakit of yaseesoen ei ii 
sit nt guttaixe eintog {fe umtawotS tot beea edt .eacksibsoo 
| nen wphotveq Leiwstootidowe Ll o¢ mowmco of sao es ydias 
| 19 edd besot ei gud? .sebi stennt os tot teomlse seaq aso 
edd ,soobnid edt to ssbogeq eft so daiog xoqga sit to 
‘96 .essieA niedesn to aduow iafimerya edd bas seenidd sad 
P igiw eeghia bas eelquos siedd to esnomibsq addhémvone axesid - 
| egal bas estietoxes dtiw a0 Bboy odd to eomdhit odd - 
paed ai olog sit dguodéls ,zaimvote agit vortepss smob edt end? 
Inoey odd yd ton bos acitieoo edt yd aevig daieq s ylao ~ 
ish s eotispoe yllsvuen ti stadt exwasom edd at ,ybed edé fo 
feneh edd. to zemob dakd edd vd bevowg vi tI .moteeesqxe 
sot of? .etnemgen teluorto to beeeqaoe asuo08 edt of bersqmos 
jp ones edt bas ,ybod edd to tedé iin aeisev gainwo1o edd to 
pace & omob eft ,gaiteois exoratinoo 2& aetiupes toot sdd 
ob gneD bas biasayo odd tnd ,spoo 16 oworo & sudd bas. sao 
bas senwoll ,bud edd déin sete oft endt .~w7Gt gatteniafso 3 
> ott s0% ,an 0¢ owontos yisoitae se to heen acet IL eonell 
wt Bbesefamos odd to ehhix ody no deud ed& ocalg od eisineg 
bak ydeteds .sitetotos ousd ¢ be Ynttasio sdt .tcor edd tio 
eatafog to emtzol Ssissv edd wok .noitelqnos to emit end Sak 
aeds swsito ysis oss datn ,dte ofddcd To aaninworo odded 
fa enote oft ‘ni deer0 odd neds orit tedéd Yo snobtsoibar sno 
7 egntawo1 eesdd to noltesziee® nommoo oe aiid to stige oT 
:, ti bes .wods titiw of od Saiditos aad esoto odd .stewolteco 
Bie yileven “edd evods booslg weve ylécoups1i estos 182 based 
ibinos yeds dotiw ,weo10 2 heoslg bed atnsions edé¢ etedw Enid 
se bobsloxe casos a ai bad dor ab bas, .xlotidug bib bas 
| spalavoge ed? to nottostor®) 
rr whe 4% wE8Od. pees a0 cf. shh ti wok 


Lo sf 


et 


a 


633 


Different forms will result by. raising the moulding on the B., 


stem about one fifth, or by simplifying or by omitting the stem 
moulding (Big. 1068 a). 
Crownins of the vinnacle.: 
Necessity for the crowning. 

Cutting the upper block into the sharp terminal. point of the 
pyramid is hindered by the nature of the material; but the ass- 
umption of a frustum of a vyramid gives an imperfect form and S| 
therefore is opposed to thse conception of a termination; Hence. @| 
it is necessary to find the form of a crowning fulfilling those 
conditions. The need for crowning all points existing in the u 
unity as one so common to all architectural periods, that it 
can pass almost for an innate idea. Thus is found the crowning 
of the apex point on the pagodas of the Hindoos, the towers of... @| 
the Chinese and the pyramidal works of western Asians.:So the | 
Greeks crawnédthe pediments of their temples and ridges with 
the figures of the gods or with acroterias and facing tiles. T 
Thus the dome requires its crowning, although the pole is here 
only a point given by the vosition and not by the peculiar--ty 
of the body, in the measure that it usually acquires a definite | 
expression. I[t is proved by the high domes of the Renaissance 
compared to the Roman composed of circular segments. The form 
of the crowning varies with that of the body, and the ridge of 
the roof. requires a continuous cresting, the dome a concentric 
one saat eye &® crown or cone, but ue pyramid and cone demand 


Hence at isna sip of an ses eval unknown ne us, for the =| 
penters to place she bush on the ridge of the completed frame 7 
of the roof, the crestins as a true acroteria, thereby indicat- 
ing the time of completion. Now the varied forms of points and . 3 
sgabbe crownings of Gothic art, what are they other than perman= 
ent indications of that time, then the crest. in the stone style. 
In spite of the so common designation of these crownings as cr- 
ossflowers, the cross has nothings to do with them, and it is | 
found far more frequently even placed above them, usually stan- 
ding where the ancients had placed a cross, which they could - 
and did publicly, and im fact had in a sense excluded a completions 

Brojection of the crowning. a 

Now returning to our Fig. 1068, there is determined as we have 

seen, the side c d as the dimension of the ashlar. and as. the pr- 


pha REC ' De ae) 
ted ¢ gtatoisa ton Lg en Sil alion, edt to elbwcusek 
2 vliedob eds to encidsnimieteb ffs es Llow es nots 
eon [scttamedéen dtiw enote off Yo enokensakb edd 
s DLiw bh o débkw edt patbseoxe 92 noeset odd seso eins ni Wah 
| ‘emote edt to enotenomif oid aniashiascs wort tug .aedel Bart 
win oft to mrct oft tot snsisogat ylisioeqes atatog owd 4, 
) sessional gos ecb eninwots sdé Yo sbysiaysm sdf tect of 
@ tedést dedi .slosnniq odd of aoitrogo1g Josxs at deinigib a 
iLissottrogoxe s settnos: slosaatg edd to outa sldesehbiesos a 3 
ae i 30 rawowo ran 1a 
ee baogesmt0o slosaniq sit to aenoisos(o1g sistieo ted? . 


‘ante edd ai bodivoeni exe etisg buitos{joxg sao scale Biss 
e8298500 


‘est of soto ow benottsem taxit taiog eft of fisget at 
ot stor ~B80r .eyit ai hetaoaetqst enotenemth totsery to velo 
\eloanaiq {ster edt bas somotiof# to esods of teaathnoo ai VIOL 
Moodts da abtaw .2 a@ alLosaredst edt mogqt OvOr Rig nf weoyts 
Dé xoukspes atooild Istever to setieankhimoo edt 880L ak ak eh 
of Mol edt COOL .pit ni oz aokavors ed¢ to mofenemth sefiawa (i) ian 
me of whacl fentmrot eldeg edt evoda d @ saiol edt to aoliso ai 
ba uo bins tya eg¢ to weegatotdt edt ciiw awoto edt Io saomeostys Hy 
£ eacte eno to efosunsiq sxétne odd to. wtot edt tesoti0# ab bas 
6h bas ,ftuifq edi déin avoio ase lo #nemesiRs as of ahasl 


Lelosaniqg ed% no yutnavace aotteotorq teetnotg edt atin vl 
bot¥owrtenco, od? bemmeese ei 2niactess ent to aefwt seods ai tad? ‘ 
Bit faxeves aivooo ,ecote eno yineo © slosdaniq etitae ent to " 
B Gaeateidt owas ois obivih bas* -:aedate Bh! e:ad .t]8edoad at ; 
Bi 2s emsupe s exam 2ttsq omse edt to yaddag Sf oFat enota add 

*“,elongatie¢ edz to ybod edd tas eb | 
Lestiae avolfs parinkrow Istem to ¢1a edt OFOL »n2E at eodT | 
aro buoyed arote a etoteteds fuse ,eneitolaéiass cgne mort mob 


$b Isutoe edt bivow emoittoqgetgq, to ytilidixel? eidt teuoad iv 


bs ,efosantg edd? to aofanemifb- 
© atetnes at t9edtas? bas ,exuoedo yletitas emoced enotene ieee 

1 

Vv 

N 


} wort siveot, bivgow dona .asooo fivow anoliemioied eielqwos 
— eft to ted? of paibroses agent sud & towisganoo of tymet 
oa. pegofLeveb elosnaia @ ,PYO2 .git at anode ee swods dosudo 
or wepl® af peviy selownatg edt to eno 20 .woders z*tegol tol 
* ptde ot gatbrooos ‘betowitance avoto « dtiw TOL of STOLE 
barb “el bang to riouarieiad ent xq cence eetevnoe edd ak +0 


4 Ate A, - Vy , 


eee 
me: a 

i iM 
i Mee) 


ol 4 - P 
OO eet eee 
a bf ah i 


aay 
a 


634 ; = 
projection of the crownins. We do not maintain that this propor- 
tion as well as all determinations of the details should follew i 
the dimensions of the stone with mathematical accuracy, and just 
in this case the reason for exceeding the width c da will appear 
later. put from considering the dimensions of the stone result 
two points especially important for the form of the pinnacle. 
1. That. the magnitude of the crownins does not increase or: 4 
diminish in exact proportion to the pinnacle, that rather a 4 
considerable size of. the pinnacle requires: & proportionally sn- 4 
aller crowning. 
2. That certain projections of the pinnacle correspond to each 
other, since the projecting parts are inscribed im the form of = 
DOSSES. .4 


In regard to the point first mentioned we refer to the pinna- 
cles of greater dimensions represented in Figs. 1068, 1072 to *. 
1077 in contrast to those of Roricmer and the metal pinnacle 4 
given in Fig. 1070 from the tabernacle én S. maria at Liubeck. 


As in Fig. 1068 the combination of several blocks reguires a 
Smaller dimension of the crowning, so in Pig. 1069 the low lo- 
cation of the joint a b above the gable terminal leads to an 
agreement of the crown with the thickness of the pyramid or body 
and in Roriczer the form of the entire pinnacle of one stone 1 } 
leads to an agreement of the crown with the plinth, ana general- 
ly with the greatest projection occurring on the pinnacle. But M 
that in those rules of the masters is assumed the construction a 


a 


of the entire pinnacle of only one stone, occurs several times a 
im 


iy 
G 


in Lacher. Page 144 states:- “And divide the same thiekness of 


ee ae 


the stone into 16 partsy of the same parts make a square as lar- 
ge as the body of the pinnacle.” ia 
Thus in Fig. 1070 the art of metal working allows entire free- 


dom from such restrictions, and therefore a crown beyond any @ - 


dimension of the pinnacle, 


Without this flexibility of \proportions would the actual dia- @ 


ensions become entirely obscure, and further in certain cases , 
complete deformations would occur. Such would result from an at- 
tempt to construct a buttress according to that of the Friedberg 


church about as shown in Pig. 1074, a pinnacle developed after 


Roriezer’s system, or one of the pinnacles given in Figs. 1068, 
1072 to 1077 with a crown sonstructed according to this system, — 


or in the converse sense by. the application of the proportions 


ibaa hi io alia Perenren e eet 
Hl y vi ‘ . o>, ‘ 
i iar “ 


gio a ’ aie 868 

ke Wi ierise ut ab wtot oft roxt e8ot she al beqoteved 
at Sgnereviib edd evivodti tect .oefls ered e¢on en so¥ 
nr 4 ‘ ett to eeodd teri? (ecottostomg edt ot aortalos 
. r yfnisiues ase setfise edt af deat bare ,yvsen Ute 
j tellene no neve nolidoaterr telfenc pe of soneretend 
S! q a*nesotie# to noekteande & yd awotle ei eidd es 
). retlase sissy Ocl 7 texot yrudias} edt wost eidv - 
py ait Write | (ear 


ail se 


a |  V\ebiowose to. rtgtek : 
“st qs ent ts ten off neo dont ede to tatog saodgit ect 
| p domudo edt) Yo stodo pdt mort 280 SOF seit) Bkaerya 
move sees tesljont al .ob SOF .git) aawol yd a0 (tosd 
§ Bes teboole s sloenatq odd ehast tt ,besrsbnoo etinyp ef 
bibies gnindor odd to cottentaret a .(SXOL »Si%) satosrado 
@iyteties yiao nso yisttnoo edd so bimetyg edd to xegs od’ 
S40 selquers edd of es mot nt rebsole ylemettxe ei deds Yi 
M baknworscertite guidasée edd teur yfnoumoo seolh .IVOL ,OVOr 
| ea ted edt ti yiletoegee .birertyq odd to rege sid evods 
puee! bimety¢ oft to xegs edt red ‘tonoltesorte a to mrt 
abate »tdgted elt to noteivid. Inebive na dtinw cehiont 
om meeggn edd ot Srabo tnt (VO! .eVOr | SVOF .bkt yd wowed 
- “ Atnkog heseitode s ved terol edt ¢linw) 
a Setrad te askeeane +8 Yo. welostnig bea aleintt oft co elias 
| ee: Sf guots ote bimerys od? to etobisoqoi¢ edt (GTOr . git) 
S bie Sob twodse etd mrows ode To Piyten exitae sds do saodd 
$040 Bolbidom et? tc qo? odd ss -yltamroe § datcq aoieivib ended 
q “vee seortind paudbelet offs 30 eelownalq Los zeLatatt edy ,meie 
y edt end B@ of a rott ends, thoes? oteacyq ot. at (aver gia} 
fo geibivon ede te ported ede eevig ed safoq oft ,8 3 £ ore 
benimrotes at ykiawo¥e ode te Sdyleos Latos wid bas eda 
hi *6 ,@6a0 68% to hts @ to Lenogeth edd of: gat 
pp ssotaes add toegainwoio sis gntoreoncs betsts ybaetle sf 
ph add RG soticee Isnopsioo ait berrste1 ecod sk Larones 
Betba0cos hse .eactct slowke of yiosiuotixeq .eno exsupe edd 
yeatnoiecenth to ensom yd tert of bowsitmedo ef aste sd? 
ymopadoo edt to: ohte aetuxer r eamooed setmado edd -to st 
ese eles salugastoes odd ct aoitteneas ed? .domi ed 
i gatb ition sid nt so, Meath mode est nt redtice bet 
ion stale aedsel add at sovbimatyqieds of 
' See atunnbta de beat baa" Serer ts 


\ i * 


xe, ae o Seow A ar i Ae J Petia Pt a 
Deine pl, : isis ds a, BY hth call ou 


SU Sa th, it tees Nan SR haa | Ray aul ak RiNey D 


me 


635 
developed in Fig. 1068 from the form in Big. 1067 b. a 
Yet we note here also, that likewise the different periods. aw 
relation to the projections, first those of the crowning were 
very heavy, and that in the earlier men certainly rightly gave. 
preference to a smaller projection even on smaller pinnacles, { 
as this is shown by a comparison of Roriczer’s pinnacles with — 
this from the Freiburg tower perhaps 150 years earlier -(Pig.: | 
1069). # 
Height of crowning. | 4 4 
The highest point of the knob cam lie gust at the apex of the — | 
pyramid (Figs. 1068, 1065, from the choir of. the church at Clea | 
bach) or by lower (Fig. 1068 du. In the last case evem whem it 
is quite condensed, it lends the pinnacle a slender and aspiring 
character (Fis. 1072). A termination of the crowning evem below 
the apex of the pyramid on the contrary can only satisfy the eye _ 
if that is extremely slender in form as in the examples of Figs. i 
1070, 1071. Most commonly must the starting efftheccrowning be 
above the apex of the pyramid, especially if the latter has the | i 
form of a crossflower’ then the apex of the pyramid usually co- 
incides with an evident division of the height. Examples are ge: : ; 
siven by Pig. 1072, 1074, 1077, im regard to the upper finial | 
(while the lower has a shortened point). 4 


While on the finials and pinnacles of S. Chapelle at Paris 
(Fig. 1072), the proportions of the pyramid are about 1: 8 1/8, 
those of the entire height of the crown are about 1°: 4, and es 


the division point 3 normally at the top of the moulding of the @. 


stem, the finials and pinnacles of the Friedburg buttresses 2 
(Fig. 1074) in the pyramid itself, thus from a to b has the res 
tio 1: 5, the point 4° gives the bottom of the moulding of the 


e 


stem and the total height of the crowning is determined accord= 
ing to the diagonal of a side of the base. - 

As already stated concernins the crownings of the gables, in q 
general is to be preferred the octagonal section bf the knob to 
the square one, particularly in simple forms, and accordingly 4 
the stem is chamfered so that by means of dimeosioning, the wid- 
th of the chamfer becomes 2 regular side of the octagon under @ 
the knob. The transition to the rectangular angle is then effec- 
ted either in the stem itself, or in the moblding joining this 
to the pyramid or in the latter (x in Fig. 1074). 

Pyramid and body of pinnacle. 


pal Pay ' yor ‘ _ a) ae mi Yes DP, ere | r a i Het re a i 


Bideteg odd .yeu eotees bas teolquie eds of gnthroood 
1 tt gntésnimiet geo (staosivos s evoda ybod edd mo bso 

0 otg s qu bentmisteb ei blurtva edt to esed ods a9dsts 

“ea s to soatte edt aed weds doide ,bulbivom eidt 
| Bkmaryy ed? to sesd edd to (OVOP -pi7) sebt0d te 
Geis iti gso odd stolesedd bas ,yhod-edt to deds 
ony Te (POL BT) 
bas bimesa meowdod nottevsqee Ledmostiod s 2eeso teom ni | 
; ev ef2 yd bovot eli déod %6 uoftoearesnt ae bas .beneazel ei 

meld #6 ybimnzyg ot Yo asbie 190} wo etoor aldag to sasmey 
#8 SRi9 seo nl .elissopsrbh asiewnts1 odd. botgiadoeth oars 
a sbimetyg od¢ fo ¢dgied oft D\T et oldea}eaii¢ to sdapied 
MENA 4 ~eieteoors tact .bimexryd eons 
aoa yzev s “ vino’ nisl ntemer Ficatys offs Yo : densi gat 
(gattoc~org 2 déin beteew ets vod? to (EVO! zit) w103 
SE io eds .erowolt.eissif détty texed sas yedd olny a 2A 
stom s esutiino Isctosiag edt evte doidw .etsxoots Isel 
bodem cedevs q#oddt yd quid omme odd ta Ona’ .seteeotugxs of 
‘gam edtow toblo od¢ nO) .teetsqce stom biasiyg ocd to ogie 
Sudetedw ,eloitcoiag bexil s to crottsasze of¢ begiayooed sd 
ions bas .bimeryo edd? to safe odd wi absoqeh ylaoorth tedusa 
Woo sad exli. dnstanoo ed blwow edexooro sly to cate bas dthin 
Mia bus tedusn tastenco % ei siedé eutd bes probes oqotg seTev 
s/sdt, to eeadd of etedsora odd Yoverte edt Yo nottaogord 
meat isod .Sf od { wort settey edeigero to sedmun sid olnt-= aA 
ie Reutedi to [erbotitso eft Yo eontede teei2 edt oo (f of eoze 
Peredseddol2 coy sioinll to dacs edt mort eslosanty efstil odd 
fynissr90 20 yisrtnoo ed? no tad .# et asve astenia pisdestie 
pelt) b ac € oF adate th efron dogetG etel no aeisannig. tsea8 
etdsted [supsay to abtmearyg no etsdoo1 to eonte Leap? 
a! oy semderod essit to noiiosamon eid yd bexkupes sosivenoe 
xO Tesedaes eit omits total ont at yilatens®: (VCP .2it 
a hoasstoul esta atedd fas .bseubes ei 
Aa Het ek edd ot baogeerted ct weds Yo)anotetvih edt x08 
. S fo tékeescen « <8 .etodnoto oft nsewted sil deun dotiw. 
# eféups Bteiooro sid to trace eeoneteib abd slus 2 2d 
siaaanede es wove sit fo gnifblgom odd mort sac teqqn oct 
ul ter) be ~wobtw st eoecg deel edd eoukieaoe tu8 830! 
9 of ofat wets off to dottisnat? odd eben ali ti atddtin. tt 


ares Sette at, iedoos9, eds to acitostoxg ent, 
a ae | ee 7, | 


> Lt 


vie 


me 


y 


636 : 

Accordins to the simplest and easiest. way, the pyramid is ples 
ced on the body above a horizontal. cap terminating it, whereby — 
either the base of the pyramid is determined by a projection of 
this moulding, which them has the effect of a member of the low 
er border (fig. 1076), or the base of the pyramid coincides with 
that of the body, and therefore the cap projects above and belou. 
(Fig. 1068). 4 

In most cases a horizontal separation between pyramid and body 
is lessened, and an intersection of both is found by the arran- 
sgement of gable roofs on four sides of the pyramid, at the same _ 
time discharging the rainwater diagonally. In onr Pig. 1068 the ) 
height of thissgable is 1/4 the height of the pyramid. = 

Square pyramid. Leaf crockets. 

The angles of the pyramid remain plain only in a very simple 
form (Fig. 1075) or they are treated with a projecting round. 
As a rule they are beset with little.flowers, the so-called 3 
leaf crockets, which give the principal outlines a more defini- 
te expression, and at the same time by therr number make the ; 
size of the pyramid more apparent. On the older works may also 
be recognized the execution of a fixed principla, whereby the 
numper directly depends in the sige of the pyramid, and the 
width and size of the crockets would be constant like the con= 
verse proportion, and thus there is a constant. number and a j 
proportion of the size of the crockets to those of the pyramid. — 
As a rule the number of crockets varies from 7 to 12, but incre- 
ases to 17 on the great shrines of the cathedral of Rheims, end | 
the little pinnacles from the tomb of Ulrich von Lichtenberg in 
Strasburg minster even to 26, but on the contrary on certain — 1 
Sreat pinnacles on late French works it sinks to 3 or 4 (Fig. 1071). 

Equal sizes of crockets on pyramids of unequal heishts are 
sometimes required by the connection of these together (as in 
Fig. 1077). Generally in the later time the number: 6f crockets 
is reduced and their size increased. 

For the divisions of them to terrespond to the bed joints, w 
which must lie between the crockets, as a necessity of construction 

As a rule the distances apart of. the crockets equals that of 4 
the upper one from the moulding of the stem as assumed in Fig. — 
1068. But sometimes the last space is wider, and preferably so, q 
if within it is made the transition of the stem into the octagon.” 

The projection of the crockets is senerally reduced with an 


Y suttas odd te resostsilo eit mo tug sgottslet 
“peo es ,souenltoi sesh £ aivexe gnissge tebin 10 
spet deakbasa: oe sfVOr bas CdOr .esiT gntreqmom yd fev 
ie a Boor bas GeO etit ol .woled tedtuat owollolt eurct ote 
sto sea edt sott eqede edd{+ntod anond [low oft sauees 
ae ‘ot [elfLassq enoietonr ong yd eit eeofogs bes Lett 
dr Mei -bimerya eds 
tito eelnss end 46 too yltoerib worwp sedtis esodooto sd 
peborg 6d uso wodd Yo ytinaitaoo 2 to (830r .2ft nt se) digas 
d tedd G6 gota vectio hus aelgns end aedtuaesse dofdu edia yd 
fads0o 972 to ,eeldaz paitovasetat siz ro gnibivon lfetaost 
agmai slomte to ed of 78 ebathivom ed? swords ovode tno 
@ epbis Byd bensdtgaeste od osle yew tedd ,favor to tate 
Wedd to) costase ess moit goisee_ora Joll{ft selognsioes s 
geta eit to vatbloou ee¢ tvehau sitan teddies edia seedT 
Ps Jenies stesoe s ts ao sdt dro od osdt to .(SYOr .827 
feeaed bimerng edt to wsitose sds erso datii odd al ,5G0F Bit 
ito ,8Iscoe sid to mot besow? s esvit gatbloon node oad 
erdedd ce .gatbivon gedt yd yiilectiatneonoo bsbasorive asdt 
mote femogetoo edd of nokstieness edd shan ef tes eft af 
pie HENCE .bi@) bimszya ods Io wr? bavowk edt entstoy weds 
Se  satevn0o: 6 ot etfingasy oels ssdvetos eisaooto edt to aottoen 
Tas gain thane mets eftito avot [saogsioo edd dedd oi .08 
: th fanogst’s ods at. tatyi soystioo esd to eebte sat Jsdd ,t98 


; io eeidey eds sno gote tedtis bar ,(etOr +2i8) bimsayq odd to 
save! selugnsice1 edd otal ezag rofed 10 ,teioeto zsn0l edd 
«molirenext es 
lebinstyg feasyylod 
ae edd et endo? betsineds aeeds wott tnervsttib yloattad 


pAif etolersds bas eelnac .Laups tdpie digesz s19h .enoienent 
ides emzot ioue i9vewol .etedoor yd femtobs adia sdgie ealw 
OPP INae @mossd ototersds has .esswod to amtot of gaelsd 
ro bak? bos nogstoo sit ot steupe edt mort enottic 
Loa at eted scitacq*ow qisnimifeiq ef .ersdt enol 


Ht 20% jo \dotdw mi Soiteq ofdiob yfuet edt Yo eeLosnnta 16! 


Ets 


Ce One bi au 


oi ae ee Hae? tat ae 


iso fupot 2b Geaak ter. saat 4kenit of sesotoat 


pedt°no ashin omee edd ni eistmsdo es hrawawob bastxe nor 


Ste nt betisiesq sc of bimerys fecozetoo as to Leiatt edd - 


1 See hag exsnos edd asextsd soosiive tastettib qwot | 
na teeateal kigsr apie & to etesd odd to tisd odd 


Co a 


637 ee 
increase in their number, yet there is found here no distanct 
relation. But on the character of the entire pyramid the closer 
or wider spacing exerts a sreat influence, as can first. be pro- 
ved by comparing Figs. 1069 and 1071. More details on the sepa- 
rate forms follows farther below. In Figs 1068 and 1068 b we 
assume the well known horn-like shape from the shape of the cap- 
ital and enclose this by two incisions pazallel to the sides of 
the pyramid. 4 

The crockets either grow directly out of the angles of the py 
ramid (as in Fig. 1068) or a continuity of, them can be produced a 
by ribs which strengthen the angles and either stop on that hore 
izontal mouldings or the intersecting gables, or are corbelled : 
out above them. The mouldings are to be of simple form and con= 
sist of a round, that may also be strensthened by a ridge or by 4 
a rectansular fillet projemtinsg from the surface of the pyramid. i 
These ribs either unite under the moulding of the stem (as in 
Fig. 1072), or then turn ont the end at a square corner as in 
Pig. 1068, in the first case the section of. the pnramid beneath 
the stem moulding gives a éround form of the square, whichis 
then surrounded concentrically by that moulding, so that either 
in the last is made the transition to the octasonal stem, or the 
stem retains the ground form of the pyramid (Fig. 1078). A com 
nection of the crockets together also results in a converse sen= 
se, in that the octagonal form of the stem continues in the man- 
ner, that the sides of. the octagon lying in the diagonal direct- 
ion extend downward as chamfers in the same width on the angles 
of the pyramid (Fig. 1079), and either stop om the gables or t 
the lower crocket, or below pass into the rectangular form by 
a transition. | a 

Polygonal pyramids. :) 

Entirely different from these chamfered forms is the shape of e 
the finial of an octagonal pyramid, to be preferred in greater 4 
dimensions. Here result eight equal angles and therefore like- _ 
wise eight ribs adorned by crockets. However such.forms rather 
belong to forms of towers, and therefore become particular tran- 
sitions from the square to the octagon and find their explanat— ‘7 
ions there. As preliminary we pention here only the very pecul- — 
iar pinnacles of the Early Gothic period, in which each of the e | 
four different surfaces between the square and the octagon forms — 
the half of the basis of a smaller pyramid of a pinnacle, which — 


sii pail il i, a po Sl Mate Al wh gwen Th 
eed | . 


ir i. is 


si ae ce 
tiph 


ioe Rt .tigted dd to taemgolsveb eft at sort 
iho fevhedtes sit to tao1) seen odd mort mot 4 

© Sebo ewertxs cfs of bastre abimatyg {Je to ebostias 
Te bgundnirins dia odd gedt 08 .getbivom edt to nottost, 
cig egots teiter 10 .du0 helledioo ef bimesyg odd to 
tune aodtaut A wbtswtuo gaiess! desed s co bimsayg odd 
2 efSbis eit eroted esti dad .eldes a yd bemret sonttemos 
eat heey bedteel? ef eodd bae .bimeryq ¢se1ty eft to 290 
ak pe | eebimet 
“i pares i ,m70%,. begsde-e20%0. to eleiatt 
BSgn078 fenogeioo edd io .oliertotsnssd wsifgesg mtev & 
+. 280r. SHEE aL cwnode ‘ak atol es0%9 eit oat bimetyo edt to 
o Istbedice edd to eoeeessind edt mort efosantq edt gattase 
ate eae odd agowted woled gutaiewst aecespe efg a0 .noonse 
bensig edt es bas ,ebiaexg asifsue teesiq alegs ome eect 
S: $ mb gattosiorg baifivon ec yd babivib sts ved? ,ewode 8 rsof 
edd vat G@ ,devoot0 desl edt déiw aeteninied doidw ,asedooss 
x sukdae paibloom cidt sont .evade aaisuet atol saci elgmis 
msotenenth tot been oft eteixe neodd .cosizes Jooxl edt exevos 
is %o notdoubes [encidseqoxg « eebolont nies dedi ,bsenqn ot 
oto eis to @tct bovota oh? .tasgs seonedaih ufedd one eisigeyo 
x ~etmott edt isdt .yew edi al goiswoxo efé¢ ak eeenkinos sada 
fe 2 tect of .tdpoomw noid ese eiwotaco seodw ,eollil ofbissed 
edt. atods elds cows neanted ded? es acetia noltosetednt weil 
)s. ged ‘yLao bimerya ecf isds .gt- d¢iw agnied saeméserd exttas 
bons yieeope) s eilozet yiatsiaco dotiw meat ,ncteeeisxs yaauta 
eigoeg orsd dieds Soiaeh sd od ten ek Ti neds {1 »toeite yvsed 
Uete onrt wicse sid to extol sees? goy. .ytuesd estentaeh yt 
fueo di $f oft to eeodd dtin Senegnog pevitoutiaal yiisiosg 
midobde ef <ent0t olosesaiq ead To yaotsonson ect yo belloxtnos 


Dee sds yifetosges dtiv, \botteq astiel edt Yo eazot sd 
ie! mi fleact elobom beeeaquvenn biotite, [arbsdtao sazolod 
: tot ‘evista, od elidewoile sd suedvyszeve [Liw nedt .euoteneaih 

te eiesd 5 os patyl overs eevitom edt) tod, .esotenealh x6 
me 42 » 20 Bestge act to, ncivcutteaco edd déin. betoon 
presences: Ons» oF. Laine deem ew esed o1xot 
bua 0%; ARK A fe hah ae _ tedtel 


a 


™ she 
shia 
: ae 


sd “ a i ; 


i F *) 
chy be "hee 


hit™ , 


= : ~ 
—— 
—— => CT 


ee bimerqa taotk odd déiw ewots tsi sedto etki ai 


jad qea tI vtnemqofoveh deedgit end. cee of Seaetevoos 18 


} ah weds 30 Spongolevsh & enisoge> ti exedw .ytiersvib rods . 


“Ear cates 


Rey Manes aren Seer Oe ee aes Oe 
7 ee 


. 638 | 
in its other half grows with the great pyramid and will become 
free in the development. of the height. Fig. 1077 exhibits such 
a form from the west front of the cathedral of Rheims.: Here the : 
surfaces of all pyramids extend to the extreme edge of the pro- 
jection of the moulding, so that the rib accompamying the angle 
of the pyramid is corbelled out, or rather stops at the foot of) ) 
the pyramid on a beast leaning outward. A further enrichment is © 
Sometimes formed by a gable, that lies before the middle surfa- 
ces of the great pyramid, and thus is flanked by the little py- — 
ramidse a 

Finials of cross-shaped form. 

A verry peculiar transformatio. of the octagonal ground form 
of. the pyramid into the cross form is shown in Fig. 1081. repre- 
senting the pinnacle from the buttresses of the cathedral. of. Be- 
Sancon. On the squares remaining below between the arms of the _ 
cross are again placed smaller pyramids, and as the plam in Fig. 
1081 a shows, they are divided by a moulding projecting in the 
crockets, which terminates with the last crocket, so that the 
simple cross form remains 3bove. Since this mouldings entirely 
covers the front surface, then exists the need for dimensioning 
it upward, that again includes a proportional reduction of the 
erockets and their distances apart. The ground form of the cross | 
then continues in the crowning in the way, that the fronts form 
heraldic lilies, whose contours are then wrought, so that a sim- 
ilar intersection arises as that between two gable roofs. The 4 
entire treatment brings with it, that the pyramid only has a 
stumpy expression, from which certainly results a squatty and . 
heavy effect. If then it is not to be denied that here peculiar— 
ity dominates beauty, yet these forms of the earlw time are es- 
pecially instructive, compared with those of the 14 th century 
controlled by the monotony of the pinnacle forms, in which men 
are accustomed to see Bhe highest development. It may be that a 
the forms of the latter period, with especially the types of 
Cologne cathedral afford unsurpassed models for all in smaller ~~ 
dimensions, then will everywhere be allowable to strive for gre- 
ater diversity, where it concerns a development of. them im grea- 
ter dimensioss. But the motives there lying as a basis are cons 
nected with the construction of the spires of towers, and there- 
fore here we must refer to the Section of our work treating the © 
latter. 4 


juaiel ea Tite’ i 

wig ey ye We eo I eta , blmaryq t6fegnatat 

dis 68 nodad ad ss0 eigaeias {isieteltooe ont cela’ 
a. To $i gelsns enthgetsOFasdo yd’ nods bas, binstyg 
| wfoe Intédynods yftsivottaeg A wnodgsxod xslugetit edt 
| edt ‘Yo pefosnniq eft to shiseryo odd nO bawol ef bata aide 
23 Lo ea no teet doldw .pasdaey of dtadsetli .¢ Yo assis 
. q ak awode mao% buyots sdf of tarbrooos ybod odd anttsnin 
4 shat edt to eolgas snd sess o8 OBO! .8rT af syvit 
fo notzoostt eft ot 6 9 bus o d esostwe sid yd Berstasdo 518 
roy te Becetiwe obie ods bas (nomsxed teluse1 odd to eeble ent 
Pe nn edt to eneom Ta .wtet sveon0d 5 omaees biastyg 
| $ fas .9 ds a9ipin entdmoo exretuedo sit noedt biustya odd 
® Odd ni bountiaoo nozexed isintss 6 sit to mrot edt efloves 
ai idbabiges sextt elgustit edt mort beqofeveb bimsrya oT 
in Sab Hesooanes sd oels yam dey .yhod sdt to mi0t basorpy asit 


, 


ii ih } 


y 


eft yd hodnemenro sd net yeu esostive obie eft .ted 
yi suctenout® geteotd ak ,SVYOl .oIf of os dsow efsoe bancttasa 
‘yam abinsiyg sci yflentt brs .(VOr gt at es posed 
“sevitos geslomte oft etasesta SSOL .git doidn sot ,badsrotieg 
a Seoeiq et? to hoe | 

tears te ebom edt ef olssantq edd %6 ¥S0d odd enrso9s00 ted¥ 

bs 0 ‘bus eeordiud sad svods {fe Saiteafurtet to hodtem ‘sed? .Jnem 
god69q ond 310% -aleneg botid antaysonos bise cit tedw yiage 
g8teb eft 022 Ene C2b .c no mevis ybset{s stew tHafor oct to 
medeets 10t ylatsiies tedd .sodosl t¢ bas rexoit0# to anotien 
_ a opanaeaee edt to eaotfone? fegtoutte Bae ecoltooemib 
weit mott bogolevseh ed of Sse aud  .oldves efemer r9g00f 
iol whod bas bimeavg to sseta Davoty edt To yoonted s TI 
bess e@ eaoto sldsa 10 Istaositon uritezsgq]en diod dads o8 tas 
ittsq <eitoe aisties ‘no tusbive eb ti .woled bas svode Jostox 


1 


f patbioon tedt $0 eabo ometdixe ont Jedd oe .yderwsds Satbacl 
9 XNOF bas OfOl .2glt of as wPimeryq sid to sead edt eft 
sae to oped ond Satonbes qd adtdtil ed Lliw toctte odt yloe 
: bunsardhaed aeatot odd ydetedu .ybod edt to fadd mont bimss 
LE A to tedd gatbesoxe neve ¢dgted Yo ackdz0go1g betebasils 
Woh eesso sit ybserle es ,aedd emtot rvebsasle dove ye 

. OS td ydiltdteacg odd Pebeloxs ef or]eds ,CdOF bas 


ane 
iw) i ay “ ‘v 
bk | a” 
, 


‘ 
f 


| dB | 
ee. nly Ns ' is \ ros ; Vb \ 
, vp an te pe nL 4 ine. ok ie ee PD 


+ oo 


é. ‘eae to wre! aelmsnstoer 10 otaspe sv diiw tecoen dnoweTtib 


io ‘Nokeaet¢xs edd cesotoct of dsdt joakd plese edd to eruely | 


| b eds eenabtabs guistore sit ‘Yo asta odd .bimetyd 


639 


Triangular pyramid, i 

Also the equilateral triangle can be taken as a basis for the 
pyramid, and then by chamf8ringsthe angles it fisst passes into: 
the irregular hexagon. A particularly thoughtful solution of t 
this kind is found on the vyramids of the pinnacles of the nigh 
altar of S. Hlisabeth in yarburg, which rest on the sables ter-— 
minating the body according to the ground form shown im perspec- 
tive in Fig. 1080, so that the angles of the pK 
are chamfered by the surfaces b ¢ and c d in the direction of 
the sides of the regular hexagon, and the side surfaces of the 
pyramid assume a concave form. By means of the diminution of +t 
the pyramid then the chamfers combine higher at e, and there | 
results the form of the regular hexason continued in the stem 
The pyramid developed from the triangle first requires a sim- 
ilar ground form of the body, yet may also be connected in a ag 
different manner with the square or rectangular form of. the lat- 
ter. The side surfaces may then be ornamented by the frequently 
mentioned scale work as in Fig. 1072, in sreater dimensions by 
tracerry as in Fis. 1077, and finally the pyramids may also be 4 
perforated, for which Fis. 1088 presents the simplest motive. 


Body of the pinnacle. 4 
What concerns the body of. the pinnacle is its mode of treat— = 
ment, the method of terminating all above the buttress and to q 
apply what is said concerning blind panels. #or the proportions © 
of the height were already given on p. 459 and 460 the determi- 
nations of Roriczer and of lacher, that certainly for greater " 
dimensions and structural functions of the pinnacles would no 
longer remain usubla, but are to be developed from the latter.” - 
Tf a harmony of the ground areas of pyramid and body lies near- q 
est, so that both separating horizontal or Bable cross sections © 4 
project above and below, it is evident on certain sorks, parti 
ularly of the earlry time, that to increase the expression of the 
loading thereby, so that the extreme edge of that moulding lim- 
its the base of the pyramid, as in Figs. 1076 and 1077. Conver- 
sely the effect will. be lighter by reducing the base of the py- 
ramid from that of the body, whereby the former may Bssume 2 
slendered proportion of height even exceeding that of. nora 
By such slender forms then, as already the case im Figs. 1067 
and 1069, there is excluded the possibility of completing the 
pyramid, the stem of the crowning continues the diminution of 


Adel A id | a a yet ‘A Tape 


ond 

 erotetsdt bas ooitoenkb ‘bibiene é ak setteal one 
Vistas: edt yd [Lite ,C30f).gf9 ai es aslqmexe seiliss 
in ebimesyc edd mot? colyas olgrte sti to testtaco edd, bees 
“i -emeevel nolvsisqse edd tod jetoxoot Josidue skedd 
; OB bos ,tisas wsdiist beoage ete etedoo1y edi gaat 991 
yit SIsctanta sid to biusiyo dedt of aottiacest s adive 
See toead ef dotdw ,otdtcd etsd dosetl edt ot isils 
3 ad mereninze. ek bus ,eoesed Saitoejorg yigacite bas vas 
Beat »(IVOL .Bie) doad elg 
CN! ‘deeinantts %o emtot beatdweo Sas bertilqats 

rv A seeloansig bettilemte 
 alatiaso edd no nedw divest esloraukg to swiok beitiigats 
ie sigoloas batid eekieed ,yhod ond uetbivih encntoo signe sid 
1 eft. bas biesrya edd te esisae edd to adis odd oals esdois 
r ak oldss odd ti so .mods mo Jao eotatoo sides odd te skates 
go .eedone edd dtiw statnson02 gatbluom Saivos~om a yd bsoelg 
(bas ,biwsrya odd Joeziednt yliosith venots esi asdw .yifsait 
) sdt aeewted coiviessss ond deifcstas esamiotds tiedt at. eudt 
wi vheareaimam [sotisey oid bas nstési sd¢ to. svetsue benitoat 
Ri . «(bacr “Bi8) Iscaq baild oft to Hasota oad 


Bi’ ( -wefoscatg todos 
sae og, gnibrooos gext? .eotot xelgmch etom Sloacsa yloetevaop 


‘% 


a peairde to sattge odd to bawors end Je geil dotdwesiotearsg 
Gens aotviensit sdd esetins ascot edi fanéd .(XVOL ght) exten 
a oboe. wpefosaniq olgce:yd eoosigqst ess ebimesyg olgas asot ead 
» Levmosined. odd tSv0 mend paiosiq oft tslese ebsx et ydsiedd 
t Bebkovs ed sodéest Litw ydewsdT weldes edt tntesorqave xoib 
me bimstva festceo tse1h adv no este [espe to etedoo1o io fea 
patent: od suds conte ,etimezyg situs sft to somo scllane sid 
s “won fon-ei. oxedt ¢sY .nedto fose diiw fosiacg oft suco 
f ag! stedoo1s edd to aoistoqosg: adé ‘toteonsvseedo etsiuwocs «us 


g ullenoasié no aeicget 2 ci bimetyo olbdin edd ned? .bewolfot 
Metso beoslg eno 10 .stsv02 & io Lenopsibh ocd .mopatoo beosely 
. q en6 eefosnaig elgns elstif edt eeiwodt bas ,xbod edd od Ls 
i efosaatg sowol off ego dsemg eft Yo Lenogeth edt od fells 
Mattie ch, Bay _ vbabl etdt to slgmexe as ewode (VO! .pit 
, a yea efoenatg add to, ybod dd to nolisaimiod, odt 

 RaibLoon fentazes. feteoaizod edd tf .m10t sedota 
bet ssesont 10. vie Blt at 26 aldss edd svods 


at 


eve te 
bares 


ei ee1000 elbbim s todter dud ,ebimeryg edd Yo sesie inewsiiis 


Ks 
7 


=< +. Oe 


x a i i. ee ae nem ee, oe ne RET Se i a 


640 ae 
the latter in a chagged direction, and therefore differs in & 
earlier examples as in Fig. 1069, still. by the greater height 
and the contrast of its simple angles from the pyramids with 
their subject crockets; but this separation lessens in the deg- 
ree that the crockets are spaced further apart, and so there re- 
Sults a transition to that pyramid of the pinnical chiefly pec 
uliar to the French Late Gothic, which is beset. by widely disteu 
ant. and strongly projectins basses, and is terminated by a sine § 
ple knob (fis. 1071). : 

Simplified and combined forms of pinnacles. & 
Simplified pinnacles. 

Simplified forms of pinnacles result when on the capitals of 
the angle columns dividing the body, besides blind enclosing 
arches also the ribs of the angles af the pyramid and.the begin- 
nings of the gable cornice rest on them, or if the gable is re~ 
placed by a grojecting moulding concentric with the arches, or 
finally, when the arches directly intersect the pyramid, and 
thus in their thickness establish the transition between the 
inclined surface of the latter and the vertical. surface - forming 
the ground of the blind panel (Pig. 1064). g 

Richer pinnacles. 4 

Conversely result more tomplex forms, first according ho the 
principlejwhich lies at the ground of the spires of shrines at 
Rheims (Fig. 1077). First its form suffers the transition that = 
the four angle pyramids are replaces by angle pinnacles, and | 
thereby is made easier the placing them over the horizontal. en @ 
ding suppressing the sable. Thereby will further be avoided the 4 
need of crockets of equal size on the great central pyramid and a 
the smaller ones of the ansle pyramids, since thus no longer  - 
come into contact with each other. Yet there is not now found 
an accurate observancefofitherproportion of the crockets to thes 
different sizes of the pyramids, but rather a middle course is 
followed. Then the middle vyramid is a regular or diagonally p 
placed octagon, the diagonal of a souare, or one placed parall- — . 
el to the body, and likewise the little angle pinnacles are par- 
allel to the diagonal of the great one. The lower pinnacle in 
Fig. 1077 shows an example of this kind. | 

The termination of the body of the pinnacle may receive a 
richer form, if the horizontal terminal moulding either passes q 
above the gable as in Fig. 1088, or intersects the gable at. the — 


is isi bales sti ol a Bi Wee are re 
50 alias ae 
Si ohiile er ix Piless ae . 
Atte eoene teos 01 sors odd Yo mwoto eft to ddgiod 
psi ban teoled yasoess & eved oso ecinrreo! atdd eaotenes 
asks settke dotdw ,zetisl edd evods zateit reiosnnig 
oot Hgeemb edf seotaxcs [xtoositod edt mo to eeidss sit no 
ed Chix etred ni Larbedteo end to tiodo edt to fas edt mont 
oat : siomieve esesdiud edd eboixes vetel edt nl .ar0t s done 
fd soate 08 erotersds .ylbebioed crom notlectizew aneagxe ot 
| * f .enuufoo elgus edd to eletiqas eds 20 seloanaiq efbas 
peibrc sptedmen bedois eft tovaugloo dmat edt of febbs noat 
a i a0 esfosnotg elegans ot atoeetedni sointoo efday oad 
} te mettost.ors eft mo .koidnaw ote seeds ti 10 ,eseed ated 
fetpeaata edt: to ebite doses aad? bee .nmwfoo ent to [atiges 
ywobain odd to wso0t odd To mote bogoleveb yletelanoo ond 
fede od? to nottouhosges « eoned ,eolosnaig elstil yd bersbr00 
Epa 3 | . ,efsoe teliswe a te 
Qqat Sd¢ déiw efisa telfeme odd ritnensare to aetaye eidt 
tis elbbia sit to oitetretesisdo yl isioegés ef wrot [sqiont«us 
Beh weiitdtaced of% eebulont bas tis oidto® to ebolieq netel 
ig) Sikee Se0is eiqmexs 102 26 121 08 \moitgoilgitivn ves{bae 
{sid Yo encdos sft of yntbhacoos Fewi0l ed atsga bluoo acfos 
Hipen: as ita notiyoexe edt to anoitibaop edt Itéan ,.ote 298 
= ;  \ydtottak Laqtogtaq edd 
; neds hagten to hidukcihual edt af gottonbowge: to ean sdf 
‘ ito baoote 8 olcenatg teri? sdé to ybod oft novynidela ot 
fi Steel edt gninwor vice ,oto .baidd.« eidt ao ,soktooe: ¢aoxo 
vc Paomenneins talictes s yd atineor ousd? osf{a .bimstya 3 
& at miot heqqete a otal fstat? Legtuadyo odd to notteanol 
| eonetetiib eds) to satnoeea! # 686 (Seifod oltsagiag to asi 
jo vtkesevii efg yi ategs saved ocle ends: ybod fas Ieinit nosn 


i 


Ti 


id, sodas Geta ec0 og bluow eld? .umotonow Retesergak to vl 


eed! letd bus .atcadted s wo fee bew sloentta boxoguoo. s dows 


wo af oeel aistaes of soetdwe ed tenum eoteouper 6 dove saat 
a Yaiwolfot ont wort omod {his ,selsivorsanon os Heol of > tou 
bY alead e aé@ Bao0it4oqoqrg e*tseohron evs? an $F +snolsoqebic 
ea tees yotevoes ~eobie OB te sipted a event bfwow yhod tert 
1 a idt ,8\P tuods beorher sax brooea ont to ebie 
tage od ot: bated edt ‘Qulaveok Ledyted at tacit edi to 
. oi eH? Han webte Ped ‘hiner tt nedd (8\t Ye 


nti 


a smso? adil te eolosnory bovieoex seivediil ezersted edd to 


as ah eh thee wen eebte. ays 8 at 


Pa abies iarlid SR Oy ar aa Oo 


641 } 

height of the crown of the arch. Im both cases with greater a 
mensions this cornice can have a tracery balastrade and angle 
pinnacles rising above the latter, which either stand directly 
on the gables or on the horizontal cornice. The sreat. pinnacle 4 
from the end of the choir of the cathedral in Paris exhibits a 
such a form. In the later veriods the buttress evermore tended - 
to express verticalism more decidedly, therefore to place the : 
angle pinnacles on the capitals of the angle columns, which were 
then added to the jamb columnsof. the arched members. Acordingly 
the gable cornice intersects the angle pinnacles or extends on 
their bases, or if these are wanting, on the projection of the 
capital of the column, and then each side of the pinnacle shows _ 
the completely developed stem of the form of the window gable 4 
bordered by little pinnacles, hence a reproduction of. the whole 
at.a smaller scale. 2 

This system of ornamentins the smaller parts with the tapered ’ 
principal form is especially characteristic of the middle and 
later periods of Gothic art. and includes the possibility of an. 
endless multiplication, so far as for example those ansle pinn= 
acles could again be formed according to the scheme of. the lar- 
ger, etc., until the conditions of. the execution put an end to 
the principal infinity. § 

The use of reproduction in the development of height then led q 
to placing on the body of the first pinnacle a second of smaller — 
cross section, on this a third, etc. only crowning the last by = 
a pyramid. Also there results by a similar arrangement. the trans-_ 
formation of the pyhamidal finial into a stepped form in a ser- 
ies of prismatic bodies, and a lessening of the difference bet- _ 
ween finial and body, thus also here again by the diversity on~ @ 
ly of increasing monotony. This would so one step farther, when 
such a compound pinnacle was set on a buttress, and the offsets 
of the buttress likewise received pinnacles of like form. a 


That such a sequence must be subject to certain laws in order - 


not to lead to monstrosities, will come from the following. con= 
Ssideration:- if we take Roviczer’s proportions as a basis, the q 
first body would have a height of 6 sides. Assuming that the oe 
side of the second was reduced about 1/6, this would be 5 sides 4 
of the first in height. Assuming the third to be again reduced ‘ 
by 1/6, then it would be 4 sides and the pyramid terminating it — 


is 2 3/3 sides high, and hence the entire form would approximate 


a 


gE ytoy etuerotion Yo Poetaci O08 tt Yo oftat eKs 
 bisow. ereds Orv Bteztto edt getonbes m@’ v@zi's°2 
gt dew eR of te tigted lo notitogesg edt eeas omar out 
“dotdw ab eergeh edt ot gatbvooos sigied hetimifaw sa 
4 eat senile ecoteted? .gedvto dose dasotaqa eethod eff to 
Nady ert Yo nokttogong edd ao woleivib eviszeoane dose to 
oy Papted ut eeseroet dant timit of belfoutace od efodw oct 
ain euspe aN ei {Ph .g .teateqeuedoiek) vedesd ai oonel 
pee hee etd¢ dotdr) eelosutedsd Laveqmos dove to mrot od? 
9h tes buoook edd ..0.2 ,ofoswxedat broose. edt stadt. .nok 
p to eneups budsee eds of Baeibscoea bemict ed of 2% oioeantig 


» pends eds ot galbtoons batds ode? wetwestl yeao tedit edd to 
tne edt Yo tdyten edt ofelvoles yLgaibigoes won eh, .e1eups 


da ee glisettid«s otiwp enoltsoqovq etiresoii0& nedst beohri 
fouw edt totdgted edt to axotiagingetol. oa eexky tedoed esate 
OL t .gtt Al +sewolfot ea beret od Flueov tigted aL iaowgolevel 
woneds elosncig ext Yo yhod ed? od bod a elanbioss ods det 
Ato moe ont ed {fede teds tigien edt te. coltseceds edt cmpaca 
ihe e a @uods tsd? sf{qraxe “od sedto dose ao beoalg sitsg ont 
fo ylyatbiooos foodtancs Bas ,(8 : I voetsacom tsbak? edosnonig 
rT sa nescdo weet eciuredto ent sebufogi tadd .e b&b & himswyg 
4 Spagna ed? ovfe eudé bas ,a wet 4 .f Ad & Y eteatto eta 
| best0ves # gotetvib dows ai stineer yored? ~tedteLl ent to 
i, phi we sdtbsord oft 08 tagted z2bdg to aottqoe 
7 pea? dist ede te ybod eit Yo etoetts teliama odé cogh 
1 bemtatdo.al soit soqoug beowhest a (REO .Bit af bncoer ods 
o noliquoges ed? yd to paoklousa beifd edé to soltouborged ye 
gies bowie: elietizasq od {fir abd?  sotsoee Lnaogysog « 


them sxoted edit dtiw hecidnoe ed yam ewades efdt yeiaredT 


ag aelbod eit Yo nolitzcg ianogsth ent yd eiiseed ifeats to 


-etedto dose £O Fee eloaacigq 
ott end. to and aie geoto s borot ei IS0r .alG ot ef. 


a ne eouculini as duexe o1ed uso $f bas .eter 
ob: eds aélvest ydeuedd @8 182 o8 .notéisysle 

. Qetsworo est xoatz doida gost ,ebia 

ts 2 tee edt a0 mrad bise gaidtyreve 

ee on pany Cee Lis TF ; 

ae le ae. P ini nae ey a Oe aGe 


) apods od biwew ebia et yserotw ,esutachawn doaso% geati - 


fou ex0H «8.02 2+ E Yo wolianoqorq edt owad Lltw elas bas mtold . 


Shab ged yrodosd yd sodto dose atdtiw eaela off Yo aoltseani 


potent ‘eels a3x9%, evore: edt e1yo00 ov ,Lesogsioa to beodant 


oo —_= 


is 


insertion of the plans within each other by hacher, that indeed 


642 
the ratio of 1; 20 instead of Roriczer’s very slender one of 
1; 18. By reducing the offsets 1/10, there would result for 


the same case the proportion of height of 1: 22, and aint 
an unlimited height according to the degree in which the son ttem 
of the bodies approach each other. Therefore either the offset 
of each successive division or the proportion of the height of 4 
the whole be controlled to limit that increase in height. 
Hence in Lacher (Reichensperger, p. 144) is found concerning 
the form of such compound tabernacles (which this is) the decis- 
ion, that the second tabernacle, i.e., the second body of the 
pinnacle is to be formed according to the Second square of the 
first formed quadrature, whereby its side would be about 7/10 
of the first one; likewise: the third according to. the third 
Square. We now accordingly calculate the height of the entire 
form and this. will have the proportion of 1 +: 16.5. Here we have 
indeed taken Roriezer’s proportions quite arbitrarily as a basis, 
since Bacher gives no determination of the heightof the whole.A 
development in height would be found as follows:r- In Fig. 1082 — 
let the rectangle a b ¢ ad be the body of the pinnacle, then we 
assume the proportion of the height that shall be the sum of 4% 
the parts placed on each other (for example that about a simple 
pinnacle finial measures 1: 6), and construct accordingly the 
pyramid e de, that includes the otherwise freely chosen sopar= —| 
ate offsets f g hi, k 1 mn, and thus also the pyramid mn e 4 
of the latter. Thereby results in each division a reversed pro- s | 
portion of this height to the breadth. @ 
When the smaller offsets of the body of the pinnacle (like ¢ 
the second in Fig. 1082) a reduced proportion is obtained, then 
by reproduction of the blind paneling or by the assumption of 
a polygonal section, this will be partially raised as in Fig. 10 
Thereby this scheme may be combined with the before mentioned 


of itself results by the diagonal position of the bodies. of the 
pinnacle set on each other. 

As in Pig. 1081 is found a cross shaped form of. the finial i 
instead of octagonal, so occurs the cross form also in the off- | 
sets, and it can here exert. an influence on the richness of the 
elevation, so far as thereby results the development of 4 pyra- 
mids, from which rises the crownins terminal pyramid. 

Everything said here on the development. from the sguare is 


pe Te aaa Pee | ee ee Ge ee ee Wt 
ea) , ite My f 4 ‘ 


cat ae eon VG 
cH ‘ ao 


ik) 
setgaeits ods i todd 40% eunt oeiwodtl 


 sevortiad ed¢ dtiw efosaata edd to nokteounod 
to testic os so noitsninies edt mtot vem efoenniq odT 
‘si6m neu ybod sit to sdated gessois B Yd IO sesutigd 
; seeousied euttas siz to tis¢ toant 
ee a ,eotatoo toos edt evods eslosanty 
Daciesaty edt 2i eigo0o noitvensiciss Letnoxisod sertt od? 
beedd steH .esexstud edt Huwots noxotd estnses toot est go 
\ed yam olosuaiq edd so ,biocos yew adteq déod ‘to anole 
sete edt to moitoetoig bereenont edt no dedt doum 08 
| efesanigq sc? .c0elq’s batt yen (ee ono. bonottnem a9 
| ed¢ gaft og 10 .Sbeiteniad odd dtiw noltoondoo ai sitae 
® #usq odd 10 .(8C0f .Bf8) ti wo tAYeow, od yeu sessal edt ‘to 
ceed eid to ySod sas at besgasemh ek ebeideclad odd 
Meetqoecs Ti yifsntt 10 ,fots wobsinw edd ni yisoand edd oni 
eadenied ont to elisw katdosnaco eft tsdd of t9oddsat etoscoxd 
ie aottzov0s9 etigns oof .elosanic edt to ebie sse1 ont ‘atot 
{ oct fo ¢éhied odd sautarsteb of ebhasl saxti neds ebastentad 
Oot sidt ydemsin .ehsadesisd edd to sdzted oft o% sakbsooos 
| ¥ feds so 42 2°I Yo mottrocorg sid tuods eed enotenomth yisat 
: Gas 0d Sathroood sotsnoe ofs te [seohetbh sat of abke sat 
ebhaitenlad edd to. qs edd tsdiis ,eved teow elofontg odd teds 
ot et ti to god edt so .(S6Cr hi) tk howots nevoud’ st of ef 
i .b28) Loneo odd tnttaniayed doce eft to oesd & en nered od 
tsivev Bagot eae bsebnt dogted edd to nottsntunsish 2ekds mort 
Togs iS) se edt to eelosaniq edd no eudé. yashia dood busnod eno 
>iqsD ed dteensd bavot et olde edt te eead edd etsad ut 
“es toveshne edt ediow tedsl feom so olidw ,ebsewenled oft 
Pawoss geides edd to gadd ovoda alornnte sit to sdbied. sad 
gerkt sdgted omse odd nists of tesel ts to .ewobain sdt 
evi teitoe ,elosaniq sd¢ Yo yhod sid to mrot bersbaele 5 
Bs ,Sbeisvesied eit to geo daddy evods.ust boris: ef noident | 
eleihedteo sabolod 
(abensdion ead to gnitevos adé nO eLoannt? . 
eaut Istaosizon.sdi no elosantg sdt to gatsalo odd t08 
D188 ‘edsmizorggs a8 eetinoss Sofaies gaiawois edt yd beat 
ft nu seestiged sii to fedd déitw sete sid to 
iwiao . toot fevtos as déiw aetentwned esotstad oft tk 
mee) Baoubes tidsrebieaco tse rendste st eflosnaniq’ od¥ 
srensse ok Babsetiee e6%s ‘of a0 Lute ai to 
St ‘hi, 


hie 


join the rear side of the vinnacle. The entire proportion of the 


643, 
likewise true for that from the triangle. 


Conncetion of the pinnacle with the buttress. 

The pinnacle may form the termination or an offset of the a 
buttress or by a greater height of the body mam make the predom- 
inant part of the entire buttress. a 
Pinnacles above the roof cornice. . 

The first horizontal termination occurs if the pinnacle stands 
on the roof cornice broken around the buttress. Here the dimen- 
sions of both parts may accord, or the pinnacle may be reduced 4 
so much that on the increased projection of the cornice the sut- 
ter mentioned on p 457 may find a place. The pinnacle then app~ 
ears in connection with the balustrade, or so that the beginning © 4 
of the latter may be wrought on it (Big. £098), or the part of : 
the balustrade is tmserted in the body of the pinnacle in a way 
like the tracery in the window arch, or finally if. the bien q 
projects farther so that the connecting walls of the balustrade © 


balustrade then first leads to determine the height of the body — 
according to the height of the balustrade, whereby this im ord- ; 
inary dimensions has about the proportion of 1-21; corsthat of 4 
the side to the diagonal of the square. According to the form 
that the pinnacle must have, either the cap of. the balustrade 
is to be broken around it (fig. 1068), or the top of it is to. 
be taken as & base of the arch terminating the panel (Pig. 1085). 
from this determination of the height indeed are found variati- ~ 
ons toward both sides; thus on the pinnacles of the S. Chapelle ; 
in Paris the base of the sable is found beneath the cap crowning — 
the balustrade, while on most later works the endeavor to carry 4 
the height of the pinnacle above that of the gables crowning t A 
the windows, or at least to attain the same height first permits 
a slendered form of the body of the pinnacle, so that its term 
ination is raised far above that. cap of the balustrade, as on @ 
Cologne cathedral. q 
‘Pinnacle on the covering of the buttress. q 
But the placing of the pinnacle on the horizontal surface for-_ 
med by the crowning cornice requires an approximate agreement. 
of the size with that of the buttress. Greater freedom occurs 
if the buttress terminates with an actual roof, on which. then 
the pinnacle is either set considerably reduced or diagonally, 4 
or is placed on an area differing in form (Fig. 1076), so that 


‘aod an Shine aa 
" ete 
felt Meee vat sty Beaad® et ROUb NERS sit 
@ arusaate: ‘efhbin edt to noitsatduoo eft yd tue 
63 wag lade seems ok ooabsettib tadt oo tee eelosunta sizas 
sem [snogetso \nevei ok re90 .8 to seesentiud ri¢do 
psaork eit 6 foe ots eeloeraiq elgae telIame ows dole 
q end yeete allege ett to sovoces no tstétel ods no baa 
PettesetexT .%007 [ebimeryg wol elquie e yd heoplger ef 
onal edt to ytote Lenorstoo ~eaqu add Lo ecnestdéitud 
ind eas Of s3neusgnexrte saee ait TOL ytinet4oago Sro7 
ioe ewos Rusdier® eft ao ecanpe Lemogsit & to mot nt 
fe te efgns € dtiw elosraig efbbia Lenoseth ont ac 
fet Bedto edd dud .eeotitud ed? to elfbas oft tevo ei not 
10 et ebient dtivo? ed? elinu ,ehartactad oft to gso sit uo 
3 nt /geeuttad ody to qso edt Yo eelosautg edd ssiitre® 
De iteirasass ybeetise 16 (OVOr sRis sb os beste sotnsco toot 
Peiige fords odt¢ no es ,red3el eft ddin noktentdmos ai ybod 
osig of txon ek St enotensnth sefleme. 0% . (ATO?) 259) seed 
las tives edt to goitsotf{ocs to tutoq ost da sfosnoiiq ont 
# ayewle aso ybod ath ydeisiw .veeadiud odd to gectto adt no 
996 ‘dade ‘ebirtecled sdt to oso sdé to iegked scat doses 
+ gitbesoxe tdgied to motitoqortq snsdsequi ns esaindos yw 
)@622 Basia sedite aso elosnaty odd sudt .bimasyq sft to 
Sieh ttep ebavsenisc Sdt fae sotatos toon oft dtiw tosnaoc 
bs 4 sifew ofdt’a yd flew odd diiw neve te .tzoas 
; -eneativd od? to t¢etto as 20 eloecard 
jo sae nt esfosants syisoey aso 2ee1sdod off to eteatio sit 
: P 4 ditw sham od yew seeds to ,egeg aegge sd? ee ysw onee 
a aah gto? wedois sat aedt soldw ,sfosanic Yo s10t bavog 
a 9 vasatechetq sd# emio? Sas gathizom aso efé ovods ested 
“ae aétinoog ylteids ek mict dofricvo zis? .eesvidtud afd to 
issaig to een edt yd neat bas vita ofddod to ebotzsc tecsf 
to wotveaidzoo ud ,snottsisenso Letotiisas yd ,yifenoseib 


ve : 
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[9 ‘ot piselwottied .bsagteeb ove sai0t gaigiado sttvo .2e 
e: stottenl-n0-paudiext te dowede edd Yo ttodo sdt no ;ynoxs? 
ates eemtot dowe basot sig ,dsuduveli da ddaodo ysio est 
to dike Aiea eeitoveesos sit nove dadd .heton sd ov 
nO Sapien: isin brloe to motisavedis sit .xorsRit 
caeaagd Se sbae bebe boop tot yuseesoen yletites s1ed 
_o8 Neat Te gna’ ud qeKd exOw Cammenga te enottentdnoo 
sta) _ . : } ” 


eG / 


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a " 7 


‘edd yd ,gomwdit bos sontide ..o.b ,eslosantq wollod dtiv 


Bee nr ae ane, ae Mi CE Wig APUGN sei 


the difference is formed by the roof. Richer forms further re 
sult by the combination of the middle pinnacle with smaller 
angle pinnacles set on that difference in area. Thus on the. . 
choir buttresses of S. Ouen in Rouen, octagonal middle piers 
with two smaller angle pinnacles are set on the front side, a 
and on the latter on account of its smaller size, the pyramid 
is replaced by a simple low pyramidal roof. Preferable are the 
buttresses of the upper octagonal story of the tower, that af- 
ford opportunity for the same arrangement. So the buttresses _ i 3 
in form of a diagonal square on the Freiburs tower, conesis “7 
on the diagonal middle pinnacle with 3. angle pinnacles, one of 
them is over the angle of the buttress, but the other two stand | 
on the cap of the balustrade, while the fourth inside is omittedae 
Further the pinnacles of the cap of the buttress beneath the a 
roof cornice stand as in Fis. 1076, or already appear with the @ 
body in combination with the latter, as on the church at Fried- 
bers (Fig. 1074). For smaller. dimensions it is next to place ; | 
the pinnacle at the point of application of the vault thrust 7 
on the offset of the buttress, whereby its body can always | 
reach the height of the can of the balustrade, that accordig- 
ly acguires an important proportion of height exceeding. that | 
of the pyramid. Thus the pinnacle can either stand free and o 2 
connect with the roof cornice and the balustrade only by the : 
spout, or evem with the wall by a thin wall. 7 


Pinnacle on an offset of the buttress. f 

The offsets of the buttress cam receive pinnacles in the : 
same way as the upper caps, or these may be made with a com- 
pound form of pinnacle, which then in a richer form already 
begins above the cap moulding anda forms the predominant part 

of the buttress. This overrich form is chiefly peculiar to the 
later periods of Gothic art, and them by the use of placing 
diagonally, by artificial ponhchineaks by combination of solid 
with hollow pinnacles, i.e., shrines and figures, by the use : 
of canopies and of the pedestals usually supporting the a 
es, guite charming forms are designed. Particularly in upper a 
Saxony, on the choir of the church at Freiburs—on-Unstrut, on | 
the city church at Naumburs, are found such forms. Yet it is e 
to be noted, that evem the accessories mentioned, the use of 
figures, the alternation of solid with hollow forms, etc., is 7 
here entirely necessary for. good effect, and that the mere P| 
combinations of pinnacles, were they arranged accordins to 


ty, Aaa 
ie EL 


i agin 


- a ee ce A ee ete 


am i) beh | aes 
b he + . i ’ x, 


| Satads due Soubo' q tess ce TaWalde fatottiese og doa’ 
od dove 0 aoketvie: evkegoore rs Yd eirelnoktaey tadd bas 
b gata st wi tnotaqgs ne beenso yltese et ecloshatg {satanat 
eee attad ead Meented Ii .teacan paidiste @ @ooe ak Sash 
ee oS sescatsve ifew olderatiernoo nianer ewobntn ead? 
ented kidd cadet .terataco sainiste eto £ hovel yilaas.Jon 
in me edd So etosdd bos ettcr getal egsdi to Jostie ont 
53 yi yiesitas edd fotdn so ,Sour0bs yltoha Li seve 
eu 20 eedetdwlGk venciatn, to ebtot Iwheosay hae Molt fas ,ee , a 
oe E mont neonted:bobtfioal (esviceeti soritga | 
iy Reuss - ,eeldad wobakt: brs) selded: +e 
Dad wh i sbaideh sid patowors bas getqod 
yoo ic S edd) peiw esvoce sidsak edd 26 burrovesitagiqnks eT 
“aéboow Bimot eas test ob (i few slqep 33 tevo eb.etxe Saris 
pdforross co bial esdsle zo e6lid eft te. essndoiad sis . fd 
pg eddss bas ,iise s{dad eit to coitsaiwyst tedqu odd Bator, 
7 givestom cosets tee .soat saott esi 104 soktoetorg [laws 
® wd yeezneb aeid.s at babs eit Yo sostio sid’ oF Seecaze ese 
Sig emoe to vens aniased fas yoieies edt hoavse ed yeu tio’ 
c % too edd tetleds dz edostic exodt most mettestorg 16% 
eixe us itor befuooxo giintei1ss ro benot ef exsiy ,badw edi 
doidw Loos siz to aoidonst’ sdt evods ilex elvsy odd Yo sole 
Th nad $& wnigoo & diix Saemiisg's yd bedostic et efyua s aa). 
‘a  -etdag edt. to eybe ent Yo tnomqolerved © | 
tanied Sa2 (te) toor edd do nolvoan), ‘ads. Kostotg of tedta09 
9 notéertensd ed? out! datot eds ‘fun? .tataed Beekses eids to 
Sm@wom ,eltiorg ¢eorzeiay cs ever eed Eoigon cusve .tetswalst 
“8 gatets) ~esil toor oft to daisevoo ond doldw caesaad gith 
is once w).eidss s dove pwolle PSSf spit isgaigoo eds osewod ole 


ga ont eyods Sivtil s eseds Ginb Gtr ddin pothlven acage 

ee olde to poltoarong briw S Gur0t bas oor sad. to 

| n xec0%G @d¢ sebiget* .¢ BOOL Voit oi d 6 aottose secre sit 

mene dtod ““aveqmin™ to tect nomics ef “eyuegniu” to . 

lai ere ofsSii edt dal cele bne Satgoo ede ao® boyol | iy 

ees ae ae | apis yidose wobolw ede vevo ¢lind gsde 

il se08 baste gnigoo etd to asuode tuo etssages aT 

wedd,od atbgocos ydotedw yexaoesm efdsa edt cdtw >, 

deat .onoye, odd to erpted sult bas efdey edd to 
hieatt Yo, ied, fief odd mb 28 Istocsiton ebse 


x ph ee a ee) ve t ty Ree “ ee i bP AR ee Oe eed y P 2 eA ey hi 
POO ENETAL ee Chis eo} Fe OR LG OR een 
aL Mae, eae a [is Gees epee 


asa rule is effected by a pediment with a coping at top. 


Such an artificial scheme, yet easily produce a certain dry 
and that particularly by an excessive division of such forms rf: 
terminal pinnacles is easily caused an apparent vanishing, am 
deed in such a striking manner, if between the buttresses ang 
the windows remain considerable wall surfaces. Really there is 
not easily found a more striking contrast, than that between 
the effect of these later works and those of the Harly Gothic 
even if richly adorned, on which the entirely simple buttress—_ 
es, and rich and graceful forms of windows, in which the wall 
surface dissolves, included between them. 
5. Gables and Window Gables. 
Coping and crowning the gables. ij 
The simplest coverins of the gable occurs when the roof cov= 
ering exte ds over the gaple wall, so that as for a wooden ga- | 
ble, the thickness of the tiles or slabes laid on each other 
forms the upper termination of the gable wall, and makes a 
small projection for its front face. But these projecting edges 
are exposed to the effect of the wind in a high degree, by wh— © 
ich may be caused the raising and tearing away of some pieces. 
For protection from these effects, to shelter the soof from t 
the wind, there is found on carefully executed works an exten— 
Sion of the gable wall above the junction of the roof, which 4 


Development of the edge of the gable. a 
Further to protect. the junction of the roof at the inner side 
of this raised coping, thus the joint from the penetration of 
rainwater, every coping has here an undercut. profile, a cut :, 
drip beneath which the covering of the roof lies,. rising a lit— 4 

tle toward the coping. Fig. 1084 shows such a gable, where the © 
upper moulding with its drip rises a little above the surface a 
of the roof and forms a wind protection or gable, as shown by aq 
the cross section a b in Fis. 1084. a. ’Besides the proper name. 
of “wimperge” is common that of “wimpers”; bobh names are emp 
loyed for the coping and also for the little Sable, especially — 
when built over the window arch). 
The separate cut stones of the coping stand best if bonded 
with the gable masonry, whereby according to the inclination 
of the gable and the nature of the stone, the bed joints are 
made horizontal as in the left half of Fis. 1084, or are per- 
pendicular to the line of the gable as in the right half. 


a ‘aa. aa bre, ws rn Jinn « "ore 
Seen’ Voy: MO SUPT Lee were he 
ah oT a; " ‘s re ee ie aa ay? 5 bh TP i Bs) tats te ge mh aes Vis" A ye | « ' 
1 i) “1 tr, tm Wager i> Ort es avy 
4a vue i ae eo “ae |) iy 
“te ts Me re . 


ue 
f Poy ny, Diy 
He mee ib 
H ‘ a ia i! eon 
i a } wy, 


j eanoee: g biotite of tnedotttvs ad xine seus 
ona gorge donyheen: bas Lise eidsy edt ao goncie edges 


cob x62 6 eeomioidd nedestd tot dedd of beebal aaltoyes 
weoxs eidéd og sedw tives atnenogassi6 qodots ‘dit xo 
roe egeds bewtot a26 Sisu efdey edt to eeeadotdd 
tteotanumoo 2 gnintol bat sides edd to tatog sdeodatd 
Gab dno $d uso x Qivh sid Jedd .eostwwa Yoor edt ovods douw 
@ deates yd etee ofem si entate add Bas ,nepbe gawol tired 
. gyseces1s s to. msot ond sted aaa TRONS dotdw ,ehtatgo 
% Hat git no .pisdmeit of sae tod .¢ # to dounde edd so 2s 
| ge0ieg wobaiw off to m103 aslquia ent to ,pode ~nieveod te 
adenine’ dis dtbiw edt neds, .8 BS0F .i% od axuded won ex tI 
oe elder eit to xord edd gatmiot sostise ais got vs mevesug 
yebER) geo zalisostots edt so fucdxe yine wodeew sid tsdd 
aul es yilsnit t0 fo A50r oL8) Setiioo elesttae ed yeu 70 
etitae ods sot eschexsdtod mort baodas sedegu od? .s paos 


dy Aohenbis edd to antoodstacite 2 etivees dasn od? to modes 
fake PRO alte bbe poidsvele edt exode 5 BEOI, 5th welaay 
Le entgoo sot to paode & to mela 
i hii, | ,eidet beqqntm bea eievtoo19 

BS cy dis FS fooled ed¢ to-sgete telesasiges yllegigico, sdt nosh, 
pte _ edf mort Raitostoig sendtow: adi. to evitom sdh edluess 
RO mrt! edd sol ytiagtroggo sevig sh em Jeet ,Zatqoo elt 
pattdors nelvoce to exten ao gotyiweoe Yisoamoo sion sidse beg 
. eno dose eicold. edt to seste Leype dtin yieatbroosd’ .oxsd 
hae ides batd sesl eft te telded ,gote s emuod. rc, teisoro 8 


an a2 mobeext, cot 10vesbag ait og veteldes fesever to, gnital 


2 egal: ot. bof papode:. eit to eate edt yd beepag nodisoisicet 
med mot o¢ 10.,gntgoo edt to \dasd add ot etodgoto. edd 
<r esw seiwon su .9: C60] .pit at ua eyoouy bas opanod 
a eritns gure aa to, aeee €¢¢ ot etexoo19 sdJ, to 
, 

} ee BRR ais’ ? ved tak ‘ ‘sodden edt patenew® 
Bes 7 le sn b nef at Meche Btedonne ead 
pe tii mY i wa hat at 

re ey Pane 


ae oO fa’ 
‘ 


ann Y bh 
> 


va giidascl aye’ 


sal é pene Lethe H & siascink as adit G 2 


bon od? 208 or tettal odd to o18q 4 oLidu ~ilewiest to.” 


otk aaets edt sess eidd al .too7 eft to eovao ont eft Loom. 


Se lccabs gidtin dorer ,efhbin edt ta, elgae a8 ai.seom bas | 


j evdtom sesibl saz et endl seaostg: taossitih. nl bacot 
satean: gebrsl te dneossanris eft of phael ating edt sort 


oa BGs pipet ee Ts ee » smoiveussenco. taal snd yc 


ve er; » 
PE | Fafa 
SL Ege 


646 ae 
The thickness a b in Fig. 1084 a under the projecting coping 
must only be sufficient to afford a secure bearing of the sep- 
arate stones on the gable wall, and meedsnot agree with that 
of the wall, while a part of the latter @xtends under the roof 
covering, indeed so that for Sreater thickness a rafter lies 
on it. Richer arrangements result when on this excess in the . 
thickness of the gable wall are formed steps leading to the 
highest point of the gable, and formins a communication bet—-— j 
weer the two eaves of the roof. In this case the steps lie so 
much above the roof surface, that this drip x can be cut in ¢ E 
their lower edges, and the stairs is made safe by a parapet o 
outside, which either man take the form of a tracery balustrade, 
@S on the church of 8. Lorenz in Nuremburg, on the city hall a 
at Louvain, etc., or the simpler form of the window gable. a 
If we now return to Fig. 1084 a, them the width a b also ex- | 
presses at top the surface forming the back of the gable, so “a 
that the washes only extend on the projecting cap (Fig. 1084 >), 
or may be entirely omitted (Fig. 1084 ¢), or fimally as in Pig. 
1084 a the washes extend from both edges for the entire width q 
and meet in an angle at the middle, which with a steeper inclin= 
ation of the wash results 2 strengthening of the ridge of the 
gable. Fig. 1084: d shows the elevation afid Fig, 1084: e is the 
plan of a stone of the copins.: 


Crockets and stepped gable. 

From the originally rectangular shape of the block a bcd q 
results the motive of the crocket projecting from the edge of a 
the coping, just as it gives opportunity for the form of step- “ 
ped gable more commonly occurring on works of secular architec- 
ture. Accordinsly with equal sizes of the blocks each one has 
@ erocket or forms a step. Gables of the last kind are now f - 
found in different places. Thus as the latter motéve developed — 
from the origin leads to the arrangement of larser steps a 
isting of several ashlars, so the endeavor for freedom from the 
restriction caused by the size of the stones led to insertins q 
the crockets in the back of the copings, or to form them with 
tonsus and groove as in Fig. 1085 c. But nowise was the form 4 
of the crockets in the mass of the ashlars entirely- supplanted a 
by the last construction. — 

Crowning the gable. 
The crockets extend to the middle bo form the stem of the 


7 ep fei oe \ anih Ti ¥ saa aay } 
h fi Gea) ae Oss 0 hi a u" j ee ] of 


ie aia is hel eee ped at a 
aban hace * Ak A dlleanal 
ito ao: dis. eds ittw vais oc ,efdsp sit Yo gatavo78 

| ro .aede eAt..t¢ elbhia eit eotiasa roddic. eveioo1 
Baie Shoyluntbrcoos yetedooze owt deel edd ni bien 
ft dit cdM@to. d1eq batbneqest100 off exif bne mote 
i 20 ebie odd Yo dégnel edt at bodteent ei temact edd ti 
edt atin saete emee odd oi oben od [Lite teum old 
eetit morh .% S80! att ot nevis mot sit eevicos2 asad 
b oat etiuees ylzathbrocos © débinw odd bas asidee eids 
bed. onaso tsdd ,gakawotc edt to ehetiaben edt to qolten 
5 dthesad edd (21 .olds3 sat to exka eat ot soktrogcetq g9e1 
sted ef gainwor9 edt to sortoet org eit sends ,ezwel oas ef 


i: 
: | gatbrocos guid .sldsh eft to ezemlotdd, edd yo benkaioteh 
ft eiderstor exyecage fi tk ned? ,9 ASOL .BtF ot x Addhiw odd 

ae, edd to sonetiogmt ad? seazecioga£ of aeaeo afetass 

eear® ed Yo -eisten ott at ef ti yeldsg edt to exte oct 
eas xd .tdgied at oasston4 es qd .eidt dsee of eldsiive 

o-08 “ad medt eatitss(,oig snidimse L seéit aotstiw erot edd fo 
Ca snoltosicity avie 

3: teuts s gntoalo wort tives eiaranote sviaesm dou? 

aban edd to fetsoq edt ao ee .eldeb ont fo xegs oft a0 

| gt et ybod edt etetin .ecoledD af ITatbesies edt Io ige 
openie 30 ,¢i guiteantntes eelde tent siz yd oalse boteoth 
; ® 2 ovieoss yer ydetods bus vasaqoloved sisiqnuoo sion & 
ime eds ot ebrogaotz0o ted? .eeentotdd meteci2 8 hse Jneutegut 
Bat etoetorc eioteters bas , flaw efdsy sdé to etemlotdd ostd 
6Ldas edt to ebig wsant edd tsvo Toot edd 
ifedy als ticeer tedéaut gatavoro eng to ed#eted sratiess2 
j sm -sedtio doidy yea1ot [smtas 20 e0%nRit ddin noksoennos 
eaet eed eti wo qo mete edt 20 Batbiuen sav no beoslg 
ee baat ,eeoTeo efdat 
8 bigdgvoe sedw .cidiesco vifese sis snoitostioig tsés910 


se 


(.880%0 Sainwoto edt to meot oft oF gerit soaed bas ,dale 
sdotdw jente nietieo's eexfopes tetiesl edd {is s10ted 
oiss ¢ gostth ot goa ii mave sides edd Yo Sead ont dtin 
7 ait iy th oF 
Meche: epereg ree to Rotmeser of telex ated sonaao of 

26 hidthcncd edsie ‘ulyelbtooes bas ,etdeattoqze cishow of 
peeert xe Y gattwasem 2eots a #2 a8 Yo evad & Atte 
OTN etide peanrsie s Mah cahided el tatog 


He 
“cs il 
“~ r Gh 
7 " rr oJ "he E 
‘ vs on iy he a " 
vor a Ay a ial back i ; 
r fh | ais | . 4 a A ts oh +, sy y" ‘ 
ei a eee by ily Rial he 
a Oe : oF ao ts ah 
i a: Aw . . 


iva 


fee Xe 
Me ley 


| fa ‘ Bafawors to wr0t edd of baok base .ithiw to taawcoloveh — 


18 
oa 
ms 


alert nis PN ate ws ae i 
part eee aie Pus 
pact cae 


<2 


c ef ee a le Oe Py 


rect proportion to the sigs of the gable. If the breadth m na 


647 ee 

Crowning of the gable, so that with the rib connecting the 
crockets either strikes the middle of the stem, or rises up— 
ward in the last two crockets; accordingly it lies close to the 
stem, and like the corresponding part of “the rib itself, and 
if the former is inserted in the length of the side of the ga- | 
ble, must still be made in the same stone with the stem, which — 
then receives tha form given in Fis. 1084 f. Prom the size of 
this ashlar and the width m n accordingly results the determi- _ 


e 


nation of the magnitude of the crowning, that canno. be in di- © 


is too large, then the projection of the crowning is. better 
determined by the thickness of the gable, thus according to 
the width x in Fig. 1084 a.’Then if it eppears preferable in: 
certain cases to increase the importance of the crowning with . 
the size of the gable, it is in the nature of the matter more 
Suitable to seek this by aia Bncrease in height, by the choice ~ 
of the form within thése limiting projectiins than by an exces- 
Sive projection. 

Such massive crownings result. from placing a simple finial 
on the apex of the sable, as on the portal of the north trans- 
ept of the cathedral in Chalons, where the body is further in= 
dicated also by the four gables terminating it, or passes to 4 
amore complete development and thereby may receive a superior _ 
treatment and a greater thickness, that corresponds to the en= 
tire thickness of the sable wall, and therefore projects into 
the roof over the inner side of the sable. 

Greater heights of the crowning further result from their 
connection with figures or animal forms, which either may be 
placed on the mouldings or the stem or on its terminal knob. 

Gable cross. sy 

Greater projections are easily possible, when sought im mere 
development of width, and lead to the form of crowning by a s g 
slab, and hence first to the form of the crowning cross. But 
before all the latter reouires a certain size, which. increases 
with the base of the gable, even if not in direct proportion 
to it. : 

We cannot here refer to measures of mediaeval works but only @ 
to modern experiments, and accordingly state that on a gable - 
with a base of 8« ft. a cross measuring 7 ft. from point to p 
point is entirely a mistake, white another of 3 7/8 £% over a. 


ie 


a 


ae fu ass el Dat ks . ¥ we ' “ih 1s x / we 
Ab ar fe _ , a ke iat ; ; 

as of Hides .tootte tretotttwe & peouboiq »#% tS to eased 

‘mets Inotttev o diiv eonersoqge sok top og eri 2 


ape 
bres ett he ale to maot goisoetorg vistdgite e of ago 


vail 


rage pict eft ni betebLeaoe ed of et $i codeang ,oiisevg 
ae nat tdyted ené @a segzel exopa ead Istnosinod edt teat. 
t ai acitonbos * seilepes epned bone ,orbolapi¢srer 
< oat nek? sobtenbes ata .setted edt to este odd 
te goetsed oft tedt of ,wbtowenw meta Inolicev sad to gal 
5 bas aekroosretci ex? te tomato? odt ea Cata ome oft oved 
a” a. sebme atl of s198cat 
© Wtanel fortupo: edt enckenenif setse1y 102 yignibreco 
b benterco ed of anotenenth edf.beeoxe yem ps0%o eds to emia 
Fe mckienidnos eds enisney exsid of89 edt al .dale ano 
ay mo sponalead isd [stoosized eit tent 0 ,emasd eaote 
se -sdT snoe7eds ose ef mie tegen eft Ome esoto aft to m6 
® belisoece on? nt beyolors sd cele yea noltourtenco 
betidele ~ mort ecovo tsel s to rso? sad of shes eredd bee 
| on? seged)eanote aniqgeizvevo oxt To t6.,medea ect 20 
Bae er abier0t sting ek nolvonsserco eiit to assosiads beget 
es tstted 2t tk dads .erode ylairlg bose enote eit to sacten 
2 oe. edt to mete od? .¢t antakoost eatcot Lls biova 
eg @ dtiw seditie .ekhis odd ac qeo eldsh sdt atin sepb 
Vawtot fowos: ef to usitianets 8 erso00 esedt tk fo oe 
i be etée So \gasmesaess ns eitdive 4d ye OGOl «Rit .zeddo dose 
a es -eeidsey heqeese diiv aeloenats 
fe ce .eside: to egntawono odd eopbosg eolosanta 25 tant 
beibbse otemen etedt wedw weds sonlqed yom svewoit ofzns, sat 
itiw yoolsns ect eveeqgs c1sh .ersides. eft to evan edd wort 
a devd .easte slish wsitserg to wrot bowotiaem stoted 
Mol sne n1steen oct s6, 88 ,eefde> istes1$ ao brrot ‘neve ex 


90 (hop guodeeisé to elsibstitso edt Yo Iaiteg deew odt ated 
fRidsow ods 00 Thanlod te socio 2 tetgelfoo edd to bas ,enzol 
#o ,sondoigiausn gegserh 8 yosds berisdido 3b -benoitdaem tex 
erates: gotbiaete eeropitedtin steaied{s eofoenutq sat 

aa oe pone tedg .betaed ed dooneo ti toY venus 
de ods to nokegezqmi edt nedtagnette vec yleaclo 
deat bop sidt booyed op eolosagiq to enoidtiaec 
peneteds eat exc? sittvaniante vob feotisev io. tady 


wet ls Le De ee ae a Ags ve ier” Ss ae a 
caer Pe als tLe ae ee 
OE Boe a le NO le a ie a 


ed feaicdn a 20 aoitibbe odd yd aoitioqorg evievey: 


‘eR .beldsy Istzoq co as Llen ae owgerS at doavdo aye? 


648 


base of 24 ft. produces a sufficient effect. Thus in general — 


it is a pepuliar appearance with a vertical stem, that devel- 
\ ni a 


ops to a slightly projecting form of crowning, will give a sug: 
gestive proportion by the addition of a horizal bar becomes p 4 


puerile. Further it is to be considered in the form of the cress. 
thatnthe horizontal bar sesms larger at the height than the v 
verticaloone, and hence requires a reduction in comparison vie 
the size of the latter. This reduction then occurs by a taper— 
ing of the vertical stem unwards, so that the horizontal. shall 
have the same size as the former at the intersection and also 
tapers to its ends. | / 

Accordingly for greater dimensions the required length of the 
arms of the cross may exceed the dimensions to be obtained from 
one slab. In the case there remains the combination of three : 
stone beams, so that the horizontal bar balances on the lower. 
arm of the cross and the uoper arm is set thereon. The same 4 
construction may also be employed on the so=called crossflower, 
and there leads to the forn of a leaf cross from a. slab lying : 
on the stem, or of two overlapping stone barss The entirely en= 
saged character of this construction is quite foreign to the 
nature of the stone and plainly shows, that it is better to 
avoid all forms requiring it. The stem of the crowning then a 
goes with the gable cap on the ridge, either with a penetrati- 
on, oh it there occurs a transition of the ground forms into 
each other. Pig. 1050 a, b, ehibits an arrangement of this kind.) 

Pinnacles with stepped gables. 

Just as pinnacles produce the crownings of gables, so also : 
the angle flowers may replace them, when there remain additions 
from the mass of the ashlars. Here appears the-analosy with the 
pefore mentioned form of greater sable steps. Sumh arrangements 
are even found on greater gables, as on the western one of the | 
Teyn church im Prague, as well as on portal gables.’ We mention 
here the west portal of the cathedrals of Strasburg and of Co- 
logne, and of the collegiate church at Colmar On the work fiers 
rst mentioned is obtained thereby a greater masgnipicence, that — 
the pinnacles alternate with figures standing on low small col- 
umns. Yet it cannot be denied, that first of all the crockets 
closely set. strensthen the impression of the gable slopes, such — 
positions of pinnacles go beyond this and lead the effect into | 
that of vertical developments. Thus the ekpression of the 


mn uh 


"ae : 
oeseaqueeth | Sietiads bbaie sat to aokiventionat 


" Kha to sedmnn aietico 8 ni taol aueee totisl oct 
‘Esottss Hibacataatite: & to [is ,eeldsy ,stnomento yd beanoi9 
ae | / yistoateds 
Beis y | -seldey to egataniged 
nike paneoo idee eis dolidw ecolieles sas oF bigseq al 
fase eofa100 [stnositod ait of svad efdaz eft to ebne te 
it io Bisa guidiyesve ylleidasiedrs eotlqas exedd ,seble 193 
i9e outiass¥ .(CBOr of YEOI agit) sougestind to ealdas 
[al sencittinoo Isfosys efd-y¢d bettiareq ed neo enotieot 
patie siitozq edd bae . Poor edd Yo onif oft eb b 6 bS0F 
‘gigstizoooh .esnil besttob wi heisoibal ek eeed atk te 

, Sits weiv doo1t edt ak eotavoo toot sit ss [fom ef 133 
Me jagtT edt to Men tiel ed? ut ee elitoag att ewote redste 
fay) edt woled eldah odd to aeenvoids edd nt Ilew sidey odd 
lasoaoo ef slitow tedi yweisedd bee .[edice & 99 -syostorg 
BG cemuees ts dso efdsh odd tO saisco Letnositod sai tag 
alien edd Yi-\nedgid eetl Sk rt bsol oft Bae .ddgael s52 
Me .eit fo Mad sdbid odd nk es .shwisanted s ead v8tewe 
‘eidex edd to sereco [stnosticof sidT .{S DBOP .3f8 doe ov 
Reed to bessent oso eldsh bonifont od# Lt ople Heiti¥int ak 
as doin $f ao Dish eis{[ies Yo etatenoo .ilaw sad itiw bebnod 

Pedewids edd [fe gettsuds fae tateoggo Li seogine I)6diss? 
Sion ui noivevels sbie sii swore & BEOL ore .sxoold ensdd 
yp oad Bomsees sudd fas .eliiowy ett swede gqso efdaa ont s is 
Ssveds Sotave ifs ovoteishd .seettdod 6 to oldaxs to mx0% 
she edd motl coved sosig efi enaeyniera setdel ed? vatuaso 


* 
wre 


~y i : 


wi 


| 


‘f 


nitty 


Beesce odd cals tediant bus ,bimesyg eLosanig etelqmoo s be 
ed sad. to a1Ot eos of alensq Onild Miiw Jf dtecacd few sat 
eee) To mxol edd otnk fegasdo ad weve to .elozantg sid Yo 
to mtot relerte edt weve to .yem eloedniq edt ols 
od dedd to elbbinm edt of elas odd wort bergohensad od 
Od ‘esie testiogu | etox #¢ fron yieisdy fos .dtonsl 
Ldietinst etttse oft of moiteles at ed binow eins oonte 
| \$eY .be@Or .or8 ab 6 iden eltsil edt o¢ sebaol 

aq nevyntosiq yd eldey edt, to Xafasvos sii comoned 
ctinele d02 -gakqoo Yo sesio Istnostsod tad? ro ols 
ene Fane ef sorosgtaa té atiovex mroi 


*, 
i 
—— 
Ags ee 
ow — 
Py 
-— 


“pi en gefuydetst edt Yo sostine eft t9v0 owoh dSaetze. 


eyed ed testcnt yoo » SOO! .o8% yd OWede as Saiwnot olden. 


Soom -f ste oy poo Neng 
nF 4 Pies 


649 | 
inclination of the gable entirely disappears" whennthe on 
extend down over the surface of the triangular gable, so that 
the latter seems lost in a certain number of adjacent panels ; 
crowned by ornamenta, gables, all of a predominant vertical 
character. 

Beginnings of gables. 

In regard to the relations which the gable coping at the low 
er ends of the gable have to the horizontal cornice of the ldp- 
ger sides, there applies substantially everything said of the q 
gables of buttresses (Figs. 1037 to 1049). Meantime some. modif- 
ications can be permitted by the special conditions. In Fig. 
1084 ¢ d is the line of the roof, and the profile of. the gutter 
at its base is indicated by dotted lines. Accordingly the late 
ter as well as the roof cornice in the front view of the gable — 
either shows its profile as in the left half of the Fig., or 
the gable wall in the thickness of the gable below the gutter. 
projects on a corbel, and thereby that profile is concealed. 
But. the horizontal course of the gable cap e f assumes a érear q 
ter length, and the load in it lies higher, if the edse of the 
gutter has 2 balustrade, as in the right half of Fis. 1084: (aie 
so see Fig. 1084 ¢). This horizontal course of the gable cap | 
is fulfilled also if the inclined gable cap, instead of being 
bonded with the wall, consists of ashlars laid on it with the a 
further purpose if opposing and abutting all the thrusts of. | 
thens blocks. Pigs. 1034 ¢ shows the side elevation in which 
at a the gable cap shows its profile, and thus assumes the 
form of a gable of a buttress, therefore all stated above con= 
cerning the latter also finds its place here. From the simple 
gable crowning as shown by Fig. 1084 ¢ may further be develop- 
ed a complete pinnacle pyramid, and further also the part of 
the wall beneath it with blind panels in the form of the body | 
of the pinnacle, or even be changed into the form ofia shrine. | 
‘Also the pinnacle may, or even the simpler form of crowning, : 
be transferred from the angle to the middle of that horizontal — 
length, and thereby would a more important size be reguired, 
since this would be in relation to the entire lensth and .no 
longer to the little gable a in Fig. 1084: 8. Yet. more massive 
becomes the covering of the gable by placing an entire vines 
cle on that horizontal piece of coping. But the most complete — 
form results of the-gable is flanked fy the pinnacles set on 


Spal See see ere 
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7 eyes) 
Benen es" po vetessa? elbra yd ameve 20 Besgidad sod 
peer + (, Eien ett agtke eroitoacnes ban exoqgru% 


! ‘edd Yo. @newegnst1s enocbednevbs elsaoitxe oe edt 
phiadabent tnd gaobeeyobri fas bexit meewied aliey edt to 
| wobniw oft af teztt to etiuect: eelosaaig ak Snide 
LloltV ve \.dne obtited tc elyte szedeoiaz edt Zotslaeios 
) 6nd vo bestelqxe et cusregaetis elas Yo aisiao edi 
Laks Yodtpneute edd Qaiesetont .gotbeol yd gadis 101 
taqmeo alsiieo to denaudt of3 gefess of Bad tedd ile 8 
a mh ofdsts, edd 10 sawoto odd wort gathnstxce eosa09 
* ets Homteint os ch sSKE .d soe-ofdes wobnin od? to eoasdiiog 
 excons: herieeb ext RartIIEtibS ovitom.eds ovad tdbin teda0em 
gataod geste cs o1ed hodisenk.od ddgin .yew Jacensen oft af 
Piméonsed Henind dows olwiasoroo s yd dove wobuiw odd to 
taraze é betispe. enogaueg Lefooga eck tot vedi: ,eseeoriisd 
g ent to Seat ot betiue wret siden edt beebdbat bas .keataevoo 
soa egotq edt slidw ~C308 skt8-yd awode es calAéA dows bed 
Puebetdenisd fos tettus déiv [lew ascgn odd Bdroaque s cous 
side $4% to eaeniotds add aueed d dois Eaiaeddbooats elias 
Prpesorstenos sd yen doidu ,eldse wobaiw edd yd bazevoo LLen 
ieedt cgvoxis noigoos edd s CGO .bf at eA weew Taosvetilh es 
it Be ast es ebaste {sw odd to eacndoidt sit .evode awou 
jodd déin noitoonges nt soirioo Yoon sit to shhe regan 
Seteisges ett feds of ,dois wohaiw teqgo1g edd. no betoors 


Cari. A 


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we as 


Presitent oviscegeieg ni hesaeesiqss sqede edd govisoss C30 

eoied bas [lew eldep sit soteroo toot edt eyodA va. G80 
08S e8 ,ncigoanneo dvodtinu tedto wisas: ebiead breagve acdi 
68 GHOL .8i% afegoktooe oft 
steven edt gritenba0d 

ign eit. to Pali eit dasmegresis to ebom elit yd tus 


(Sheteds bné elder wobtiw est Yo moitoctorg addine uotifed. 


few sd? to cost edt of dean edt io coitanaitmoo 9nd tedtic 
Pe sberispst ek dosed edivco wsties s to iacemognetie oft 10 
WW at anode mtot odd at: tuods berwess sd. ot eh oyteeb. text 
se ee es hewollo? viletsneS ei setiel edd-elidw .b cecr 
vad evitoogerea aimeose .@SOL .kf8 nr y x ac cotiose 
$ ott wo. edeeidi o1sdm! ysldst»wobsiw edt to pesd edd tA 
te dtin bedoonmoo ef dadé sefvonten & bavot pegs et 
TORS fo Neh aa hae EDP eee is CG! ag eters | 


: a ih i 


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pe at @ aooid edd e¢ned‘fas .bebnod em oldss aobetn sdi to 


a hate Ve iks lee 0) Star Pelee ek ta UME RS lee SE Uae 2 
At ake ee ‘ ba AS Ey Re cea es a ies 
RPh ‘ re Wah or Synors Li 
Vy FSA “y rel 


650 
the butteess or even by angle turrets. ! 
Purpose and connections with the wall. ¥ ae 

The so extremely advantageous arrangement of the exteaehien a 
of the gable between fixed and independent buttresses termio— 
atins in pinnacles results of itself in the window gables char- 
acterizing the richer style of Gothic art.’ By Viollet-le-Duc — : 
the origin of this arrangement is explained by the necessity 
for aiding by loading, increasing the strength of the window - 
arch, that had to resist the thrust of certain compartment 
courses. extending from the crown. On the static importance ined 
portance of the window gable see p. 322. As an intermediate q 
member might. have the motive @ulfilling the desired purpose 
in the nearest way, might be inserted here a strengthening 
of the window arch by a concentric arch turned between the 
buttresses, that for its svecial purpose required a separate 
covering, and indeed the gable form suited to that of the poin- 
ted arch. Also as shown by Fig. 1085, while the proper window _ 
arch a supports the upper wall with Sutter and balustrade, so 
this strengthening arch b bears the thickness of the gable 
wall covered by the window sable, which may be constructed in ~ 
a different way. As in Fig. 1085 a the section through the 4 
crown shows, the thickness of the wall stands as far as the < a 
upper edge of the roof cornice in connection with the masonry : 
erected on the proper window arch, so that. the separate ashlars | 
of the window gable are bonded, and hence the block c im Fig. 
1085 receives the shape represented in perspective im Fig. 1 
1085 .b. Above the roof cornice the gable wall and balustrade 
then stand beside each other without connection, as shown by 
the section in Fis. 1085 a. 

Gonducting the water. 

But by this mode of arrangement the removal of the water 
falling on the projection of the window gable, and therefore 
either the continuation of its wash to the face of the wall, 
or the arrangement of a gutter on its back is required. . The 
first design is to be assumed about in the form shown in Fis. 
1085 ¢, while the latter is generally followed as seen by the — 
section on x y in Fig. 1085, shown in perspective im Fis. 1085 dy 
At the base of the window dable, where it rests on the buttress 
is then found a gargoyle, that is connected with the channel. 


Ss 


9 
Be 


” 


Crockets. 


4 " ma | ° 
ry ah ere Feo 
Pideoees abies eis to aitvaow edt eved ow QSOS .5£8 aT 
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um bed eit to tnsmekneiie sid Sainisonoo noivouitenoo & ove 
i¥ to miot odt mort gnidivess seods sadt ,eidd of sgetenool ada 
Wedd co bas .oldsh wobniw sdt dtuordd eeaq-oels sotatce oot 
§ Sd neo bocbni ,icold dose ao bemrot ef Fodoors s sadtel 
taom .gtoold otetsgee odd to m0 xslqmoo stom s yd bs 
2 tose edd at texooro edd to sxdgot sit to notixeect us yd 
a ftieog sort eid? .o CECl woke at nwotle es sldst wobsiw odd 
if to Shefnsvbs rvedtint edt ebtotts nedt tewolt sebs odd to 
pes: “e8900 won ve besutat seors To Sntoaelysi sit Soidstt 
. ~,eelday wohnin betedct«el 
ina eattss edd to mrot sstaelo bas betextns etom 2 107 
edt to nolttexctisg & sonedsocwi fsore Yo veddant ecivéas 
monetetes -ni oxsd oele tod .b de CSO .BE8 of nwode es {lew 
Rovsekd of? de gaiyl sedtun odd bos {few odt dtte gntbacd of 
: © of saittsosnote sit ylasluotiasq es Llew ee .tcor est 
fovs of [fs to featt foe .bavot sd od e718 esoldwaseta riednso 
© 03 betine mot A .ffew sdt to east edd af antyl edatot bac 
| ) seats Gf fetneeorges ef fd bos > eisides soit sot eSO!l ara 
eas Yo ddynsl edt ot Saitbtos0e eszasdo sidt inf .Y boas 
w wsides sii bipow nest .sedaks eet{ teal edd t1 snotteno 
‘Ao eeemiotdt entice edt dhvoidt bootxs zedtis Lonnado sxd 
exctied sd oidtin beosla sd Flyos taiot bas as to etias 
Lope ti blyow aSdt .betsino evew sotsaxotisg sig ti due 
stds odd odnt sonsteib ttode s Leanedo edt to exote edt ef 


4% 


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éf eldsi edd to eeen 
Sm ot ebsef nedd noftealoet eitd ‘to soienetxes tedtavt A 
. wae vistttns eel[dse wohniw uatowors tied Dae seldss sii 
... of .sidez onivtostosq dads to voad odd ts yrnoesn ent exo 
tiie’ ,fatdsd Lonossio tetan sdé to? eoeqe eatewss [lite exedéd 
ni ee sfose eat Yo satl eid gniwolf{ot to beetvent ylantbroocs 
wisd. fogs wobniw odd dtin olateesnos sasvoo s esd .280r Ere 
Sacisvslost cidt sud .ffew sldsy eft dns [lew edd to sost ott 
ested ap ama ov teiteut ebsel {iew sldep odd to 
fuser pind etosgest evidonitenoo ai ydsred? .emedos yreosst 
is wobniw: seqqu adit) to yreceat efit YO wxot sit word sro 
ealiprbidan motuke edd to edootd edsisqe2 edt entoi, bas 
Scary ‘aad sd Datded ;dows wobatw edt to eaodt redial 
(er ernggteens edd défw sotatoo toon ois danoudd 


a 


ite 


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bas RS i TAR Ne 
a 4 Oe (eh et ee 


I ee al tA eed 


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Pies a ie itis Miia ee oe te coches hy Scone Becca r 
BR See eaten i eon Va 

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: 651 | Rapti ic 
In Fis. 1085 we have the working of the crockets assumed 
the blocks of the window gable. The restrictions resulting from 
such a construction concerning the arrangement of the bed joi- 
nts,consist in this, that those resulting from the form of the | 
roof cornice also pass through the window gable, and on the 
latter a crocket is formed om each block, indeed saatbanacel 
ed by a more complex form of the separate blocks, most easily 
by an insertion of the tongue of the crocket in the back of | 
the window gable as shown in Fis. 1085 c. This free position 
of the edse flower then affords the further advantage of. facil- 4 
itating the replacing of those injured by new noes. 
Perforated window gables. 
For a more animated and clearer form of the entire. arrangem- 
enbtis further of great importance a perforation of the gable — 
wall, as shown in Fig. 1085 at g. But also here in: reference q 
to bonding with the wall and the gutter lying at the base of 
the roof, as well as particularly the stonecutting in general 
certain precautions are to be found, and first of all to avoid 
end joints lying in the face of the wall. A form suited to 4 
Pig. 1085 for the ashlars 3 and h is represented in Figs. 1085 
e and f. But this changes according to the length of the veri 
oration. If the last lies higher, then would the ashlar with . 
the channel either extend through the entire thickness of the ‘ 
gable or an end joint could be placed within the perforation. 
But if the perforation wers omitted, then would it suffice to 
let the stone of the channel a short distance into the thick- 
ness of the gable. 4 
A further extension of this isolation then leads to anise 
the gables and their crowning window gables entirely free veto 
ore the masonry at the back of that projecting sable, so that a 
there still remains space for the water channel behind, which. a 
accordingly instead of following the line of the gable as in 
Fis. 1085, has a course concentric with the window arbhsbetween 
the face of the wall and the gable wall. But this isolation i. 
of the gable wall leads further to its complete obening ina 
tracery scheme. Thereby in constructive respects it differs no a 
more from the form of the tracery of the upper window arch, Ff 
and joins the separate blocks of the window gable just as the 
latter those of the window arch; behind the gable them extends — 
¢hroush the roof cornice with the balustrade and becomes visi- 4 


ihicaeapialieiidiadisliaaae ti eee Hee 7 ee | 
a wat , ’ 


0 Ae Sb en ae ee a -s>aineqe edt favors efdiciv 
ainpe*  anasivs enxoleo ts Saitiso°o acksovatemoo sid? 
ppertast tk ovedw eeno eelleme ai ue ,anokenenth rotte7 
wiiénaedo edt bue emsed edd 10% woot nkstdo of gi ivolTiip 
Dadi are 3 8 ebusmeb ,dibsetd Sestenoo © Snitinps: ebsiteuled 
8 basot eomitemos ei stent «dors wobaiw ont to gottostote 
B edd! botlltt yrecest ois dtiw sotn too toot edt to nottantd 
[aw end to costed entot yltoesth tedsel edd sedt o8 .eld 
Op esedmem eft to t18q & his ¢f eiosensint eotntce toor odd 
fag) 36) mtot yrocestt ond webivib exit bas .eldsk webaiw sad 
y ef azine etitns edd te aclisnrotensat teats ydeweds tog 
pio edt to rteds edd no fanot ef dotdw ,hettisean;, vieris 
ote gedd .eidd ao etetesoc bas ,reenedleBl mi sine’ .€ 
ede GO etess ,yrsce1t nego te hemvot yflotidne ak eldes reluy 
ae sshsstenisd eft ssoalgs? fuse eotnroo oot 
ei ea ' | Yed@ey edt fe wotésnifont 
MOL ylovitele: Ilite si golgeniforil ect Ye enokidooa1q scf 
me .ifsue ei Sdzted evbéne edt bas eelquexe teblo sad ai 
age ot enad: toxroites edd slleqeid .g to eefdse: wobatw 
bus lanctcib Med est ot oxvsure oft: to shie ent os tuods 
f Sas Ati erolles edt Yo esbe eft evods eats Bptawono odd 
EeouyLog todo Sid no tHo00 a8 done .eoldey smoe to dthiw see 
: J wiisves fotdu .anokisatloatr secseatea erveas of txen seu Ti 
| ef rfl .to offset sit tuoda sedtd oc .¥vam7ed nt etentmoh 
Ye mMoto oft to xe¥e sdt mort seats elosnotg edt yliasoush 
ky. 4: <Olde> wodaty 
ss .eLoeoteded ocd Yo eldsy Isitnensasd 
ith | {ism eldee edt to seendorat edt dadt sisesem ods oY 
tel sh wobain eft to sonstitegal L[evuvourt2 yiflentyico ede BS 
- evods guteis adysgq edt ot ylac beszetaxs et .benescel et 
Was etaeggselb ti bas .iisw sd¢ to nottsninrss Letnosiqes 


a 


AY 


| .Wxeostd Saitoejorg exif dwode st medtynends Litse neo ti 
jes venoosd has sonsitogri Letaenento eatetta yilstosqee soy 
t $f oenee elit al .notetvibdye te to botawors To mot sig 
1 bas aslosnisded ssfquis ed¢ ao sen sommoo ylisluotiasy s 
a Iewionute ot btewno yuwtses dt .f edt mort ¢ads .aotsoti 
Szomie as Sididxe ¢esel Ja yaemie® at etooqees {xa102 
conmertd owe \Cfts s to.etekenoo aldd slwy s eA veays 


} few s to sort feotisev edt ertot thoted ovktas egt node 


ifat a ‘to. bevoqroe ylisweds et seds ala 


te oe 


oT ay 


itories, that from the 1- th century onward in structural and 


i a Pee B hilahe Bie La Vaud) Lo 2 & As. Ae iain Beye. ae: 


652 
visible through the openings. 

This construction occurring at colosne cathedral requives | 
sreater dimensions, and in smalles ones where it is already a. 
difficult\to obtain room for the beams and the channel with 
balustrade requiring a constant breadth, demands an exaggerated | 
projection of the window arch. There is sometimes found a com a 
binatiou of the roof cor nice with the tracery filling thea ll 
ple, so that the latter directly joins the face of. the wall, a 
the roof cornice intersects it aid a part of the members of. 
the window gable, and thus divides the tracery form of gable. 

But thereby that transformation of the entire design is en-. 
tirely justified, which is found on the chotr of the church | 
%. Maria in Mihlhausen, and consists on this, that the trian- 
gular gable is entirely formed of open tracery, rests on the . 
roof cornice and replaces the balustrade. 

Inclination of the gavle. 

The proportions of the inclination are still. relatively low 
in the older examples and the entire height is small. Om the 
window gables of S. Chapelle the rationof base to height is a 
about as the side of the square to its half diagonal, and only 
the crowning rises above the edge of the sallerg, With the les- 
ser width of some gables, such as occur on the choir polygon, _ 
it was next to assume steever inclinations, which usually pre- 
dominate in Germany, so that about the ratio of 1: 1 results. 
Generally the pinnacle rises from the apex of the crown of the — 
window gable. a 

Ornamental gable of the tabernacle. * 

In the measure that the thickness of the gable wall diminish-— 
es, the originally structural importance of. the window gable — 3 
is lessenéd, is expressed only in the parts rising above the — 
horizontal termination of the wall, and it disappears entirely 
when its entire height joins the vertical face of a wall. Then 
it can still strengthen it about like projecting tracery, and : 
yet especially attains ornamental importance and becomes a sin- | 
ple form of crowning or of subdivision. In this sense it. finds 
a particularly common use on the simpler tabernacles and repos- 


formal respects in Germany at least exhibit. an almost. general 
type. As a rule this consists.of a sill, two jambs and the co= — 
yerins, that is usually composed of a tall angulas slab set ; 


eat cont eeenedet cove ent 2 Bi ,enbe “no 
mh Payer ues, Brsdnodaesh 
Eads ct ve: & pitblvom befledvos © dtiw attase [fie edt 
Litas’ Bo wost edt exbted ,ebae edt ta benauted to yliquuds 
200 to estese ont tdyworw oss dotiw no evods Hear 6 ativ 
pores ececoutiud eigas eft to as Ileow 2a ex|edcem cael 
aghapekennal gabyquoso edmat ets 20 .vilesogeih 20 exeupe 
1 seexteud eft 28 {fen oe ¢ tedmem eft ttpuorw aoedt 2f e280 
jeatinud éa¢ feunteaes ers dele talwgas bas [fat tedt nt 
sree exedmon dmai edt ,@eloenatg ai daw eas hae 
‘ee ~utIétaosizod ebae caso ode tol eosqa edd sud ,eecors be 
(Mo egatict dtin measemys 2 atiueot aarot setoby ak tant 
ous ba Gbne Hottie of¢ey wobniws yd bhoaoxox neodé 2k dona od 
) Bt evode eeolo stete weoloenciq eds tadt Oa ,2eecetTi sud 
fantnret {etaosinod a silaewer ef efdep wnobalw edi evods 
note wo O812 ease ef% ci Guo cedtio ,atnometiiasd dgtw est 
eaeil ae Bae emetixe ect of abswogeersoe noksoetotsq esodw ,acet 
“eS baetxe dotdw déeones ,enel tadwemos ei 16 eeszoxtind 
qoet ydetecs teat of ~etoanatq bes eldsg wobsais ond To eyni 
7 bw one eid? .texotied ed mevip cals stdinied omsae ot beodite 
bed Gao tut (dors edt ovods ataeq cord? otnt bebivin wi efdax 
get ayteeh excttae edt Yo gutdaow ed? weyew auottey ai hentobe 
" senottoetord [sseves Yo yoomrsd eds es imseg nude ecote eno 
| Jefosanta of? ditw efdey wohaty edt bo gaiaworo eds dtin 
mE bas Io noitoeiong ois or nokiterebot atetsetd a sedicnt gat 
ia 20 dan ent entoh vyitoosth t0odsfe e{itowg esotw jeldag mob 
ufotem base ,eoateue Liew aeqgu eft fo t1eq Istnosinon isose 
de heeds fed? bo sofestsdo edt at yltetde mio? s of ebsel 
Rn ey re vee @WROL gh ab seme? 


w 


he 


7 
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ie -antot ¢aeret2 £0 
a ri nie eviid at taibsol ed¢ to vatosisde Isnoisgeoxe el? 
785 p deck sidt dedd ot ,edvow tetel ai efooantd sag.o¢ exysxia 
. Snemoyaszss as ,eldsg wobaim edt ddinw aclionng sat evods 
w@eve ai beaeecoxe et sedsl coun eels bae .\SO0r .8i% al 
| id $0 xbod sii? BSTf .eit at ee seeds oe .2notementh seolleae 
eteos dotdw wo satbfvom s yo bebivgh {fide eat efosanig 
i edt node seen edt at seol et di dnd -eidsy wok 
no tospin0# yd es tedgis beosiq at ef{dss wobsin 
an eiseqgeath yletisrs gsomls bas ,eloenaty oat 
a ia oe igtaddsoe. ome oe to sail Bavoxg sit so anarei 
¥ i: : 


t Me aw "a an le 


& a 
: rt 3A 1 bass, , . , 
na Sistas) WE iy aT cn ay a a \ , 
se | 7 Sa b ; ey ae 1 i A 4 
¥ f rH ey ny 7 My Ta) i oA ; > é d ) 
: aw hn 8 2249-6" Lar Gin me Pe i te 


aft eenatd 9° 


653 | 
on edge. Fig. 1086 shows such a tabernacle from the church i 
Hrankenbers. 3 


The sill starts with a corbelled moulding a either cut on 
abruptly or returned at the ends, before the face of the wall @ 
with a wash above on which are wrought the starts of both the 
jamb members as well as of the angle butteesses set either , 
Square or diagonally. On the jambs occupying the height of the 
case is then wrought the member b as well as the buttress ce. } 

In that tall and angular slab are continued the buttresses 
and the end in pinnacles, the jamb members combining in point- 
ed arches, bui the space for the case ends horizontally, so 4 
that in récher forms results a tympanum with foliage or figuress 
The arch is then crowned by a window gable which ends at the a 
buttresses, so that the pinnacles start close above its ends. 3 
Above the window gable is usually a horizontal terminal. corn- 4 
ice with battlements, either cut in the same slab or laid the- 
reon, whose projection corresponds to the extreme end of the 
buttresses or is somewhat less, beneath which extend the crown=_ 
ings of the window gable and pinnacles, so that thereby is pres- 
eribed the same height also given by Roriczer. Thus the window : 
gable is divided into three parts above the arch, that can be 
adorned in various ways. The working of the entire design in 
one stone thus permits the harmony of several projections, as. 
with the crowning od the window gable with the pinnacle-mould-— yy 


ing, further a fertain moderation in the projection of the win- 


dow gable, whose profile either directly jotus the wash or a 
short horizontal part of the upper wall surface, and mainly 
leads to a form chiefly in the character of that given by Ror- = 
iczer in Fig. 1067, * 
Different forms. 7 

The exceptional character of the loading is thus also given q 
always to the pinnacle in later works, in that this first rests — 
above the junction with the window gable, am arrangement. found | 
in Fig. 1087, and also much later is expressed in even the 4 
smallest dimensions, so that as in Fig. 1126 the body of the 7 
pinnacle is still divided by a moulding on which rests the win= ~ 
dow gable. But it is lost in the mass when the junction of the 
window gable is placed higher, as by Roriczer on the base of 
the pinnacle, and almost entirely disappears when the pinnacle 
stands on the ground line of the arch, so that the window gable — 


oe 
ee; 
lial 
‘/’ 
pees 


| aco | 
car Meats betosance et ydotetT .ybod ett dshetd bese 
df en as «led209 & yd to munloo elstif s yd eeouttod odd to, 
rc t dtiw ¢eY .olde) wobsin « vd beawoto ebsoss haild « ao 2 
mT . rasta! %o noieivib odd ofditeqaoo steks ef snomegasiie taal 
: ie yedt to gutosig edd 10 gnfbluom s ys slosanigq sdv to 
gs ni yLlstoeces ee fer es ,eldss nobalw yattoozsetni ent a0 
gh wobniu oft bas bettino evs eelosanig edd enotenemih aefie 
r te ssatifedioo s no tas acl 
beiisy yiey 9209 moo er1ot tnoweltih seeds nor 
wbat goisetith yitserg eelosaniq bas esldsa wobatw to 
"i det gmr0t ot tiv sedis! edd Yo acettsqmoo.s yd bacbive 26 
JS Hatbtooos bosnoexs OSb sq ao seodd diinw outs bas bedisoaeb 
BER et tesitnoo zaidinse teom ef dnd .esiqionizg e‘isdosd 
sddad sewot edd mot eoldish wobolw edi yd betmenexg et YOO! 
bon: Mmoxt NEQL £0 ni betsossige Lerbedéiso esgolo? to ase 
mszole a8 yilerens uodd as .“sedosed2 fantgixe sdf to esiiale 
kget foidw .rodtsl eft tc edasa fis of asif{nosg, at mot ic soa 
| teklase eat yhsstie osdw ,elebow Sellsupeau fs medi einsees 
peeest wetseis iidinxe yiiseven dometl sit ellafoequs bas adtow 
Devks ew .batd setts! edé to elqusxe as 2d stnewacleveb to sob 
pret to geeeextiud st9wod of¢d wort eldss wobsitw s PBOl ,ei% ak 
|  esatedh gs Lsibedtieo 


,." 
¢ 


~tefdse wobain beaasoed 
Bia. tsitneeee etetive elds wobsiv edd to snilioo edt ocala 
ea g65r) at-evd? .tue-otdtod to ebhoiasg aedisl oft ni eaoiisos 
feiviom afd .SCe «q vo Henoitaen tad to gaiswor sad benoid 
e°%6 tassa yd tewolt fae note Atiw fous edd Aviw olavasogos 
none o¢ mada eft to woitonnt edt to Rataaigsd eft to gatSasd 
Biesoiz08 efncessges dokd®),eldeg wobuiw bevisos1 sit to arot 
pgeds bas .({OOl .2t7) tasmgoleveh let edi of cottomrwanocs: 
stex af derti .ddated to ancitsoco1g hotsev toom od¢ smuees 
te\x tatoq edd to ddgied sit ot gathrocos YOOL .2i3 of gon 
edt Ro eset edt) ot Saibzosos redsaut bos ,dotws. edd looxege 
sid to dedd ..e.f ,teddel odd to avot sowol a yi .tLeeds 
1 efodu ead to ddgted bexasdons ma addin aedéte nedt .sforto 
idea sit weve eviso setovst eft to eoasalaobedg 2 tinaess 
 tetiel odd $s .elodu ed# to dtigisd segsotss so- (C80! 
i Latanes « to noidqueees odd yd beowben teddast ILtte od 
Sakae = dois Sewisoss ed? to soitonateaos add yd 10 
88, done, alge rabS. ab id ahnaes horton 


7 7 A [ Phil » VA 14 fale ‘ Ts ‘ ort, * : 
SRA ee PBs Com: Gis 5) aie a? , 
Chee Sa tare ie 2G ea |) ae 


ee lg To = 
a P a ee) 


Ee Te Es 2 ee ee 
i id aa at 
teh 


654 | 
penetrates its body. Thereby is connected also the replacing 
of the buttress by a little column or by a corbel, as may oce- 
ur on a. blind arcade crowned by a window gable. Yet with the q 
last arrangement is again compatible the division of. the body 
of the pinnacle by a moulding or the placing of the pinnacle. 
on the intersecting window gable, as well as especially in sm-_ 
aller dimensions the pinnacles are omitted and the window ga “ 
les rest on a corbellings.: ; 

From these different forms nom come very varied erepseneill q 
of window gables and pinnacles greatly differing from Roriczer’s 
as evidend by @ comparison of the latter with the forms just 
described and also with those om p. 460 executed according to 
Lacher’s principles. But the most striking contrast to Pig. 
1067 is presented by the window gables from the tower buttres- 
ses of Golosgne cathedral represented in Fig. 1087 from “Fac- ij 
Similes of. the original Sketches”, as then generally an elega- 
nce of form is peculiar to all parts of the latter, which rep- 
resents them al uneoualled models, when already the earlier : 
works and especially the French usually exhibit sreater free- 
dom of development. As an sxample of the latter kind, we sive 
in Fig. 1088 a window gable from the tower buttresses of the © q 
cathedral at Rheims. 

Recessed window gables. j 

Also the outline of the window sable suffers essential nodif- 
ications in the later periods of Gothic art. Thus is first. men= 
tioned the crowning of that mentioned on p. 352, the mouldings 
concentric with the arch with stem and flower by means of a ‘- 
bending of the beginning of the junction of the stem to the 
form of the recurved window gable,(which represents Roricger’s a 
construction in its full development (Fis. 1067), and that can — 
assume the most. varied proportions of height, first im refere- 
nce to Fig. 1067 according to the height of the point x at the 
apexcof the arch, and further according to the form of. the arch 
itself. By a lower form of the latter, i.e., that of the semi- q 
circle, then either with an unchanged height of the whole would 
result a predominance of the reverse curve over the arch (Fig. 
1089), or anlesser height of hhe whole. But the latter would 
be still farther reduced by the assumption of a sesmental arch | 
or by the construction of the recurved arch by four points con- 


i 


nected together as in Fig. 1090, such as produces that form of a 


as 

ae 

ae 
oe. 


Se ee ae 

i 4 ul en Raa ye erate i et * i an 

cs ‘nae @ ey: 

ta vas a etranone + visreupstt ‘robain ‘edd Quisevoo | a 
phe ete Sia beh et esorssogerg to ehh tdtxert aid? i 

WE @bkas zo? .ee1z0b eaef on at eldag wohatw to enrol selties o 

ns 1 ons" seblo edt oc couuoo sidsg odd to sske sellene ode 

ig ole y todd <fROl -Rif mort eesivom ¢inest cals oiedd .sxa08 

- wobs at again att) etd? .tapied yes to gaintsder ocd eidte 

“a ae ee ie (+ \fome Iacaember a tevo sided 

i edi doze ond asvo dows hevapoet edd to songatwooeiq dssT 

fo nofeats io edt ot ebsol vilentt tre ,C80F .k8F ok ¢nebive et 

Hanada Levon x2vo tot exveccsg sdf fue .(SC0f .gi%) sestel odd 

ee at pbetnesesqer wogede bavogmco edd cd atok at aay 

abe F; of ,& SOF 

eae nt . -seldey wohnin OMe tes fe 

1 edt yteidee gon bih ysiaxevih yolson sist meve tevewoe 

— wobsin edt bettinved Reis i aE aesel said tc, ace 

, gig Isottiev oft houobaeds weve ylisatt bas doserstat 

, 5 “ f etgnsins & Yo aebte ond edd so onil sead hesous ne svode 

Biot olden wobsin beyagos4 edt bevolis ,buswino th dned nead 

‘evinost & ai goat¢aet sucktaco of tfed dose bre .bsbivih ed 

+ fieat’ yeas bose ,foiws beviness sft to sail to aatanibed ade 

euotot' eesd? ni cals aclosanlc ett bias eeineyil aeve 

- elLewdosdsidors litte eseds moat beees¢ nove tesl Ja .eyen 

2 dol SH .ehatiot to sedonazd to emtot acest oft of bitseat 

1 elatoning snidoset st elds odnt sodivet og ot eted 930 

108 & ot bessoexe aut0% to enser sav dtinw ,soitoustenoc of 

retts heased yifesenss ose seert .teanem Letottiage yigal 
tito. notdatiai ns mo1d beovan a¢ of gon ebson ono wok .eao 

aise giteon sutd taosetg off fe ste yeds .acoitatostis 

a, eat moxit hegolevel es dove, .weldostiusq L[eunea to besn edd 

vig 210i gaivsotmobhs25 .eoitoerg oidtod to settntass balbeo 

pad ‘aaah edécetée entt bed .hentsice ylitass ton tad | 

6 328 oldtob to estarsmoieb e2odt ot e1pens Ils eois 

| Dari eye set booafg {Lise et ged .ius to yaotatd sds 
oat betsoexs bas elgde ¢asesig odd ot honbieeh ,eetonit dus 

ae » < .petetigedse teltate also tnem 

o is to ie bas. egatavor® +O 

Pan ala ke iia’. aie 20ldad wob 

| Camoukanii bas, edonk Ty 


¥ ey 
} 
‘- 
hea 


alee 
i hae 


‘athe 


Ms 
, 


~* 


Ba RD ORRIN ar On) SOLER SVE 1 aN oe Sr 
7 f t ‘ aS SB aD beg i“ : oer ee ea] 


655 oa 
coverins the window frequently occurring in France in the bates 
Gothic. ' E. 

This flexibility of proportions is however peculiar to the a 
earlier forms of window gable in no less degree, for aside fron 
the smaller size of the gable common to the older French w : 
works, there also result motiees from Fig. 1091, that make pos- 
sible the retaining of any height. This Fis. shows a window 
gable over a sesmental arch. 7 . 

That predominance of the recurved arch over the arbh itself 
is evident in Fig. 1089, and finally leads to the omission of 
the latter (Fig. 1092), and the pressure for ever novel chan- 
ses in form to the compound shapes represented in Pigs. 
1092 a, bi.- 


Intersecting window gables. 


However even this motley diversity did not satisfy the mast- _ 
ers of the later period. \jen permitted the window gables to 
intersect, and finally even abandoned the vertical plane, when 
above an arched base line or the two sides of a triangle t 
thery bent it outward, allowed the recurved window gable to 
be divided,and each half to continue farther in a recurve t. 
the beginning of line of the recurved arch, and they finally 
even likewise carried the pinnacles also in these capricious 
ways, at last even passed from these still architecturally 
treatid to the freer forms of branches of foliage. We lack spa- 
ce here to go farther into this far reaching principle of Goth- 
ic construction, with the means of forms executed in a surpris-_ 
inbly artificial manner. These are senerally termed affectati- 
ons. Now one needs not to be warned from an imitation of these . 
-affectations, they are a&b the present time mostly opposed by 
the need of manual perfection, such as developed from the pre- ~ 
ceding centuries of Gothic practice, predominatins for the time — 
but not easily obtained. And thus abSoothe perfection of tech- 4 
nics all ensure to these degenerates of Gothic art a place in q 
the history of art, that is still placed far above most modern 
art figures, designed in the present style and executed in ce- 
ment or in similar substitutes. 

6. Crownings and Crockets of Pinnacles and Win- 
dow Gables. 
Knobs and crossflowers. 
PeeaxskmEkeaxkxenanwingxiarmxiaxakanecxabanskxkz 


Pr mee ty, fo 


i 7 ‘ 


rer oi lt ad fic veh fh ie 
gi ere ee nen er) ye tind Senkoret 9 
“sail tuods bowed: pi mot gataress tesfqste eft 
Hmet xofqwco 6x6 eottev te1it doad pst igin wots sat 
isi  eeble fanosyloq edt to sqada evaonoo & Yd siquéxe 50%, 
beste oer eqade sate patbnogasrtoo ent of soltienesd ade 
‘pore det eevisemedt cian cefanefy to eportibaco eaedt 
na Hee tton sad moxt ennitortorg heivter. sad. yd nottsys 
ee + seor Geris end? .eeiitor yertivuees yieteupoos occ ns 
ip wal f eobie bewollod dtin evqot e sxbt seed! e didkdxs 4d ACO! 
mt Who efbtors odd eidieiv ei d S008 .bt9 at nasa esodwy 
tress o¢. aetivocg yheorle eatesxdil wrod tafliniz A .5 9 oe 
ogre oct siz to eeem eh3.a072 edinven: Goiseq alnted 
; Pie eebie eat of aslvotbaspieg so widieibes ,vilenokartb 
oan ed yeu © CQOl-.bf9 af es setivie heabai’ bus gogy 
meented so ttcd Bs ‘pubis edt %té elbhim ‘ed? so seJans 
; 2 bess! wapothipos asta tnevsithh weds PCOF od (OOS pany 
Pt Pyteve .emtot gainwoto ws horn od obits bieog doldw -eet 
” eek Brstt So ebead Dsesq yd beiirt ta afela titel wsdtks 
“to ded poxt gsotyuevy rodnem Eatfoolory. yitsette se 2 xt 
inode mattootoxd eit ‘Io eepatroe Jsntetze odd seas oteat 
Sete BS ,Sysic xoYnOD TO SvsonOS ni Bod itt i od ‘bebiy th xCilaver 
po eal of egidelinte « tats ete ~eeig at srade 8 PPC! 
iw 4h ) 82 fnget ebases 
e 30 ipginet S swore dadd .donx sft Xo siktoig Lenigico off 
ee yd @efe es worst betexrsaqes ylleuew pi .tedneq taloortrnel 
) tsiog Sat evode ehus ti 710 guthivem stathemtednl edsaibio 
8 ia. ev0u bine ettl+bud eon 2 Yotaiatdo yiorsds .(2 Wot 
Wi6q atedze0 asvewos yietedw fo .6 A0OD .249) yeto? buoemeo 
jo doatise yas %0 astolt yd hatwerente ed van soatene edd, to 
fo i} eenesg mict bod oft ataow veds{ oO .esisca sili taene 
Bp aeor 4919) "Q03 ts. 220 too wk so ,egede bedziog tae socdlad 
P Ska) edesn eysonos to tel? dite gich @ ed beoelfges al to 
d beeesucxe ytasslo sd [Lin dwemgofeveb rsdois sot. bod sot 
fh’ E29) eoves{ benske yo boseo sedtie bas guieolone ons 
bin Aw ths ne vo Se eenoliezord 
| ta iont ree dfeeee ned) leeect pritoetiora ‘etoms baa sede te 
e edt aot? poibhsesxe sexs h to: fest? \Lexevee to trox 


Fi 
if 
i\ pee c. 


| 3 \busa odd tebag Beztrenoo tiacenoo ore, deidw a6g 


a) 


| to ekzo% bapoqaco go elqeis cl sieninres atene 


656 


Terminal knobs. 
The simplest crowning form is shaped about like Pigs. 1093, 
the stem with the knob first varies by a complex form of plan, 
for example by a concave shape of the polygonal sides or by 
the transition to the corresponding star shape of foil plans. 
These conditions of. plan also make themselves felt in the el- _ 
evation by the varied projections from the polygonal stems p 
and the accurately resulting profiles. Thus #igs. 1094 to 
1094 b exhibit @ knob like a torus with hollowed sides, ing 
whose section in Fis. 1094 b is visible the profile om a b 
and c d. A similar form likewise already peculiar to the Barly 
Gothic period results from the mass of the knob, which is made 
diagonally, radially, or perpendicular to the sides of the pol 
ygon and indeed either as in Fig. 1099 a , may be through the ~ 
angles or the middle #f the sides, through both or between both. 
Figs. 1097 to 1099 show different stem mouldings formed in this 
way, which could also be used as crownins forms. Hvery cut is ‘ 
either left plain or filled by pearl beads, or there is found 
in it a slishtly projecting member varying from that of the knob. 
There then the external surfaces of the projecting parts are o 
usually divided by flutes in concave or conyex shape, as Fis. 4 
1099 a shows in plan, so that a similarity to certain kinds of 
gourds results. a 
The original profile of the knob, that shows a round or a 4 
lenticular member, is usually separated from the stem by a sub- 
ordinate intermediate moulding or it ends above im a point (Big. 
1095 a), thereby obtaining a more bud-like and more or less 
compound form, (figs. 1095 b, c), whereby however certain parts — 
of the surface may be ornamented by flutes or any surface orn- — 
ament like scales. On later works the bud form passes ‘os 
bulbous and pointed shape, or is cut off at top (Pig. 1095 d), 
or is replaced by a drip with flat or concave wash (Fis. 1095 e). 
The bud for richer development will be clearly expressed by t a 
the enclosing and either cosed or ofened leaves (fis. 1102). 
Crossflowers. a 
Richer and more projecting forms then result by the arrange- 
ment of several, first of 4 arms extending from the stem, that 
again terminate in simple or compound forms of knobs. Such sha- 
pes which are commonly comprised under the name of. crossflowers, 
are allied to those earlier forms of capitals contained in Pigs. 


umeyye 


Pat oi ae haat earn) me Pah pice 
te "1 d 
' “i J ; 


> 
=~ 
= 
: an 


yionk eetwon. “fedigeo” aved oid gedt ea .Ceb of ach 
hiya /,dtoggea to. neitgqesorco 
tutoy enoce (afer mote eft to Iapeattea oft anct 
(ibaa: ibtaweoo ylees) uaive [fed eft to eybe odd yniidog 
in ‘faateres ed¢ avoads odt Las mete edd womoned tlerti [lod 
vow baqe0 to mtoY becoitnenm atoted ed? oxses atdt 21 .dood 
Tee fides bivew bat yganiavota s otat hewsotenst? ed yliese 
| coe ee OOLL .gfF nt .wtot Latnomento tobnele etom «& 
b betaenetqos tstiqso to m20l et moat tvoda .taenqolovel « 
oth Oads¢ ak neoee d & Orange emarixe odt erent .08d Blt 
‘vai ~aote suot edt to enoitce org edt eentmreted 6 vOrr 
9 bento? Heyetoo eds ,ecevect Yo wou tenol edt to stodt «6 b © 
* ¢ at BS td siasupsa edt bas yyathiuor wete eft to eaods ,i? 
b ete eeiwexis *eese odd to miot hauvorts tewol ed? sanes oman 
GB sersuss beidesnt eat soyt noliavele ofl eidgied eds bheaoier 
Weeeth edt yiesedw ,nafg odé to 6 & exsupa edd dtiw gatstsom 
Hea e820 @mee e063 Levetiol eousizih eft of ebaogsert00 £ 6 
i es ene te exontoids odt atint{ aevis ewai AL enil oft bas 
| “ao Aa ' sefod etd to ¢ed@? bre dont Le 
at q ‘etokte teqqu eds Ralmrot eateioy eof COLT Void af ek 


eae 


iy 


“ride PerevELS edi ei sed? .won aonwel ed? 26 Beveel edd boayed 
oxe wot dewol ocd to noltoefortg edd ydenredn. ,lewey agokico 
c ot ¢nemgoleveh inataogrt esom ‘pewe #O ,~tegqn acs to tadi 
i) sexerpa @visesoowe oft tnd3 of tuoda 2boooxe Tegan ond. ,ta 

dnesedtin odd sot msfq.edt no soste edi eviy edaoserbaup odd 
am ek meteya eidi ot galbroooA ,eonenpes mevig odt oi exos 
bee \800f . ft at hetneeetqed vewold eatawors 94% betoud 
"Seiinte edd yi oaly edt wort taeaqgolevsh ed? noviv ei wi 
eit sud? e2WOT OF8TLGeR edd To ategied edt estodl .yaide 
No \eeteups gnibnoqeett09 ed? to eebie edd yd beaimaetes ors 
Mado O62 ni hetotive et coktaottifhow Leivustedus A .nelq exe 
Pdgied en? to exoitiogotqg Fmotettib eft yd ofodw ed? to sod 
at o2 2eviy ested eeodd soxt eeble atvod ac yi6y Biuoco doinu 
i? yd beatmreteh ed biuoo atdgied oft cove TEOL weit ut va 
at ‘88 TO ,Yiestevaoe to henveonoo ezetanpe ods Yo vlamogeth 
te Lisaolisrogong oat sziwedtid .efaconsibh tled ode yd 5 YeOr 
e003, edt emt0? ealwou snotanerih aslq edt Yo atdpied eds 
ort | yliaven: oxa rb et YtEtt ROO ks so tnd eter 
“ooh fae inte ) ) \medto dose 

i Luo rT ont te sehen en natq eat agor dk al 


657 ae 

456 to 480, as then the term “capital”. nowise includes the 
conception of support. 

Thus the astragal of the stem moulding, those volutes sup- 


porting the edge of the bell. swing freely outward, and the 


tn 


bell itself becomes the stom and the abacus the terminal 
knob. In this sense the before mentioned form of capital woula 
easily be transformed into a crowning, and would first require 
a more slender ornamental form. In Pig. 1100 we attempt such ~~ 
a development, about from the form of capital represented in . 
Pig. 480. There the extreme square a b seen in the plan of Pig. 
1106 a determines the projections of the four arms, the square 
e de those of the lower row of leaves, the octagon formed of 4 
it, those of the stem moulding, and the square h f g in the s © 
same sense the lower ground form of the stem. Likewise are ae~ a 
veloped the heights in elevation from the inserted squares nasa 
monizing with the square a b of the plan, whereby the: dis tence im 
a i corresponds to the distance lettered the same on the plan, 4 
and the line ik thus given limits the thickness of the termin- 
al knob and that of the buds. : i 

As in Pig. 1100 the volutes forming the upper circle project — 
beyond hhe leaves of the lower row, then is the canyerse prope ae 
ortion usual, whereby the projection of the lower row exceeds 4 
that of the upper, or that more important development in heig- — 
ht, the upper exceeds about so that the successive squares of ‘| 
the quadrature give the sizes on the plan for the different 
rows in the given sequence. According to this system is const- 
ructed the crowning flower represented in Fig. 1096, and there- 
in is given the development from the plan by the similar lett=- 4 
ering. There the heights of the separate rows, thus 11, 22, 33, | 
are determined by the sides of the corresponding squares of t a 
the plan. A substantial modification is suffered in the charac- 
ter of the whole by the different proportions of the heights, a 
which could vary on both sides from those here given, so that. 
as in Fig. 1097 even the hsights could be determined by the (9 
diagonals of the squares concerned or conversely, or as in Pigs 
1097 a by the half diagonals. Likewise the proportionality of sf 
the heights of the plan dimensions nowise forms the general 
rule, but on the contrary the heights. are usually ejual to 
each other. 

In Pig. 1096 the plan division of the stem moulding is deter- 


i, sida hal ag | Sin itl in a) an 
icy da ian a 


BBS 
4 fasebine: edt no heetot ropatoo edt xd boldtudetiot 
aie ot apiiueeq Lis Yo tetit. ef maot blod ymteLeces 
anaes abba dtestexq: yatbigeom efdt Yo muot tedet® # dotde ao 
| £2 ple) eovoel Yo wor ed? eeserinoh th tudt esxyob edt 
| 1” hi ae «bud of¢ 6 atot eds of wsLisie semooed efodir eds 
af Y zs bebioob esom & of entatte nottoetth Lsotixev ext 
j ,etis¢ eteisces edd Io tigied ‘hsesert0nr as yd vino ton 
$ ydersdn {Col .ekt) sedenn wkedt to oezeront ns vd o@ 
J) sneveol to egntneiged dtir mete s to ted actlosoracs 
“qdotodw \tcsatscbetg yhsetss at caswepnetts ciot tI 
| ntbec pone eit bas yllecokeié tee 2! wor sewol oct To sexs 
+ fetes On ef otodd asdd . endo does ot Lsnoksid sta aexs 
peso doses o¢ noidivzog Isncksté sci batatadet setwetif bre 
y fet fsrec edt ef exspps aswel edd to notdtaog Lellsrsg 
Pe la ssedvo soss of esisspe eds he 
z weds yd SLoces mock to mrot and to unoiteottibom rad 
Be gieies sso ott) yd to ,CCO! .gt2 ai 2s amse & to sovmeyne 
te cits eid so seins te to ,fanckexed sat 6 4 oniera 
Beas 8o so eeoutiud ed? to aeio Senohexed 8 slut s es LLise 
seers ond tend o6. -baluword! Sesnpe Sad dtix Bet>ennon sé 
esse eid to aac ene eit mor} ont Ens wooatape sid nowt 
ia ‘vemta edt Yo gakbtsuact 
Sei Saubetabose edd To eedonace edd said vekicass sedi al 
puifaed ylblod tc 19 eetulov toitastxe to eysde end eve 
“a Wawob Helteo vevact to dicnnd s weed shc30 ‘atedy ts fotdy 
meno Cals saodt stentroberg sorted .(AC0L .aki¢fottist +t) 
Mpatbneoss eovect to eatod ,xenis qitee ynev ni bavot yilene 
ra Miata) aste oles oft moxt ylioorib ii yiisuen dsdt brew 
ie | s(OCOl . BFE to 
re) tied. igis ons of noee Rieabiaiebec To oaff alomte sdf 
a | baeeetont ne yo nottaokS bow Jroa ent exsttes d20r 
. mt ee niogn. dotiv \(QQ0r tid) eevasl odd to ebae ons 
B.tuODG yea yiersin fied 2 sdéf asot © ofni ebne ett eb 
10 ont JSAF)\ 02 'yccoo wem hetesanos salt est to. moists ne 
if edt seevulov edt to teat of beblile taowle ntake eh tostis 
“eget ai beseotgxe ston {lite ei widte!l sit to aoidessot 
ibs ook bas. sonediogat yodeord eaved sevas{ edt dotdw nl 
ned dota co eate edd elkiw ,btewnwod to fssdani brewgn 
Peed hevtast here eovacl ened? Sse edt tip algus us crxot 
a¢ a “hehe beh mee Sncde bud 20 mrod 
| a1) te ee Da eee | \ 
ah * an aeons) Hid ae! Ree ab as Rou? by. 


ye Hy 


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aa amet 


sy 


TT ee De OL i ea Oe ee ee ae 
PUNE hot id ey 0c: abty 2 Oe Rk NR a i 
i v : é Assy i iy 


658 
determined by the octagon formed on the outside sxukeel eee 


resulting bold form is first of all peculiar to French works, 
on which a richer form of this moulding predominates, even to 
the degree that it dominates the row of leaves (Pig. 11012)and 
the whole becomes similar to the form of the bud. : 

The vertical direction attains to a more decided expression 
not only by an increased hsisht. of the separate parts, buat al 
so by an increase of their number (Fig. 1097), whereby the fo 
approaches that of a stem with beginnings of leaves. 

If this arrangement is already predominant, whereby the su: 
are of the lower row is set diagonally and the succeeding squ- 
ares are diagonal. to each other, then there is no rule in this, 
and likewise retaining the diagonal position to each other, the | 
parallel position of the lower square is the parallel position — 
o€ the squares to each other. 4 

Further modifications of the form of plan result by the arr- 
angement of 8 arms as in Fig. 1098, or by the more rarely oce- 
urring 6 on the hexagonal, or of three on the triangular stem. | 
Still as a rule a hexagonal. plan of the buttress or of. the stem 
is connected with the square crowning, so that. two arms project 
from the surfaces and two from the angles of the stem. 

Formation of the arms. 

In the earlier time the branches of the crosstiennl mostly 
have the shape of extendins volutes or of boldly bending stems, 
which at their ends bear a bunch of leaves corled downward. 
(heft halfioftFis. 1096). Later predominate those also occasi 
onally found in verry carly times, forms of leaves ascending @: 
ward, that usually grow directly from the main stem (right hai 
of Fig. 1096). | 

The simple line of projection seen in the right half of Pig.” 
1096 suffers the next modification by an increased bending of 
the ends of the leaves (Fis. 1099), which again as in Pig. 1112 
leads the ends into a form like a ball, whereby may occur ad 
flection of the line connected mag occur, so that the entire 
effect. is again almost allied to that of the volutes. The trans- 
formation of the latter is still more expressed in Fis. 1104, 4 
in which the leaves have greater importance and decidedly swing 
upward instead of downward, while the arms on which they rest — 
form an angle with the stem. These leaves are derived from th 
form of bud shown in Fig. 1102; from it. by the opening of the 


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pot J. pobre. sesel eft cS anilwoeg erom ets doiin ,exaupe ons 
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aos bas sefg to wiot sase edd gatnietor geds oz ~iatnos trod 
y Batot oft at seceveltib edt asi peck oxen? sCttosiorg to 
@ sovled owt: edd at awode 28 eiteq tnevethibh-eds tot seazod 
VAe . sOETY .ei8 
py & ak tigwocr tediie 2f eLitorg od? .é 
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Bi aeth ee taeda ee est Yo aoneg tnexettin 


2 ed of betescettis? 182 oa aeviton tnotettird ais todor 


the foliage found there, and it is no longer to be attributed 


659 ae 
leaves to that of Fis. 1103, and thus farther by thescat ae 
ion of the different motives so far represented to the forms 
illustrated im Figs. 1106 and 1105, the first of which with 
an ever ascinding main line yet already shows some complex 
bends, and so permits the transition to the later forms. 

Later forms. 

For the later time therefore besides a more horizontal line ~ 
of projection, there is an increased number of forms of bends 
with short breaks as a characteristic, about as Fig. 1105 shows, 
but soon the line of projection becomes a strongly recurved and 
again a sinkgin one, the bends are stronger and more swelled, a 
and the separate parts of the leaves are animated by those sph- 
erical swellings (Fig. 1067p), that we have already mentioned 
on the leaves of capitals. On other leaves of the same period sl 
occur those exaggerations in a less striking way, and there . 
result very bold and beautiful forms. Such an example from the 
upper terrace of the tower of Strasburg minster is shown by ; 
Fig. 1115 b. These awelled forms then follow certain predomin- 
ant geometric ones, of which we give an example im Pig. 1108 a 
from the upper balustrade of the tower at Freiberg, whose exe- 
cution strongly contrasts with that of the greatest part. of . 


to the date of the erection of the spire. Besides the before ~~ 
mentioned diversities in the proportions of. the stylistic “9a 
keeping are to be seen certain marks more related to the main | 
forms of the separate arms. 4 

4. The form of plan of the entire series varies between the 
cross, that is expressed in the forms represented in Figs. 
1096 and 1099, and the circle that rather dominates Fig. 1107. 
Between then then lie the forms of the quatrefoil and that of 
the square, which are more peculiar to the later feriod. iriower! q 
contained in Fig. 1077). s 

2. The line of the upper permination is either ascending or 
horizontal, so that retaining the same form of pian and line 
of eee ees there results the difference in the forms of 
posses for the different parts as shown in the two halves of 
Fig. 1110. 

3. The profile is either wrought in a direction parallel to. 
the upper ending over the entire part, or is changed in the 
different parts of the leaves. According to the first mode of 


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660 
treatment (Fig. 1109) the effect becomes more quiet and recog 
nizable at greater distancss, and this is found both in the f 
flowers of the earlier period as in those more foldedidgeenete 
the later timeflFig. 1105). But it is only to be understood, t¢ 


that the principal lines of certion parts of the leaves lie in 
the surfaces of the simple form of boss, and further modeling 
cuts it. The second mode of treatment expresses itself most co 
clearly in these projecting bends of Late Gothic foliage, and 
is already found employed in Early Gothic on certain parts of 
the leaves. 

4. The direction in which the separate leaves or partelof- 
leaves grow is either one amaggfrom the stem, or one recurved q 
from the point of greatest projection. Pigs. 1105 and 1104 ex- 
hibit these different motives. The first hastthe leaves attadneen 
ed to the underside of the volute supports already on the form 
of capital represented in Fig. 483, the second is to be refer-= a 
red to the different forms of the ending of the support. 

The richness of these crowning forms can even be increased 
by combination with animal forms or figures, which crouch or , 
stand on the stem and thus form its endings. Particularly beau- 
tiful examples of this kind are found on the buttresses of the | 
side aisles of Strasburs minster. Fig. 1098 shows an example 
from the portal of the north transept of the church in Geln- 
hausen. pikewise such forms can replace the crowning as on 
the pinnacles of the choir of S. Ouen. (Fig. 1083). 

Further as already mentioned for gables, the crowning may 
assume the form of a pinnacle or pyramid, as on the portal of 
the north transept of the cathedral of Chalons. 4 

conversely the pyramids may also be replaced by the ordinary — 
forms of crowning, like the roof balustradedof the clearstory 
of the cathedral of Paris. The balustrades on the towers of. the’ 
game work then exhibit a substitution of the pinnacles by ani- : 
mal figures, which stand inside the balustrade on its floor, a 
and leaming over the parapet look out over ite 

Crockets or angle flowers. 
Grockets on the back of the coping. a 

Like the separate arms of the crowning from the stem, so st- 7 
art the crockets from the back of the window gable, and they a 
can therefore pass for a continuation of the former, harmoniz- 
ins with them in shape and size. This agreement can be complet 


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art. the retaining of the motive resultins from one arm of the 7. 


by adoption of motives of volute forms or of leaf forms der 
ed therefrom, and may lead to the omission of the stem, and 
hence results the form shown in His. 1084 f£. The continuity 
of the crockets with the arms of the crownins makes itself felt 
even with different size and shape,when the middle line of the | 
crowning extends in that of the crockets, an arrangement which 
is contained in the window gable represented in Pig. 1085, bu 
it also reguires the profilins upward of. the coping shown the 
1G... & considerable projection of it, and requires the termi 
nation with an edge or a rib. connecting the crockets, as shoun — 
by Figs. 1111 and 1111a. In this case the crockets stand ina 
vertical plane, so that the cross section on a b recalis the 4 
form shown in Fig. 1111 a, and there can be employed all arms 
of the crowning shown in Pigs. 1112 and 1114 as crockets.: 
Crockets on the wash. 

In all these more ornamental forms op window gable nensicseill BS 
on p. 474, which lie near the wall surface, where further the 
channel lying behind them is omitted, so that the wash is a 
short. horizontal. line on the wall surface (Fig. 1113 a), the 
vertical position of the crocket leads to a. growth of it with. 
the wall. Thereby the endings of the leaf always rising from 
the upper edge of the profile of the window gable receivesa 
bend forward, so that the surface of the wash is covered by ited 
This arrangement is found on the crocket in Figs. 1113 and " 
1113. a, from the wall tabernacle of the church in Priedberg, 
This further leads to extend the starting point of. the leaf 
from the upper edge down on the surface of the wash, and to 
change the line of its movement from the vertical plane to a 
one more inclined and perpendicular to the line of the wash. 
Hence results the peculiarity that the leaf. now exhibits its . Fy 
surface development, instead of this profile in the front view 
as in Pis. 1111. Figs. 1115 and 1115 a show such crockets from 
the upper story of the square of the south tower of. Strasburg | 
minster.- a 

By this varied position ts further given the possibility of 
2 freer treatment as proved by Figs. 1116 and i116 a from the 4 
south portal of the Pranciscan church in Pritzlar.- a 

But. there remains predominant until the last period of Gothic ~ 


. ey 
‘ 
y, 


crowning in combination with a nearly perpendicular position 


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‘ i if My , yam : ‘ Pa de he 2 Se 


662 | 

of the line of the wash, whereby the points of the leaves o: 
the averted side remain visible over the line of movement of 
the whole, @ven when the edge of the window gable forms the 
Starting line. Pig. 1117 shows such a crocket, that is seen 
sidewise in Fig. 111% a and in Figs. 1117 b, c, is projected 
at 45°. It is at the same time peculiar to the later period, . 
from the mode of drawing peculiar to it is visible the inclin- — 
ation to perspective representation, that is also expressed h 
here. Gare was taken since somethings of the effect of the leaf 
might be lost. ‘ 
Differing forms. a 

The taste for ascending curves, which characterized the later 
period, also then led to a modification of the line of. movement, 
whereby the leaf or crocket, instead of rising in the direction 
of the window gable, rests thereon by a later bend in a horig- 
ontal direction, and this from an attached part becomes an ad- 
dition laid on it. This conception is most clearly expressed 4 
in those forms, that show the besinning of. the leaf. ancoilins. 
from a short branch cut off at both sides and lying on the ie 
(Bigs. 1118, 1118 a). Indeed scarcely is needed a reference to © 
the advantage of the earlier form developing itself from the 3 
members of the copings, and the effect of the angle flower str- 
ensthenins it for the later, thereby completins and ina sense 
resistins. 
The crockets sometimss project horizontally without regard 
to the inclination of the Sable, and their effect is trailing. a 
in a way, but on account of their strength thery were preferred 
to the before mentioned swollen buds.’ Fig. 1119 shows such an 
example from the gables of S. Vaudru in ons. 
Simplifications. os 
In smaller dimensions, 31s they first appeared on the pyram- 
ids of pinnacles, certain simplifications are necessary for 
the crockets, already expressed in the word “crockets” (Laubbos- ( 
sen) in Roriczer, that we have also retained for the richer 
forms on window gables. From “boss” it denotes the principal . 
form, the body further detailed, which the stonecutter must 
work out of the rough mass before he proceeds to the latter. 


Since now the closer detailing is arranged according to the 


a 


actual size by its distance from the eye, in smaller size it 
is omotted and the bosses become the complete form, but this 


me mh ” wih MW bldg La hy hi Ot ela 
e ' " in A 
a é ’ i 


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shee Swe cotutas to moitesink toonth & gwone d PSOr sid 
(eaaiie eitfretsiov #£¢ to exiioeg acbhio af# gatniater ¥a 
Laat S30 emeses edt brwot yLteee teom ek S60 <AR0f . snes 
5 _sbenterec ei efodw ef2 Yo awe! noe nognotte es boa soites 
at ee »eietsobey bae esigons? «\ 

oD" 8 beset: elznte wsvo stoos yaitossorg amet eelqonsy 
preston BE eictersdés bos: .etetfet 10 seteRit to aster enon 
) Baigoisvol .neaizéea benoisines c1otsd sid omen enotanom 
her cor 2815 ai betoosetge: seodd sost enzo? deolgmie £5! 
| me Hedetecse si viva lenaut to dele sat feds o2 3 630K 
Sesinla weumoloobedoeteh to beeterl Llsy.,sdt soit saise 
Bseiolo leds to soiqedss edd, 00 berot es batd seat. edt to 
GE of ea sted to faghedtso edd 
| e 


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dsGer8 ed sivas cocienoxin eed Jedd estzeb-edd al igus 

res ue eonoosd Isdt0o oft ‘.cnotr efguks & af ygoneo erid te 
eugiog sno tivsy's ts wot Leeiqusd & esmress acd? tk fae 
s leotizey fae tanipoizge bone seebeegese déin nalg bavot 10 


p figtasera\s dtiix sotsves icebdenhad so ofcdia Isteosttod 
“g i 0) gedeemgoleveh senoia of pata 
Dare na | ; Venottinbs to s¢semteetT 

an ee stesiso « tidtixe selgrexs sedeis bas ‘robie; edT 
oat. battion dotdv tc ,sreifebasds eeos? to amz0t. edd Btin 
bos we ifegecS+ol-xis bak mtedsabirh ni saggy bagolevwsh 
eb Liotertsx. gicene to. good seiwerio [afnontxdd ¢ te detenos 
jredito. oO -es{tesd ~etersed. yd teesd-ei dotdw. fates ai ed 
i stds wiedeebfti al sssousteih, naiuked $s. ayaks 
edd osas gomeag adketoeh esitne atin ennkblind 
Bit duces ben tio SL: .aelsevvel, ylnevesd odd tc 
| ide caret i toy ih hea es tetish 


oe: 


fed heseveo ai ys dae lems e onciet gedd doitw, ,elic«x Lenued- 


663 . 
is to be simplified in continued reduction. chuscrg aeeeeaee 


resents the bosses on a leaf contained in Fig. 1106, or in Fig, 
1120 a again the bosses in Fig. 1120 and both forms could apP- 
ear as leaf bosses (crockets on pinnacles). 

The same condition results for smaller dimensions of windo 
gables, so that Fig. 1121 represents the bosses in Fig. 1117, 
which then by simple modeling receive the form given in Fis, 
1121 a. Yet there is always found a tendency toward nature, © 


the motives of certain simpler forms of leaves. instead, and oF 
é Fig. 1021 b shows a direct imitation of nature. But also here 
by retaining the older motive of the volute-like form as in 4 
Figs. 1085, 1088 is most easily found the measure of simpletaum 
cation and a Stronger contour of the whole is obtained, 3 
7. Canopies and Pedestals.- 

Bt: Canopies form protecting roofs over single figures, a contin 
7 uous series of fisures or reliefs, and therefore in smaller di- 
: mensions replace the before mentioned shrines, developing in 
| their simplest forms from those represented in Pigs. 1058 to. 
1060, so that the slab or tunnel vault is separated by corbe 
projectins from the wall instead of detached columns. An exam= 
ple of the last kind is found on the exterior of the cloister 
of the cathedral of Laon. 4 
But in the degree that the dimensions permit the execution ~ 
of the canopy in a simple stone, the corbel becomes superfluous, 
and it then assumes a typical form af a vault on a polygonal 
or round plan with suspendeng arch springings and vertical ex-_ 
ternal walls, which then in the simplest way is covered by a 3 
horizontal simple or battlemented cornice with a graceful crow 
ning in richer developments. : 
Treatment of additions. 
The older and richer examples exhibit a certain relationship 
with the forms of those chandeliers, of which we find the most 
developed types im Hildesheim and Aix-la-Ghapelle, and which 
consist of a hbrizontal circular hoop or one in quatrefoil. sha 
pe in metal, which is beset by turrets, tastles or other buil- — 
dings at regular distauces. In Hildesheim this combination of ~ 
buildings with entire decision passes into the representation: 
of the heavenly Jerusalem. If it was next to conceive the chan 
delier as disseminating the heavenly light, and in this sense 
to adorn the city of God, then the canopy should replace the - 


pat, one ee 


d a pists een noktataosexq0% Sudi olsd to endain 
5 ystaeupes? viev nottsley eid .exedgisoe to encom 
sakes asq ninci990 po teds, ,tnontsens to yoomses nissx90 
o tokissoezetet bebaesek sid of avon eoiqmexe inenimorzg 
6 wh tpon ab is90q8 exyedd yaetsaoo edt, a0 -esoetgo smse 
aes edi. din beotostts eviton cevig oid to Seendseod {euud 
Japa ‘Qo mio? adf most snizettib yilettasene tas ncboss? 
a ) y@aemele exotokaiqse edd. aevs 930d wé. TL 10% ,etreg 
snks esate ge to azet offetins edd entesnos yiao $i everw 
pian Gfiw ¢i to mokdoenave oft don fae .oamgti odd. r8vo 
‘pabtewogievo 16 of avidoelis asveu .suptousiwa {eet £ Barsd 
pas mb eeso oft oale et elit ee toonem stil ai .997 
b wobuix ecals edd to aindoseisous 
fetes edt so Letnogiqod sit ovods enoktihds sesdt sed? 
iiser geom oft yd onsen eafesg elssil ys dfusv eidd Yo 
‘ea0: to esewos bos egeibiied vedoia1 10 sefemts to ancids 
Jdage tovo eoinose Letevee tO ono at 9alt dads .eslicie 
aha Se dené ot botale ei eofces olgate edd to aalg oa? 
westcwehle fanonyfog dose to eibbia odd yevo dedd .oe ipods 
fexuut Batine!?. off seit eoigss 23) revo .raqos soiblind oof 
it toraslg edd aoixnistenisiis hooslg wt aakiee baoose odd bas 


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Jgemmgtt Lsievee wih Intesbog eat ef goviee doldn, .xt¢io odd 
ean | one 3eaqsn sad onvods bso 
vi sfedoss edd to egeinaixae bebsogeve 
Pion ont to tevocisdo Intnousate edd beeresgus ef ydesedl 
p dows bebaspece sid to,opie edt Po seiteubo: sad ot, redtyat 
ves to yiilidieeoq sit oc ylne foead oe Sots ,egatgntaqe 
Bt bativpes encitrédtxg sid oF guifvooos soa bae onote ai cot 
Bie cedd eve ofnn 2 ee chatgcinge fegeccesdT .tivav Leutos ue 
it to) .tivey edt to enil ead add ao ylietoostied Tto duo 412 
neal sbtedwen ot, mort begoleveb wact tasi e» yd beacloni ots 
§ Bef{so-ve od¢ woss eclqusxe. sove tididxe Bstt o¢ Sst 
oad ssodants aaudessd@ edt to Sgeeaaat dégos add at amples 
Stigd odd bos ,eaied? vs Laqbedieo edt to Leszoq didos 
} stain dove nO .tetentn gradies® odd to sbie dune edd 
oan a78 .pnisneoos Isiosyeiertupss 10 simzeg 
x8 ies vangqosao edd to\wyot edd ai atcewole expyit 
i Femeeeegen £0: Se laa edt to Istnog sean 


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oe a ee ee Ue ee a 


664 « i; 
nimbus or halo, whose representation was little suited to the _ 
means of sculpture. This relation very frequently feads toa 
certain harmony of treatment, that. on certain particularly a 
prominent examples goes to the intended repressntation of the | 
same objects. On the contrary there appear an most am architec- 
tural treatment of the siven motive effected with the greatest 
freedom and essentially differing from the form of alk. other 7 
parts. For it is here even the capricious element, which here. 
where it only concerns the artistic form of a stone soaring o 
over the figure, and not the connection of it with others, thus 
being a real structure, makes effective in an overpowering de-~ @ 
Sree, in like manner as this is also the case in the pointed 4 
architecture of the glass window. a 

Thus these additions above the horizontal or the termination — 
of this vault by little sables mage by the most. varied combin- 
ations of simpler or richer buildigss and towers of one or more 
stories, that rise in one or several stories over each other. a 
The plan of the single series is related to that of the vault 
about so, that over the middle of each polygonal. side.stands ~ 
the building proper, over its angles rise the flanking turrets, — 
and the second series is placed alternately, on the plan of the — 
lower one, and also well forms a simplification of it, but from 
the whole rises a massive tower in a senseeas the citadel of a 
the city, which serves as the pedestal of several figures pla- 
ced above the upper one. - 

Suspended springings of the arches. 

Thereby is expressed the ornamental character of the whole ~ 
further in the reduction of. the size of the suspended arch ss. ~ 
springings, that are based only on the possibility of execut- 3 
ion in stone and not according to the proportions required by. 3 
an actual vault. Thésesarch springings as a rule are then eith-— 
er cut. off horizontally on the base line of the vault, or they 
are inclosed by a leaf form developed from the members. Figs. 
1122 to 1124 exhibit such examples from the so-called angel’'s 4 
column in the south transept of the Strasburg minster, the 4 
north portal of the cathedral at Rheims, and the buttresses of 4 
the sauth side of the Preiburs minster. On such points that | 
permit or requirecspecial accenting, are sometimes interwoven 
figure elements in the form of the canopy. An-.example from the 
west portal of the church at Volksmarsen is shown by Fig. 1425,9 


{ 


o16 Ledxog edd to yoouso dé to adix azote end evedw 
ss eft to exatblvem etd mozt gaitosjoiq eefpas owt yd 
sefgate A ssetiow chie edd mtot egeiv gaitsuds 
w NES o@ VE .foV .ondecl-teflotV at Bavot ek bait eid 
phasexe tisdiw mnuloo odd to sisie oft mort ynbeis feeas ocd 
i <wenres oft sutct egnin 
Laie behes tosaimobesg ef isemtsexs Yo sbhom rset? eidt 
im Qisdesst? tc lettog dcew oft ee ,yivdneo dé Ef edd Yo 
ed¢ dotdw cisboid eidd to ew10t gaimzsiio yrsv edididys 
-mobotw bas esloannig to meveye Sogoleveb vledentint 
oa{s ncoe ine Slot givomiteth stom tieetrk eedien syan 
idotae ,sedssm edt to oiutsn edt wort Snidiwesa wobesst tent 
py enedore Snibus edt to seanlutsoein sds it awoad tleati eax 
t f bémwot ots pods boe .beon isurtoniie 2 estelvaic exie ti 
£ I yns wetive tonaeo sebi edt iedd oe ,émementoc retests 
ogi yedde cexte Oeesstoni ati worl Sctelise esonbiswiwe 
go (OST! .gi%) eledtoo bawoqmes azel so stom bas gatiost 
aia bastxs esizas odd ie gosesttinud 20 eolosants 
: Lew @oestetni azath{vom sldez fas acdows eft bas .sledtoo 
MeBot> & yd Sennace wrot IssoPylog « etiveat yfeathooood 
zaulos edd ylqaie ysev dedd oa .yqgomso fo: sqys odd es 
© Solioeio1g ofnt Ssyosdo evs eladticean uledt Baa besst 
ie Saitde cit aot movi evaenstraats [fs aso exnse git oF 
ysoted snsmyoigts Salt ovls eolfenntg to 2eoueta xsigaoo sit 
a ~ ee tanegi edt sdoetoug dann esiqonss .fstste vbeotls ef 
mott dadi oe vetaiq so saarios .elodi0cs co disenisbag 
9d add to saodt od enaig atodd Yo dotts(ss nisdteo se sits 
> edd to dé@biwstselo teani edt deat of exaoco wileves doidy 
(20 rrnomted A .istesheg edt to eao Dsnretxe ent olavos yy 
pietisies Suied toodtin doy .bevol ylisuen ei amicot Sasore 
a Widen edt Yo ommten ont 
jelaos o8 ssostine beats 2 of botosite ef mrot stiine of? 


a 


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7 » etaptos s 
sepsture ensia & etoled utol 
nidmos mi aisooo yllepes yqouss end saso seit edd: al! 
Seg siidoe oft of uelg edi Qntesetosi edgia s dtin 
ed% to guibeinge edd tled sect og ,(vStr +BES Yo tles 
@ ei sioia odd co .*e bee @ eoovloo eftetl odds no edser 
it 10 ,feitino ei $ dia tedt of .dnemboa tslso7lo 8 as 
be > eens manana sat gino gatbaste boca le exedd 


tah 
os as Ree 


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665 . (oi 
where the cross ribs of the canopy of the portal arch are held 
by two angles projecting from the mouldings of the arch, whese & 
abuttins wings form the side arches. A simpler arrangement of 
this kind is found in Viollet-le-Duc, Vol. &¥, p. 437, where 4 
the angel rising from the shaft of the colunm with expanded ee : 
wings forms the canopy. 

This freer mode of treatment is predominant andel the close 
of the 13 th century, es the west portal of Strasburg minster. 
exhibits very charming forms of this kind,in which the most 
intimately developed system of pinnacles and window gables ale @ 
ways makes itself more distinctly felt. But soon also reappears. | 
that freedom resulting fron the nature of the matter, which ma~ 

es itself known in the gracefulnass of the endings arches. The- 
ir size simulates a structural need, and they are forméd with 4 
greater ornament, so that the idea cannot suffer any manual 
awkwardness arising from its increased size; they rest om pro- 
jecting and more or less compound corbels (Fig. 1126), or the q 
pinnacles or buttresses flanking the angles extend down to the @ 
corbels, and the arches and gable mouldings intersect then. a 
Accordingly results a polygonal form spanned by a cross vault: 4 
as the type of canopy, so that very simply the columns are on- 
itted and their capitals are changed into projecting corbels. : 
In this sense can all arrangements siven for the Shrine and t. 
the complex shapes of pinnatles also find employment here. 

As already stated, canopies must protect the figures standing 
underneath on corbels, columns or piers, so that from them res 
alts a certain relation of their plans to those of the pedestal, 
which usually occurs so that the inner clear width of the cano= 
py equals the external one of the pedestal. A harmonr of the , 
ground forms is usually found, yet without being rejuired by 
the nature of the matter. 

The entire form is attached to a plane surface, an angle or — 


a column. 
Form before a plane surface. 

‘In:the fist case the canopy usually occurs in combination 
With a niche increasing its plan to the entire polygon (left 
half of Pig.) 4427), so that half the springing of the arch 
rests on the little columns a and a’, or the niche is formed 
as a circular segment, so that rib 2 is omitted, or finally 4 
shere remains standing only the little columns a, a, and they 


— 


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4 mS Th “a4 if iad - y vi ve Ae " ] ’ “te { : ” 
roy oe il I bi Wr eye 
"yy 7 , 
, : ' ; 


ae yee ae | 
5 eso teolqmie odd ol .dosa ebte s yd hedsennoo e1s 
A jeer s exnigatige dows oft bas beisinc ceils sie ean 
G edt etecthai of elderstety redd ei J tu8 «Len edt a0 
dita yqonse eid to dibssid eft to} email edt To Savoy 
. santtsoo howolco syd tesel ts 10 ox8 
ni oo ‘egbe asivo edt wo Susie tefsie s enmuloa elttil edt 
geen goa eeok tettel odt to melo od¢ 22 10) \Lataobes 
me 4's: . (elatasSsq edd evode tuo felisdice sis yodd 


Ay: 


battle») cs ,elgns as eroted sang tt 
Whetetnsiio ef eid elut 8 2s .oltre ne sitctsd yqonss & T0T 
we) »isduoo Gane ygonso asented fdeted eid 
-tauloa 6 oeteted etus it 
Bas yaoneo ody soetord ongor e to amoloo & si0ted 
P gisiies teas oe teemognerss 1silvee odd of antbhioscose 
gedgie er otudit odd elidr .bonot 20 nmeloo edt mot 
tc 40 ,bre no Snifasie one Prided toold {solvbatiyo s sori 
pede Geis nocd 9798 .1sdto dose efleed beosiq owt to taltenos 
¢ amnlos & ,bavow edt of awob faiztse esmisveuoe et Letesb 
m Sao moult tdsvoiw si Ji smae ent ditw baa fF no booaln 
t boxes “6 amploo edt to tasq eat attow ‘sstel no efet « oA 
as bon Sado aeddgis feds of .betdiuc ei s1nbit ses to tiated add 
Barnsod Ietiass efsaegee s ddin aetsnimies amyloo dé to svaq 
bevtel ods s0% bosnetie ef [sdxom pattsetord 2 no stoped sid 
Oo, fe ge OSIf .8if) eqote sem102 sft sgbe teqqu seodw dtsoned 


boxes tasmedost1s setines odd doom qisv wot .noiiss: gerteoes 
Mgorieint edt yd favor sit to noitonut oltete oft ,rstel ond 
| « ., , s®@@BEn—9Se009 af Sutesetsnt ao 
as Seiwgii edd Io elatecbag odd .avodsa betste ybssortls nA 
) £E3iot noitowszteaco stedé yd Jedd {etetg vo eamuloo .alsd 
bk mativoeg nissiso jletosep oi rettié ton ob ,enolvoant 
wt bovapitesvai ed yiao ase elsdrog to ewtel dtiv bedtogagos 
cs wtoddel edd céiw todd 
thastedebay edt sot vod Shs .q OC arode ySsatls eer ev 
He baegel s yd bobis yiflewen eh hetneeexrqon toeidue edt to 
ot yliaeupoxt oats et soltsasicqxe emse edt -Ledtos eds a0 
82 pace Scolistaeserqes sipgit yisboooee yd yew tenit a ci 
. ° ) Yd to yitoerib sen¢ic elcdw ed¢ to gninacm od dein 
, ce Beasts eda at wevowretai cede e%s eeedT 


ys 
‘ : A Me ) ¥ ‘ i H J * q 
Ja, a ’ » ; 
an ; ay i as i mM i - 4 


" re } Brine 1 avast el Seah ap Be 


¢ Medsos teisie ef yqonso edd sveds zotenttnos 3989 sad ofidw 
masowsoe JI .ti ao eteot ro .(d te OSIS .gi%) sedd svods tuo 


Arar 


e 


a Bn, Cie ea aE 


666 on 
are connected by 2 side arch. In the simplest oase these colu 
mns are also omitted and the arch springings a rest directly 
on the wall. But it is then preferable to indicate the back- 
ground of the figure for the breadth of the canopy by a patt- 
ern or at least by a colorsd coatins. 

The little columns a either stand om the outer edse of the 
pedestal, or if the plan of the latter does not suffice, or 
they are corbelled out above the pedestal. 

Figure before an angls. 4 

for a canopy before an angle, as 4 rule this is chamfered © in 

the height between canopy and corbel. a 
Figure before a column, 

Before a column or a round project the canopy and pedestal 
according to the earlier arrangement, so that certaim headers 
form the column or round, while the fisure is either wrought 
from a cylindrical block behind and standing on end, or both — 
consist of two placed beside each other. Here them also the pe- 
destal is sometimes carried down to the ground, a column being — 
placed on it, and with the same it is wrought from one block. — 

As a rule on later works the part of the column or round for 
the height of the figure is omitted, so that either the lower q 
part of the column terminates with a separate capital. bearing © 
the fisure, or a projecting corbel is arranged for the vestes aan 
beneath whose upper edge the former stops (Fig. 1126 at a), s 
while the part continuing above the canopy is either corbellea 
out above that (Pig. 1126 at b), or rests on it. It scarcely : 
requires mention, how very much the earlier arrangement excels 
the later, the static function of the round by the interrupti- 
on increasing in consequence. 4 

As already stated above, the pedestals of the figures as cor- 
bels, columns or prers, that by their construction fulfil other 
functions, do not differ in seneral; certain peculiar forms c 
connected with forms of portals can only be investigated toge- 
ther with the latter. 

We have already shown on p. 242 how for the understanding 


of the subject represented is usually aided by a legend placed — 
on the corbel. The same exvlanation is also freguently found 
in a finer way by secondary figure representations concerned fi 
with the meaning of the whole either directly or by eee 


These are then interwoven in the ornamentation of the capital — 


A lehing ee OY ME 
onen mi “0 efarcog edt, ao ‘to fedtoo 10. 
| ae atk. reban “weoneo wol & to msol ede zex 
feats 70 <e08ge att {Lit teomls bas dovore setugit 
ng wo 4 go bawot ete heateocos teifet ai esotisiacze 
| | -eruytt ond’ te ¢roqqwe-reqerg edt no dee 
y mokdesnup. af notiteoq edt nt saulon eds ealvedid 
wuge oxom est gaitnoove ylqiade .exot 40803 & sem 
re elgmsxe, 26 ovin ow SELF Zit al .bavomr edt to x07 
leo eds go tqeenesd Aduon edt to elvdidecy eds mon? 
7 -eetiasdd 


AV te ne a 
aa: ea bE WSS 3 : 
ent : Bodin Aho 
aah Wiis waee nig | 
Jc: se aw bist cs us va i) wae ra 4 


Pu 
ev 


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’ ih 


or corbel, or on the portals of many Brench cathedral 


kes the form of a low canopy, under whose vault the sm 
figures crouch and almost fill tts space, or finally the ‘ 
esentations in relief concsrned are found on 3 low pedestal 


set on the proper support of the figure. 

Likewise the column in the position in question. ‘usually 
mes a freer form, sharply accenting the more structural ¢ 
ter of the round. In Fig. 1128 we give an example of this ki 
from the vestibule of the north transept op the cathedral a 


Chartres. 


“sonar mn enoguTT nny 
.lewne8 ot vrobsi® edt .f 
; swohatw sit to tasngoleved 
vidal aot egoinego to noltieog hestoetort 
be gntecto 6ay gatesl to nofttosforralr {etenss sat e10tsd 
ond Spitat qlevistosh dotdu ,noiseswa s esx $d8if 102 egatas 
et etitae oat tad siatuego seeds 26 Sneatestt edt ylac tos 
40% egatasgo seaael etssis of aebhi¢e nl .batblise edt to 
*e ent soit betoste1qg sise tedi ,smoot heftqnuooo bas aatvil 
Fics: bos eeton odd wost beretiete bas asdéesn sdé Yo yousm 
stor eoelg of befleqnos eoviseusrs wee ase Bfr0% tedgo ode 
Ee Sf Gdt oved oF bas .emoot odd etoted eootdi1og to atoot oat 
Bie? .sidtceog es docu as etartoe bseolo Isatesak wo nego 
Satboogeeti0s efi chai? sotistoi edi brswot smoot edt to Yat 
jotoness pan fas ,Seuod supittas off to neig ett ak noteserqs 
zetabtneo sovel ni yistessem sit to astetolo ods of ber 
! Pisue "Sot enceset ssitint bobbs o1en ylnieties tevisl eds 102 
+ eblaow [eavedxs edt mort sotterages 
| s -orracto tuodétin agataeed 
Bin sess Sd gos Sluco sotiieog Setostorg a dope wos sue 
Sites Wéduc odt ai beosly sd ‘netic teom yest bas ,ewobatw [fe 
wegothlind fsineauscom enoioege Oas dss1g ai ahtelvotéasg yrev 
@ yas Ons Jdzil tof exataego sienibtodne hestsonoo aids 23 
{ eson Weds nodt ,constacgat ees! to emoon osat bel ecsdasg 
ie erowos at ewotiiu waew stil Jeu, ,eamecio suodtin ylertiag 
} mio aeiitas eeees [etosge at teom je to .yab eidt 3a solder 
od eicled Soosla stew etveclo I[saclesooo sol. sisttade neboos 
. ‘dose .eidiavog es tow 2n otst Yo eouniine edt fusvetq of 
fe i8vserk odd asd sonte ,fisme vlovitslss ebsmr 918 abainsgo 
itw deo & to bastenl .tosto1a oF abis [lew eft to sesmist 
fot fedt .sedso dose shieed bsesly eve eeno Ilewe Inisvec 
vel erate tied$ .dote domscs s yd heeliqmoo sie 2saso 
enoboiw ¢ee7m algnie s to noleasdoxs edt 
~$nisefy o¢ aolé¢lerec? 
ts steF sd oF .ebotht tod {stacmrnom tasty so srobary edt 
. ) Betinpes eyenis von Stem ,eedorsdo oi yllstoegee nego. yl 
t bre: dude yd Boieoto yxeyoqwed s bus .eeittaves nisstuoe ut 
af bc aed {soktosry Bas ofteiiss rot otcoexs ot Jivobttis 
acted efofekengt deta non Fas ,ewobatw dgid at yffeto 


isan Jno saigesd bas aanet Saittichs pot ‘ 
A Py C a mY 


‘aa 


668 
VIII. WINDOWS AND TRACERY.' 
1.’ The Window in General. 
Development of the window.’ 


Protected position of openings for light. : 

Before the general introiuction of glazing the closing of op- 
enings for light was a kuestion, uhich decisively influenced 
not only the treatment of these openings but the entire form . 
of the building. In order to create larger openings for the 
living and occupied rooms, that were protected from the incle- 
mency of the weather and sheltered from the noise and dust of 
the outer world, men san themselves compelled to place project— 
ing roofs or porticos before the rooms, and to have the latter — 
open on internal closed courts as much as possible. This open= 
ing of the rooms toward the interior finds its corresponding a 
expression in the plan of the antique house, and was transfer- _ | 
red to the cloister of the manastery in later centuries, but | 
for the latter certainly were added further reasons for the 
separation from the external world. 


Openings without closure. 

But now such 2 protected position could not be assigned to 
-all windows, and they must often be placed in the outer walls, 
very particularly in great and spacious monumental buildings. 
If this concerned subordinate openings for light and. air, that 
perhaps led into rooms of less importance, then they were left — 
entirely without closure, just like napy. windows in towers anda 
gables at this day, or at most in special cases grilles or wo 4 
wooden shutters for occasional closure were placed before them. 
To prevent the entrance of rain as much as possible, such free — 
openings are made relatively small, since then the greater 
ickness of the wall aids to protect. Instead of a great windows 
several small ones are placed beside each other, that in some 4 
cases are comprised by a common arch, their appearance having. 
the expression of a single great window. 

Transition to glazing. 

The windows on great monumental buildings, to be feft entire- 
ly open especially in churches, .were not always required even 
in southern countries, and a temporary closing by shutters was 
difficult to execute for artistic and practical reasons, capo 
cially in high windows, and men must therefore devise a closure 
for admitting light and keeping out weather as far as possible, 


Wy 


Ie yr oi) Ti tial il a iy he ia si fed ont. 
rp. ia Alae 


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iss i Se il ai al | 

P ar y Yi | | shit iz 
- 10% , Oh Seb We nae es ont wh biirot! etew decd 

hpsign nak wos bas sedsedv)’ .beviso gidoty. netic edsle 


Si sins } teoe eselh to se0sic betrosat ylévag basrdtdxe 

lagen dg dog beagete edale ovorld sonle .(notdesup 
ai ) aedw astel yiuo, bas .ffeme cos eben Jom sisK egainego 

mba giom bevolgque yous actistocs dt If bae at Of odd at 
Hat tee gesiz beszoloo ddiw grinal: yloeos ytay. nedd end 

fedd| oe ,encdicooulh sasel yew edd of beonSsa even osedd 

x p9e8 evad o¢ as9gce serisdemos euobnin eaisi yiuse 

| Kf ct to sintoctunsu edt seis sorpeh guze odd ol 

Pe iit od goostrse yoiriv [fe blpoo .bonegsesto See Ssdoe% 
2 ed tito ¢oemcolevel odd emis orse oct 36 oensosd S708 ogg 

Bult ed? af bototiteive etom een Lian ont to Sroqawe to 

a se misert, bixoo sea sodw .iteo1 eds to emeoloca slqate 

qnised edd ni end? .ytifidesss eit Soismtni deostiw , 

ge teetesid sit te golersh ot sobtigog nt eter nee | 

tf Bs toes eidetiae to Lscifoerg yns of tntbuooos 048 

mmenebee tae Sr0u yeve eld cenestd. .ylzatit iv Seton snob sak 

mede ect beiigque owisnsou s’u ust bottaisy e2afy Neoktt 

ee: ; sHoidestotebe Isicanento svitce?ts 

ee, 7 | » ewobpin on? galiseis 


Ree 


See 


a 


_ ea ; ~2aeky Bo aetetkaq ett Yo eats 
y geet: ‘ensiq to pseaitq bentetco yiizee edt to oxia ed?. 
meson dona acitoetib yas ci beebze son RM eks Setial! 
tot’ 08 ed dts esoota seen? .ined noaod oft Jo dégasl edd 
mes an ni getex to ats on to soneténe bexolin gato, edt teat 
‘yaev oft beveloms esn [siteseu oldadins & ef Ses ,tecoan ght © 
tats m YINIASS spo to Sataniasd eid Litew doicn ,oeel sistixelt 
pent to batdew odd ot esgeetaoealt bosinifian ett books 
) wissen oid) Sif os eSrk eebdtal iwora ga ected basd 
y pegnalt owt fae dow oifbim sg eved nokiose aeoto al exia 
nt ¢eso ose e786 sdf. .am L dae € nasnted exe sfdbin 
hada edd sonte sey otet saso sasid Geel awed edt 
no eLootn betidoot to eaoteeerqnt: edt yd bextagooes ef ces | 
¢ gotisow edt no Sentedest seodaso edt of gatdotooh dex 
pgs teptes 6 ds node fos .e2aih to eonety edd teo. ete 
cae. nesudsd hlel-etsef eft to aovooth eds ot Serres 
oe . nk fae exe! eldzneoy te set ea Soe Sood: yitece ots 
¢ Scan edt tonite dose tatage sude yedt orsdt 
. 7 revs etiny edt dtte eppiléel@s a 


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it r i ’ at | 

piu i, Pr Ms oe | re . ag 
eh hth ee a ote a ? jae 
rh ae mY he "oe os i>) Pe Lee ae Le ri ea) Weta 


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669 Siow 
that were found in the Byzantine period in perforated marble 
slabs often richly carved. (Whether and how far these already 
exhibited partly inserted pieces of slass must remain an open 
question). Since these slabs stopped much light, the window ; 
openings were not made too small, and only later when first 
in the 10 th and 11 th centuries they employed more and more 
the then very costly glazing with colored slass set. im leads, © 
these were reduced to the very least dimensions, so that. even 
early large windows sometimes appear to have been reduced later. 

In the sama degree that the manufacture of the glass was per- 
fected and cheapened, could all window surfaces be increased, 
the more because at the sane time the development of the syste 
of support of the wall was more substituted in the place of the 
Simple enclosure of the room, when men could freely open it w q 
without injuring its durability. Thus in the beginning Gothic. 
men, were in position to develop at the greatest. scale the sae 
area according to amy practical or agstistic requirements, which 
was done more willingly, because the ever more splendidly dev- 
eloped glass painting in the meantime supplied the charmingly 
effective ornamental@ecoration. : 4 

Glazins the window. 


Size of the pieces of glass. 

The size of the easily obtained pieces of plane glass was 
limited, they@#@‘not exceed in amy direction much more than. 
the length of the human hand. These pieces must be so joined 
that the joint allowed entrance of no air or water in an annoy 
ing manner, and as a suitable material was employed the very ~~ 
flexible lead, which until the beginning of our century maint- 
ained its unlimited importance for the makins of. window bars. FE 
tead bars as shown in Figs. 1129 to 1129 b in nearly natural 
Sixe in cross section have a middle web and two flanges, whose 
widths are between 3 and % mm. The bars are cast in moulds, and 
the drawn lead first came into use since the Renaissance, whose 
use is recognized by the impressions of toothed wheels on the 
web. Accroding to the cartoon fasterned on the workins table : 
are cut the pieces of slass, and then at a corner they are ins 
serted in the grooves of the leads laid between them, which ; 
are easily bent and as far as possible are made in ome piece; 
Where they abut against each other, the ends are cut. off square 
or oblique with the knife anf soldered on both sides. In this 


iy oh 9 be : ¥ 
is ‘ ‘ in ‘ ar ‘ a! ‘ ’ : b ‘ 


f ae f 

wi y Vite pine | hee 
a 2 qedto yor 56 ‘aalegnsios?s ,stanpe to fleasg 2 29 A 10 
is i B ,yreosid edd %o motdrog edt oF Haogasii6es oF pay ove tf. 
a Sui eno y to .#ed heel nommoo » yd Sseolons ei st 
ve nus ot bee! abit dywodtie (aed ogbe) ebie sno cad go 
Is ak elven Levestbeu no bavol evswle dom at Lonag odd 
| ! wh siea oF 
ab16¢d olbbe? .Leaag to saobenemid 
e wuszasces edt to dnvoess uo ,eleoasg edt to dobsexd sat 
s ylisnen td sgho OOl of O2..besoxs [fon toanso <bean 
99, ybs fa cele ef eno elonag dove sot bas yao CX of 02 yao 
it 2 to efor sork (saluzas yletmwt) bavo2r aids coslg od Salleg 
F pteds. .{butw) etad elhiaa Bellao~-oa sit ,astemetbh ao Of 
c a mods bavoms havow egiste bee! qa eisd besl sit of beast 
F - beosla ¢esd eis sted sort oft .easd bas{ sit of beasblor 
Sidrasubb of toa ted .isnaq ett to motsoe1ib Jastrodé ent 
at sbeviwo ed to ated eit ot sroiido ed yer yodd ,wotv 
ib xem, xed dad .Del? bovenmad ylisnen oxy abor noit sad to 
yiguotte yisv ewobaiw 10% .18d 9gbe end ni benedest 
> 08 ia OS; yd ddezael ap Od ssd¢ stem eased efbhse Antu sit 
. 91g genm yous if <teteasth ao f aebau ed toa teem d1878 
1 elaeloottss0 bos .Isneq edt to gakdacis © sovs to unibasd 
Weaged sibbss sooite beer ed gepm egnitnisg easly sfdaglev 
hpnoste ed son biwode fensq odd to ddbin sdt baa ,venitsgad 
Pi betogxe Ife te don 10 oltdil erokain sot ,wo Od basoxe of 
» Been wods Sne <xfages Jon of sackdeishisnos seed? ,batw 
edd, to goa P12 ‘eneiq est svaseexq dohdw yaad ost oidd somos 
a } »isasg 
| —paitainag analy to sotadoe®t 
@ yfteiad ec yam ti Roliatac aasty Yo sotgcooes edz 0 
# yloo ces omit oldieod yltes Soe sopwenanmod act ai sand 
w deie haot Xosld edd proloo gaitnicqg aroxrwd ateh ofgate 
6% O% eas 20 ehaworg vedaeb bus eovest bus wdia ,xenlisuo oda 
ams nove af enot 1ofoo dose eviwiedio. aud ,Seileqs oxen eine 

ae ap, .pealy to coeta otevsqee # as hotweeni o¢ teumn ates . 
‘de enolenemib edt heheooxe tad? ,solfco emes odd to -e80 
mop eaten .teO THO ed gon OSLu0o wret hextood sient a0 eee 
E spheed {andxe) noleivth to bis eft yd eeoetq Laxeyea to 
tres iit sotoe gaisaisg wea @ bowseqqe Yintaoo dt AT 
weeds ensig hex. dtiw caged nem sedsavt bas ,wolley 


rims pita jen Me nicht eomtsouce. Geaiy bedeat? | A ; 


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670 a) 
manner a panel of square, rectangular or any other shape’ isced 
formed to correspond to the portion of the tracery, and they 4 
it is enclosed by a common lead bar, or by one with a gerover i 
on but one side (edge bar); abthough this lead inclasure of. 
the panel is not always found on mediaeval works, it is well 
to make it. 

Dimensions of panel. Saddle bars. 

The breadth of the panels, on account of the necessary stift= 
ness, cannot. well exceed 60 to 100 cm, but usually amounts to 
only 50 to 75 cm, and for such panels one is also nicendgs all 
pelled to place thin round (rarely angular) iron rods of 6 to 
10 cm diameter, the so-called saddle bars (wind), that are fas- 
tened to the lead bars bry lead strips wound around them and 
soldered to the lead bars. The iron bars are best. placed in 
the shortest direction of the panel, but not to disturb free 
view, they may be obliague to the bars or be curved. The: ends 
of the iron rods are usually hammered flat, that -they may be 
fastened in the edse bar. Yor windows very strongly exposed to 
the wind, saddle bars more than 60 cm length by 20 to 30 cm 
apart must not be under 1 cm diameter, if they must prevent. a 7 
bending or even a crushing of the panel, and particularly with 
valuable glass paintings must be used strons saddle bars near 4 
together, and the width of the panel should not be allowed mach 
to exceed 60 cm. For windows little or not at all exposed to ~~ 
wind, these considerations do not apply, and thew need only s | 
some thin iron bars, which preserve the plane surface of the 
panel. 

Technics of glass painting. 

On the technics of glass painting it may be briefly stated, 
that in the Romanesgue and Early Gothic time was only known a 
Single dark brown painting color, the black lead with which & 4 
the outlines, ribs and leaves and darker grounds of the ornam- 
ents were applied, but othsrwise each color tone in even small 
areas must be inserted as 2 separate piece of glass. Great ar- 
eas of the same color, that exceeded the dimensions of the gi= @ 
ass, or their hooked form could not be cut out, were composed | 


of several pieces by the aid of division (extra) leads. In the — 


14 th century appeared a new painting color, the artificial 
yellow, and further men began with. red glass that was always 


flashed glass, sometimes ground off white; later was set glass | 


\ 


fie ae i ue ee ; 
a | ; | 

ens saa bas noble 4406: 70" ao: ac hatter arbLoo aenio st ay He 

Si » {fe yl ot beonemmos Gem 2034 eibbia est to golbe By ay 

ae Oe (2 ye gests te Leonemmon eegasio eaedT .tedio dose te? 
lenebae 2 beyasdo ede yd setel bea ,exsd gntbivib yasu oot 

wan potinies to edinioes eds taut ogee eds toy jedeat. 

z thdote. edd etom edt teddo edt no ,daed emo edt no be 

Pe et ea Ags: yepenah besetiva couttue eds to doette 

 bexisoso ereds) eeobaiw boroloo cimem ofd eobiass 

setety) eyatdetad mt bool zoald dtiw ylao besnisg ewe 

» to easly betoloe to esoote hetesssoe to een oft ditty 

e 0 eins gotatea eds %0 oenenpeanco af yilentd seeds sH0 

je eten etoloc gaorte si avobsiv to beogant ~langioveteatd) 

‘aie meee ree beet of sez vaste etidw to eeods heyotgse vi 

enisemex iLtte doidy 

1iBGed eotaoen teba tootte istaoannoe ied? at taedhi® 

eC) soette otacoe ni eenod geeb to. bexoqmos ewobaiws ent 

asdo% extyit kae [stmomsn10 siedd at fade eboiseg soil 

t ber tee eautoiq tetup ted dots betinu as tnevetg ayewis ano 

deteoensat® ,zedoaubtecod dae setkies 2ef) .eostave ods 

oe ; »(gaktateq 


+a 


ne . ~ewobotr, hoeeatfg to eznofkerentd 

a wobain: bend olttil este Lleme yxev te ewodotr 10% gino 

je Beit seofo-of oldizeod ti ei .yuecets yd bebivibdue secdd go , , 

= sit at besoquco fensa eealy olgete s vd Satnege ost 
eds eotivpes wohaiw sas eiput #88 sud ,evode dedizoceb 
ti eus elonsq edi TL .seddo dors ebleasd fey Isxeveg: to 
| een sys oso wobotw odd {O62 .at#) snolse sdyied af 
pd: meenee eit no ted mo COOL deom.te to 02 oF OY to dtbhin 
| .(Serd, t68t ent) aebiw ri osle aotstvih s ei ereds 
asd no O@f trode ot sesetont yom wobatw ed to dibserd 
C ww 8 Tego of execesosn oo Si TI .bimil odd anitdosos yilauso 
ge ebiesd bsyolgme ad ewobaiw ova issevee feum noid sets 
eral yd desde ~ mont hetetegee todtic. o18 tsdé ,redso: 
“ai Pees . *( s@acbiiom erote yd tasel ts 20 Liaw to 
phim yaiksaeto’ sod Nira ie & aodr ,OOKD ¢eods emis ocd al | 
aah axed gett? yreosst oft sud ,Peorsts000 ydgoorta eagctacgo 
‘a et eee etom to evobatu bessixe eredé stacwgolevel 
ngage we exon doide <f.o¢e ,emdedh) o & madd etom 

Linh ata bynorte to yoann eft vd efeasg etexpi to Aron og 

i, eet: dake Qadgeda 3p: nottomue) °. a) 


via ‘ f ae e | 
q a a e aa we ee a | . ia) , , | e i a 
ae a a a, wise eS ee a at 


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671 
with other colors applied on one or both sides, and at the be 


ginning of the middle ages men commenced to lay all colors af- 
ter each other. These changes commencel at first by the use of 
too many dividing bars, ani later by the changed tendency of q 


taste; yet the more that the technics of painting was perfect- 


ed on the one hand, on the other the more the architectural a 
effect of the surface suffored damage. ] 

Besides the manr} colored windows there occurred those wind- 
ows painted only with black lead in hatchings (gipisailles), 
with the use of scattered vieces of colored glass or even with-— 
out them. Finally in consequence of the strict rules of ofc 
(Gistercians), instead of windows in strong colors were counou 
ly employed those of white glass set in lead patterns, few of a 
which still remain. 4a 

Highest in their monumental effect must incontestability be 4 
the windows composed of desp tones in mosaic effect of the ear-4 
lier period, that in their ornamental and figure reopressntatiaun 
Ons always present an united rich but quiet picture suited to 3 
the surface. (See Schafer and Rosstduscher, Ornamental glass 
painting). 

Dimensions of glazed vindows. 

Only for windows of very small size, little round windows 
or those subdivided by tracery, is it possible to close the en- 
tire opening by a single glass panel composed in the manner d | 
described above, but as a rule the window requires the placing 
of several panels beside each other. If the panels are joined 
in height alone (Fig. 1130), the window can have only a clear q 
width of 70 to 90 or at most 100 cm, but on the contrary if 
there is a division also in width (Figs. 1131, 1132), them the 
breadth of the window may increase to about 150 cm, thereby uw 
usually reachins the limit. If it be necessary to open a wider a 
area, then must several such windows be employed beside. each 
other, that are either separated from each other by solid pier 
of wall or at. least by stone mullions. 

In the time about 1200, when a pressure for creating wide 


openings strongly occurred, but the tracery first began its aa 
development, there existed windows of more than 1 1/2 or indeed 
more than 2 m (Rheims, etc.), which were subdivided into a net- 
work of square panels by the use of strong iron bars. 4 


‘Junetion of glazing with jamos and mullions. 


‘ia aka Hae Ff toast Hiss ; if 
laa edie estas We es ‘es? emteonce x00 ay ps 
and vidaat ont fanteaze bedtude weds stedw ,wodatw ent bry t 4 
yeti Bit) evoci # otmt bile redtie ean Ff .notlina efb i 
bods gativh tusc tedwemos sex yiirssecoon fenaq.ent ydet Save: 
baat etedea 2 tankers bist eew [eseq aasly sds ao nots 
enobain aD .wo S\P't of sto débin © Sorinpat yleo tads 
edd teds ce ,bisetiso Secst edsdor sat uboby | bnoste of 
ie Ne bebba caw ysdoq end bae , obi edge ond most Joe ssn 
| To SOst sdt tenitsse wobnia edd hegeovg baiw ed fae ,r0tT. 
v one 6sen eye sii assn ssodt bar awobnoin dbetostord .stedor 
oad: ot go scede1 edit .obrent edd-roxt bosxeant qitnouoeti ys 
bug: atin: viteow yvitasoss ,1ied bae omtl otin Dediuso ase sve 
; staeacs Stiw [len aseL 10 
»asad seyvoo bas e160 moots 
ie eexivess elensg tasosibse ow? to soitsau, to enil suf 
ans Stef .toemetccr1s [siosus s yd octtstaemento bas Balnodd 
i S060 me cl ot & Ssa shin au CS eted gout goose Soosly 
ee seodw .(CEll .bit) exsd micta boliso sus 
gafed gasd .notiinm 10 dmef, edi ai qeeh mo & od | 
seito 16 Best oi tee ylaxtt bas ytrcesm sit ak hodusent vlisn 
Py eas wetocl emcoed sormac yodt jens .benotas) Rane og seti 
pte yd eldiazog ebau ei doidw ,nottsesse 
| tetas og foo ted odd Ratveiea Otawrtstis [| 


yotader ont to eost Sdi ditn deslWMteae od gana asad wsot2 
fend 2ht bos biod of .bawois [fe Jaca mao [easq sanla odd todd 
B,.0€ og OS tpods as enti ofbbim ati no tad a10te edt .gaiteelp 
Ms dotiw djvoudt CeIt .bi7 at » .eguelo sattosit ‘g eps tis¢e 
des geod Zatosig astic = eysi beytms to 2sghon oltiil asvixb 
gmt St sfensg cfd seolezs yitootth. yer, edt gafcalq to baotenl 
Mmes oid can 31 .(GCIS 19 of &) ted wevog s sosls ot zetted 
Bee um C ot £ y¥lno to scemiotdt e Mtiw 15d atote edt es dtbiv 
o 66d Soiviagh yd bas .eseitior atin eomelo eas steve. atti 
oe. et#d tevoo bas tad w1ode noentsd feguelo ei sniasty 
pee eesls sit ce obfe omas oft co ylistades saz sad savoo 
’ sebisivo eeted yliaxénes endt 
aeor6 anoog (Sérf . Lif .eQgkd) ewobmiw ebiw oo ybsotlA 
oysdd endd bos ,eved azove Isoidasv bas {sdnoxiiod to 
tetvib a dasa etedw .ewoboiw yrsosid ac bavor no exon. dsy 


Bat 
“arse aa pee od pest ais nk ebom edt ot Satbsgogs 


oo 


672 

It now concerns the fastening of the separate panels of 1. 
in the window, where they abutted against the jamb or the mid- 
dle mullion, it was either slid into a groove {Pis. 1113), whe= 
reby the panel necessarily was somewhat bent during the inser- 
tion, or the glass panel was laid against. a rebate (Fig.: 1134), 
that only required a width of 4 to 1 1/2 cm. Om windows. exposed 
to strong windu, the rebate faced outward, so that the window 
was set from the outside, and the putty was added om the exte-_ 
rior, and the wind pressed the window against the face of the 7 
rebate. Protected windows and those near the eye were also ve- 
ry frequently inserted fron the inside. The rebate or the gro~ 
ove was caulked with lime and hair, recently mostly with — 
or less well with cement. 


Storm bars and cover bars. : 

The line of junction of two adjacent panels requires streng-_ 
thening and ornamentation by a special arrangement. Here are 
placed strong iron bars 25 to 40 mm wide and 8 to 15 om or a 
more thick, that are called storm bars (Pig. 1135), whose ends — 
are sunk 4 to 8 cm deep in the jamb or mullion, best being eq- 9 
ually inserted in the masonry and firmly set in lead or other- ~ 
wise so firmly fastened, that they cannot become loose. Less = 
good is settings after erection, which is made possible by sink- 
ins a deeper hole and afterward drawing the bar out to enter q 
the other end. a 
Storm bars must be set flush with the face of the rebate, so 
that the glass panel can rest all around. To hold and fix the q 
Slazing, the storm bar on its middle line at about 20 to 30 cm — 
apart has projecting clamps, k in Fig. 1135 through which are q 
driven little wedges or curved keys s after placing the panel. — 
Instead of placing the key directly against the panel, itis 
better to place a cover bar (d in Fig. 1135). It has the same 
width as the storm bar with a thickness of only 3 to 5 mm and 
fits over the clamps with mortises, and by driving the keys the 
glazing is clamped between storm bar and cover bar. Clamps and 
cover bar are naturally on the same side as the slass panel, E 
thus gentrally being outside. a 
Already on wide windows (Piss. 1.31, 1132) occur crossings . 
of horizontal and vertical storm bars, and thus they appear 
yet more on round or tracery windows, where result divisions 
according to the mode in Figs. 1136 to 1136 b. On the so-called 


a* 


an te 


. Ne te 8 er Aj 
; sal i) ane ys oe fail 


hae rear a ae 
) ebaetxe less. hd ered ola ahaha be bad gut | Agh 


es 
sitos ot geud Lesntea et #1 ‘olor OLE ob ih)” egeus ong 26 La 


ed atode eds dtiw qnonted nf ed bleoda wobnin edt to oat 
s foly 8 euvees yom totdel eit tect oe .Sidieedq se dona 
ese _* -Bi% yd borotto st dotde te elauexe os ,dnoe 
m eamted? to Lexbeddss edt to taoct a 
‘en Ceiling ét Bead) # sbierad azote add to ayntesors odd. th i 
it .9i8) EAd vO odd seve Bootxe deca eno ec .wolktonut) eis dnt 
eins ~wods eitow blo add es 
ata ert ts ‘dysovdé ehastxe etad tevoo ent to end 

. to-ebns ets tad ,ebas- ati ds etude yesdo out slidw 
61 P-ewobai« ¢aeoo1 na] .ednet edt ta oninetest of sitsps4d | 
g soseaizea eifias edd bavows Sstaaeo ef aed teyoo worlss & a 
yeadd Seoisss [onsq eeslb odd eroay of vebt0e ni vobntw edd: oa 
patyesoq boog sot .elo1 s es vasisen ek sit ted “Sisdor va 
t poxit srs dusi, eid te guibae risd batw ed}: hoe .2actttaca 4 
eSVO0TS Ont of To dst end af eslod slesil | 


- 


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e6%89 midtea to nofitece ecocd to anoterenia 
ton $aa hoiw ed? ¢eices [few yem exsd mtote edt tens oF r 
ebne ied? bus aids oot eben sd von seum yeds ,donum oot Mi 
i his eié0%1d ehne efdevom stir ted A .benetaet yiort? of . 
ernest to sod bexit s 6 dowm ea somtt & eboed Hae totese | 


a snoktioes Beoe 


jin red S bos m= .p2 teq Lid OS! Yo exveeera Bair « a ae 
| lems eed? wo .p2 teq Lid OO0T t0 nord exe cL eterte eidt 
Io eaotenemib hetigpes ed? sitet Roiwotlfot eds ct batons! 
.$tagse 2eonsteip Sos ai¢gnel soereitib sot ested 
| -esed mtote To cogte 
meq Lid Os! to Satin iwshnw b neigcelteh bas sexta reqo1d 


red «BT - PS 1 5 eT . of * 5 saat * ek “ ela ~ Neges 


ao, Sc oe ke fi oh ws. wm eRD «OD , 
es eS a Ee at: : 


Perea KD OF 0s. 08s Aah ga 
PERE BB ht CC B48) > Gs 
Bret ORS! BAS BP GE) Ev Sev PY - OF 
Re SP Ob, 0.8) (EF Re, dye) an Oe: 
Be OEE ORM) BE) OP i ABE Ry), MH OF 
One Co eee ae) ee wat x : 0g 
teliae raglyesheaies ‘ee SGERS eke 
Ol sucHtosat sod on orate of pale eb eomonia att -S70% ae 


Ww 


rit rh 
a) 


S2ReReeRze 
B 


: Riri SEE Ae eS. Wl, be Sy. 36 Ni Pigeek x On 


673 am 
foiled windows a storm bar generally extends around at the ¢ 
of the cusps (Fis. 1136 c). It is natural that the entire des 
ign of the window should be in harmony with the storm bars as 
much as possible, so that the latter may assume a rich arrang 
ment, an example of which is offered by Fis. 1137 from the we 
front of the cathedral of Rheims. 

At the crossings of the storm bars is a bend to avoid weake 
ing the junction, as one must extend over the other (ates 1138), 
as the old works show. a 

One of the cover bars extends through at the intersections, : 
while the other abuts at its ends, but the ends of these bars 
reguire no fastening at the jambs. In recent windows. sometimes . 
a narrow cover bar is carried around the entire perimeter of 7 
the window in order to press the glass panel against the stone _ 
rebate, but this is useless as a rule, for good puttying mostly 
suffices, and the wind bars ending at the jamb are fixed in 
little holes in the jamb or in the sroove. 


Dimensions of cross section of storm bars. 

So that the storm bars may well resist the wind anf not bend 
too much, they must not be made too thin and their ends must a 
be firmly fastened. A bar vith movable ends breaks 1 1/2 times _ 
easier and bends 5 times as much as a fixed bar of the same 
eross section. 

Assuming a wind pressure of 120 kil per sq. m and a permiss-_ 
ible stress in the iron of 1000 kil per sq. cm, there are cola! | 
lected in the following Table the required dimensions of storm a 
bars for different lengths and distances apart. : 

Sizes of storm bars. 4 

Proper size and deflection d under wind of 120 kil per sq.” ‘De 


-Span e “Bist. We sas it Fog a eoWs e a days d * We’ e ig ee qd e z 


CMe CMe mi ne mm mm mm nmi mm mm mm. 
75 60 25 9. W980 30 8 52.401 235 ane 2x3. 9 
75 90 95° $4) 406) 590, O86. SEPP ivg5ey ee 10983 


100 60 95° 42°" 256300" 446 Q08e% 35°. 10lamaa aan 


100 90 BO. hare DPR 195° S48r Boh Cagiaes 2uy 
125 60 An at Oa 035 Eg See 4.1 
£25 99 30°47 DAs 96 46) 1 358- OORON GS 364. 


150 Ee ee A a 
150 90 30° 920° "8.5. 1850" « 198 B88" eke Ae 4.9 
Note. The thickness is given in entire mm for fractions over 1 


ais ree une ue nore 4: MB REE mor 
aul ar | : I 
a patties. :) wose elaRe gerley selodst of R | 


2 edt eXtaleiies dtiw bemuens ed tonneo seeks conte tye 
+ tedt oe ,8\t suods beesetont ed of era 2ted adé to zea 
pPegnowta 6 dove jemse odd exismet [eitstam edt ai seer 
shane Gentt essit eluson ehned [fkte eyswhse ehne efdervon 
.efde? ed? nf sad tenclat hexit oft +04 seviy 
P02 yino sottebup mi emoo yaol mo C8F of BEL exe 
stse2t oe eterly (SOLE ISI paytd) amotetvib Leotiacy atin 
t0V ‘quot eat to #oette gainetti¢a edd sot beinuwoo ed ot 
Slide: us efde so taus encls ated wetevensis edd tans ,2isd 
age ) Mietever seel. ni eizgaed tseip doug to, ernecose bate 
¢ Swe at eeonsrbs odt yatelilite xd .wom epntblind Iso 
* exody -ebin me 2 ci S\i 8 ancitosr YY dbeyolgme ed oefs yen 
}pyet aut ayguowt? gaisasy tot beetfitu yltoerkh ad oso ds 
(@ Beutot ek ‘ec of # wort eghe getuo edt gutbwod 28 (gers 
a tes eseqzng omas Gdt itch to ,tulol towel edt gokioet wag 
) @oidew ,oale 40 usqqod (bse to cinta 5 wed goat ads 1e%0 


« 4 


or 


| Ni ga wtot cals HSiluoo baa teur word ecsoovorq omits oman 
aa denoo edi Lerveney ai svt .tetax Beaoebnoo tot feasano 
ca eda #2 tadd ,bevissesg Glew on oi .aeys) eLbbik ett to 


Bite bas Educt wesakit 
pi <-Ouat, to mio 

987 ofguie s cad Lisw odd (gnigels tuodtin eominsqe so% 
emo APBEL fot OSSP gt) eleever diiw ono 20 dust. self 
sy 6 to so [lew srt to sostare eds tenis3e ‘sil exatiode 
“COME *.2f%) etedor (Lewe s o¢at tit yout Ae Orre -Ri®) 
emis Jeeliase yaev edt wos? ewsd swobsix beselg yrartace 
BY “i Kohaiw to dvbiw Cleme edt détw doida vd <adus¢ beyelas 
{ga sat .betsinbse ad teom tdbif ert elise xotat visvits 
a Sitto we SRN LETT .aRt9) att tesniely etivat awode 
ee '-8B1%) doit eesl to et0n eyrtbtuom idin noitentdmoo ci 


hella otdtod eLSbit at gaittuo90 rlinewpsrt edwsi, odd 
“SBA Me bil GoM seRit) obdtos efed at ro (x bart 
gis sir REO neded od yaa dust roboin beqgese s to olquaxs 
in aot. ‘adsewiotid of beateteas3t omss sit anode o Shft 
“Anata elbim) agif ds Lexbottsc oft Yo gaiblind 
ante eAiamay amide padmet te eslqusze bagsanconsi 


~MObiootore - 


f(r *819) egathinod ni teal ylovitns et tivo (0 bE - 


aN@ AL 


: aii 


> yam bofeiidsizs os eetinolons eft to eonetsegx a | & 


Mi 


Q74 


The tabular values again show a-striking agreement with 


experience of the ancients, are established for fixed ends, bd 
‘but since these cannot be assumed with certainty, the thicknes 
ses of the bars are to be increased about 1/5, so that the s 
ress in the material remains the samegs such a stronger bar w 
movable ends always still bends nearly three times as much a 
given for the fiked thinner bar in the Table. : 

Bars 125 to 150 cm long come in question only for windows w 
with vertical divisions (Figs. 1131, 1132), where so little 
to be counted for the stiffening effect of the long vertizal 
bars, that the transverse bars alone must be able to meet the 
wind pressure. ,or such great lengths in less severely histor= 
cal buildings now, by utilizing the advances in our technics _ 
may also be employed # sections 3 1/2 to 5 em wide, whose we 
ab can be directly utilized for passing through the keys. ( 
1139). By bending the outer edge from a to a’ is formed & dr 
pretseeting the lower joint, or for the same purpose may be b 
over the iron bar a strip of lead, copper or zinc, which at 
same time protects from rust and could also form an internal. 
channel for condensed water. But in general the construction 
of the middle ages is so well. preserved, that it scarcely needs 
protection. j , | 

Window jabs aha siiis: 
Form of jamb. 

For openings without slazing, the wall has a simple rectan 
lar jamb or one with reveals (Figr. 1140 to 1141). Some clos: 
shutters lie against the surface of the wall or of a rebate, . 
(Fig. 1110 a), they fit into a small rebate (Pis. 1140). On th 
contrary glazed windows have from the very earliest time onwat 
splayed jambs, by which with the small width of window im rel- 
atively thick walls the light must be admitted. The splay is 
shown in its plainest form (Figs. 1143, 1143 ea), or it ocenrs 
in combination with mouldings more or less rich (Pigs. 1143, 
1143. ¢), or it is entirely lost im mouldings (Fig. 1145),lik | 
the jambs frequently occurring in Middle Gothic (Pigs. 1144, — 
1144 a) or in Late Gothic (Figs. 1145, 114) a). As a typical © 
example of a stepped window jamb may be taken Fig. 1142; Pig. 
1142 a shows the same transferred to brickwork from the west— 
puilding of the cathedral at Riga (middle of 13 th century). — 
Further examples of jambs 3re contaéned in Figs. 1146,1148 t 


o pbte Qaisevoo edt of wobain odd to enoitslen org} 


) Yea @9680 Sm0e. ai edast wobatn edd tedd wbetete yhaotis 
t ob swe sd move 40 pnteeestdnd ot Yo eebie add déin bk 
a" RA eGRAS: sedohiine {fae | 
p tnenyoLores snbeae eds anckiive elbbin tiv ewobnin ack 
© eieduon eit awob gnityriso eetispet (wolsd’ sos) yreosad ond 
om tisd t{neot oret todd oe ,edmayy ebie ods go noif{un sd 
enoliird: Tek heflss-orn edt aus 
| enadin 20 adeet oid déiw betosnnoo oi eaorlfoo Ifen ar 
Sedetages siedt sais of yasesentind sad ddin ,Joseds e18 are 
> weds glows sry seen]. edd to ddgted.edt ai aiemet erste 
| suman ec af asdt dofdw .bne wo tse efocfd List to gaienoo 
ext dust edt diiw betgennoo e118 arsoait 10% astel nnoce 
paren mse odd ai benidmoo ancisvifaco diéod awo95 yitnenp 
eR ete: sebavor edd ot bieker wi SY 4g oo anode 
, Shee Pea . efite wohabpere , 
edd sot taste edt entaner sesid to doold deemol edt 20 
meded ylisvense sie sdzied seodw ot .{abtl .2i@ ot 2 ) Life 
@dt gniarct to gniynsqmocce od enuuloo elttil sdé to eseed 
AiR glaommoo tedt ot beaoqyo ei woitouweanco sid? .enotl 
etitas edt tot sosig sao to shsm et {ite wobaiw sig ydst 
etetq ei fas ,edmst sdt dtssaed esesag Bas wobniw ent to 
is “tuo00 gaum tedt {fie edt to Brtiserd odd ebiovea gi esate 
edd désentebot bointdo et dmat eft gebou tutiaesxs [lie edt 
‘ masveth A .etuooo Gmst: sdt to snswalttes gnowte s bas elbbin 
9q: oi odd apdd bas exsdmse cmat add ov’ Sabot’ bas sit to 
; WOTl tesew daeverg of yreeesosn sie onctes ede To mrot 
fod buibroooA -Oarot eit baisrotas yitoedtih bos dust ead awob 
Ton 10 sa te edafenco [Lie wobmiw adt .{fse edt to ezeniotdt 
90 | Beef 102 sao sad to 10 .redte dose no bisl ersides 


j ’ 


eat eit tedt of .°@d dais tedsexy Lite edd to noltentfoni 


es saoge 8 to sham et [fie ofilte snode aeqgn ost Cert RLF 
i /@e0b deew tewol s tedt o2 vey .ootifom edt to ushinw end 
seeped apache feoitzey elttil s tud .sn0 aeqqe edt sunitacs 
“ay (eg vem th oltiw deer odd sennizace doidy woled 
P Sas bah od Sivode ¢I .ebient sostice [stnosivod « 
ieee ee re it Onc TO ot ede huah sid to sottentlons 


ml i.’ ; Ns hae ry 


me Wt 


m) 


a | APA 


d $f eetwoiil ons (ORE .q) evode Ssdizoeeb need yossath | | 


Said edd guiism of ehssi sedt etniot bed to sonsteixe ef? 


fhso00s 2omtiomo® .etvos cot ed ton. ‘YSN oMote tuo odd to - 


675 
The relations of the window to the covering side arch haye 3 
already been described above (p. 350), and likewise it has been 
already stated, that the window jambs in some cases may comnc- — 
ide with the sides of the buttresses, or even be sunk in them. _ 
Wall mullions. a 
For windows with middle mullions the regular development of 
the tracery (see below) requires carrying down the members of 
the mullion on the side jambs, so that here result half mall- 
ions, the so-called walt mullions.: | 
The wall mullions are connected with the jambs, or where 
these are absent, with the buttresses, so that their separate 
piers remain in the height of the courses. yore rarely they 
consist of tall blocks set on end, which then in the manner ; 
shown later for tracerr) are connected with the jamb. More fre- — 
quently occur both conditions combined in the same window, as” 
shown on p. 1/2 in regard to the rounds. 


Window sill. 4 
On the lowest block of these remains the start for the window 
sill (a in Pig. 1146), in whose height are generally taken the — 
bases of the little columns b accompanying or forming the mul- 
lions. This construction is opposed to that commonly used, whe- 
reby the window sill is made of one piece for the entire width — 
of the window and passes beneath the jambs, and is preferred 
since it avoids the breaking of the sill, that must occur if 
the sill extending under the jamb is chinked underneath the 
middle and a strong settlenent of the jamb occurs. A distance 
of the end joint from the jamb members afid thus the hook-shaped 
form of the stone are necessary to prevent water from flowing ~~ 
down the jamb and directly entering the joint. Accordins to the — 
thickness of the wall, the window sill consists of two or more 
ashlars laid on each other, or of but one for less thickness. 
The existence of bed joints then leads to making the ansle of 
inclination of the sill greater that 45°, so that the edge c - 
of the cut stone may not bs. too acute. Sometimes according to 
Fis. 1147 the upper stone sfiihe sill is made of.a stone with. 
the width of the mullion, yet. so that a lower wash does not. 
continue the upper one, but a little vertical fillet a is left, @ 
below which continues the wash, while it may pe continued in 4 
2 horizontal surface inside. It should be noted, that a steeper 
inclination of the wash is ever favorable, if possible for more 


a 
eee. 


é [ Ten ecer waite? AP ieiecy a ae va wy mi MS One ee 
Ap Ws ie i See ik Ree a ee (|) 
nis, * 1“ : r n 
> ' : i, - i 


( si +) a Le Seat ate aw 7 ;t) 
| Loeenpla seito oft of deettnoo ‘ede qd fae . °c ages O\AY 
3098 edt ,tostte bedsmtas ag eeoubory esostiwe Lats | ¢ 
a edd ftiw betosmaoo emasfoo elstst£ edt to cousd sat 
p bhotte: anottsnifont tsétalt ct hevoqgo bus ,soiese shew 
he esesd of? .dddied wteei2 oF oldiaiv gated to exstaay 
o. ib B60 tizied omse edd de sif (fe tetitie yam enmuloo 
b te eéntot bad ed yd beréwtsdeb ed yam sesdd .ansy 
»sifte wobatw edd ovods ii mobloe yea? ,atdared 
eeaciiina roharv 
2 bold Iles to ebem ene enotifnm yntkbtvtb botefosr ont 
/ Stedd aistaisa eitow aeffo edd no bas .boe no gaibh 
d non euounitacs tuottiw enofs ddutew ifeds yd noisteod 
’ eis anoiifum edt eiaow tetsl ynem no ytsitnos odd 00 
© sb sottenssoxe oW .beaiupet ei bie eidd sedi .asbesle niev 
ores ‘Das yew toblo sit et oldsieiesg doum yiIsv yoru .bebsen 
t seaoroai 6 sonte tuG .1sd nowt tess emooed yau enotuyt 
ido yaous <edimil eti-esi sdater gatesetont sdé of nottaog 
d | feosq to dibiw aedse1k 2 o¢ bast eum soneissoqe edd 
Setvbe od teom di .anisele ety to aslq ond of sldsi0vet 
o noitonber B xd aedtie .,saoif{fonm edt to dyed sdt folutéass 
bead to Baivewcl s yd to .wobaty stigvne edt to dklied ont 
Se edt to snil sead ods woleg geonsamoo ybsstls ¢f oe . yx 
pets oom eee nooe [fede ow es) cavheooxg tovdel ett yo .Kors 
Peds) to Satbscl sit end due yisrsis odd to tdgien edt (yt 
m BO .ydilidate odd Sessioni comttomoe stotersdd (Liv enoif 
mniaettite s Gavot ef solavtnso dt Of foe dt AY ods to edson 
seme oxis S18 gedd .asdors betrior begens yd enotl iva edt to 
ectert .yteonxd to etnerounette temoty Bete bevosanco esrtt 
[tote 880994 kotésor endt <2ges0 Soin astesoe to altolstteap 
sollhapahd qigoatod .ddated sheds ber #8 anoiflcn edd to coidos 
HW to-Sattatenoo yleten enckioenreo sit bedtino sated geno 
bho’ £ se {stmosiiod to wave ro shite yd etie bengerse 954 
fisot eszese eds ufsmss eqgciilem eit to dtoold towel sad ‘nO 
an epee {lew edt tot es tsmaew amee ant at [fte 
wo -treestt odd to coldveenl 
Onn. | odd ah Gldasient: asdt ef yieostt ed# to slodn sn? 
BE teddie <S0sit edt oi gaifeneq boom sit 2s Yew ease sid at 
eid peebiees «(2 hI! .eit) wofio# s so (GRIT .git) olans ae 
“eo oe. B to (9 GIP .bL): ecooet s eLdaoupsrt ai 
te : nf Pee saier ai fede: id earr at) | 


oN eae ny ‘Ne % ‘ el | t i 2 y mA i » ‘ , “J 


ve 
ry 


fon 
a os 


ay 


. tA 


> > ONES ee We tea Je , A! 
Bee sed Maree lay SE), 


676 
than 45°, and by the contrast to the other vertical and hori | 
ontal surfaces produces an animated effect, the arrangement of 
the bases of the little colunms connected with the mullions isi 
madé easier, and opposed to flatter inclinations afford the ad- 
vantage of being visible to sreater height. The bases of the 
columns may either all lie at the same height, or as in Hig. 
1146, these may be determéned by the bed joints at different a 
heights, They seldom lie above the window sill. 4 


aT 
‘a 


Window mullions. a 

fhe isolated dividing mullions are made of tall blocks stan- 
ding on end, and on the older works maintain their vertical is 
position by their weight alone without. continuous iron bars. | E 
On the contrary on many later works the mullions are made so | 
verry Slender, that this aid is required. No explanation is 
needed, how very much preferable is the older way and how ine 
‘jurious may become that iron bar. But since an increase in pro- 
portion to the increasing height has its limits, amons others 
the appearance must lead to a greater width of panel tham is q 
favorable to the plan of the slazins, it must be advisable tory 
restrict the height of the mullions, ecither by a reduction of 
the height of the entire window, or by a lowering of the aa 
ery, so it already commences below the base line of tbe window 
arch. By the latter procedure (as we shall soon see more clear= | 
ly), the weight of the tracery and thus the loading of the mul- 
lions will therefore sometimes increase the stability. Om many — 
works of the 14 th and 15 th centuries is found a stiffening 
of the mullions by cusped pointed arches, that are also some-. 
times connected with richer arransements of tracery, trefoils, — 
guatrefoils or squares with cusps, thus creating a cross conn= 
ection of the mullions at half their height, commonly the are 
ches bein’ omitted, the connections merely consisting of squa= 7 
res arranged side by side or even of horizontal mullions. a 
On the lower block of the mullions remain the starts for the — 
sill im the same manner as for the wall mullions (Pig. 1146). q 
Insertion of the trecery. aa 

The whole of the tracery is then inserted in the window arch 
“in the same way as the wood paneling in the frame, either in 4 
an angle (Fig. 1148) or a hollow (Fig. 1148 a). Besides there. ~ 
is frequently a recess (Pid. 1148 c) or a groove and tongue, 7 
(Fis. 1148 b), that is only short by the nature of the stone 


as ¥@ sbsowd tnd gaol we 20008 ~esoging odd a 
al os aliath ed nohtonisedos sedione beaottsem of stk hii oF 


g eqns migiago yd bas dow wobaie edt seban ylégusds egodte 
_ thiges edd te sredseqque edd sottel edt wort gottoot 
Boe ec . eeetwebie ¢removon Ife danisge bosg)eat 
eens gnitetaso s umtot ress onoe of yrsosat odT 
. Pgatavat etotsd betoere sd oedt Jeon Soe dots wobsin 
i i: () -seootifum edi to Bathsol bas enctenouts 
ee aarie 2' ~motioen reer to mre? bas orto 
nooudéd apotenecib to waoitrogesq etintieh deildstes of 
io Motel ott ca . flew sid to eacaioisds eds Pas enoillom 
6 od Gian of olfquaxe 102 (RCE vg) Bevol evad oF moce pogs 
ie a edd .te eesadotdd edd to OF\b 10 £\f aoklium edt to 
ae feapbeoosg 4 bos omit qiise ft to nottibaid » bomisd sd 
fa goidton cen ered? secnonsriupes oitets to gauoose elsstl 
ew | »ifsme to esorifua ott enooteoanth ai yatesstonk to yax 
patie 10 exnibiven dmst edd dtie yoomted at medt ovalg oF 
ov! b Rniddoa ait stedé Lasenes ri Jud .ewobuin gaivoddeies 
teat 08 a nahate eid to tdated edd yileioeges bus gate sit tae ~ 
PD ylevitales yd boiteiése ad nso ellen Anidd ot ewodaiw [lame 
BD aktd) nt ewobaiw datd act yleeimsyroo slides ,esolilow sshasl 
a ot beaw sd deom {isw to agominids oxtsas eft tsonle Appa 
pace ie 3 -eldste 
D eaoretes dtin nidt obsm ei notifvn edt to. agig. bavoth od? 
preeoanm Sas ebietco beysiqe ei bar .ddgil to nciseimbs ods od 
b edt yisiwtnoo edd. oO .(@StT .oF9) dmat edd ddiw yoowrsd 
wee moiésoxih cids oi Sonte ,elderebienco eft noilf{nm edd ko 
‘ ijegoiiiuw to ensia bayor: Jeo¥ \.stvece1g Patw edd tetees 
te .OCL! sett to ocala bawotg bettisgquis edi tnods od sevuetee 
naig goo1s 2 doue .enolseecod bas saoltoeco1g gaisilance 19d 
2 bos: foreddiiw. teenk bas neduo ,d asendoids spsceve, edt) te 
perth. Teteery ods at bae .*d, 2,230 wets 16.284. .d 8 te dtqedb 
foeatb. selleme oft ni to, a> to sitisal to daemog 8 soit 
pitiggecl 2 sed oxsd edd to ctubt? botrseat afl .----<to sao 
Wr Jon ei th tedd .gcorte ylineloi tine ed tena motlinn ed? 
salt bas ,seiwshie booed gon esch Si teddy ,bsol ati asda be 
hs eae cid! ain Bk - eo (\) ebalw odt yd goed tea ef ti cadt 
obeys Bntderdo of eoustzizes to8 beol.ovgtzsy 
idtedd gnibsol edd, ,enoiliou robasle cot ton dtit 
SH eat hte meee ebasgsbh weds, of, si 


ARE 


oni 


677 | 
and the purpose, 3 to 5 cm longs but broad. By Viollet-le-Duc 
is also mentioned another construction by which the tracery “ 
stops abruptly under the window arch and by certain clamps pro- 4 
jecting from the latter the supporters of the capittals are 
insured against all movement sidewise.: 

The tracery in some cases forms a centering arch for the 
window arch and must then be erected before turning the latter. 
Dimensions and loading of the mullions. 9 


Size and form of cross section. _ | 
To establish definite proportions of dimensions wine the. = 
mullions and the thickness of the wall, es the later middle a. | 
ages seem to have loved (p. 352), for example to make the depth © 
of the mullion t/3 or 4/10 of the thickness of the wall, must 
be termed a tradition of the early time and a procedure taking — 
little account of static requirements. There was nothing in the 
way of increasing in dimensions the mullions of small windows ; 
to place them in harmony with the jamb mouldings or with larger — 
neighboring windows, but in general there is nothing decisive 
but the size and especially the height of the window, so that 
small windows in thick walls can be satisfied by relatively 
Slender mullions, while conversely for high windows im thin © 
walls almost the entire thickness of wall must be used to be 
stable. , 
The ground plan of the mullion is made thin with reference 
to the admission of light and is splayed outside and-inside in © 
harmony with the jamb (Fig. 1149). On the contrary the depth 
of the mullion is considerable, since in this direction it must 
resist the wind pressure. Viost ground plans of mullions can be 
referred to about the simplified ground plan of Fig. 1150, af- 
ter equalizing projections and recessions. Such a ground plan 
of the average thickness b, outer and inner widths of > and a 
depth of 2 b, has ar area Sfui Subs, and in the greater direc- — 


ed under its load, that it does not bend sidewise, and finally 
that it is not. bent by the wind. 

Maximum load fot resistance to chkushing. 

With not too slender mullions, the loading that cam be assi- ~~ 

éned to them depends only on the resistance of the material to — 


tion a onent of inertia of --- , or in the smaller dices 
one piceee The inserted figure of the kern has a length ore 
The mullion must be sufficiently strong, that it is not ers 


es 
= iy = 


»  sesaes 
soll 


a os UV 2 


ene ‘yutsxne00: iether cae $0 tanooo8 50 ehniterro 
| Wi¢iw anette eid gesd otteldecivba ef i .bsol citésso | 
sof ietse bLloi-0. xitosbords os dtin bas .etimil ets 
“(gsit0n omt{ ni dtowsotad. s0t wo .p2 teq Lid ¢ yino 
3 he .Stose Juo ywenibro to setion tnomeo ak siotad bees 
i! 9004 .8180 fetooue dtin tee enote too bred acl Lid 0 
oe bas tots wo @f ,0@ff sb£@ to r10t odd to sotdoee seord & 
d yisalozo ni betosexs Ii be este mo .p2 SE esd geeb mo 
ade tuo busd) ai to ,Lit OCel = SEE < ¢ evisser binos ator 
| fete Gaebaw 30h .o no A ofdeT nT [iv OS{A = SEE x OS 
aedmun 6 101 (idaten + beol) ebsol Ietod eldteeiureg ent 
ise | ps eacoiiium ts eaoivoese ezor9 M 
 sgattieud $0 ¢anoooe no notifiew to thpied bas gaibseod fi 
ik Se tegned sit .tdeted nisssso # becoxe enoif{inua edt II 
x Soneupeence mi .Saidew1o to tsat nedd tatset od {Lin anarl 
velaetbhnogest100 aidtiw ¢qex od ot asdd ef deol aids doidw 
[ eldtevinres edd sfownxot asvibz sft yd otaluoleO .ediail sol 
eds yd Buthestesss bas) woiliom edd ftextdgted sdt sot t 


+ssotidoud tol alumi0r da 
A i = ¥, 


ey 


Rt iF 


a>) on edt déiia bales ces ti ao Rakteos beol = Kh otek r 
| thneqeh énetoitteceta et a ‘itd af aetitsum eds to tiled teqay 
scenos ‘toet109 ud oted bas ,2bnae efit gaixil to’ ebow ef2 co 
BW + ebsm vino ei-ytelse tot gud .B bas f£ soewsed setl nok 
eXtiotitesio to exiubow = G ;etedmna bavort af Of = Satie = 
a +02 enoiseayiteeval evitoeteh Iftite yintsseo eit o¢ gatbiooos 
,000 oa te onote tuo tY0e sot (000,082 te novig et adoiasd 
“gt eft@aent to toemom eds 2it & - 000,002 te orote tuo baad 
} yan Sed? ytotse to taototiileco a ei 2 teadbned 20 soitsetib ng 2 
. ; ! m0 ai dtgued = [ yfieatt bas ,Of te Hetsd 
yeetwehte Booed bivow aoiilwm edt ,daixe asad ssote of t1- ’ a. 
ottoee 22010 tro af br -~} sitteri to tnemom taacf{ edt haba: a. 
com eed ate’ tebav seviy olde edt .beiebienoe ed ot af 
ad a2 codtvent has *8acitoos sacro fneseltib tot atixeci to ‘hm 
paenrnes edd to tdgied eldieaztmreq edt ai yf tohsw zaanivo 5 
ao toetto edt a0t has rheol secs Bled dtie 27 Beolt {fut s 
Bi dat mo 0& bas Aotdt wo 8! sotlium & .adgtosn uwo ett 
SS2B Baot. Misd s tot ,ymol m 0.8) cf 8.2 hoof fut s 102 obew 
“yd = soem ne aw Ores St enois feol avo eth 10% hus \m PS 
yh a orion vient pontene {i bawoee BLor-or eldat 


6 7" he 


y 
& 


my rd 


‘Ge as 


‘ o i 1 a Leh Mi t ) 
,* Bir lg “h ab Pa eae : 


678 


centric load, it is advisabletto keep the stress within moder- © 
ate limits, and with an abundantly .0-fold safety, to allow . 
only 5 kil per sq. cm for brickwork in lime mortar, 10 kil for — 
good bricks in cement mortar or ordinary cut. stone, and at most 
20 kil for hard cut stone set with special care. Accordingly | 
a cross section of the form of Pig. 1150, 15 cm thick and 30 
em deep has 338 sq. cm area aiid if executed in ordinary brick- 
work could receive 5 x 338 = 1690 kil, or in hard cut stone _ 
20 x 338 = 6720 kil. In Table A on p. 496 under P are given 
the permissible total loads. (load +. weight) for a number of 
cross sections nf mullions. 
Loading and height of mullion on account of buckling. 

If the mullions exceed a certain height, the danger of buck- 
ling will be greater than that of crushing, in consequence of + 
which this load is then to be kept within correspondingly smal- q 
ler limits. Calculate by the siven formula the permissible load 
N for the heiSht:oflthe mullion, (and conversely) by the sener- 
al formula for bucklins:- 

N = 14---- ° 

Here N = load resting on it oicckes with the weight of the 
upper half of the mullion in kil; n is aheoefficient depending 
on the mode of fixing the ends, and here by correct construct= 
ion Lies between 1 and 4, but for safety is only mate = 1:7 2 
= 3.14% = 10 in round numbers; E = modulus of elasticity, that 
according to the certainly still defective investigations for 
bricks is given at 150,000, for soft cut stone at 250,000, for 
hard eut stone at 400,000:- J is the moment of inertia in the 
direction of bending; s is a coefficient of safety that may be 
taken at 10, and finally 1 = length in cm. i 

If no storm bars exist, the mullion would bend sidewise, and - 
thus the least moment of inertia (-- 1% in our cross section) 
is to be considered. The Table gives under J; these moments 
of inertia for different cross sections, and further in three: 
calumns under 1, is the permissible height of the mullion for 
a full load P, with half that load, and for the effect only of 
‘its own weight. A mullion 15 em thick and 30 cm deep could be 
made for a full. load 4.8 to 6.0 m long, for a half.load 6.8 to 
8.4. m, and for its own loai alone 12 to 16 m, to have the des- 


rable 10-fold security against sudging sidewise. 


we ae 
; 2a f 7 
i ies Ms iy ve 


nee i 


Shit se geen, PUN Pas eT ee ro. eee! 
en 


b ote 


if ee 

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pein oo elu neo patgivd hed? ,enoldiivn sit avented ysts 
ad ata fo ¢aemoe meutgem £0 .ftqgoh eft to eoksoorkh 
adeynel ofé0volis ocd oltde ,xau t «#how olds? off at bavot 
bis POST gf debau saoneloo ¢ oct ni havot eis noitfcgn est to 
pga wornté OF teodsa ef heol [fut tefau digaol eldia— 
eyethe geetroy baa dalsuoexe Lehor dttw It .cotilvs of 
* 2,800 8) qrotsea seifsee yd ‘Pettattce od bitow eco alate 
“i ai od Bivoo geulav neludss eg? aeade e(bIot-Ot To band 
4 e gaiysie tagiotitva dain tsdt of ,ineo tey 001 a3 08 
_ oer Gybd se uemts 905 to OF ebhem of Hfroo aotliva si 

‘eit co ebieged cotifum sebaets « dove 16 yiididieecq eal 
cs: igpnove’ ou te eocedaines Bas “eictiesle séz to saolsrhace 
ig . ‘qfewitclet od nse exote to exel¢ stage to bared. oafe 
| “ano ae to? elidt -aout to boow Yo enod? asdt vebueiz eton 
} Meute Br og OF ot feuwpe dtgaet o atin #204 sebocw stexsce 
, Hhiétde Netdanre Gadd ullees oxom etuooe galktoud. retews th 
ie, Ob of 88-5 fail? wooo of tetq stove #@ x0t hasot 
i¥ \etneions eae ye bestutcret ylscesttoo arege vost 4 ,tSesoes 


ev npadeahii ei siedto geome as ,bexilisnu need ovat seum tt 
we 


ar 
& 
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é 


ris 


SHU te feqedo teisd edd ,giedaefies t6 eltises edd si eteig 
prereebocts o4¢ bea , spi to farhbensacd edt Po Leqeds eble s 
Yao@ .26senio giudeett2 Yo wobriw exct efis stoted sanutoe 
Boss oxen of #06 ilew cb Biwow ete tevostom 4aeig bebael vii 
ie ahs? Meas 438 of Evo 08 ot f asad etom szortebaese 
a ssingezeag hoin tertegs sdpled eldawoilts 
iow sas to @tanol eft o# Stel ei ehr#itel astse1g ycousds 31 
bedd {itw yorolo edt ,ynigiud to wegash sad of bregey ok soil 
: jrbaiw snouts e ot begooxe ekywobrin edt tihnozoto ad atintl 
_ yeidsT sdi to ensuloo Setdd gesf edd ai owode 22 ,stvage 
bie doiad A swoled ceviy alentol edt yd bsisluslso ar¢ 
_dtade seoustetbh atin ylsetbroocs qseb mo Of bos dokst mo. 
pu: goitnoexe dtiw Raol a f.€ 30 ¢,€ sd eno neo uo COL of 
je 00 bisd.act 10 onode goo nb wm €.b of E12 tO .sateom toon 
—t03 Lftde bas edtensl dsetg on ors, ovedT om f.0 of I. on 
ous itt, OSS to exseeesq bow etarebou s elec dXid Beosiq eno 
a : en Qe noieserquoo egbs. guovte s-elidw. eoded elo 
% savory e mt [41/08 satren sail ni Asixd moe 28! d iy 
$1 hbiad ses hewolis ex Lid Oh bss ,enote tao 104 
ele 5 ton sheauler pe leene edd nvede £998 08 
| eal ae 


hi 5% 4 ms : i 
, 2.0 7.) its ’ f 


 ¢ i. i wy > a < 
OTT Any ee oe 
ete , 


> we " i ant in Ant 4 t = 
nA.’ ’ : i , 4 eb rd , 
ary UP) Al br 5 oe te Aerts Ah pee re = 4 oe 


679 


stay between the mullions, then bulging can only occur in the» J 
directfon of the depth. The maximum moment of inertia is. then : 
found in the Table under J max, while the allowable lengths © 
of the mullion are found in the 83 columns under lo The permis- | 
sible length under full load is about 40 times the depth of t 
the mullion. If with model execution and perfect building sae 
erials one would be satisfied by smaller safety (5 or 2.5 ina- 9 
tead of 10-fold), then the tabular values could be increased | 
50 to 100 per cent, so that with sufficient staying sidewise 
the mullion could be made $0 or 80 times as high as. deep. 

The possibility of such a slender mullion depends on the 
conditions of the elasticity and resistance of the stone, and 
also round or square piers of stone can be relatively much 
more slender than those of wood or iron. While for & round or 
Square wooden post with a length equal to 10 to 13 times its 
diameter buckling occurs more easily than crushing, this is 
found for a stone pier to occur first at 25 to 40 times its aie | 
ameter, a fact again correctly recognized by the ancients, when 5 
it must have been utilized, as among others is shown in the p 
piers in the castle at Marienberg, the Brief chapel at Libeck, 
a side chapel of the cathedral of Riga, and the slender little 
columns before the rose window of Strasburg minster. For heay= 
ily loaded piers moreover one would do well tot to make the s 
slenderness more than 1 to 20 or 1 to 25. 

Allowable height against wind pressure. 

If. thereby greater latitude is left to the length of the mul- ~ 
lion in regard to the dangsr of bulging, the closer will: the 
limits be chosen if the window is exposed to a strong wind pr- 
essure, as shown in the last three. columns of the Table, which 
are calculated by the formula given below. A brick mullion 15 
em thick and 20 cm deep accordingly with distances abart of 75 
to 100 ecm can only be 3.5 or 3.1 m long, with execution in ce- 
ment. mortar, or 5.3. to 4.3. m in cut stone, or for hard cut. sto- = 
ne 7.1 to 6.1 m. These are no great lengths and still for wind- 
ows placed high only a moderate wind pressure of 120 kil per 
‘sqg- m is taken, while a strong edge compression up to 10 kil 

er uskSn tor brick in lime mortar, 20 kil in cement mortar or 
for cut stone, and 40 kil are allowed for hard cut stone. To 
go much above the tabular values is not advisable accordingly, 


ie ne ie 
; a , a 
r j 
‘a 
i P 


idan ‘i eh 
org est 7% 0 e1aupe edt. ni esenerori AE ots Jsis exon ead 
pagoos ) sogaeb edt boe ,sotifur edt te dtgnol odd ot aot 
heb esoxe S108 eoulsy eat. tt -seaner90i noLkeseetenoo 
p 96 Biso goidoiasesh 8 snoidibaos ceoltlvet dae neve neas 
i oid , eben ed ylao bluoo enoillum sobcele cot baa .bedosg 
ded: sen -q) eved azote avonnifnoo bns dokds yliaotoliive 
mbhant j edd. moxt shiek »admat, edt of enciifom 905 covnst yf fort 
& pend gtsd gout exosntinos mo soneiasqst sit sbattend to 
2 fesdiv ods bas boosid, pte enolline deeds .sonteb tse 
ne ioe Tiehtenths gaooed eisd efdixel? edd ovoied etatoi, os 
ees, t- edt yd gatbaed yaifaererq t03 baof fused 
Aaypdlog Ot telimie Jootte ue aorilum s a9 22uexe Soin edt 

. bas segs sit dotde to soneupernoo ‘nt’ iove tdaiaste s #0 
$ of ah esanegeig ns sviscos anoillym ond to ebns 48 
eds no Battess yrcoasm edt dcoldw .dows efit to tepadd 
ana qivaoiottiuve s e1olezed? 22979m09 of «hast got ts 
bed ead? .néifiow osc to bus sequr ed seaggo as6 yrnosem I 
gare edd ni 3) noki{fpm edt no -heol to tint teqgu edt 2eb 
bene peeud, doo ecob baiw odd It ,dinil sosol & oels el siodd 
pam Aasash of Pogesaones faefoitire to ef goxt sidt .aotilon 
7a soidstabreacs 96 
b enedd <hain odd yd sodoid ad tér you wabitets sit tadt oc 
mene 60% doe x sain oft diin taoggwe Io sil 6 Ji as bemsoi od 
me Yot soivanpe dnewom odd gatdeiidste? .(1CIT .217) @ esote’ 
miaoisslet ad x bas @. 20% benggide ef esecs sokilom sit tied 
Be ¥ mi eS = RE. 


: 4. > 
ey ne. 
7945 a 
‘ec “A 


m2acig baie = & ,wo al nollinw edt to tidgted = 1 sisdd ot. 
ge edd fA .<O0e3ene etaly hose aotiiem 26 Sdgpied wo f no gaisos 
te StgG06e oton to 1 ootot bro ont teum noilinag eds to bre x98g 
, fe baol wecqu eas 28 22078 2o azut ed énonmogqroo {sotésor att 
edd, to x eet ede sedd ,bextt ef eid% ti beso .nolliea ots 
88T soveds noltsupe edi yd fentavdo e¢ of ai trogene. to 
Pei ae land seum tetialL odd tee  .x al teseery edt .d ak 
mA Vecensmieg aiawest of ef gotitsm eds Yt ,ohotianem oi 
meee inieize0 {fiw exngqut emoifiam eof? to # dvqeh edd efeu 
atoegas od gonnse settom edd to somsieleet elienos od “o2 
04 tn0dd cose evon-t2 nexat. ton, atx yflaveU.eved ao beiies 

ui Lee tes ed binow th te pag eter: edt Yo dtgeb eds 
Stet tw ae down aedt. ree pr) ated edt Yo dtgaes 
aa eh tte ed? of hetdse 
Bid acs UY on HAihal al 


680 ee 
the more that the stress increases in the square of the propo 
tion to the lensth of the mullion, and the danger of irresula 
construction increases. If the values were exceeded 2 to 3 £5 
then even with faultless conditions a destriction would be ex- 
pected, and too slender mullions could only be made durable by 
sufficiently thick and continuous storm bars (p. 492), that -* 
firly fasten the mullions to the jambs. Aside from.the danger 
of rusting, the dependence on continuous iron bars has the gr— 
eat defect, that mullions are braced and the vibrations loosen — 
the joints before the flexible bars become effective. | 

Least load for preventing bending by the wind. 

The wind exerts on a mullion an effect similar to the load 
on a straight arch, in consequence of which the upper and low— 
er ends of the mullions receive end pressueges comparable to th 
thrust of the arch, which the masonry resting on the mullion Zz 
at top tends to compress. Therefore a sufficiently great weight — 
of masonry can oppose the upper end of the mullién. Thus besi- + 
des the upper limit of load on the mulliom (P in the Table), 
there is also a lower limit, if. the wind does nowt break the 
mullion. This fact is of sufficient importance to demand a clo: 
ser consideration. | 

So that the mullion may not be broken by the wind, there must 
be formed in it a line of support with the rise x and the end ~ 
forces D (Fis. 1151). Establishing the moment eouation for one 
half the mullion there is obtagned for D and x the relation:- 

Pees Tat ke 

In this 1 = height of the mullion in cm, w = wind pressure 
acting on 1 em height of mulliom and glass surface. At the up- 
per end of the mullion must the end force D or more accurately 
its vertical component be just as great as the upper load on 
the mullion, end if this is fixed, then the rise x of the line 
of support is to be obtained by the equation above. The smalle 
is D, the greater is x, but the latter must not exceed a defin- 
ite magnitude, if the mullion is to remain permanent. If x eq- 4 
uals the depth t of the mullion, rupture will certainly occur, 
for the tensile resistance of the mortar cannot be especially 
- pelied on here. Usually x is not taken at more than bBbout half 
the depth of the mullion, or it would be wanee if — Shercets 4 
length of the kern (----). When such an x * - 9 Siseee 190ca— ae 
serted in the equation, then is found the least permissible 


| ‘edi Pw ee | 

at .. ‘eide% 602) :gokifva edt no a beol edd 20 owlar 
vglama Et ae By x ted? moktquuses edt ao bode 
tno yteathto edt ao beol teeol okt Bexieped .elqmsxd 
th tect oz ,Go9b mo Ob baa awoldt wo OR: eGRid md nokiinue 
a STs to einecer¢! bain sganisgs yoicwoet tcetoitine brotts 
ek Wetines bo enciifum to eenstsih oft cada .m .pe s0¢ 
ott ary ito OObh = £ .wo O8 * x hetdeant ote sigwrot eds «1 
eee q SoOh * Bor 
ie P sbeal sanet = {tx O80f = @ piiad | Pibes “dows * a os 

, + (ans00 yheeufsx. finow exntgve bas (fid O68 © G .ne OF = x 
1 to ‘degaet ed? = ebham si x tedt ,betizeh ei ytetse sesaery 
G0 fit OfCf heol tseef ede ae zevig hodin' wo ff" acex 
= tao @ feol efciceimteq aunixsr od? .24edmenm Bovod af Lik 


e Ri fSsat doidw ,fiX OO0F = elfdet end Ov B3mthctsooe Aciiive 
} wot axsxe avaixem en? audt Soe , fit 003 tects Yo tagten ao 


. a: 


 @etilue oot feud o8 pyleeh trom env ete3oerene . fix OO#82 

ne: ted 7 O80T to baol auwinim aso [kt MOBY to Baol avsixan 

4 RR are senote to m .#o f of S\E eode Ey 0008 
tf S Menten £ echo Yuevs 10% beiaiwofeac e¢ yam ylaalimse 


t P@tom ebltotion tedstc% doidry eaatbeos 20 SkMll sewiats . 
6 “Oas seatosctogqs noilivum edt to dtunel edd seudt- orton one 


73 desi etd aot nevis eaoti{mes ed? to edegnst ent sot sataee” 
Pebscs eidiestates crtintn bas xerixam Ot .efcet oft Yo baey 
Bese OO Hotifinos eds tk ,¢ heol eds sa tw tflealine ebtoatos 


! elses bos .ored odd Hhdstw enioves etseesiq es sads ,bedetl 
pol ylevitelex TOT. AEA OF so OF OF Hbeeoxe ton ILete erseceny 
‘a )\e@%e0 Istoeqes dtin hentwieset ed teum back edt eaollt fun 
| ~Wfubas Seacedde od OF fon Bk Isteoden 
hebttiva to enoigose seoro taststiib xie wot 4 side? gt 
ee Sivessig bain & atin yistse rot cbaol tosef et nevi 
ois Lum oeswied eooneselb sgeasve 101 besbot ,@ spe ssa Li 
mons enoiifon to ddgted s dtir .m O@.f Ene OO.F (20.0 to 
edd to etintl semixse odd navi e716 aoekisgnoo s0F .m OF 
a tad «A Side? ot sis pbserls tedd Wolezetgmos yd hssispss 
tt sidsT sidt 20*.anavfgo & tes. ods af betesqes oieds 
Aas vgoitioe 0 asbov asviz ebscl unggaie odd tads .bedste 
esha dud .amtote ot Besogue dofia.oo Nos svobatw fotpoexa 
i os muha at noftsool hesogxs has soityoexe tcias 
Gas rot bast reddo sit co hate veidsed to 8\C to 
ie edd a0 { ede od ancbaty betoe 


ipa TY) 3 ee i 


ay Ae) 
an i) ay a vi wy I 


’ 


‘ 


ON en me ee ers ts es 


681 
value of the load D on the mullion. (See Table that is estab 
ished on the assumption that x = -). 
Example. Required the least load on the ordinary cut stone 
mullion 4 m high, 20 em thick and 40 em deep, so that it may © 
afford sufficient security against wind pressure of 120 kil 


per sq. m, when the distance of muilions on centres a ee cae 8 
0 x (96m 
In the formula are inserted -x * 20 om, 1 = 400 cn,” © = -=+=S==55 


= 1,08. 2 babe 
1.08 * 400 

20.3 © -e-o= pte 5 hence D = 1080 kil = least lnad. (for 
x = 40 om, D = 540 kil, and rupture would already occur). If 
greater safety is desired, then x is made = the length of the 
kern = 11 em, which gives as the least load 1960 kil. or 2000 
kil in round numbers. The maximum permissible load P on this 
mullion according to the Table = 6000 kil, which includes its 
own weight of about 500 kil, and thus the maximum extra load = a 
5500 kil. Therefore one must design so that the mullion has a” 
maximum load of 53800 kil or a minimum load of 1080 or better 
2000 kil, thus 1/2 to 1 cu. m of stone. 

Similarly may be calculated for every case a maximum and a 
minimum limit of loading, which further coincide more nearly, 
the more that the length of the mullion approaches the upper 

“limit. Por the lengths of the mullions given in the last 3 col 
umns of the Table, the maxizum and minimum permissible loads c. 
coincide entirely with the load P, if the condition be estab=_ 
lished, that the pressure remains within the kern, and the edge 
pressure shall not exceed 10, 20 or 40 kil.for relatively long 
mullions the load must be Jetermined with especial care, if the 
material is not to be stressed unduly. 

In Table B for six different cross sections of mullions are 
given the least loads for safety with a wind pressure of 120 
kil per sq. m, indeed for average distances between mullions - 
of O75, iseo and 1.50 n, with a height of mullions from 2 to” 
490 m. Por comparison are given the maximum limits of the loads 
required by compression, that already are in Table A, but are: 
again repeated in the last 3 columns. On this Table it may be 
stated, that the minimum loads siven under D suffice for well 

- executed windows not too mich exposed to storms, but with inf- 

erior execution and exposed location is required an increase 
of 9/4 or double, while on the other hand for espetzally prot- 
ected windows the loads on the mullions may be als reduced. 


1 ita) se 
eet 
6) DEY Ce Malis 
id 4 
/ a ye 
Poe a 
Si iy co * 


«bebuloat tou 644 
jon ods tid  phdaheweied ov bemuege ef bain xd eugxel? sI 

) eyacove edt eldwuoh ec aexat at etuese rE eyhe gaotiivese a 
fos E uatbnooos 189-98 169 fig Oh so O8 (OF eabed enss ote . " 


ey) ae bee 43, 
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@dtesesy Sate os 102 aetiags sits? efT .& ods? to ofo8 ihe 


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© od 


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ee 
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ee eH? acevo diiv @ lo cewiev 4eledad eff Yo sottionber ey 
pate twil Odt axcoted neve ,golfousiooh of baol bivow aeer h 
ian aie sbedoset at a = a0 te 
eM s@tioeet Bnibesorg ‘oft to aoieackiags ' | 
we *)..etecant ye eaoriinvm to atdpiei ed? to nottasieata © , 
bile ncad gout sed JJ Jenoiifva te ‘snolenewib fee dtzqez-.a: meth Gy 
ae eB0vo siiniish 190 eolifuga e te ¢ddkies sis to séinil tedy 
Md yd S70m usve Duos gortioud 16. vekseh edt yd eewth era oot 
bi imif seodt svteedo o! .(A ofde? baz CCh g) eeatta wointn 
tel Bas ,d3id ylevieesoxs webnin edt sien ct toa tesigaia ak 
bse yesoto egisl ylinsiotitee « sevieameds emotiinm odd svi 
sat to sigied sdt oi eesorsnt es aezen ease gt son 109 


to Boineddgacise teors coc tyodtin golden ition seen yaw 

Gi) bebivots ybsorle asw eidt 10? exsew tesieen os? webekt lou 9 ae 
eae YISSSIS wobsiw yd bebtotts esw bas .oidvod testizeo ond : x 
bs niyyino Jon sulsy {scttostg a ped vedd (biswawob 192 Sabb ‘i 
af sa) cefs sooqgees eno ovat exon ar tod Lewitosszidecs 


Rodd dtiw (Sarr oBh8) wobsiw okdte® sisf odd Yo noetsagnos 
} ybedan wod ewone (EI RiP) wobaiw yrscetd Ofsted yf 
JO ‘Bwobnin mi enoiifoa sdf to edtynsl eft ase tases 

3 esoolenenid [anos ‘to eben 
y enotftun to denpes, 66%2 off srivtmi{ to ansem baoose A 
rans to. cha tenet edt of shacws yreostd «2 & yd bebrtotts 
» . ‘y (Retr +24) 
ee ) JenolLive. agid to yutoetiive secovenc4? 

a, 2 28 aoiege eiedt,ectttur tou ob seed? ore obLs 
. ae emo, ig 408 “TRA ria iat ‘oS ) Sanen 

as : PS are Be oa 


oe i 
pha ut | ; 
| ae / ite el eS t 


> & 


| i é 


he: fo - | hoes eee & ns ee AA La ble). f SEVER AS G > A 
i ’ AS TA , et iy a Say 


632. 
For Tables A and B see the original work, p. 466, 467. 


Note on Table A. Lengths over 10 m are given in m, over 25 m 


are not included. 

In flexure by wind is assumed no resistance, but the scldouuel 
occurring edge pressure is taken as double the average compres- 
sion, thus being 10, 20 or 40 kil per sq. em, according to the 
material. : 

Note of Table B. The Table applies for a wind pressure of 120 
kil per sq. m with the assumption, that in each cross section — 
of the mullion the compression “eee within the middle halt, 9 
(Rise x of the pressure curve = ste see Pig. 1151}. It is req- 
uired that the compression remains within the kern bay ees q 
so that the values of D ars to be multiplied by -. A continued — 
reduction of the tabular values of D with even this best. exeoasun 
visi would lead to destruction, even before the limiting value 
of - D is reached. ; 

Application of the preceding results. 

Limitation of the heights of mullions by tracery. 

. Fength and dimensions of mullions. [t has just been shown 
ae limits of the height of a mullion of definite cross sect— 
ion are given by the danger of puckling, and even more by the 
window stress (p 495 and Table A). To observe these limits, io 
is simplest tot to make the window excessively high, and to : 
give the mullions themselves 2 sufficiently large cross section. 
But now in some cases an increase in the height of the window 4 
may seem worth making without too great strengthening of the 
mullions. The nearest means for this was already provided by 
the earliest Gothic, and was afforded by window tracery exter 
ding far downward, that has a practical value not only, in an: 4 
architectural but im more than one respect. also eng? 500). A 
Comparison of the date Gothic window (Fig. 1152) with the Bar- 
ly Gothic tracery window (Tig. 1153), shows how markedly dif- 
ferent are the lengths of the mullions in windows otherwise 
made of eaual dimensions. 

A second means of limiting the free length of mullions is 
afforded by a tracery arcade in the lower part of the window. 
(Pig. 1154). Ce 

Transverse stiffening of high mullions. 

Also where these do not suffice, there remains as a third 

means an intermediate stiffening of one or even several places — 


noe ; aoakeks wen eae + bs 8 Be lise as wyoda 
om 9 sith. getors to eetise s to ,sed sotllum Letaoniqed 
o. afensg to esizse syd vilerit so (d @2il bit) eoldsy 
§ baodxs yeu sbseseaq s seach emoe nt i(o Gerf «br2) ya | 
fies we Sd aso tedt .2e02!4 dove $8 wobatw ent batdostsw aot fat 
nwsh8n eticague {atosge yd sO edmst edd wort gor ‘se yd 
) spinettize edd of eer stom etndiataos aso oe bns aA 
Aha > ewobsiw ond y 

, 

: 


i 
‘5 


. xd ebsr 16ci¢gedv eheaeinetiit¢e eatevaanexrt seeds S14 
o sets Yocan edt yd to 6 o fe ehaotse tewel edt .d 6 colcivid 


ma? vino ton tucverq of evsih ,2 © Sdgiod oft ta yrteosis ad » ae 
babaiw edt gd pathuod edt onke ted enotifvm ed¢ to paifiond ‘ae 
i tos. tews {6ELl .wi®) asigq af ases yninetiice edd etolieredt i 


eiiua edt tenteys exrvesescq bair off .doas Leihosidod se si ee 
peat ts bas Welisettise eat oF sintiacianos [fiw eas{e hae . 
? WHO Sunsretq bale oct efeos (earl .gkt) pntnetise edt to q 
peas Baixviaiifam yd betsivoles yliese ai dotdv ,eoae hedosed 
ate Pe teqiiid OSf)<exweserq sinn edt ye eoattus ahdé to seca 
§ otwaserg Bain eiigiteh efi eevieoss acitoeareial foes evdt 
| t enidros aeorct eszedT ,#88if .art .oada of 2? ai eg veh xpF 
ita? Bewolfot od aso doliw .x exit eft dtivikeoagqrg to enalkf a. 
| € Lfene & Sodgem teal oit to .acolitsitoefsae so ecidqsxy yd | My 
| | «S0@lq so ait van 
meeneteve snot{ine © oved yom ebir m 8.8 wobaix A -elquext 
edd ¢ididxe bas @note two to sxe doide *20%fne9 so m 8.0 
ego spe O08 .qgeeh mo od ,dotds mo of OBIE J SEe nt noltose 
Ws zed wobcin ed? sdgied=-him ¢4 .axedt to dtyref mo ff  ,aste 
Vyl@eEt git aot d a) aoltoee seote odsa edt to asd fetaovt | 
“hae © 6 noilinm edt to digael esxrt edt fi woled bus evods ie 
| oti ed?) noltosereznt dose “ne euvecesq fotw edt .m & af et 
5.2 Bis pe fh = 6.0 *'0.8 Of eianoms ylynibtooos (soda a: 
f ‘odd gaitdetidates .(eert .2t@) et “gi "2 9%. L228 O42 = Ost | 4 
a. ‘edt afdetinw olenes teum sacoqese Yo enil aft Feds saewox | ; 
PHA Wak edt x01 soliarpe seemem edt .go If = x cele sede ae 
3 H etusseig eas Bisd bas ,;N etueretq oc? dokdw no soedd edi iF 
pe CF ks pes 0. 8S + weve « pt Fo <M sowig ent Adie ay 
genidd ode ak “93 rm SILO = x Yo veslev edt gattreent 
Bit ' | -fidt 8686 © H yeah soaad ode 
aa ao Da 008 to aciveon ecoxo eat od eouhorg Sinow akat 


be prea pk abhi Biol oe pase to Hokeeergzoe rieaht wh 


i 
t } . 
. ‘ 

f elo ee ’ f iw ) : ; ' 9  aRY 
i inc shia! OO ae a vz Oe ae STR | 

w+, mt ierae’ fel a A ae i#! ri ee _ fi Thi Mawr Log 
Oe | a ry by NU - i uM by ny oo 4 va yt hes > ee 

a - “WN NO: Re te am 
Al Ss - rer ; 5 


= 


ne f ay 


eh 


683 

above each other, as a b in Fis. 1155. These may consist of a 
horizontal mullion bar, of a series of arches with or without 
gables (Fig. 1155 b) or finally by a series of panels of trace 
ry (Fis. 1155 c); in some cases a passage may extend across 
for watching the window at such places, that can be supported 
by an arch from the jambs or by special supports underneath, 
and so can contribute more effectively to the stiffening of % 
the window. | 

All these transverse stiffenings whether made by the middle 
division a b, the lower arcade at ¢ d or by the upper area of 


the tracery at the height af, have to prevent not only the 


buckling of the mullions but also the bending by the wind. 
Therefore the stiffening seen in plan (Fig. 1156) must act li- 
ke a horizontal arch. The wind pressure against the mullions 
and glass will contribute to the stiffening, and at the point 
p of the stiffening (Fig. 1155) acts the wind pressure on the 
hatched area, which is easily calculated by multiplying the 
area of this surface by the unit pressure (120 kiliper sq m). 
Thus each intersection recsives its definite wind pressure, as: fe 
Kas Ko, Kay in the plan, Fig. 1156. These forces combine in a 
line of supportewith the rise x, which can be followed further 
by graphics or calculation.. For the last method a small example 
may find a place. 

Example. A window 3.6 m wide may have 3 mullions averaging 
0.9 mon centres, which are of cut stone and exhibit the cross 
section in Fig. 1150, 20 em thick, 49 em deep, 600 sq. cm in 
area, 11 em length of kern. At mid-height the window has a hore, 
izontal bar of the same cross section (a b in Fig. 41155), and 
above and below it the free length of the mullion a ¢ @nd ac 
is 5 m.. The wind pressure on each intersection (the hatched 
area) accordingly amounts to 5.0 * 0.9 = 4.5 Sq. mM, and 4.5 * 
120 = 540 %il = K,= Ko= Kg (Fig. 1156). Establishing the requi— 
rement that the line of suoport must remain within the kern, 
then also x = 11 em, the moment equation for the half A B of 
the brace on which the pressure Ky and half the pressure Ko, 
eith: tee! pamet Maw) as Rye Oey Ree ee 

Inserting the valueu of x = 0.11, Ky= Kg” 540, the thrust in 
the brace is; H = 8383 kil. 

This would produce oo cross section of 600 sq. cm an av 


erage compression of Hai 2.280% Kills lor with the assumed rise 


, mein i : pie rere rae 
Pecos vetaitetned os oube a ale & row eft to degeet ek Ne 
q 920d? .a0 spe req noietorttos: egbe Lid 8.08 eons is 
feevéttup 40% notinooexe ae wcev diiw eidisainceg ILite 


bigs -enote tuo 
{i beans aetsety [Lite a 19 d@gaedtea eeol to enota oF 


ss : EW eo Fi 
_ 5 Oe es f £ as j aii , 
. ey sD f - 4 P - fs 


gk lt 
4 aie! vem 


Ry 
aiceas on binow ied soif{lon fai owes iano siqmiet edt ,wob* Ls 
4 If (scomegossss “settize « aegedo ed of eved binow neds. dae 


) dotda (yrecast yd Setoennos bas testo dose evods 298d ort 
oq od tenm peicetii¢e relielte & .dxon ed obtvib sedd 
ibae temofl ex? ¢@8 8b © ebsore O44 Yo 2 & notinerib sedi 


eeeel tednewoa ered ef buiw edt to sete sapeserq efi 
ics fstmoutiod. en son of evad aned eaor 0 edt eonte 


8 ,baeoqseqit09 of yloupkide suo od ifise meds oi staiot hae 
Baeet Ons! bOh .g) eveds ssdiize% .eroifive edd Yo anibeod .8 

id “Be0 potifnm esd beol s seety wed awode ai ssedt ,(@ bne A 
Saumtoia jedw buat rodte eds no bas ,peerte deeth ood syoddly i 
sham sbaiw.edt yd newoud sd of ten webi0 ai sved teun sé deol oa 
Sysm 2i ymotiinw ods co ylfvtiie beol eid soaly ot ned? 
ft evico) exoosd yea cf vo noillua edd no yidsieoimos seer f 


, 


i he epotilum odd baed o¢ ebaet buiw eds 


vn 
i) 
Br 


wy 


»Wreo0ett sad yd Enikaoi 
vedé petiw beonisico eyswie ei neiduloe slderstetq od? . 
gnetoitiwe « e@ oviss o¢ yweor ylénetoffrine er saole vis 
menobaty yiscsis cidiod yiuei teor mk seso odd sk dotdw .20k te: 
is yisoe3t bane enoltifon sad nedw stuoco soifosttanos seed edt Bt 
‘a sexunoesm dedio sad to enidiee oad tstte betasent tert ae 
Pudows wobsiv bore yteosts edt nsexted enisxer sniot nese os . 
PB bewgnos yo Hodnsverg ef yteos3? sat to tuo baifIst edd sli 
ey ee | (0 dl of SMT .ehtq) .ote .wobtoen i 
Sais -tous wobaiw oat yo gaibeol Iisnoteaosd | : 
fe fom ai Bovtt to yreosat odd mtu eanooe seso tadtond 6 
iw Off o¢ tnetetcor ed. ot exorifog edt rot iid @dinsioit o] 
eeeiaies Sted ted ce ,dome wobeiw edd Adsened eokl +4 tod’ pA 
mainoo ont co tadd .atucod eoxot to retenesd sidarebtenco vie 
Boas, gifessse .bsbsol) yigaoive ad meo yteSea3 edd Baty ci y 
7 deum vi wo gotyl yunogsa sds réiw doves wobaiw edz %o tag oa 
| on mo dud ,(G\ elds?) beetex sd-rso #i tedt wdaese of soso! ‘5 
shit duces bessstont ed [fiw eesm seqgn aldd boned tetiso Pix 
“ine ree am snr eit ao-sessq\tos-asob yffsnes tt eonte 
OF: ca... es¢ Yo soltetes Fopevae ba ) e 
‘ ae tle avs eB , Fas ys 


; : PRE Pe aM ck 1) wit ee an erent Ste OT 8 Se Dat Neuere hs his | 
, Maite : MTS) fies Tesibe ae) ¢ Sets Tig 

7 1 ORs ots " stele MAAS ain 

qa eh : - 


684. a 
= length of the kern a maximum edge comperssion being dounien 
thus 29.4 kil edge compression per sq. em, These pressures are 
still permissible with very good execution for quite save 


cut stone. ‘3 
Ror stone of less strength or a still greater breadth of win- 


dow, the simple horizontal mullion bar would no longer cts 
and then would have to be chosen a stiffer arrangement, like q 
two bars above each other and connected by tracery, which would 
then divide the work. A similar stiffening must be possible in a 
the direction e f of the arcade ¢ d at the lower end (Pig.1155), 
the pressure area of the wind is here somewhat less. 

Since the cross bars have to act as horizontal arches, the 
end joints in them will be cut obliquely to correspond. | 

B. Loading of the mullions. Farther above (p. 494jand Tables 
A and B), there is shown how great a load the mullion cam bear 
without too great stress, and on the other hand what minimum 
load it must have in order not. to be broken by the wind. It is 
then to place this load skilfully on the mullion; it may either 
rest comfortably on the mullion or it may become effective when ; 
the wind tends to bend the mullion. 4 

Loading by the tracery. 

1. The preferable solution is always obtained when the. trac- 
ery alone is sufficiently heavy to serve as a sufficient load- 
ing, which is the case an ost Barly Gothic tracery windows. 
The pest construction occurs when the mullions and.tracery are 
first inserted after the setting of the other masonry., so that 
an open joint remains between the tracery and window arch; uh-. 
ile the falling out of the tracery is prevented by tonsued con- 
nection, etc. (Pigs. 1148 to 1148 c). | 

Occasional loading by the window arch. 

2. Another case occurs when the tracery of itself is not suf- 
ficiently heavy for the mullions to be resistant to the wind, 3 
but it lies beneath the window arch, so that here usually no 
considerable transfer of force occurs, that on the contrary 
in wind the tracery can be strongly loaded. Naturally the wei- 
ght. of the window arch with the masonry lying on it must be at. 
least so great, that it can be raised (Table B), but on the o 
other hand this upper mass will be increased without. limit, s 
since it usually does not pesss on the mullions.: 

Phe correct relation of the different parts strongly depends 


te: ever qty oe we i seid Meda, he ke Hee eds ao 
° edt bak). ti wo ef! Ifiw dove wohniw oft ,elt 
nets RUev be sows wobeiw ont no faol edit 2h med? 


é 


eh gego na ef dots wobain edd Sne YreoKts © ois neensed 
piano bate at quo90 etedt fois wm fT so S\f yino ed eins 28 
bei ‘pipepevom evoiavint enote ed? to ysibipha edt io énso 
: s08 .a) goinemsh emooed Yer astal Ouce nt @edée ,<estuezeig 

om celtton ti 26 gathrooes aottourtanos eft af ermter)sst 
rt ede enso task oft nt ,owli omee oft te to total ezel 
m Sous wobcie eds sot gaivetsee s ac boxtittnw od asve aso 
| baod petsonat ef mods seowsod tadt hobsommoser ed aeo af 
p aoteeans & 201g oof saeveuq ase doiiw ,aenmaters {ieee a2 


nea kip sOvece mort e1ssaetg 


vw 


w sae seban yieos ti eft .,feditoeeh sennem of of sa aut 
Ban edt amotove baw oguoo to avohate af #2 etaoqque dots 
ea nk aptdy -,baiw odt ni eno toyiel edd eoacerts mocaye 
aidexnaee Soteexeh giix erobh oels ei diod te noltoutiance 
be eeda O28 snotliuw septal edt Yo nottoee aaoxe yantsa eds 
are et tdyiew ett ee of ,yteoets eatin’ qu. bet 
| ed Bemies od of al wokaiw baucemoo & dove sedlé om ,boeses 


Basi © mE 4 «i eed of box 
(yee \ dove. wohels ect ed patbaol taenacrte? 
‘dors wobaty edd Shade? yeids ni etaiesoo oeso Erids sdT .€ 
featdesd ydoteds .yreosis edd no yldasneuied esee01q deol atl 
ped aso doetis eid? ,coteessqz0oo *ebnw enmotifan edt bas etst 
SIG YISoeII bus ecotifies eat nefy .fentaido yfeise se I0H 
iiss <Wteotes tonto cot nsit evel gatidtes [sisoten # ct ded 
Jp D & 88 yrecett Havoguos ent reve hesied eh dors wéhaiw ood 
Punosm edt to eeble edt Js eoltseap yincsen oft Ti nos (anias 


-d ) on a0 baisaad seve ,yionsst oft mo seo ilin tfeesti nous 


ogesg edd of 8nibs000k .edoss> ofdieivy si sivasa neve yoo 
ass ond ylno dneseiges dows ofd Lite tasaeltiee odd. to 
ipssery odd co ({cit .k9) © t b yraoaen sd¢ to cotdrog bedo 
ws xLoons0o #end sldraaoyg ad osle yeu #i. sm a.d s.m noisiog 
» eoShireiame ti boiw of tad .ti no edéeet Saeq [isae oft 


wogeb, eat a ee ‘Da. edt 
pratt om Fak: Musee: aoltaaifont sevededw ta 


tet, Oh ee pees iain scene me to galfaod edi 20 


foun ocd hefitec even. anotidom edt ti yYsatsaco ele a 


et ed. ®t elizvom 2t toette faiegey obotk .aottovatance aids . 


| spodsgiokises [fensedt Io.eoeiq msie1h eds .snsioilise 


odie Bins Mee ' ‘ 


685 
on the mode of execution. If the mullions have settled too lit- 


tle, the window arch will lie on it.(And the tracery and crush — 
them if the load on the window arch is very great. See p. 501), 
On the contrary if the mullions:have settled too much, so that q 
‘between the tracery and the window arch is an open joint, and q 
if this be only 1/2 or 1 mm thick, there occur in wind on ace- 
ount of the rigidity of thse stone injurious movements and edge 
pressures, that in some cases may become damaging (p. 502). 8 
Therefore in the construction according as it settles more or. 
less later or at the same time, in the last case the tracery 
can even be utilized as a centering for the window arch, when 
it can be recommended that between them be inserted lead keys 
at small distances, which can prevent too great a transfer. of 
pressure from above. 

Just as in the manner described, the tracery under the window 
arch supports it, in windows of compound systems the smaller 
system stresses the larger one in the wind, which in a similar 
construction of both is also done with greater security. Since 
the strong cross section of the larger mullions are also carr- 
ied up intthe tracery, so as tts weight is advantageously ine= 
reased, so that such a compound window is to be termed a favor- 
able construction, whose general effect is mostly to be refer= 
red to Gase 1. 

Permanent loading by the window arch. 

3. The third case consists in this, that the window arch with 
its load presses permanently on the tracery, thereby keeping | 
this and the mullions under compression. This effect can be m 
more safely obtained, when the mullions and tracery are execu- 
ted in a material settling less than the other masonry, and 
the window arch is turned over the compound tracery as a cent-— 
ering: now if the masonry settles at. the sides of the arch, the 
arch itself will rest on the tracery, even hansins on it, which © 
may even result in visible cracks. According to the proportion : 
of the settlement will the arch represent only the little hat- 
ched portion of the masonry d f e (fig. 1157) or the greater 
portion mab cn; it may also be possible that commonly but 
the small. part rests on it, but in wind if its weight is not 
sufficient, the sreater piece of the wall participates. 

At whatever inclination the lines md and e a rise depends 


on the bonding of the masonry. The total weight of the arch 


a): ‘pnoltlue ede ‘yd bectes gon #t Gate of yxaanceam ods 
Repob ot veds sadt ,tee0R Oz of Seow ts taum bas {¢ olds? 
eee ak @ eos) timtl eldssolis ost woled eatamex nol filam 


Ai (gé edaetroget ot dove ytev egtot yroens! edt. ,c0alg ci 
Bike Betolisec: yiycorts ei of bad 02 wottourteanoa to bom 
too EB nods est anotiivc cis Boe ,besttine. yploritas od neve 


“e a ' 
i otdted aise to ettow naam ci ts dois wokolw edd dtaenes 


@ teceli2zt yilsaoney doltiv staisuoexs to ofom #eidi 39 


eae <erest bos soltonttecoo ni ero 
% .uvsed vitsetoriive sao catsmey ayeuia softelos dasa oat 
ta: fa eit eituget fon 2905 tad? <yreorat Smyooroco to Sigaz 
n otid wi gi enetda oF aboon yino ro ,ffc ¢8 dove wobain 2 
Paitud yrnoesn oft to bsol edd to sbutinvex od? .goneo toe 
Hb wobote edd to éasbneqebat clositay oisa asdt ef wobatw edd 
ae | -ateio ed? Yo aettuooxd 
Beh ses etotel. .b0ftted1> bea afnicl edd Jo sobsnoexd .o 

ebienod ied ot cr ti-or9edw..ssti0om Je to ont ok bee 
pene otteaiyg eniaust baa etou eslifeos isdiem sats 
isi eebusde eusloy eti endd base aise ylicive asivom Josmse 
j-tose mt gino bsbiosb od ot .ei eldstive erow ci isdr0m doidt 
So butbscl odd tolvsoitersbtenco gaibesorg odd sists ena 
hot {ifm deid agit ,saciveoibal -yisessec)en is btotis ancif{ing 
| Wauiite, sian of tehi0. ei setsom ¢nomes ai enote tea Yo 


oo 
Hen talot eno {{it of bobasamecss ylanoise ek Ji youseseng Ic 

aie sn ,eatatfot seri rotted 10 ,gewol te isqaw .odalg bael @ 
PGoko, edi sand oe deed beeiad .eawol boa: slbbia <seqqn-sit 


Be’ ie shootilve ¢tode 06% bas gaol oot 
Sopegpendgay ntegaco s doel tou e90h cele ohoda dgsodt lA. 
J® t2.etimil sterobom aidtiw ylao dibaef eit sgnao nae 
pap {isenel edi Yo OOO,Or\! wadt ovom beegetancs 9d .38d 
on eh ybsetie at oldawolie sa bowehtence ylisexeass 
a) ilie eoucteteom \foraitaow ei: tainessode odd 
oe, PeLPeatencaiay OOO eatedte goinstiede odd 


ul 5 


7 ME iy : hh ' it Meek xe 
Vn ee 


a ed dae $4) geun. ‘pakbeol Jour so S ahaes eldia. 


faint avotilus ent Gi weecte to boid 2kds set¥codto fa fac 


pe taKe Btefeicet @208 edt Beashor¢e, ak YSorsd? jeoneesisxed. 


etenstd oitinocye guitiozes odd tein tediegos -egolsu(jai don 


Pe uo fot S\Pos02 eshh0 seal baa tetuo edd te nego eniss 


cote seem cat to porinayose) st | 


686 
with the overload m dab oen in the calculation of the po 


sible vault or roof loading must at least be so great, that 
the masonry in wind is not raised by the mullions (see » ino 4 
Table B) and must at most be so great, that the load on the 
mullion remains below the allowable limit (see P in Tamles “om 
and B), otherwise this kind of stress in the mullions is not:« @ 
in. place. The tracery loses very much in importance by this 4 
mode of construction, so that it is strongly restricted or can 
even be entirely omitted, and the mullions are then directly 
beneath the window arch as in mann works of pate Gothic and 
Renaissance; thereby is produced the most tasteless expressies fl 
of this mode of execution, which genepally is least satisfact- 
orp in construction and taste. : 
fhe best solution always remains one sufficiently heavy, with 
Simple or compound tracery, that does not require the aid of 9 
the window arch at all, or only needs to stress it in the urg- 
ent cases. The magnitude of the load of the masonry built above — 
the window is then made entirely independent of. the window itself 
Execution of the joints. 7 
G. Execution of the joints and crushing. Joints are recently 
made in lime or cement mortar, where it is to be considered, a 
that. lime mortar settles more and remains plastic longer, while | 
cement mortar quickly sets and thus its volume changes less. _ 
Which mortar is more suitable is to be decided only im each 
case, where the preceding considerations of the loading of the | 
mullions afford the necessary indications. With high millions ‘ 
of cut stone in cement mortar in order to make slight chushing — 
not injurious together with the resulting excentric transfers # 
of pressure, it is strongly recommended to fill one ‘joint with 
a lead plate, upper or lower, or better three joints, namely | 
the upper, middle and lower, indeed best so that the joint re- — 
mains open at the outer and inner edges for 1/2 to 1 cm. 


Too long and too short mullions. 

Although stone also does not lack a certain elasticity, it 
an change its lensth only within moderate limits. If.a stone 
bar be compressed more than 1/10,000 of its length, the stress 
generally considered as allowable is already exceeded, and if 
the shortening is continued, most stones will be crushed before _ 
the shortening attains 1/1000. By compeession a mullion, when 
in consequence of too great length,is too strongly loaded, th- 


Punks enthsolnovo elds blrove yino asd of eretotedd 
on ood to sofietnole uh fleas yrey ei ttgnel of soa 
Rape orets ,cottassig at amos yleousos: ylievas aso nor! 
Fog ed nolensd of 1stsom fas snote to eomsteiees Jd3 
ies betsotbotrylieind el. si erotesedT .neoe yiev soqo 
bak easolling edt of diuger yea soyach dadw cokenionoos 
ot, aistase mee Aee {eugsiv to 10 koifento to soneyoes 
“ s*tatot pneqo Yo noléisetat 
I -ses3) y1sesis gee ylosool bre yvsed dtiw enobniw tod 
peads tf ;Se1e02 ylisss toa ef etic, sdé to gatnogo ne 
oie bae ii aosantod tedd of .eavon yiece 1s edd elitee 
pot ony Syods talot, edt Jo. batmebiu « tad .sedo Tniog on neo 
fe 6d¢. dtesred svoory est ni seso eidi at bobtvorg exoted 
mit yinzit ef yieosst oft sedw yloO «esotental ef dots 
bE usgo evoiiepal as heat0% ed.ogis blaoo edwat edt ace 
i eanoiiinua bas ysesess asows 
Ulawobate at etatot to Scineqo odd et besest..sd of stoi 
9t6 wobaiv ocd aol siseesta to wetensas goerih s emuces 
Mg6. 90% Seofnt bos (00S .g ,f bae S eoeed)) enotiina of 
Slee oss yaeDe1s usexsed to yw0L%Is bes dois nobsiu aconte 
Bei g obs. setetsel edd yino saesd ylteiad [fede en ,ers00q enc 
a i ag he | e@atot seco ae tea totiinn odd to gaigadt 
eG bluow saiot eds to grinego ett ,teon evootet ebiea oa 2 
ol yrev ec meve ,esseeo fais gaotts a aedw ind ,eoaeupeanco oa 
= Y } Hh -opbo a]ewol ed¥. so ctv [Liv baol né¢qqu tuodilix cotiius 
ed Aas teoty ei Bain edt to eene Stuteotg off sonie , (83arr 
bat ® dail, cego odd 22 wtlame vtev at aoilium et to #egtery 
Seas ti ,nistiero Yew nokl{ne othine end ,eptet ylirotot? 


a2 


& & 


a@iw adoitfiua feebni-bas ,tnoeds at eted stota ys satads 
WANE = 8 edu aricevo Lite % sitgqeb oft aomtt OF yalbesoxe I 
b mitt tfot sso ¢ 8f do edigael diin enoifivm cobacie ocoy¥ 


aes = 8 ti move .¢ OS = { Gein v*upeo eend s8hGela yier base 


mer sente tdgiw (¢ Gi = ) qaeh we 0% bas 3a0k m & noifinua A 
eer ca = 8 2essl 4 aad tuto, sit cedu. heowebakd ati ata 
mph: , , ewo @\2 foto 
¥ giuttevo tom fivow notiina eds ,renniid ed tate, edt 11 

4 Fis 
q@evty olqwaxe oct ci 21 .a SELL wRht af avode ag sont 
oMeetaci 20 SA\f. nege vimo ef. fabohoesd .paol m 6 noilium 
attest terse aaa off Blucw @ efgas ed? wo 


DF vie or) 
\ * : ow, ca A ; j Pr i 
. i 


7. Pa) f y i, ma . 
hae ¥ i) , , iS i we" a ts th aa a : , 9 "i , 
an a 7} yi MD ey ; 
i \ wir . ‘ 
‘ i ae Li ' y ) 


r A 
a a7 Je a 


Tw 2 a 


Uae le La ? i 
a Oe yt eye p 
iP te aeneeee) (Ouest) yh uriyy lw : 


oqa. dt gantays f2ex Sfvow © eybo edt tot OnStDain Jdg0 


oe 


687 aie , 
therefore it can only avoid this overloading wher the differe | 
nce in length is very small. An elongation of too short a mal 
lion can usually scarcely come in question, since with the sl 
ght. resistance of stone and mortar to tension the joints will 
open very soon. Therefore it is briefly indicated to follow to 
&@ conclusion what danger may result to tke mullions, if in con 
sequence of crushing or of uneugual sbttlement. certain ‘joints .op 

Formation of open joints. | ig 

For windows with heavy and: loosely set tracery (Base 1 p.500) 
an opening of the joints is not easily feared; if the mullions 
settle the tracery moves, so that between it and the mullions q 
can no goint open, but a widening of the joint above the tongue 
before provided in this case in the groove beneath the window a 
arch is injurious. Only when the tracery is firmly fixed bet 
een the jambs could also be formed an injurious open joint be- 
tween tracery and mullions.- _ 
More to be feared is the opening of joints in windows, that 
assume a direct transfer of. pressure from the window arch to 
the mullions ((Cases 2 and 3, p. 500), and indeed the opening 4 
between window arch and tracery or between tracery and malli- 3 
ons occurs, we shall briefly treat. only the latter... _ 
Tipping of the mullion at an open joint. 
If no side forces act, the opening of the joint would be of 
no consequence, but when a strong wind occurs, even a very low 4 
mullion without upper load will tip on the lower edge B (Pig. 
1158), since the pressure area of the wind is great and the 
weight of the mullion is very small. If the open joint Z is su- 
fficiently large, the entire mullion may overturn, if any res- 4 
traint by storm bars is absent, and indeed mullions with length — 
1 exceeding 10 times the depth t will overturn when Z ® 1/200, | 
More slender mullions with lengths of 15 t can fall if a rey 7 
and very slender ones occur with 1 = 20 t, even if Z% = 300 ° 4 
A mullion 6 m long and 40 om deep {1 = 15 t) might also overt- 
urn unhindered when the joint has at least Z = PEP asec 1.3 cm 
or 21/3 cn. 4 
If the joint be thinner, the mullion would not overturn woth=— . 
out hindrance, for the edge E would rest against the upper sur-) 
face as shown in Fig. 1158 a. If in the example given with the : 
mullion 6 m long, the joint is only open 1/3 em instead of 1 1/3 
em, the angle B would lie beneath the middle of the upper surfac 


1h «i ial ab | ey onk ‘ 

oq eldt cf tamer )uisedorg ton banow beh wk edt tus 
‘ ao od eztr «att ak es teemom txen edt ak steerd Sivew 
aya wy OG eintog est dyeotds bemtot od hitow suegque to 
‘ata od? eonté «(BG> .q) exuencag eakwitgnel teeqy 4 atae 
| pBuow encte ods ,eseeseotq eits gimecaat. ton binoe toatnoe 
mq 8k sets tosingo egtel ylineloitiwe « Lisay mens js des , 
feos @h4 to to getttilas oa etuo00 aedt hase ofa O8rt ate) ny 
at / enoss Bass ytov to nokilwm « tadi oe ,{¢ ostt +3th) stag 


“eel 


Lost Petoetoug nismet Alior bra ,fe0x of suee bivow een 
te noitizog Isctpixo ea% of satuien soitinum eat tedied® wget 
ieee ede eo yne of ied .tutddwoh ef batv ed? fo yeiagqosta ends 


aa 


——— aye ee, . ne, 
alee ena sot, ae 


Beit, eheyoutseh ed yliesea Siuwse setaomevow ecodit to moliké 
i ts, air ~atol neqo aa te cetling sit ico gartdsoxd 


ie 
a 


‘a : : ; 
_oneahehl ed¢ 2 takoi ceco ed? ti avotenceh sacl 324 


—— 


Re SS SS ee 


oe *. 


Pedé Dae ,betnevesq al dtynel ecitne 2e7f£, nf notifsua edt 
y Ab sete pit) yrifenoh ye bebicve ots chne edd fo atensded 
juts nit +0 eo TOLlf. of art septa eh ee etniot ef? »aeltesno, xd 


ead eehne tonol bas toqau oft ni aiad atote ete gaivoore yd 
pede ot anooo eletiaiiebci yom Rainsgs ods sade bevsel ef rf 
hsedaaa od: 0% zi dnvureosiqail eft aunt ,etebot cewol 20 
kot meqo us 2et6t woifinm off Yo ballistee ofa 21 .settal ed?, | 
My t ,@eer git of ea daetd aaa solitum 24% tedt ox got ¢a 3 a 
a taktol edi To eeontotdt s tsete ba aeomit + ¢geeoi sa bh aids | 
, geot @-6 sotifem gulfeoeig off .PEIL .gif wt ee yaoiqgit sot 
its  tfevel gett o¢ se5bro et go €\f @ to yealq 6 ovad aodé tena 
B om -# alto ,hocebience ed of $00 @us coxwacesq tae1y ovate 
met aed? .08f! .ytt at owote ea ,betoeqxe od of ct gnibaed a 
aie) Peds ,beatelt 21 0.9 & seocgra Boe gaiis See nego eterot ; 5 
pte sf oer Rid) vletensdaud aed yae ent Yo pakdsate secnas 
| Wete seoeiq eyrel nedW .ta0% of enkwoo evewls tuodtinx don | A 
64 ta ssonte ett bos  deete «s et lugos asent (a O6rt enid) 30 
ine to dimil etafLoede eft hisnot aevom t8Vve toateon to etstog ay 
s0 fom ed? of etcte, aeqo Jest esivect ti dolce most ,eoagtel ; Pe 
e Raot wd eeolan ,oldaviecnoonsl ylesiins gen esa anobaix to 1 4 
} seats -eldtescqri ohise af notioicieeh e1asd atota evountiénos 
cain pein seed yheexls sed eeoelg tonto ta setistiedt Yo foal 
eds, Ot goticet?s Yreeteoes ou? etcvebh of efdsaivis at ¢i 
(ody exente. tite eldatios te0¥..encokiinvm eds to aofsousd 
iners jab, saoilivs od¢ eyo at fetxeant xyseos1s yvesd dtin 
pe shies Rese ss: all nedtaas if gaedel bos beedane, ed of. BS ‘9 


are eh ory 

3 % 5 

Ph) ey Sipe 

Aut) at 
| ' 


iii i 


He , 
ag iy ? 
1 


Sy ah Sa 


‘ 
rome 


; abs, 
Pp 
’ 


688 
But the mullion would not probably remain in this position, 
would break in the next moment as in Fig. 1158 b. Then a line 
of support would be formed through the points F C B, which ex- 


erts a great lengthwise prossure (p. 495). Since the deges in 
contact could not transmit this pressure, the stone would cru- 
sh at them, until a sufficiently large contact area is produced 
(Fig. 1160 a), and then occurs no splitting off of the greatertl 
part (Fig. 1160 b}, so that a mullion of very hard stone in the] 


, 


case would come to rest, and would remain protected from break— 


s 

ing. Whether the mullion returns to the original. position af teen 

the stopping of the wind is doubtful, but in any case by repeale 

tition of these movements cuuld easily be destroyed. om 
Breaking of the mullion at an open joint. 

Far less dangerous is the open joint if the overturning of 
the mullion in its entire length is prevented, and the opposing © 
thrusts of the ends are avoided by doweling (Fig. 1161 da), or 4 
by cutting the joints as in Figs. 1161 to 1161 ¢«, or finally 4 
by grooving the storm bars in the upper and lower ends. If i¢. 4 
is feared that the opening may indefinitety oceur in the upper 
or lower goints, thus the displacement is to be prevented in a 
the latter. If the settling of the mulliow forms an open joint Gg 
Z at top, so that the mullion can break as in Fig. 1159, for 4 
this is at least 4 times as. great a thickness of the joint as 
for tipping as in Fig. 1153. The preceding mullion 6 m long 
must then have a play of 5 1/3 ecm in order to free itself.But 
since great pressures are not to be considered, onlin a moderate 
bending is to be expected, as shown in Fig. 1160. Then three 4 
joints open and aline of support BC Gis formed, that again 
causes crushing of the angles furtunately (Pig. 1160 a), yet | 
not without always coming to rest. When large pieces are broken — 
off (Fig. 1160 bd) there results a crash, and the stress at the. © 
points of contact ever moves toward the absolute limit of res- i 
istance, from which it results that open joints in the mullions — 
of windows are not entirely inconceivable, unless by strong ¢ q 
continuous storm bars destriction is made impossible. Since the 
lack of thellatter at other places has already been illustrated, 
it is advisable to devote the necessary attention to the cons- 7 
truction of the mullions. Most reliable will always be windows 
with heavy tracery insertei in over the mullions in grooves, .. 


as to be emphasized later. If further the mullions, as in many 


ay "en Y wate ek ons + eer Pl! eels ee 
Pe i iayy Ven Ma at ey 2 a bi or ” a atl 
: ‘ eee an oe ye y ft ; 
) i 


wer | 688 

a -qenose gooste elfgata « to seiensoo ,eelgqmaxe oidsod Ylset 
# x00 od? désened guitodons yd gniggit mort. betaeverd af 
-oonbe gaom tegash Ife ter ydexedt ef yllesusea “ead 
) iitw gottiwesxe {Luteteo d#iw esnomoegnests todto oft oels 
> serbaseng fsety eeelan ,efdanelis yltnenamteg sevieaneds 
Beene SF} sQ0thLind edt to s4wtoucta extsae ex: meeool oF 
biel (o> (fersm02 nt yregsys wobain fas eedord sg” 

Re? ke seIsoett to Jasmgoleved 
oat ek yitow siedased 19Ssk ,(yteostd) daeweesW Buow sd? 

> bused sett s yd Bemreot taomento of 10 sasilot ot teeat 
Deets yfomg wort wottiearrt edt eosoneh aedpitincea 
9 Ysnebnes edi bas eoslg edt ot Patbtoook samgot Letnomsate 
” p dosmels szotsel oft eenttonoe to aset0t od3 tmomyolqns ati 
mat (ss ti gt estsnimos 
| adds emtot banots Isoiademos$ to etaienoo yreosx? 
Mgube tied? ‘nteto1 toddic ssdé .retto dose nidéiw bedreEnt ‘10 
a bt seddo itiw nottsatdnoo s yd beltedsh Si90m eta TO vito 
idtoD to wal fayo1 edt hbeseeiqzs ei at0t weddo on at egadas? 
*yisve bos eecting teedgid odd svree denn fle tadd <2¢¢0 
Ugqreosat est af ylasolo som lodu edt of stantbrodya ‘ad 
bs yd sidseotVitetomsit Lsotdensdtan tositede coven neve 
| feltnsess ent ylaisiy orvom eedrasenomeb ylno tadd ehaiite 
a 3 eSTil oF Sdtucxd yrdeuoes sxil ek ZT ~e6litasif 
“e83 sdf noidsicssb sostave otsm on 2k yisosat eds S08 
ets wneem yd sud .eectl te egaicsfyesal delsoold sat fas text 
a gebseqehnt te .sosge at mtot « ai di déqeb suived arednes 
$18 cidtod sont? .boeolo +0 bstsietied tedtie ed yam dedé 
pelgnciie se déin sesn Lesutostiders suttne edt mio% of absos 
RB ignotecuraxe aishon sdd of bnibtosos to ,nételete betosmros 
praeteteie edt yisosis ak asit (£8 TOL désnoise stodidedee 
p edt eestunit Jastettib edt anteolone aveduem odt te ‘etelte 
af bostinn eseeen sit esosiqes nanil est to itaneyte oft 
‘ zfontig svidourtenco ort bas ,eLensa asdase 20 bederotred 
3 ial ered betoeliex aods ei dten Isintosiidors otttas ed¢ 
-elsce 
8 vel believed Sociedad: eidt to goslsen s at tug 
sTO985 oositse & omsosd yIe0s8Ts {setogieo ed? .ceseia to 
ot gaidr0co8 dod ,Satasedo brs dots ytev et besbat dedd 
8 odd at beosly ad‘ylno neo ¢t .entsv edi to etsuit 
a odd Bate seit) th “itor, saatane datrooy dads atin 


OG heh, wl 
as 


eo? « 
m2 


rs OE ER oe ory 2 IN “See i ae a. VE 
TON Ret ead Coy a Chagas a Oe 


ete , 2 u : Pea” AL? reheat 
Pi Mee Fn : Ji ws Set 


* ems Age sis 
— r5 Is 
; wd etre t ; 
F *P 


689 | ee 


Early Gothic examples, consist of a single strong stone, tha 


is prevented from tipping by anchoring beneath the tracery, t 
then naturally is thereby met all danger most effectively. Bu 
also the other arrangements with careful execution will show 
themselves permanently allowable, unless great pressures occur 
to loosen the entire structure of the building. + ed 
2. Arches and window tracery in seneral. 
Development of tracery. s : 
The word Masswerk (tracery), i.e., measured work, is im con= 
trast to foliese or to ornament formed by a free hand, and it © 
accordingly denotes the transition from purely structural to 
ornamental fopoms. Accordins to the place and the tendency of 
its employment the former or sometimes the latter element. pre- 
dominates in it. | a 
Tracery consists of geometrical sround forms arranged beside 
or inserted within each other, that either retain their i 
city or are more detailed by a combination with other forms. 
Perhaps in no other form is expressed the sround law of Gothic — 
art:- that all must serve the highest purpose and every part 
be subordinate to the whols, most clearly in the tracery, that 
even makes abstract mathematical figures serviceable by a det- 4 
ailing, that only demonstrates more plainly the essential pece- 
liarities. It is like geometry brought to life. q 
But the tracery is no mete surface decoration like the Greek 
fret and the Moorish interlacings of lines, but by means of it: 
members havin’ depth it is a form in space, aii independent wa 
that may be either perforated or closed. Since Gothic art pro 
eeeds to form the entire architectural mass with a strongly c. 
connected skeleton, or according to the modern expression, to @ 
substitute strength for mass, then in tracery the skeleton cons 
sists of the members enclosing the different figures. The tlas- 
tic strength of the lines replaces the masses omitted in the a 
perforated or sunken panels, and the constructive principle of 
the entire architectural work is thus reflected here at a smal 
scale. ! 
But ina neglect of this structural importance lay a danger 
of misuse. The corporeal tracery became 4 surface decoration, 
that indeed is very rich and charming, but according to an es- 
timate of its value, it can only be placed in the same line 
with that Moorish surface work. At the end of the middle ages 


y ae ba . as me). ee Pee) eee Fh eta, ae 
rare VAT TT rom erences Pee \ 


an ] é 
‘he Tf ; 
o mn ; 


Iseonoo of elemcore’ Bas worbteve of negod secetsne Ils 
fs cl eliteasdexges ytev 8 of sotelede Letotegste 
beeen yisosts eft Yo wtero ott hae Lersm92 ce saw co 
» bLuco- ‘Sonsentsneh gaidgovistat ed¢ neve tedt .antd¢avis 
o beisey teow edt sor ax cull .tleest vert sono 
y stit ni asvo dnemeniton tesizesa add déim bevissnco yu 
| bas ogotias ot exit egaibivom .eamnloo neoesT ‘noswiad 
i edd ots y1soesd to snotvsotiegs tostroget feou ai? 
ft eeobarveuled beileo-oe edt ,etegatac aniasqo 107. .¢ 
y Buibtvib sd3 gaifsol bas got te gattosnnon z07 Af 
a i os “se9beo%s nego bins ewohaiw bessig of 
Svedt .{{sw sit to edasq seeds Ontsitesyosisdo tog Fy od 
Pmobcin sift ,zoiseesig dsert: to etosttea eddy uost bevo 
‘2 ys -O¢¢ ,e8ldsh Wobaiw bas esldsy 
) oem ens at Helltifnt ed ot st mefdeorg teadtoget geom ai? 
t bas dealt ati bano’ oele ti eed ereit bus ybsnoktnes tes 
4 eSeemgolsyeb tas 
+@ucineqo sdt to yatqroetd 
* ebeore bas wobniu to tnemcolereb oft nt wien gexit ect 
| atotbe egninego bedows [sievee wedu ,haatet ybserle cew yrs 
Ke #2 ew elds tol ytiawdzoqgo ex? .quosh 8 ai beniduco euey 
eile om dois yey to guinsqo diweitiitbh odd yd Boead sro edt co 
| rar eceatince & to acleivié edd yd sento edd no 


bo fi 


sayod 
heat tuodtiw el Lew phan ei agartasqe stew ouedd tI 

bad: ‘of aetetolo s to asbaots edt to tenet #30 ewobcin sad 
w eboinsg eupesnemc®? hus neideiaid yloat edé ni’ .tedisgot beg 
setevensit smesd smote edif+qeo artoasg wWwuetdd bogfed tent? 
pe dégael ecodn .enmilow goibivib ett to elsdiges edd no 
ge els & io Sseteat eobtesd bus .lsw edd to cosexoidd agg 
‘96i 300 .usdic sat batded eno ows Secefo srew nov 
pa ahhtosbentat edt yd dgevit ds ymeeacoss shex ellen xoise 
fielding yedde yd ffow benistis eshnol on saw bes sod atin 
fad) .ei¢sit beiseqgs samples sd? bre enol ytev. emsosd asgo 
Miericas ett bas gvacd eroy medt evade eadors sit to sétt toe 
¥ } aan, deiwibas tdstl sdy Yo dora tno sods stottel edd ended 
io 4 edt yd cogess booyed bebscl stew eouuloo ishnefe sid 
O esm benoitaen Sertt Live ed? .elley tSqq0 sd¢ to eee 
“roe ‘seintigse dé evoda redox bald bas efedroo vd 
nt 2: pence eons neta wedday gene 38 


i Hi rau may 


all surfaces began to over¢grow and frequenthy to conceal the 
structural skeleton in a very reprehensible way. This domina 
ce was so general and the charm of the tracery was so vern ¢ 
tivating, that even the interrupting Renaissance could not at. 
once free itself. Thus we see the most varied ornamental trac- 
ery conceived with the greatest refinement even in the midst 
between Tuscan columns, mouldings like the antique and balust 

Phe most important. apolications of tracery are the follo 

2. For opening parapets, the so-called balustrades, | 

4. For connecting at. top and loading the dividing mublions 
in Sglazed windows and open arcades. 

3. flor characterizing those parts of the wall, thates are rem- 
oved from the effects of great pressures, like window parapets, — | 
gables and window gables, etc. aa 

The most important problem is to be fulfilled in the use fie | 
rst mentioned, and there has it also found its fisst and rich-— 
est development. i 

Grouping of the openings. 

The first germ in the development of window and arcade trac— 
ery was already formed, when several arched openings adjoining 
were combined in a group. The opportunity for this was given 
on the one hand by the difficult opening of very thick walls, 
on the other by the division of a continuous wall into vaulted 


bayse 
If there were openings in thick walls without glaginsg, like 


the windows of a tower or the arcades of a cloister to be srou- 
ped together, in the Barly Christian and Romanesque periods men 
first helped thiss ‘by placing cap+like stone beams transversely _ 
on the capitals of the dividing colimns, whose length equaled 
the thickness of the wall, and besides instead of a single col 
umn were placed two, one behind the other. For the particularl 
thick walls made necessary at first by the introduction of va- 

ults, the end was no longer attained well by this; the cap ste 
ones became very long and the columns appeared little, but the 
soffits of the arches above them were heavy and like tunnels; 
thus the letter shut out much of the light and what was worst, © 
she slender columms were loaded beyond reason by the heavy mas— 
ses of the upper walls. The evil first mentioned was opposed — 4 
by corbels and blind arches above the capitals, as shown by 
Fig. 462.’ (Abbey church at Laach). The great stress ‘in the 


ih a 7 vee Pant es ee ‘ 


ties: 
’ hea 


Hadi ' < 
ve iti . iy | fea [ 
= Lay tibdnlabie Hadeseds bevetier ¢on asx) eagnLoo 
bas t8e%g a yd becalges eyow sosete etsteqss sds 
it anieesq etdd .eyainero Eff tevo0' Bethastxe dows 
eed’ -fo1s oniveifes & es (fen odt.to etsodetds arit 
dp hanaigaame aihbeeiges 99 nirgs bined. flow etdt Ateensd 
@8o edd antddimo .2anuloo to wot efearte a no beoelg 
Peirpbliie ad €£ to gataathed .2hf8 da detetofo .¢drt 
we ti asdiede ,ilaw evouritnoo 2 103 ybeouls enct 
ont Bainiduco of SSL eeenkeidt teoxb odd ton to atl 
) eeeestsind déiw sdiver stom to nolsoghottnt edt baa 
itoek os elds Geteofbat .elease ssarsyoe oft {isn sat . 
edt mi Satéfuey to soneultat silt bexcllot ed seo tesd 
ned ad ss0iftesd oft to sleis elfhbim od ak. ewobsty 20 taae 
qee to esixes beuntinoo « ewode gailies msed ditw sof 
e encteivis ody of noitelor on fad nedto gwiesge esodw .ewod 
b evobaty oct etiuay eeoto to eer edd yi .ebsove tewol sig 
\oskuoniteaid efante A .llew shite edt ni beoaiq viaelween od 
aq Gass oa .ddgil ofssil ood Hictis ylileweed bluow ved 
ys) asito doss gbhieed beoslq ed vasu etedto serdd.1o ond 
as qveed benisiet neds eosoisic supesasnos sat syd (cert 
BRR Nei iG =< ! sedvbin ilsse tot edmsi 
i ae senolaceo fexsver evods dows Raiveries 
) gniveifess edd betasee1q atsis sisd es vneloeqrs ae eh 
683 To eeontold? edt foitx sebay ,ewobniw edd taintdmes 
dors etetsgee)s 28 evise hives eins ae ~beouber ed bluoo 
ah sgvomts antessq doze shia edt to sosfg edt eies binas ti 
7 Sten don of cow eiss bas ,ifsw edd to eeendoidd sistas 
a8 ‘ees Zaltiogque sit sonia .otdtod butanthed sid at oft 
we isbay flew odt es (6 All .BIY) aeiq odd of beoroienatd 
oeig odd baldtyax troqgve of bed aedaool on dows Retveiles 
) Beoubos Sd osls blues ewobstw ond noexted Baintstior ffsy 
ang 2818) testo doses weer bevon éwobsiw odd foe .stbiw 
F.s8F9) edast beyelqe -yrenthro ond tsgnen eldd ni ned¥ 
Go nidt s weds asowded bentsrey sion .t6dsegot sdano7rd 
betas £2 ewohniw ows Tigo .e JOIf .ett to nella edt atin 
Hylientt etedt .(Xalh .8i*) tedtesxosd seolo smad anat 

eT snantos (OST sete) Llsw to sosig tel? sit yioritas 

oisas? edd bas) sumploo efgais 6 int beaidnos sie 
se Ort +818 ai bossothai ‘noifivm edt omemed [Lew 
i Arges oars xP ace ig latiten hewepanite ae af box 
. aaah ata Nic ele) te} yraree 


ae rt, aie Lin a 
aie A aR Muto ee eae ge t te 


694 
columns was not relieved thereby. This could first occur when 
the separate arches were replaced by a great. and oe 
arch extending over Abb opsnings, this passing through the e 
tire thickness of the wall as a relieving arch. Then the wall 
beneath this arch could again be redheeddin thickness and eve. 
placed on a Single row of. columns, omihhing the cap stones (rig. 
14163, cloister at Riga, bedinning of 13. th century). 

Thus already for a continuous wall, whether it supported va 
ults or not, the great thickness ded to combining the opening 
and the introduction of cross vaults with buttresses dividing 
the wall into separate panels, indicated this so much the mor 

Best can be followed the influence of vaulting im the treat— 
ment of windows in the middle aisle of the basilica. The basil— 
ica with beam ceiling shows a continued series of separate win- | 
dows, whose spacing often had no relation to the divisions of 
the lower arcade. By the use of cross vaults the windows must. 
be regwiarly placed in the side wall. A single windou in each 
bay would generally afford too little light, so that groups ie 
two or three others must be placed peside each other (Pigs. ae 
1165), but the Romanesque churches then betained heavy and deep 
jambs for small widths. ; oy 

Relieving arch above several openings. 

As an expedient was here again presented the relieving arch 
combining the windows, under which the thickness of the wall © 
could be reduced, as this could serve as 2 separate arch, or 
it could take the place of the side arch passing through the ul 
entire thickness of the wall, and this was so much more poss- 
idle in the beginning gothic, since the supportins mass was t 
transformed to the pier (Fig. 1145 sa) as the wall under the 
relieving arch no longer had to support anything, the piece of 
wall remaining between two windows could also be reduced én . 
width, and the windows moved near each other (Fig. 1165 aj. 7 
When in this manner two ordinary splayed jambs (Pig. 1166) were 
prought. together, there remained between them a thin mullion ~ a 
with the plan of Fig. 1166 a, or if two windows flanked by eol-4 

ums came close together (7ig. 1167), there finally ae 
entirely the flat piece of wall (Fig. 1167), columns I and IT 
were combined in a single column, @ and the remaining bit of the J 

gall bewame the mullion indicated in Fig. 1167 a. Thus was ronal 
med in an Siti natural way the typical plan of a mullion d 


ihe ji See 
eben a es %6 gala edd ot .e Vor! bae 6 doll EEE ak 
der sa is syisoes ot asdatbsotesnt visevesen sis ftseni of bel 
poo dviw esfuors ‘nt bebbs ed of ase getwals nedn ot 
on > wobntv tneostés yiseeolo edt asiW <(e Solr .3f%) eng 
iol 50 Vegi -k2%) dows ebie edd yd besclone yLtcotth een 
a? -yquoco von bib vod oedw dose Batvetist tefleme esarsg 
ee sbodsate teed ‘ybacils ead ,yed edt to dtenel eats 
eas i. -dome ed? to mureqryt edt gcttadotaes | 
bd dion flommoo 6. dtaened wso50 & Betnsyo stom to ont woa TI 
agin w(GOLlT .2i§) wedd evods Ifew ounesquyd 2 entensa eso 
ieee aot bus .betssibat qete teen odd vitetutsen sex eidt 
Pdeite emo s0 eslorto sion ze 900 beyclque ad bleoo eco 
s gwode bOrt .erY .(Ltotesseup ,Licteis) eimgitt Leoiad 
Ade seterolo enpgenemo)l uleritas af most measguyd bed 
$s weveioio oidtod yltsh edd roti sro S8If .5tv bos .xad 
Fr ae wobain edd tA .(aeedosereheill e*seak moat dtod) xoed 
: fos eltotess semis (O3IL .akt) vodteW te dorwdo stetpeifoo 
3° enoaegays od¢ qlderstesl .bsyofgus sis isidegod seolo yf¢ 
Bessie. sad gatoiaisésh [sisodeu oft .Asimtd to siddut to shan 
Boitaomqolevel sdi to sheta sexi? eids nov? ‘suahrogo edd te 
ers manineyo Sdd 31 .mtedo [sioete 2ii foal tom esob yrs pad 
BL selobesioes dtin too wlonie teor ed Bloc yond ,Sessly son 
mee Bengt edt déin deol} cif yem baisealy od? .(OCID .ebe) ed 


“ 


Yo eLbdin ody of et witeido ted ,m eteder slstil sat gt saz 


| we Ne 
i steduocle 2 O¢ 6 ONS! .B£9 ai el ftowg odd erode ted , daet 
Bh 2 | panoitfar edt ao Lsren 
) eae 


°e8260 yasoste 
Sato pb@ bas ssie fae rodawn si berestont cooe exatasco sat 
ined ¥o sosiane' odd to efssit ste! yeas tact of ,asddo does 
‘diets seolo of Sst9K admet ag fudt bas ,ment baoysd es 8G 
tH NOLS bas 2 SSll sepl? wivmwode eelitorg a6y cele dads 
anne bovis es Seunidsoo osdt eeltiotquesad? ered boten 
p 903 Je aeddo doze ofl’ boezog ysdt tedé on saiasce yvisvs 
\fo @ @ aciiose sit dtiw cele Fae .(£ttt -2f%) toetnon Yo 
t fns etizove? & edididxe s INIT .pit ot cottses azote anes 
ood “mp ssw ydsieds tod .ted edt to a a noktose eeors 
one y oftnte © sisdw sereosat edd to tmeagoLiveh ysdo7x 
aisa tte nh senatrpeaplg edd ewodriw gse12 tot bebfs tey esr 
be tb vd tieosts stenibrodre Settogai elds ak yasdscd 
“Oye “ge pcierte encit fon exdd Sas yreoand 
ne if ee 


eae oil 
ot ae 


vane Wich i patie es 


+ 
ae ‘ 


i> ah 
ea 


in Pigs. 1106 a and 1167 a. In the plan of Fis. 1167 a men w 
led to insert the necessary intermediates to receive the reba 
te, when glazing was to be added im arcades with coupled colu- 
mns (Pig. 1162 a). With the closely adjacent window openings 
were directly enclosed by the side arch (Fig. 1195) or by a se 
perate smaller relieving arch when they did not occupy the en- | 
tire length of the bay, has already been stated. - 
Perforating the tympanum of the arch. : 
If now two or more openings occur beneath a common arch, ‘the 
ere remains a tympanum wall above them (Big. 1163), aod to open 
this was naturally the next step indicated, and for this purp- | 
ose could be employed one or more circles or some other. geome- 
trical fisure (trefoil, quatrefoil). Fig. 1164 shows a perfora-— 4 
ted tympanum from an entirely Romanesque cloister at K8nigslut-_ 
ter, and Fig. 1168 one from the Barly Gothic cloister at Fisch- 
beck (both from Hase’s Niedersachsen). At the window from the 4 
collegiate church at Wetter (Fig. 1169) three trefoils wie 
bly close together are employed. Preferably the tympanums were : 
made of rubble or brick, the material determining the character 
of the openings. Even this first stage of the development of 
tracery does not lack its special charm. If the openings were 
not glazed, they could be most simply cut with rectangular jam 
bs (Pig. 1170). The glazing may lie flush with the inner surf- 
ace in the little rebate m, but chiefly is in the middle of the 
jamb, that shous the profile in Pig. 1170 a to c, elsewhere u 


usual on the mullions. eon al 


Tracery bars. = 
The openings soon increased in number and size and adjoined a 


each other, so that they 1sft little of the surface of the tym- 
panum beyond them, and thus the jambs were so close together, . | 
that also tbe profiles shown in Figs. 1166 a and 1167 a origi- 4 
nated nere. Théesecprofiles then continued as curved bars around 
every opening so that they passed into each other at the points 
of contact (Ris. 1171), and also with the section mn of the 
same cross section in Fig. 1171 2 exhibits a fayorite. and freer 
cross section n n of the bar. But thereby was completed the p ia 
proper devilopment of the tracery, where 2 Single enrichment 7 
was yet added for great windows the arrangement of the main 
tracery in this inserted subordinate tracery, whereby in the 
begoate and the ngl isons equally originated the combinatioas 


&ee 
., gost pee artnet’ bas wenial odd to 
he ae 


a Upmonrt yobain dt of vilut exon gesq on ov0te? 
soto tosateset. sdd Ao eeriot tnersItib edd. teens od yr02 
) ettotylog. es dore pksoras Ic gare? Solaunset evs 
ga saevionned? yd s10% betosanes & ab vente sebbeld” 
. 7 es | ,ams0? eupeensmon 

perl ysev jie eogkenawe? . dota bawos olquie edd ashleed 

st ekaisego ea [Low 86, sagertt befow at ivod Seyofiss vi 
pqao: eee “2®) sows Lioterd evitnoge ois .piocbh bas tdhif 
ier cate honor s esbiesd ted? .pors isipotts {svevae % 
y sone ch bers900 hetaasckh forte yim) yoo. patnieg spe 
pate: suodt so Megste-scotre (PNET Rid) santnego tefnorte 
jot gatbrooos <arudewetl mond Er .gt9) aot Letosmenxo 
DE sstnss, ficterd baxsecge elsomacm asea sud .(tescad 
n O18 Ged? A6 o8lt .2 aX! ant -Gnit) gantnegs Lictyfey 
"§ 225), fictert, .2018 Wlvorio do tadegmeds 6+ gaibtoooe 
fee Bo (je SVil .g28) Ltotenprio. .(OXi: .2L0) Lictesten 
Se ce ci besupeites YO guecpe seo 
wearvitcengets eqave eft 16 esibas gnivosiorwg edt asiw 
Seema Pligsopest sisw ageinogo sdT .gnotdcoigies fedseman 
oe con ~eidteeoost san efdd stet¥ zo ,enode To edele slxata 
ieentot éct fas .eldiesoy es shia ee. croideas edd saan of 
Pore Sieh .6nts ol -eaypidtvom eft. seotss sieupe seo ylecou 
Bey 46 gnigofo, le sscom sucitay sevih ste 


ston cdmeG eat .[fotyfoeg 
it 


owe wEOLoigos wad Livl asiv eqterd .em101 ofstodD yixse 
peeomie offf0d ot bowretenent usgit ets ewrot seeds [14 
@ adele betetotxes sit sdeteqes of ashec noua pein osdt .kears 
Seedt to esatistuo edd). etad: yrsosas! odni enunacayt edi 
B elses gd? stniblyon sed edd yd Sobagottue vita BIEHOO Siew 
igre) gathivon sed siefqacs eat, yd bewret owls siew egeus 
pemose {hoieit evideod dadd Hetdi etsd to yrecsst to enzo? 
rs sioins riylsatvoisieg sia sysr botasy geom eat ot elfrotying : 
PeceSt exis ~Ste of yuedued dd Ef ed lo tetsenp Secose ent 
| ad to sifbin edd tuodé’ .modi to eelamexo evig MOSS bas CFSs: 
Ssogmetacs Jconls seosly, ghar at heisegqs wissnso dt es 
sola isd. SJessgse 8 as ol don esob éedt end tegoug edd 
init om aPLIL Leurp ies: ud prods 8. o00. to Seo, osiwsdie 
Menedd (NW! big) dow Liotest: cart yleritus es? 
. i | See S28, ageuo SJ. doitw ni dove hetsiog odd 
ae: ore akdd. of, neat ett REN ‘eLkots3 


ra Vern me , n ee ' Ph a cae 
bik a ai shes en 


Pea 


g 
2% 


NRCS Ss irks NS a BO NA SUIS PR, ceca US cos VO 


| 693 yp 
af the larger and smaller systems.({fiss.' 1262, 1268). 


Before we pass more fully to the window tracery, it is neces 
sary to treat the different forms of the tseatment. of certain 
ever recurrins forms of tracery, such as polyfoils, cusps, fis 
bladder, etc., in a connected form by themselves. : . 

Romanesque forms. a 

Besides the simple round arch, Romanesque art. very freauent— q 
ly employed both in arched friezes as well as openings for as 
light and doors, the sportive trefoil arch (Pig. 1172) composed 
ef several circular arcs, that besides a round also soon show-— 
ed a pointed top (Fig. 1173). Bikewise occurred in place of = 
circular openings (fig. 1174) cross-shapat or those of purely 
ornamental form: (Big. ‘tt75 from Naumburg, according to Redten- 
bacher), but more commonly appeared trefoil, auatrefoil and p 
polyfoil openings. (Figs. 1176, 1176 a, 1176 b), that are named 
according to the number of circular arcs, trefoil, (Fig. 11/6 b), 
guateefoil (fis. 1176), cinguefoil (Pig. 1176 a), or generally ~ 
polyfoil. The jambs were cut square or surrounded by mouldings, _ 
when the projecting angles or the cusps frequently had rich or- 
namental terminations. The openings were freguently cut through oa 
Single slabs of stone, or where this was impossible, men sought 
to, make the ashlars as large as possible, and the joints were 7 
mastly cut square across the mouldings. In Figs. 1172 .to.1176 
are given various modes of jointing. 


Barly Gothic forms. Cusps with full bar moulding. y 
All these forms were firs. transferred to Gothic almost unch- 
anged. Then when men began to separate the perforated slabs of — 
the tympanums into tracery bars, the outlines of these figures 
were constantly suffounded by the bar moulding. The angles or 
cusps were also formed by the complete bar mouldings (Fig 1770 
Forms of tracery of this kind that combine trefoil arches and 4 
polyfoils in the most varied ways are particularly common in. 
the second quarter of the 13 th century in use. Figs. £235 to 
14239 and 1241 give examples of them. About the middle of the 
13 th centurw: appeared in namy places almost. contemporaneously 
the proper cusp, that does not form a separate bar, but grows 
sidewise out of one as shown by Figs. 1178, 1179, 1181, etc..- 
The entirely free trefoil arch (pig..1177) there returns to. 
the pointed arch in which the cusps are added in the form of 
trefoils (Pigs. 1178, 1182). To this transition may have con— 


“ft 4 
4 « * 4 , - ae j ae ae ay 
> i 7 as oe tae i % ig ann 


yi i a A ae ane 
wen Nableabicert ods snd¥ toe’. ans betietsoce i; 
slg dea i stor ed biveo ytilest bea eons. 
pang 00 »seinitgnel eogeexta telensis of betine [ior as: 
- eddzael reteewm yd wetiad beniatia sen seogisy etait 
} 80 nove bus ,enil bevdob ond oi oale Lenskidnoo sew 28d 
ES. | ean eiods nesiatinahe oi testi stoud ylfewey doin ,ef6 
is i, ) epororanemin belduob 
aiaelens dove tioterd 6a¢ 00 68 dows betatog ead no. diog 
nee @6 .gathivon notiinn {ivi ef% bowers beisiso of olwoo st 
Lrotesd sit to geno add tu .BVST sbi lo Med steel odd “ot 
qosetis titwtud .yvsst bos yib tedisx emeee aect 
> ,beoubes tedusudtsh taibison eft to sthim edd 1. (uteosag 
ye @ dthaeid edt €\S so S\E ylao ef is ‘sostena Sook smmgeidy 
‘edd al wrt +819 t0 Bled ddpia @ds ai ge (deta betaiog odd 
Fe ooeegngiaata bas bedutoa edd asswdéed Enabuban-t0 99695 
ot B ee2so omce ai tc.0 d & Robie aslogestad & 101 esdis 
tgoktose 22019 antbnogesixco edd bes ,anteset 1 o b Balaege 
mumenego off so GXif bua d GUIl .akit of axede ete gas sit 
ae @ to colttersit sis yd bobieve aoutsemoa et Lovdaeqae sid 
" ) ab gaigocesodal eis tuado wedtslt yd besofome et gt 1p .1eneq 
Sih) (6 SUT .er9) antl 4 
il ia | -Reeacdoins anel to aqenwd 
& Liehbsd: has beintog sco zatifleom to dtqeb smea aft toe 
eer, 519: qd bentaloxe tect es ,emt0? Levenny oF tentes egactod 
ugesi to antbinem s'ewode dows Lictesd hstdeesi eft efor 4 ee 
 ¢llastrove yeu ‘sotiolog eidd to sihieo ei? .(CVri .bit) ddass 
. te beetent tadt aletiaog snpseaagoe eactt oc bertstet 
edgy io Siitoe sdi shient note [ietend s eves muneaqgavs fit 
Snenof ois bavot el tetentm otudeaste edt to even edd al 
: BP .8i%) dois: batstog 2 ai botregri tote [rotess bayer srpee 
Be Setatog « salt ems odd Js yheovla banot ek eeowlg tedvo da 
/@ 09 beiger9 efiydetedd tod .dose Patoatog 243 of dows Lioterd 
mi Omf9 Tt es. boa, CVIS .O48 ni nrode at teu edd voloioninzg 
“4 > speysatase dd €f edd te oibdin ett dpode sen: 
gave 0 maot oft et QYfl ait oi naiéaloe edd ot hellls 
mvetze yoeorls qeus eid to elfiong snd ated ei) Bas ett ait 
pes ect etididsa fer Rit? bas, , oot live edt to. elitosg edd at 
‘ra pba qisossth ebnesxs'd 2 soattae odd tadd ytiaetio - 
ale yay 6 S6If, bee SELL, .eRtg to axxo sdtal -foth 
adi a ee rs herome tounol ca ai qeavo nt mn 
; ; Ke ; ‘ ¥ 


ad 


+ “iy | 
€ ae a 


af ’ 


694: 
contributed the fact, that the free bar in Fig. 1177 im appear-— 
ance and reality could be more easily broken, and did not seen | 
as well suited to transfer stresses lengthwise. On the contrary 
this purpose was attained better by sreater lengths, when the A 
bar was continued also in the dotted line, and even at. the mid- 
dle, which usually broke first in buckling, there was obtained 
doubled dimensions. a 

Both on the pointed arch as on the trefoil arch enclosed by 
it could be carried around the full mullion mouldings, as shown 
in the left half of Fig. 1178. But the cusp of the trefoil arch 
then seems rather dry and heavy, but will already become more 
sraceful if the width of the moulding is somewhat reduced, so. 
that the front surface n is only 1/2 or 2/3. the breadth m of 
the pointed arch, as in the right half of Pig. 1178. Im the .. 
space or spandrel between the pointed and trefoil arches, the 
sides form a triangular sinkins a bc or in some cases a free. 
opening d e f remains, and the correspondins cross section of 
the cusp are shown in Pigs.’ 1178 b and 1178 c. The opening in 
the spandrel is sometimes avoided by the insertion of a flat . 
panel, or it is enclosed by flatter chamfers intersecting in - 
a line (Pig. 1178 d). 

Gusps of less thickness. 

But the same depth of mouldings on pointed and trefoil aréthes 
belongs rather to unusual forms, as just explained by #is.1178; 
as a rule the inserted trefoil arch shows a mouldins of less 
depth (fig. 1179). The orisin of this solution may eventually 
be referred to those Romanesque portals that instead of the 
solid tympanum have a trefoil arch inside the soffit of. the 
arch. In the nave of the Strasburg minster is found the Roman- 
esoue round trefoil arch i1aserted in a pointed arch (Pig.. 1180a), 
at other places is found already at. the same time a pointed t 
trefoil arch in the pointed arch, but thereby is created no p. 
principle; the cust is shown in Big. 1179, and as it came into 
use about the middle of the 13 th century. 

Allied to the solution in Fig. 1179 is the form of cusp in 
Fig. 1181, and in both the profile of the cusp already exists 
in the profile of the mullion, and Fis. 1181 exhibits the pec- 
uliarity that the surface a b extends directly into the span-— 
drel. In the forms of pigs.’ 1182 and 1182 a the moulding of t 
the cusp is no longer carried down on the mullion, but on the 


34 


gine f ‘hee Eten oid | i } 
1 gene hones wens te oben ptatop ofa] omes odd ai ti | 
ete oa) wetq odd motd dix ef? to gatuniaqe ety af Ifoz 
n ‘dmetetiie Yo aotsoeeteint efs of abesi yliaerpert sadé 
bans bas eBnolisutenedg dobm sooo ytsoest nt cstweiil .eya ae 


‘ge domrid efteao edt Jo norzettind eds no yreoaxt end rs 

ame i hein oreo has etelLit to beeoquoe aedpte gevo end ‘ 
a dol . . «hewnet elqmiea « to gaitaienoo aoiltina ‘ea 
kh ae s@gavo edt to yanibek a 


™ 


‘a ies ‘etssimet pedd oben dud tootote eqeso edd 11 et 
bndtedvos ns oved bivow egeus anor ASEIT Eft .egtt) elpas ia 
# yd beosices eb eidd osoteisdd bos .eLiberti bas vite. ef dofdy er 
dows edd to awiber odd nodw . (herr «2 eett o2Qth) be tebis 
‘ eosae 6 evsel tod dosetseiat von ob 2ote oid seas beastacde os 
; ‘attends sogwied 

a inkiavne add ab eavoco ubseate dead qewo heorwd eit 
=_Dz ne dpa sd aso .enobaiw isedw bas eltety£og no yiletoecse 
Sons Ooo botatet soil 2 no tuode ,eceso seslgsile eft ci ors 
“b sone test aeitust bebuetse ei ti YT .(eSIE 6d ye BSED) sees 
s hae w{X6rt yOetl. .o SM .ebtt) ebae slkedd de afsge ahisyth 
‘ ‘se Wuptido ord ydvstues efan od .paauon tho Jno) ed ntear neo 
iogote gem opbe edd to antiluon adit ~ETOLE PSIT.antt) esos’? 
e.benasiet sd-vyem to .(OSPE ye DELL .eavtt) bas sit Js‘ beet ut 
: Magen paisvoetoag knol .( (Git .@eht .o do POIT went) sk 
Bypns 863) de sisin soso yam seved to aretusdo bsoid wout bni 
peat ‘olaiuasgieeddaal edd cela tod .dtbhiv ads iyivo fon, bosserant ef 
i Ceneahe ot SFI 

eet anh senit) baod s yd toktuciwred tedela 2 eved yom qauo sal 
vances ult{ otpiered 2 yd .enta gs dows si¢ ob 2a (e BSI 
<2 if; bas tesiicse odd ni bavot ove dotdn to eelgmexo. seeltedaun | 
petietics uileiosgre ese Snid tettel» eds to entre? ,esxte teed ae 
ae ae * eLtotext xo. Ltetviog eite aedors Ishnenaaso tot | 
pesao egieogge ont dedi 152 of bratxe gasps eid eoutiomoe a) 
i eds dotdw ni: re Lahakeatie S78 Ged e(fOll .&z%)) beandexg | L 
MSI IHR esos cl © i aoeg top ek amtd e, 
wear Ne) ste bdo cihosatl ea%, to ayant i 
| rad oes oute seket: edd ni borsetere ecqese edt of 7 
teu odd os nisy “pegs ifeme geitaeaai yd) bexist ,eqeno baveg Me 
oa renga 4 sadeses, eaten dotan dices aise Bqepo - via | 


ape 


iv aye 


pre ie 


laf ne i iy 1) wid ‘eh a! i ah 
a Ht rs hs AP a 


4 i 
"a a> OY i 
Seba PEND 


Ae he 


695 
contrary in Fis. 1. £83. the es projects freely from the side. 
of the mullion. 


It is the same Late Gothic mode of treatment, that shows it- 


self in the springing of the rib from the pier (p. 99), and t 
that frequently leads to the intersection of different mouldi- 


ngs. likewise in tracery occur wich penetrations, and thus in 
the tracery on the buttresses of the castle church at Altenburg 
the cusp arches composed of fillets and cove project from the 
mullion consisting of a simple round. | t+ 
Ending of the cusps. a 
if the cusps project but little, thery terminate im am obtuse 
angle (Figs. 1181, 1182). jong cusps would have an acute angle, _ 
which is ugly and fragile, and therefore this is replaced by a : ij 
wider end (Figs. 1183 a, 1184), when the radius of the arch is 
so shortened that the arcs do not intersect but leave a space ; 
between then. ; 

This broad cusp that already occurs in the earliest tracery, 
especially on polyfoils and wheel windows, can be cut off squ- 
are in the simplest cases, about on a line joining the two cen-_ 
tres (1184 a, b, 1185). If it is extended farther, the arcs ad 
diverge again at their ends (Figs. 1184 c, 1186, 1187), andc 
can again be cut. off square, be made acute by two oblique Bur- 
faces (Pigs. 1186, 1187). The moulding of the edge may stop q 
dead at the end (Figs. 1184:., 1186), or may be returned around 
it. (Pigs. 1184 b, c, 1185, 1187). Long projecting cusps Brbend—- 
ind from broad chamfers or coves may occur, where at the end 4 
is increased not only the width, but also the thicke = 
1186 to 1188}. 

The cusp may have a richer termination by a head peer 1188, 9 
188 a) as in the ays at Haina, by a heraldic lily (Pig, 1199), 
numberless examples of which are found in the earliest and la- 
test times. Forms of the latter kind are especially suitable 
for ornamental arches efica polyfoil. or trefoil. 

Sometimes the cusps extend so far that two opposite ones are 
produced (Pig. 1191). These are exagserations in which the late 
time is not poor. 

Gusps of the second order. 

To the cusps preferred in the later time also belong the com- 
cound cusps, formed by inserting small cusps again in the main a 
cusps (Pig. 1192), which mostly srow out of the main bars, like 


ark gi da. ioe of wecans py sad ns: ont aie 

i oe, f bevaiso ‘yltueupett: Gig O18 tedso. does, at ped4eent » (nae 

wpa bind aqeso {feae Hae shtsf oss doidw ai ,y29081s to amtot 1 

Bf BEST esi8)-earsco medotday ai yeibivom sed stelquoa odd yd 2; 

Pit ry seqeno bae dows Ltoterd edd gailisted a 

-foqs LLote1T 

8 = exevee éaom edi ak dots Liotes3 supzsaemo® saf 

wet ) efooin edt af efouiscinea s« débw etosabdeap ond geble eit 

3° “ itdgtes ert te) botlite ad yom testel ocd fae eerr 

Coaduba ston donm tin eosote space yltitenpet? cele siedt revo 

" it edd to iibes odd .(20if .af) yiilenredal} anisvos;, omg ge Lak 

« “@k gooneTestiid seds0e72 sonts .lavgo yissow e16 corse est 

te} auntbinog dott at bas. ,.sye edd seaeiq ton of edtunol 

mult no woled seods no s10m) sooltoesieini eet os. esituolitib 

We ghthes edd to sone1etith sdé eewoosd teeth eliaioesan .(S0Sr 

mms Gatbroocs elotioissa e to esise wot acts ebis ows oft tt 

j elbbia bavor & dtiw ydetsdt boowhowq wrot edd es . cell .ie 

Pp eibbia betaiog 2 diin yiestsoo edt nC .evieestaxe ton et or 

pyretasg 8 eo1s shic ows ods wash et sidicaog sting ef ti os 

fy eens edi sot eutber omse odd ser ashi bus gg aL &. to 

— daetetiib seadd ovid SCit bas Serr dell .28i8 oss bedaiog 

oft eved edsiois edd to ett reg edt etetw .bntd eidt to eedous 

wol sedwence & to tootte sat esd OCIf 8% .autbss erse 

Saisitmes odd no gated esrdéaso. tegqe sat. .dote Liotert star 

iio edd to ddhiod odt of beete: ots eeninso sad VOL weit ni 

Mas tet ot beetes ots yedd SCLf .2t* ai Sue .elotioiwes sit tc 

) Lftw tesl of? so bos a evortog sit ve bowrot sie celane dats 

I 8 bas b asxsaco ods to eoasieib sd nedn besistts ed eyewis 

3 cctson SOrh .alG of mrot eff .F es Brodo. add alenpe o adnt | 
s.efbbim edt to edentebuele edd tot dintl owewtxe edd dnen | 
gone eble edt ti ,ompesor slettes.s oi ytovosteitse et tt r 

bay oalt ceaps svat of 8s yd betltve ; 

2 hy ai as ffs 38 ton ted sidisatatec beshat et ti 

itaiog sezodo ond yOS 10 .9 dnlog emse edd most eenc tewol edd a 

arene ston ef th seiwexti .(6QN .gf9) beyolame ed yem bac o ae 

Rope 9 bas b eottneo teqgs edt usented esossdulb edd exam ot tie 

eo seeds .2lgmaxe fetoeles edt ri eisose ee ,euthes sad og hi 

ther to véifewos odd nove .stace teddtst 10 te19e90 heoslg ns 

na zo exree jascen benisd ed ot dor si tod ,eldsatvds olao et 
Se panier ony % i rae a doa een Weegee nett aad 


696 | 
the ordinary simple cusps. To be distinsuished from these cusps 
inserted in each other are the frequently curved Barly Gothic 
forms of mata in = the eee and small cases are formed 


Detailins the Saha arch and cusps. 
Trefoil arch. 

The Romanesque trefoil arch in its most severe form shows at. 
the sides two quadrants with a semicircle in the middle (Fig. 
1193), and the latter may be stilted (Fig. 1193, right¥.: More- 
over there also frequently occur arches with much more acute 
angles projecting internally (fig. 1194), the radii of the th- 


6 eet le aD cua ie 
GBS ASE PUNE SOS 


PRS Mee se, 


ree arcs are mostly eymal, since greater differences in their 

lengths do not. please the eye, and in rich mouldings introduce > 
difficulties at the intersections (more on those below om Fig. 
1202). Especially great becomes the difference of. the radii, ia 
if the two side arcs form varts of a semicircle according to 1 


Big. 1195, as the form produced thereby with a round middle 
arc is not expressive. On the contrary with a pointed middle . . 
arc it is quite possible to draw the two side ares as parts © 
of a semicircle, and then use the same radius for the upper 
pointed arc. Pigs. 1196, 1193 and 1198 sive three different 
arches of this kind, where the parts of the arches have the s a 
same radius. Fig. 1196 has the effect of a somewhat. low sepa- 
rate trefoil arch, the upper centres being on the semicircle; . 
in Fig. 1197 the centres are raised to the height of the crown 
of the semicircle, and in Vig. 1198 they are raised to far that 
right angles are formed at the points m and n.° The last will 
always be attained when the distance of the centres d and e . 
fros c equals the chord a £. The form in Pig. 1198 must repre— 
sent the extreme limit for the slenderness of the middle arch, 
it is satisfactory in a certain measure, if the side ares are 
stilted by a Ss to have egual rise. 

It is indeed permissible but not at all required, te strike 
the lower ones from the same point c, or any two chosen points 
c and may be employed (fis. 1198), likewise it is not necessary 
to make the distances between the upper centres d and e equal ea 
to the radius, as occurs in the selected example, they can be 
placed nearer or farther avart, even the ecouality of the radii 4 
is onln advisable, but is not to be termed necessary. Moreover 5 
the simple trefoil shape not enclosed by an arch allows the 


i 4 ae Rr i a Pe * 
Mirth a Phe tae i mt ; 


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| pe 


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qastiel edt stanimob of sved den asob ti tet 02 eto bet 
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i axon ont cfd nt Seatednos ova tuo yx180 oF bobremooe7 
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bonoensd tod (mw .y yw 2 .8) etukod noldicasid sdé te ex 
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sieaiieg ence beinsesiges ore JOSE ,OOS! Cr! .enkt ak 
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o exis. mort nwesh enif tdzisite edd oo well (8 10 S$). soe tence 
Réteness to tatoa sit od (b) dots Llegiouteg edt to eaxtaso 
yee «8 J onil cit no sd tenm € totoa sdt cers «Bi@ of endt 
sede 0 t esil edt no esil § ¢aitog od¢ TOSS .ebt nt sein 
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meeecttotg otxtacsnoo sit .ssdtel sd¢ yeto Jon edoh ono YI 
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weds ,eais [lame ditu nocs, factontkag & e@wode CCIft . sig | 
pea ead¢ Sova gavo eit .d «6 dtbiv ed¢ te 6\S vince gated a ft 
downts ens 08 base o oe ed¢ ts fois Lectoatdo ond niot 


a8 
8 @ & gqevo edt .--- = 7", -“S@ * € eB @udt .evtbes 2a 


399 


ry § 
ol endd ,iths1 edd yaotoubet yi. oNOort a wWierq ef ydeeods bom 


_ sbeowbong ete Sqeno aezmel “S boc “8 of zetémeo: oft gaiace? 
a) dtbiw odt alanpe evthet seody dows ma ewode OO8f . git 
Ries © Geso yqante yiev ed? wUslursiat iscotalinups Poe ud hee 
ef @ «6 ot4 edd Bas ,dtbiew efi itfad © enifet 6 addin arsah 
7 @ atte eat .8 extuso ead tuotda elotioieer es Yo $taq & 
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7 5 a eae pabie edt Yo s\¢f. Sar cbse at geno ed? to 


5 eet i 


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Peay 


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Bee) 


697 Ba 

sreatest freedom, and is is not forbidden to draw it in free 

curves without the use of compasses. | 
Gusps in pointed arches. 

Far more restricted are naturally the trefoil arches that. 
by the insertion of the cusps are formed in an enclosing poin- — 
ted arch. So far it does not have to dominate the latter, i 
it also affords it the freest. play; the sole rules thabit is . 
recommended to carry out are contained in the two next. reouireme 

1. That. the cusp arches join the principal arch without. brea 
ks at the transition points (a, s, w, v, w) but tangentially. 

2. That the radii for the two halves of the cusp are equal... 

In Figs. 1199, 1200, 1201 are represented some examples of 
the construction of cusps, which all have in common that they 
satisfy the indicated requirements. : ‘. 

The first condition is always fulfilled if the centre of the | : 
cust arcs,(2 or 3) lies on the straight line drawn from the ec ~ 
centre of the principal arch (4) to the point of transition. y 
Thus in Fig. 1199 the point. 3 must be on the line 1s, and like- 
wise in Fig. 1201 the point 2 lies om the line 1 u, etc. Prom 
the second condition follows, that the centres 2 and 3 of the a 
cusp are on an arc struck from the principal centre 1.° 4 

If one does not obey the latter, the concentric profiles in- 
tersect in a curved line after the manner of Fig. 1202, whereby 
the cusp appears curved. If also the latest Gothic did not re- 
coil from such peculiarities, but often sought them, the better | 
period ‘justly avoided them. 

Fig. 1199 shows a princival arch with small rise, the radius 
1 s being only 2/3 of the width a b. The cusp ares that first E 
join the principal arch at the ends a page Ss, are struck with 


a2 a bv. 
a half radius, thus s 3 = 32 2 = --=- = «-=-. The cusp am s for- | 


rah 


: 


med thepeby is pretty stumpy. By bolted the radii, thus trans- 
ferring the centres to 2” and 3” longer cusps are produced. _ 

Pig. 1200 shows an arch whose @adius equals the width (inelo- 
sed by an equilateral triangleU. The very stumpy cusp 4 mS ie) 4 
drawn with a radius = half the width, and the are am is thus” 4 
a part of the semicircle about the centre 2. The centre ec 
respondingly on the middle of the line 1 s. Now if the radius 
of the cusp is made only 1/3 of the width, then 2%a = oan, this 
would extend to the middle o and there join the opposite cusp. 
Within these limits 2 and 2’ will thus have to be located the 


i ibeuted 6rbbee edd at duods «qauo e¢3 Yo bextzes 
(Dostiavene eGo 6 seoktong feH4 .%S OS acioy a 
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Beicises edt Dretxe ton Cb eqeno ett EOSE .gre at, 
“¢ ede ‘eveel wort Mog stef “edd fo aed dove feqisat«z9 
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ces Sif ect dove [aqteontaq edt gZaiviah .evode eext ¢ t 
he «doda of? . Yo orbite eds £i oteom reil Ginza qeso eft 
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ho ons te0Lo Sade svih LOSE of CIE segi@ nt wevib eentl ont 
6 pons besos cirtnsonce sie enednem atid .egninsgo edz 

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ba iaeelo sit ott ttesea-ton ee enc gBnfweth ni dads eeaes 
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ba ae eeidsen ets egeus to emtot ‘novty 
ne $ edd to'emedoe etitas: sdt dtod senoitoniiesoo seeds [Lh 
ptesd bas hektibon yltnenesst od neo .sqeawo edd ets YI 
$ alt of ativice yloo ,dotete basset? evciverq e tovte ebsr 
ron sao tt ,fulecoodue vesel ei doicw .retiel sit to tsd9a18d5 
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ei d1eq swoe vydsteds sed ,edniog gutivete nletiss ebrotts 
yyeedegeiotal edt to ents ylietooges ei dotdu <no Eedosor 
J eozasgmoo oat Sas .mort bedisash ed rlevotoeaoscag oso yeas 
ado gon ti neve .tatog Leeiatomoor edd mort véus slidil a ise 

pad one To sedmen odd to dthin edd gutonber ylttbife serwee 
7 LTE 1 @dv to senso edd Ylleper nerdy es 2enetg de elicits 
# soted Rees of dsow I[svesiiea « nt THQVOE od ot ef dordw 
aa nt, ibanies sScinpinabald IO Stede aelderosveos of anidnoled ego 
oe Pee eLiotyleg sat eatwesg 
wi’ gqevo edd So. ektiond $dd to bkes wood) sent eed. sfedt [Ia 
ti yreve to Rigi lewdaec of Hetigge sc ysm sedors Setntog 
pee MGs hie ; -efoute a ndttin agend 
he oe & WJ insiekicicl ek Lfotylog Sopsensnof edd nedh. 
tdi nese sheath ebonedd ce OWrt ot OCHE Vegigens avode 
Anions ens recipe ei¢ yatot Lertaso to yrecsss. £ ot 
“fi cada Re sh a ) e109: eiae +80RDo betseeat Smoosd Sto 


rit 4 my PK aR SB oA? Radine AO 


Ui i aia ela 


698 


centres of the cusp. About in the middle between both is found 


a point 2” or 3”, that produces. a cusp right-angled at the fr- 
ont point m”. (Accurately cabtculated the radius a 27 =¥0 414 x a & 
In Fig. 1201 the cusps do not extend the entire length of the | 
principal arch, but on the left half they leave the principal 
arch at the points u and v, so that the same distances au and 
v Ss may remain free above 4nd below. On the right the cusp in- 
deed extends down to the end point b, but it leaves the part 
sw free above. Raising the principal areh the distance b ¢ 
the cusp again lies more in the middle of the arch. Porus: like 
that shown in Fig. 1201 chiefly belong to hate Gothic. 

The lines given in Pigs. 1193 to 1201 sive the clear area. of | 
the openings, the members are concentric around them and inter- 
sect in the way given above. prawing them presents no further | 
difficulty, so that it can be passed over here. Also for the - 
case that in drawing one does not start from the clear opening, 
but from the middle line of the bar (fis. 1234 a), most of the 
siven forms of cusps are usable. 

All these constructions, both the entire scheme of the trac-— 
ery like the cusps, can be frequently modified and best so, if 
made after a previous freehand sketch, only serving to fiz the 
character of the latter, which is least successful, if one ser- 
upulously adheres to a geometrical development. Certainly this 
affords certain starting points, but thereby some part is enc— 
roached on, which is especially true of the interspaces, since 
they can unconsciously be departed from, and the compasses be 
set a little away from the geometrical point, even if not oth-— 
erwise slightly reducing the width of the member of the bar a 

ittle at places, as then usually the cause of the masnificence, 
which is to be sought in a mediaeval work in tracery, before. | 
one belonging to restoration there or otherwise copied. 
Drawing the polyfoil. 

All that has just been said of the drawing of the cusp in 2 

pointed arches may be applied to central figures of every kind. 
Gusps within a circle. 

When the Romanesque polyfoil is enclosed by a circle as those 
shown in Figs. 1176 to 1175 b, then is completed the transition 
to a tracery of central form, the incurved foils of the polyf- 
oil become inserted cusps. This course of development then cl- 
early appears, the curves of the cusps entirely occupy the in- 


j 
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as 


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of bass 
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| wr anes. icasnoish 8 dh opie wane Hock ne ee 


ei 


ei Ca a hs 


699 oe 
interior of the circle, and only in a few cases does the latter 
remain visible between the cusps struck with small radii, like ~ 
the pointed arch between u a and v s in Fig, 1201. The cusps. 
are either inserted in grooves in the enclosing circle, like 
the tracery in the window arch (Fig. 1148 b), or they are wro- 
ught in one stone with the accompanying moulding. | 

Laying out the cusps in the bircle is based like that of the 
polyfoil on the simple division of the circle, as to insert 3 


3 cusps the radius is laid off 6 times in the circumference and | 


Pet bi 
2 


these points are connected, and the centres of the curves of 
the cusps lie on the diameters thus obtained. Their distance 
from the centre af the circle, .C a in Fig. 1204 is laid off 
from 0 f half the width of the cusp ’b a on each side, parall- 
els are drawn to G f and on C ¢ is sought the centre for the 
cusp arches touching these lines and the great circle. 

If the cusps are to be pointed as in Pig. 1204 a, the choice 
of the centre is made according to the degree of its acuteness, 
and can be limited to between the points a and b. In general 
it is better not to make the points too long, so that the cen= 
tre is placed nearer a, as the excellent effect of the tracery 
in the north portal of the cathedral at Rowen shows. 

Entirely in the same manner are obtained 4, 5, 6, ete. cusps. 
Fig. 1205 shows the insertion of 4 cusps or the formation of 
the quatrefoil, whereby according to the form that the cusps 
are to receive, the choice of the centre may be made betwhen 
aand Db. 

Gisps in trefoil arch: 

The insertion of the cuso in the trefoil may occur in very 
different ways as shown in Pig. 1206. First is the constructi- | 
on of the trefoil by three semicircles to be possible by 3.sem- 
icircles through the middle points of the sides of the triangle 
(thus a in Fis. 1206), whereby is obtained the form of the tre- 
foil. in Pig. 1207. The cusps then project little and correspond 4 
to the cusp curve in Fig. 1200. a form like Pig. 1207 a results 
if the centres of the arches in Pig. 1206 lie on the circular 
arc a ad between 2 and d, thus about at e. 

But both cusp curves can also be struck from one point and 
the cusp still remain pointed as in Fig... 1207 b, af the. centre 
is Breas at about f in Fig.'1206, and finally the form shown 

Fis. 1207 co with a square cusp may result from a centre pla- 


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sélensq telwoato evoicdsyY 

ed neo effotyfog fas egewo te ariot rode yievoivesq [ls 
S-I€tt to ebom taorstTis 2 tué .eloito edt at yltelinte betase 
Z “Re awed ctiw acoietvib edt yd cedtis Hsaiesdo ef aidd ant 
Megat odd yd to .egavo yd toeed ed podd ysm dofdw .vifatbes 

eis Isofatewos: reso te a0 . STS «Bit of ee eeloris to go 
a yeereamgg astel odd ok nwode exe bait sid? to eno? rwelqare 
By .  ebwobniv eset fos ewohatr to retyohd 
bye y eft wort yvigmie eitiveer Orer ~BIG to moltorateancs Sot 


Psa: ies! shinies edt " botroibat er ,ef{gasiad, leceselinups bed 
a 


i 


-aeaif 


| Pebsubs soto fereteliupe * Sedtoeni eas Ihr .yie al 
Rejisdes $2) Be MA a | eolgaeiat LenetslLinpe & 


P (aT seLotte ens bt peoerq ous nedore eraupe @ SIS) .yte af 
* eee ae styee afk iad neol twodsin. meds wath of tsh10 
“bootranedbaee “biel at dotew oi ys Stet .sig eteutbrodus 
jt hegaet: it dtiw doe seat EIs¢nosizod « no de 


ig a ch a ° Hepreadiesnt: edd d bas a 


790 iid Jy a 
placed at h in Fig. 1206. Figs. 1207 to 1207 ¢ show what. diff- 
erent effects can be obtained by such slight modifications. 
The insertion of doubled cusps in these Piss. can occur im just 
such varied ways.’ 

The insertion of cusps in the square is shown in various ways 
in Fig. 1208. 

Gusps in the square and in the quatrefoil. 

In the right. half. the middles of the sides of the sjuare are 
connected, and in the diagonal square thus formed is drawn a 
circle, the arc d c is bisected at f and from f etc. are struck 
the arcs. of the cusps. Between the points d and f can the cen- i 
tres be moved to obtain a different shape of. the cusp.’ 

The left half of the Fig. shows the form of. a square cusp. 
There is laid off from the line bisecting the square half the. 
width of the intended cusp on both sides (Fis. 1204, parallels 
are drawn to 0 ¢ that cut the sides of the square at 1 and «k, 
then is drawn the line ik, bisected at 1, and from 1 with a 
radius if the side of the square is struck the ares of the cusp. 

Fig. 1209 shows acute and blunt cusps in the quatrefoil, with — 
centres indicated in the drawing. In some curves are inserted 4 
cusps of the second order. Hurther statements on the different 
possible positions of the centres may be omitted. , 


Various circular panels. 
all previously shown forms of cusps and polyfoils can be in- 
serted similarly in the circle. But a different mode of fill- 
ins this is obtained either by the division with bars placed 
adially, which may then be beset by cusps, or by the inserti- @ 
on of circles as in Pigs. 1214, or of other geometrical figures. 7 
Simpler forms of this kind are shown in the later succeeding . 
figures of windows and ros? windows. . 
The construction of Fig. 1210 results simply from the insceri- 


t 


bed equilateral triangle, as indicated by the inserted aiding 
lines. 

In Fig. 1211 are inserted 4 equilateral arches produced by 
4 equilateral triangles 

In Pig. 1212 3 square arches are placed in the circle. In 
order +o draw them without long trials, there is employed as 
subordinate Pig. 1212 a, in which is Laid off a desired lengta 
a bon a horigontal line, and with thés length is struck from 


a and b the intersection c, a b is bisected at e, e ¢ is drawn © 


: @tmnotto od? mest .R 2 O78 oft wo A taiog odd of hoxaol 

aa 5 mi bebivib af SIs ott aism edt nk elorio sds to 
ad bos DA OA hibes edt orecb e1s eaoteivih eeeds of 
ak ds of Lelferaq ecil s nawash of of 2t f mort yieo teat 
as batt ot “0 wi DX etHo doidm .6 SIS! .ylt etentbrodue 


y b aide moat boa ,e sottocetstal se 0 f enibsart 8 dtin o bas gq 
i “a Kid *21@ O78 Off outta 
eur tte ‘guottoceretnt bos (soiesv) asbbeld dei® 

aa. etebbeld dait 
8 $o gabiitt bentelqxe dest edt ot galbuocos bua eshiess 
q Gatti edt dtin geds. .powelt isoistsaoss betipeni yd slowte 
tietidtdxe €IS!I .att evasdooo dé cl edt ni bewseqas rebhseld 
3 wedd Bae seddo doss dovod dtod tadt ,eslouko € vd getflit 
ened ~bodttno ote ventl edt to cited botteb edd tI. .eloato 
pya@idein bemict sis iconen eme2 odt gl .erobbeld deit ¢ tinees 
> bas wiecsianne bessseant owe mort evabbaid.dett owt olozin siz 
cy ty | ~etebbald dezt moem es sie esforio 3 .& .D mort 
, gredgived eat -eoeloito.¢ tio aotivseai edd ewode &ISl .3i9 
realtone ee edaicoa saibivib ed¢ wort .ettaq OF otnt bebivid 


ipivoseid siisogao eid of onil sd dbgords owaeth ef. nad? .d bos 


. te aaedet: eid yd mevign af. if stines eAd tedt oe ,b 0 to dated - 


Be oi D eakl oft dtiw astiéal ead io 
‘ . odd 2 to. dtbin sdt of rebbeld dett oft to aottaogorzg edt 10 

 bonbees edt efor 6 es deds ,oted bise ed yloo {fin baibluos 
t-oels bas ofozic edt at Sano1 aeos yiscsst edd to botbluom 


sat eforto ost yd beiquoso nofidieog edt oft cele .eforto edt. to 
9 to daemebosize .sdv etoteredt ait .yie0csdd exnitss edd 
) odd notin detaimth teom tedrua ati gad? rset of .sebaid 


gaan at eqawo to sodiseant ect etididxe nods erst .gt¥ 
B. s0%, asooo ectwedil yeo dotde ,ayew taorst3ib af ar]bbs 


Ps vs 


noses wt “poems ei omedos ed? 20 endl oft terd® .orom 
a, b eg bas oe aut sort moat auibivem edt oh ‘Con 


oi wok) eG 
. hills ni i 


seg B ban ¥ hipaseat geeeeq tect one eakuottn > ise 


2 bauct cussnketog sodto odf .g 0. a m douse otenpe edd to: 
va hietthi yd bavot ed neo cots eteupe edd 0 sous adT .xfgai 


mi 2 te etcennes odd tuo oF beoubcig sts esedd bus .Od .D 8 


‘“esomsib sit of moidiogora att of batbacoos .tobbald dett edt 


> bas ehafilvom edt to débty ert of noissogore al sacl si 


1 ae 


701 

and divided in three equal parts, marking the first foint d, : 
then on a b is constructed a square a b f g, from d is descri- i 
bed a circular are that passes through f and g, and c e is nT 
longed to the point h on the are f g. Then the circumference 
of the circle in the main Fig. 1212 is divided in 6 parts, and 
to these divisions are drawn the radii iG, k O and 1 CGC, so t 
that only from i is to be drawn a line parallel to a h in the 
Subordinate Fig. 1212 a, which cuts k OC in om, to find an angle 
of the square arch mn oo p. The other pointssere found accord- 
ingly. The ares of the square arch can be found by making from 
p and n with a radius ic an intersection s, and from this is 
struck the are p n. 

Fish bladder (vesica) and intersections of tracery. 

Fish bladder. 

Besides and according to the just explained fillings of the 
circle by inserted geometrical figures, that with the fish 
bladder appeared in the 15 th century. Pig. 1213. exhibits the 
filling by 3 circles, that both touch each other and the great. 
circle. If the dotted parts of the lines are omitted, there 
result 3 fish bladders. Ia the same manner are formed within ~ 
the circle two fish bladders from two inserted circles, and f 
from 4, 5, 6 circles are as manry fish bladders. 

Wig. 1214 shows the insertion of 5 circles. The periphery is 
divided into 19 parts, from the dividing points are drawn radii 
aC, b C0, and these are produced to cut the tangents at f an ¢ 
and h. Then is drawn through h a line to the opposite bisecting 
point of C s, so that the centre i is given by the intersection 
of the latter with the line C f. 

On the proportion of the fish bladder to the width of the m 
mouldins will only be said here, that as a rule the assumed 
mouldings of the tracery goes around in the circle and also in 
the fish bladder. Accordins to its proportion to the diameter. 
of the circle, also to the position occupied by the circle in 
the entire tracery, is therefore the. arrangement of the fish 
blader, so far that its number must diminish when the diameter ~~ 
is less in proportion to the width of the moulding, and conversely. 

Fig. 1215 then exhibits the insertion of cusps in 4 fish bl- : 


adders in different ways, which may likewise occur for 2, 3 or 
more. BFirst the line of thse scheme is paralleled by the width 
of the moulding taken from the bar, and the cusps are then con= 


‘¢ ip 
= 


- ’ Pet 
pre le eay tA A hae *y 
vaA fol ee He ; vi 


j ae 4 nore 


L 
43 vi beg pin 


-ia bemrot ef tedt Snemyen asvoxto tetsery & ai <0 
ofoug edt bas ‘ote ont edd do tiat ste¢geH tel oft of gat 
© alt ao tense oae geil ested? cotT .3*9 wolf eds to b*o aot 


Bee ‘>, 2 @ 048 @f€f Yo pro ents 
Be acs ‘s dtiw bao enebbeid fatt anode yleooivesag [LA 
‘to mot ei¢ tidtdxe SISf od SFSP seRit yasntn0c edd 
epi ee Tebbeld dest 
eds gaibivin ‘ot seanti od? aveth tenvid ete O'St .gi¥ aI 
Hiei aoe 0 & bos o d oO 5 edt sed tag fanpe sexdt otmt of 
ba permed feupe cess? ofai behivih ef & © exit sent seetit io 
4 eufneo edd testson goixi aociteivib etd? to f tuloc ott moat 
t oY ends gotde ,& f enibes edt dtixy sota tomrvse ek elouto ec? 
Bt sf sentos edt .extceo oft tvodse 9 2 © dote Laaeialicoe oft 
3 Peowborg ows ood? bas ,eonll tigisrte yd bertot, ene F bao 
ent wi of f moxt enit ,elorios edt Yo seneretmvorts ods baoy 


‘ing 


vce tatieaeaa most ,f soewiaso edt serif evsed? mo bawet e1s codd 


— ete teri? sarebhe id det? @ fetrzeent oxg VLBI .32% of 

; Vee Betooeld 2h o a’nedd ,yroteivif ot fer aqexeh 40d Bonk! one 
= ont getw d moti nedt ine ga Ose .b Of © moet anerk at do 
—oegeanehea ed? most sakweuts (hb 6.018 odd tonate ef Ga 
0 # ots ent dousta af 3 wort Bas ,> of Bb most te biel ai d b 
BEE satatog tedio ef? 62 Fesdsogou zi eevnoxy edd bos 
4k .atebbsid dett ® to goleseent oft anode sods SYkt .git 
 yetsag Bat colcivib edt tot Bb o baa d # eenit ont anexh o4xs 
Bi moxt ® ft gweds .o of 0 UC wonetedh edd F2o Btal ai Gd most asi? 
/ ete d % © O7Tarpa tsatetal edt ta egbic oft .2) bea cd .k 0? 
os ry atoe ,f 2 of ands ,obte veto eft of keowboug bow nuadd 


a Beatl edd fhtiv cetéei eft to motsovetsaat of% mott cea 
ee B ~f a Bots ent g hee w eteicq eit sowt ends bas a % 


may 


eda y. oy bade yi coiltoustenoo edt gnitefques 
‘Does e | <tteloeetetal |” 
oth et bot ane isoeoeah edd sort tiaaet amtot boirsV . 


Qt S | ieee exe emzet dou? .esobbeld dett oft to sev 
areps she ouster naicarihicopeaetapeoagtas RED 08 


ais : Mae ockt a" ‘20 Cats Wel bu4autee ae 
to Mad soaue tdyts edd ch awode 2s ,efoticiner off 


aeeminat co bukdt ef) bas t*> no. Bacoea off ,o'o entk 


«6 £ ewtbes ett dtiv £ k& ote oct dou 


je o ons edt yg mort .b ¢ ote ods Yomaite ee 6 ud anbbsa dtiv A 


iatetDR:to, ‘foineg sant oad eaitetoarado doidu sho 


702: 


constructed either on a line drawm from the centre c¢ to ¢ in 


the semicircle, as shown in the right upper half of Rigetsus;. | 
or in a greater circular segment, that is formed about aveordeam 
ing to the left upper half on the line e’c” and the prolongat- . | 
ion ec’d of the line ec’C. Then there lies one centre on the q 
line e’e, the second on c”f and the third on the bisecting 

line ewg of the are ef. 

All previously shown fish bladders end with a round arch.On ~~ 
the contrary Figs. 1216 to 1218 exhibit the form of the pointed 
fish bladder. oo 

In Fig. 1216 are first drawn the lines for dividing the cir- 
cle into three equal parts, thus ac, bec and dec, then each 
of these lines like ¢ d is divided into three equal parts, and 
from the point 1 of this division lying nearest the centre of 
the circle is struck arcs vith the radius 1d, which thus forms 
the equilateral arch e f g about the centre. The points 1, 1 
and 1 are joined by straight lines, and these are produced be- 
yond the circumference of the circle, thus from 1 to h, and ¢ 
then are found on these lines the centres k, from which is. st- 
ruck the are il with the radius 1 a. 

In Fig. 1217 are insertei 6 fish pladders. First are drawn 
the lines for hexapartite division, then'a ¢ is: bisected at b, 
ec b is drawn from ¢ to d, stc., and then from b with the radius 
a b is struck the are a da, likewise from the points d, etc.Now 
d b is laid off from d to f, and from f is struck the are d b, 
and the process is repeated for the other points. 

Fig. 1218 then shows the insertiog of 4 fish bladders. First 
are drawn the lines a » and e @ for the division in 4 parts, 
then from b is laid off the distance b ¢ to e, then f 6 from f 
to g, h and i, the sides of the internal square e g h i are 
drawn and produced to the other side, thus to k, 1, ect, from 
h with radius h b is struck the are b g, from ¢ the are © ee, 
then from the intersection of the latter with the lines h k and 
g 1, and thus from the points m and p the arcs n h, g 0, 6t0., 
completing the construction. 

Intersections. 

Varied forms result. from the intersections formed by the cur- 
ves of the fish bladders. Such forms are shown by Figs.) 1219 
to 1225, whose construction results from the lines indicated, 
and which characterize the last period of Gothic art, the last 


sb ha eis to .evodse mote velotie to yi rees eit ‘al 
a Dass enous seeds asunhtt {solitomesg batssent yd 
bdsatostsq oft otenifiodwe ybreria yedd th jsonebnecoSnt 


) geditnt to etinsrl sad stoneh yilainsesechns ¢ifss1 
ey 4seqgs dedt.anxot piaiteo wooso heebat sted? .yst 


Be-euot2 «© yd eiisqg $ ni bebivibh ef eqavo ) dvtw elotio 
i Eiisted siri edd to sonedtoonl sat ducdtin .eqeuo yatv 
fen es gen ere eloite edd. no, becaly ageua est 161i ,xdeusdd 
pees wntenttt ,etastbshp Snimvot eeodt 16 en0 of betalot 
Bs : eS | ssore sheid to awitet tetee1k sit yo meds 
iD ts eis Beteicty teszk tebbsid deit sdi Yo acidaobs oad? 


seecl gud ,a703 haebsuegeiai rs 2s besa stite seonsenos 
iGo noligioass 6 Siti doit'w .acibae air ta steéoe7ad6 
B wehe0l on bed ozle egevo edd wot .sonsyeogqsslb se of 
. fis bas .beddino sisw sxolsisdit fas .Stadtcixe olde 
B yteddenos betbned Seccdsl bns bestsiekpexe ae go beosle eax 
sGrlewed od) to sedis2 10 eczntbae edd to anoidvoeeretal asvs 
peas noe sodtel eft Yo notfoeniesat beaseisai 44d oT .wedd 
Sat to cokeetac eas yd Stel eiiov edi sol stutitadse se sdisoe 
men Bae eted Untecots seed? to wolenetxe edd sosies sa «sqace 
Peomds [fe yilent? hue met B&70 gos. qi hetolstaes teano 
da yilecoitaetsi blo eft ofai chags bsel ot a0 noatsevo at 
| ida tifousedt vo of nodd ecaoe on beskemet stedd ,pdteg £9 
a “ ecSSfioot ESSf hme CGSf .edf3 oi. snob es 
> sit to ea ost edtow ati of etasastgsy Jve oiddod 
B tdgoor nox gact yse von. ob ef .ooasteixe af Anidivasave ive 
oe eetew di ce qu keve If) .cvednyisvs wetlodaye a doga 


d - 


ti: 


ar 


vei ed +bnadesnt, cea [fow ae L[eotrienoss .emtok efdevisones 
sz, eat ai coltoosisint bloiows « co heted ef etinev to 


B peers dad tilossti doze betaiog edd ek dadW .2k désonsd has 
occa edt ts gabtosatetal eefove to adiveg ons xd bewte? 

: ittamosh beeofo ect ,3feeti ai eutod {fs sebulont 
U) moddscol aiedd ot hatorooos tedd¢o dose of bevan 
at st is a tM 28 eeostymedd Gus .wr0l 


ae ie ne lay et? Fa or 
~ yer its. oD vg eo a 


Trae AY ads n- itesine’ edt bus df @f edt to contd 


shin d0% .sgero bedieredi eds yd beezetqxs of cofdw toe. 


f eres WSSSP FET nF Hesnegerges vans exit 6Lmwoaeiid tok : 


Matt edT .soqshit steieqee sit to soashaegebal edd Yo. 


ofits tiseti ni cebulont hae eeois edt to tedd ek aro? 


Ect, sted thde bas .elenopsib ed¢ Yo es Shem, 98 eebhe sit \%o. 


Da ah 


et a PPD eae oe ee Na ara ' ELA wre penis & Saved. tis 
Roe cei. ART GON, SO TN ORR RS es 
Ad, > we ANS ek its 4 

i ¢ " 


703 ae 
times of the 15 th and the beginning of. the 16 th centuries. 
In the filling of circles shown above, of the middle peradd — 
by inserted geometrical fisures these alwans assert a oaeeai 
independence, if they already subordinate the principal form, | 
and which is expressed by the inserted cusps. For the cusps a 
really andoessentially denote the limits of further divisibil- — 
ity. There indeed occur certain forms, that appear to contrad- _ 
ict. this rule, like that represented in Fis. 1222, where the — 7 
circle with 4 cusps is divided in 4 parts by a cross again ha- 4 
ving cusps, without. the imoortance of the rule beins lessened 
therepy, for the cusps placed on the circle are just as well . 
related to one of those forming guadrants, differing only from q 
them by the greater radius of their arcs. 4 
The adoption of the fish bladder first violated the principle | 
of the independence of the separate figures. The fish bladder | 
commences at its head as an independend form, but loses this 
character at its endins, which like a resolution corresponds 
to a disappearance. Now the cusps also had no longer a justifi- ~ 
able existence, and therefore were omitted, and all emphasises 
was placed on an exaggerated and labored bending together, and : 
even intersections of the endings or rather of. the bars forming © 
them. In the increased intersection of the latter men further | 
sought. a substitute for the voids left by the omission of the 
cusps. But since the extension of these crossing bars was no 
longer restricted by any organism, and finally all threatened 
to overrun or to lead again into the old intentionally abandon— 7 
ed paths, there remained no means then to cut thems vofftabraptly 
as done in Figs. 1219 and 4223. to:'1225.° ; 
Gothic art represents in its works the supremacy of the cross ~ 
over everythins in existence. We do not say that men sought s 
such a symbolism everywhere, it grew up as it were. The basal. 
form is that of the cross and includes in itself all possible 
conceivable forms, scometrical as well as freehand. The system 
of vaults is based on a twofold intersection in the direction 
of the sides as well as of the diagonals, and shelters. all fo-, 
und beneath it. What is the pointed arch itself but 4 cross f. 
formed by two parts of arches intersecting at the crown. Ii. 
includes all forms in itself, the closed seometrical, subordi- 
nated to each other according to their location, magnitude and 
form, and the spaces as if serving for joining. To such a part. 


oe it Pay ae a Wii Ce ie ek eae a 
ye, ey oy au ra we wd, 
~ ae J rey ' ‘ 
\ ( i) 4 i} 


Rayo bits evase pine Sac dose. pha & sévid ai 
a mg ‘pales teun noitentoredse gin, «eso7o. oft chogta 


p20 cpa gainsot io beoduni ,yiolusy 1t9tee1y, 108 doqses | 


askesi: edt ,ettan tesistith eft wort seeds bos etzao edt 
i ob ofan sefodw ott of nolisiss doovith ost Sdgso1d gett 
tata tow ainioredeh edt ef [totyiog ent exsow cidtod xl 
Pe 

sete gests .mr0i eldatine [lkte s se asivies ce asceqe 
teomsEtt fapiutemons beeclo Sorte} yeds Jedd exvesen 6 gi 
9 bas 2eosce ong ‘Vd hetasteines oie dotdw .altotyloy ene 
amodd cen tokmol og Sivoo yort es . esis soon os ylno..bs 
» bezols to @teienoo bolieq elbfiw edd to qresers ont enti? 
68 yaefotto ,altotersno .aftotet sill couabtt Isotad 
Picky teen tI: seonegeistai beileaio yiderebienoo evniiemos sad 
ey mods fae ,tesie{ odd ex Lien es temt6t edt aedo ot ssa 
(ves) erebbsid deit gatainoco yllerotssoce ylao moi of Jexit 


703 Piteotsiswos: sdt to neidafoek edi beoslgs1 evedwersys 
git waegoisibace fee baisingite odt neanted somoetettio Lie 
ce tat edt yd bomrro? ylasia ear, ile yiflegtt bee ,bexrseqcsaks 
. es ‘wont! pektiatl ett to mos 
© teoan Boe enoriied oloata dtiv yisoex? .¢ 


aa 
Ri. 
in soidiod piagsd Ie ewobatw aoilink 


my 
Bee 


| ,2eoitive. Yo aa td 
a “done eid tdptt to ‘cokeesiahs but ysilidade to-enceses x08 

oikdt. dfisme Oos dthin seoty bovieoss anoiliug to erotioes 
2 fexsinedo eeolous itiw eipastosr 6 ylygaibicoss ai nsia sig 
78135 on? .aSSt .art -$45th To potseiobs edd sovat tes tant 


se 20 <ededer se ci to OSSl yalh ta ten stef eae .evoosy 2 


Bs yitagts OSSf .RtT .setmsdo s yd mot{ins ons ifed ne abasitxe 
i rated 2 30 O8Sh) Bit et da telt 2 el ecels. odd eninict 
it ba0 Ntgoq odd tolvdgnone obiw sd senm teesl Ja dothy .XSSr 

| rind elites ed? nem d dniog edi now .edost guinetest 
ne  ebtaduo ‘eafenea notiles est to 9 2 dthiw « ylco ssdt 

| Haha ad Yo SAE taow ta mo EE .S\F ek dead 
Saeed .OSSP Late .re‘tnano onafg sds to Sestenl 


Pio pobteottitest aleiass « covssk enor Lontins add. 


‘y B Babstot to sigtorise eidd yLleoit {iteuw .lewole ¢ CeSr Ret 


at Asiuten teon of? .(ASSI ot dete mica) eveds betsde as. 


Bhat ities eg Yo mtqed a ddr ef eqewle teomfs 80) .q 


hie ma ci of Of deut eesl tog et etade: worten wiieper 3sT 


enecs 
nd cap hagebbopeel erat ovate om 70 oto. Lp Rctund 


704: a 
is given a todaboba; each one must. serve ne over all tegethor | 
stands the cross. This subordination must first yield to the 
search gor greater variety, instead of forming the whole for . 
the parts and these from the different. units, the latter are. __ 
first. brought. into direct relation to the whole. While im Bar- | 
ly Gothic works the polyfoil is the deperminins unit dominating 
the entirel form, leaves a certain justification of the ‘inter- @ 
Spaces as serving aS a Still suitable form, these are reduced : 
in a measure that they formed closed seometrical figures from 
the polyfoils, which are undisturbed by the spaces and enclos- 4 
ed only so much area, as they could no longer use themselves. 
Thus the tracery of the middle period consists of closed seome- a 
trical fisures like trefoils, gquatrefoils, circles, etec., and e 
the sometimes considerably crushed interspaces..It was also 
near to open the former as well as the latter, and thus at. 
first to form only occasionally occurring fish bladders (as 
Fis. 1255 a shows), until finally this principle of ‘joining e 
everywhere replaced the isolation of the geometrical. fisure, 
all difference between the stipulated and conditional figures 
disappeared, and finally all was simply formed by the ‘intersec- — 
tion of its limiting lines. 4 

3. Tracery with simple Mallions and Wheel ringer 
Mullion windows of Barlry Gothic. t 


Plan of mullions. 

For reasons of stability and admission of lisht. the cross s 
sections of mullions received sreat. width and small thickness, — 
as stated above (sigs. 1226 to 1228). The most natural and sim- 
ple plan is accordingly a rectangle with angles chamfered to % 
further favor the admission of light. Pig. 1226. The slaoing, 
p. 468, almost always is in the half depth of the mullion in : 
a groove, see left half of Fig. 1226 or in a rebate, Fig. 1227, 
The usually narrow rebate is not less that 10 to 15 mm wide and — 
extends on half the mullion by a chamfer, Pig. 1226 right. Ad- 
‘joining the glass is a flat mn b in Fig. 1226 or i. k.in Fig. 1 
1227, which at least must be wide enough for the putty and the 
fastening tacks. From the voint b may the profile diminish, . so 
that only a width a c of the mullion remains outside and inside, 
that is 1/4, 1/3. or at most 1/2 of the entire thickness bd. / 
Instead of the plane chamfer, Pigs. 1226, there occurred pe 
early a more or less flat cove, His. 1227 above, and the cove 


Wa he er) a i} hi a Dy De, Md re ay 
ithe, war ree r 


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705 
can also extend in a flat ¢ ¢ (Fig. 1227, bottom left), or so 
times it is cut deeply into the mullion (Fig. 1227, bottom right) 

Far. richer and more graceful is the effect of the mullion, a 
if a little column is formed at both edges, His. 1228. Io the. 
early period almost without. exception this bore a capital ben= _ 
eath the besinningoof the tracery, that was particularly unay- 
oidable if the profile of the upper tracery differed more or q 
less from that of the mullion (fig. 1233). In the middle Gothic — 
the capital and then also the lower base were omitted, and the 
column became a projecting moulding that branched into tracery 
above. In the first time the column is indeed found detached P 
as a. separate and projectins round set on end, but it is mostly — 
wrought in the same stone. The column may lie before a flat of j 
the mullion (fis. 1228, too), os it may intersect. the chamfer 
or cove (Fis. 1228, bottom). 

The effect of the entire mullions is increased, the more the 
little column dominates the thickness by its diameter. That t. 
the projection of the capitals shouldnot come too close to the 
Slass, the depth of the mullion is to be increased, so that it 
may be nearly fourfold its thickness. Even then the little col- 7 
umn has a clear effect, if it be separated from the rest of the 
profile by a straight or coved neck (Fig. 1228 a). a 

Instead of the round without capital a prismatic member way. 
also be before the mullion, Pig. 1229, that likewise continues 
unchanged in the bars of the tracery. 3 - | 

When the tracery has no vrojectins cusps, the simple moulding 7 
in Figs. 1226 or 1227 may follow without change all the curves 
of the tracery. These cross sections also correspond very well | 
to the elevations of Early Gothic tracery in Pigs. 1234 to 
1239 and 1241, although these could also pe formed with richer ~ 
profiles. With the existence of sefarate cusps as in Figs. 1240, — 
1242, care is to be taken in the development of the profile as’. 
previously done in Figs. 1178 to 1183. The Barly time desired 
the cross section of the cusp to be already expressed in the q 
lower mullion, wherefore for this purpose the profiles in Figs. 
1228 and 1229 are well suited, in which the section of the cusp © 
is indicated by hatching. In the later time men did not hesita- 
te to permit the cusp to grow out. of the simple mullions in F e 

Pigs. 1226, 1227." 


But where in the older works thefforms of 6usps occur with 


i eee ee hs 
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706 
a simple section in Fig. 1226, there the parts beset by cusps — 
are changed to correspond, and thus on the windows of the sac=- 
risty of S. Blisabeth’s church aat Marburg, the sectionof the 
mullion in Fig. 1226 in the trefoil with cusps has an addition 
indicated by the hatched part, that must indeed grow out of 
the mass of the dividing arch, since capitals do not exist. B 
But the last case proves, that the growth was nowise unknown 
in the Barly time, but only preferably avoided, 

Blevation of the window. 

The general form of the 2levation of the window in two divi- 
sions consists in this, that the middle mullion is connected 
by arches with the two jamb mullions, and the Space remaining 
above these division arches and within the window arch is fil— 
led by a circle or another more or less complex form. fr 

The simplest of these arrangements is the circular filling, 
yet this permits several substantial variations, that are out- 
lined in Figs. 1230 to 1232. | 

In Fig. 1230 the main lines of the division arches join that 
of the great window arch and the radius of the circle filling 
the disk is determined by the heights of the arches. 

In Pig. 1231 the cirtle is struck with a greater radius, and 
the main lines of the division arches are therefore lowered un= 
der the great arch. 

In Fig. 1232 is found the same proportion of the main lines, : 
and there is only the difference that the main lines of the se- 
parate arches do not join 4s in Hig. 1231, but merely pass by 
each other. This difference iscclearly expressed in the cross. 


section at ab andf g. 

The last arrangement is peculiar to Barly Gothic, and is. 
found applied on different plans of mullions, as in the Bieb- 
frauen church at Treves, the church of S. BHlisabeth at Marburg 7 
and the church of the monastery of Hanna. Tt makes possible, 
as well be seen later, many complex forms, while it brings the 
system of mullions to an independent termination, and allows «a 
varied and more suitable form for the spaces between the great 
arch, division arches and the circle. But then it is especially q 
justified, if according to the section represented in Pig. 1283 @ 
of the round extendind around the tracery proper has @ smaller | 
radius, than that accompanying the mullions and jamb arches, 


so that the two intersecting arch mouldings bc d@ and f gh rest. 


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707 
on the capital of themmullion, hence the hatched portions form 
projections on the capital, and the cross section at fg in P 
Fig. 1282 receives the form shown in Fig. 12383 @. 

The most common scheme for the window of two divisions is f. 
formed by Pig. 1231, that forms the basis for mamy variations. 
First may the circle be beset inside by round or pointed arches, 
indeedbby 3 to 3, while the division arches are simply pointed. 
Merély the simple contrast of the simple division arches to t 
the rich ornamentation of the sreat circle exerts a certain 
charm. Fig. 1234. Instead of the simple pointed arch may be em- : 
oloyed the trefoil shape for the division arches, as im the 
farly Gothic polyfaid windows in Figs. 1235, 1236. After the 
middle of the 23 th century very frequently occur division ar- 
ches with inserted cusps, 4s the tripartite window from the 
cathedral at Erfurt shows im Pigs. 1240, that likewise affords 
an example of-a pointed polyfail in the circle. 


Laying out the tracery. 

To lay out a tracery window, two different procedures may 
be employed. According to the first there are drawn the. middle 
lines of all mullions and bars, and the width is them laid off 
at both sides: atcording to the second there are. first. drawn 
the clear openings of the main forms, the widths of the bars 
are laid off and then the clear openings of the sabordinate 
forms. In pomeseasesethe two methods may be combined; it is 
always well first to determine the main proportions by a free- © 
hand sketch, and to agapt the seometric skeleton lines to this. 
Since where two bars pass into each other or intersect, there 
is formed a junction that shows the normal profile at the nar— 
rowest. place, but in’ no case cam be weaker tham that. The least q 
fault im this has an effect disturbing in the highest degrees. 

Window in two divisions with circle filling. Kae 

Some Rarly Gothic windows may now be mentioned with a brief. 
statement of the procedure in laying out. A frequently occurr- 
ins window, that on account of its natural development and its — 
noble simplicity can almost be taken as the graund type of the 
Barly Gothic tracery gindoy in two divisions as shown in Fig. 
1234. Its effect is intimately connected with the size of the 
upper circle of tracery, which on its own part is again in 4 


‘a 


certain dependence onithe oroportion of the height of the win- | 
dow, the breadth of its jambs, the dimensions of its moulding 


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708 
and the requirements of slass painting: in general may it be 
assumed, that the tasteful effect increases with the size of 
the circle, as shown by . comparison of Pigs. 1230, 121. and 123 
In the last. Pig. the circle extends down below the base line 4 
ab of the window arch, while on the windows of the choir at 
Rheims even the centre c is moved down to about the height of ~~ 
the base line.a b of. the arch. That even with this exaggeration 
the window at Rheims is still tasteful is to be attributed to 
the fact, that the circle member does not. grow with the jamb 
member, but is inserted in that, whereby the size of the circ— 
le has suffered a slight resbrisbmon. . 
The middle lines of the bars are drawn in Fig. 1234, they 


Bt ay 


join each other at the contact points m, t, etc., whereby the 
complete growth of the members is expressed. The centres a and 
bd of the window arch in this case are placed on the middle of 
the mouldings, and they therefore form an equilateral triangle 
with the point s. At the centre of this equilateral triangle 
is then taken the centre ec of the circle, Then ciis found by 
drawing the lines a ec and b ¢ at inclinations. of 30°, or by 
bisecting the arches a s and b s at m and n, joining these 
points with b and a. The division arch at the left is also 
formed on an equilateral triangle d e f, whose apex ad does. 
not lie on the upper circle, but es clearly shown in the sub- 
ordinate Fig. 1284 a remains somewhat distant from it. The 
point of contact t of the circle and division arch lies. farther 
sidewise on the line e ec. To find the points e and t without 
trials, about c is to be struck a circle with radius ec m+ ef, 
whose intersection with the middle line of the jamb mullion g 
gives the point e. 

The detachment of the great circle from the abex of the div- 
ision arches is seen more clearly in the window of three divi- 
sions in Pig. 1240, where even at i the rounds are distant from. 
each other. On the endow the divisions the separation only be- 
comes perceptible when the upper circle is quite small (a b in 
Fig. 1230). In the present Fig. 1234 it almost entirely disap- 
pears, and one can entirely avoid it if according to the scale 
ef the right half of the Fig. the division arch is made more : 
slender, so that the centre g is lower and nearer the exterior. 
To obtain g a vertical is srected at the middle of the opening 


that cuts the circle at i, and then is drawn the line ci on 


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mA. 2B sents eds go elf tst¢al dofdn eliod sot eft Yo zext: 


| ) edt tone 08 ReEads, ed ot ete ,b meat tnegetiinos o © 
ibs ede saner we Sevseaeng et U tt doe 2¢6da Lotigneed s cad 
neg cy Yo niedow eae 0% ReERTCOOA L406 dmet Bde Yo 
} To andhes esd, 26, bd wonstatb ode Aexe? node et 


~~ 


a av) 
‘Eey om af \y : 4 159 
And are 4 _ hy, bias ‘ : 


Hatt. 


' ue: 
ne ty 


. Le \ “j 
: — 


ee tates aa ‘eit seom ‘aolepesxe Vea 


| ons ead ni beeoong wen 00 antval 6nd asdt Lteter 


“autbas e432 dtinw o mon? hae ,.o soiseersetut ef? eben ni 5 8 


ede: grtzoceis. Bea? .ofganins Llaverssiivos edt no beesd y t er 


ifs ma ns Sey alee tabi bas S078) Lier 


~~ ae 


709 
whose extension must lie the point g. Ue 
When instead of the circle the window has a trefoil or guat- 
refoil, then the laying out mey proceed in the same manner, 
when the middle lines are first drawn, but the end is better 
attained, if one begins with the clear opening of the upper. 
polyfoil, lays off the midth of the moulding outside this 
and the adds the division arches. 
Window with trefoil. 
4 window with a great trefoil and trefoil divistom arches _ 
below this is shown by Fig. 1235, the sections of the mullions _ 
being given by Fig. 1235 a. a 


The centres of the pointed arches may be at a and b. Pirst 


are to be struck the concentric arches resulting from widths 
of the jakb mullions. Accordingly from a and b with the vadies 
@ bis made the intersection c,and from c with the radius a a | 
the arch e f, in brief one constructs the circular triangle 
e f g based on the equilateral triangle, then bisecting the 
arches e g and f g and drawing through the bisecting points to 
the apexes of the opposite angles the straight lines a CO and 
b C, the centre of the arches of the trefoil lie om these lin- ~ 
es, and indeed according to the desired acuteness of the points | 
h are nearer or farther from C. Then are struck the separate 4 
concentric arches formed by the bar section of the trefoil, 
Beneath this is added a round (left half) or pointed trefoil, 
(right half), so that at the narrowest places uo or ps the 
middle flat of the bar has its normal breadth. 

Window with guatrefoil. 

Fig. 1236 shows a window with a quatrefoil in its upper part, © 
and the size of the guatrefoil leaves wide play, and here is | 
assumed one of moderate dimensions. The section of the bar may 
have a round in front. 

The centres of the pointed arch may be a and b, and the cen-— 
tre of the juatrefoil may be so assumed, that ac = ¢ d, oF in: om 
other words thet ad iis inclined at 45°. The radius of the con- 
tres of the four foils, which latter lie on the lines g f and ql 
6 q equidistant frsm d, ars to be chosen so that the quatrefoil — 
has a@ beautiful shape, and at u is preserved at least the width q 
of the jamb bar. According to the models of Fig. 1196 to 1198 
is then taken the distance h i as the radius of the lower tre- 
foil. arch, and therefore this can be constructed on the line k k 


og 


oo) Te ee ee 7 
, An y aye " ov we 5 ’ Te 
a 7 A qe oil i A 


reer RM fo ay hfe, ae ’ 
y J! ar Tas wes | k * | 
‘as j iY, ' 


fY ovzue sonnd pee dade yar eas ar est oibbim 8 as 
| eeogivg eiht toe .[lotensarp edi Yo eno Lenverxe 
Wied} dywords cverh wh « f dectreey « baw Setvevid 2i 2.4 
edt x01 extazeo edt Silgace ef. seoeah ous 6D vaatog Rake 
Ooms eit Qalidovot bude vd evlbedt e643, dite tonite od o8 
; exit lo eedoxs teqqu edt “od #oat sivéertoes utd tai 
i “4 eats eit uo bevol ed gk send sev0Ol edt Ot ovodt elity 


HW? ae 


a ae - ) .wdaeq ed@ Yo evensdues df (0% yaimrooos 


peat Utin cosge say Yo antiltt edt excia Vest. «38 
iis oct ,stubeoeitg dHezettis s mode of exel .Lictentenp 


Bexc sat yd beesorcnt asid Gar ,bevourtaqoo oe e148 aedots: 
if wp! odd beosla ai evocdh snoftees acors ed? weit soidiozen 
voted ‘pit to dows gaigolo oe eng Petqabs ef .2atas of Bane [rat 
bb 64-0 ebte tetuo eds of 3 6 iresees ent swedh ait eteat 
or etic ed? “tuo dotdw .°%) vs benifont baa dove wotel 
eas Yo Bids 6 teods to Shelf ef wedT .0 te dots gotebvih odt 
BP selostineggec & ,2 of 9 not ¢ 6 oalt edt a0 & b eonasetd 
pnti ofbdia eds vd y¥ te feo ai dotde od & Of 2 ¢@ basvsose et. 
Oxi aeo 946 B bas © ataliog ots evét bose <dors coieivih sds to 
pile Mf viietetiserp Savoqmoo’ edt to aedoas Ye¢ue eid to 
im setco edi codouc? dotdw jpaeviscl eof? mort awaab ab ots 
Cokin evettxe edt buyolt ett gedst ,codota noletwif edd Yo 
ee Ife #6 aveitb ova tecaea offi ak ted#? ,Liotertany edt 
eee @n0 Yeowrwste evs fifean Leaupe di Iv .a@ ~~ 4 « edenoe cd? 
| gino de 46D . ew Hiltseqge Ylfutfise 2 at L[iotedioup ed? to 
anh So dibin {ict off tesel te eredeyteve todd ,podxat 06 of 
olgivtis ea¢ bne [totexiang. adi ip toe tamed edt 26 salt 
sone g0Lbivow ods $4 apotigtat vfonti ae eit exedw ,sedeus 
vib eae to isdt soveetetat ton 2e¢h Liotestsup edt ‘#Ha ofa? 
b ous? ei owen oa0 . otter edt effeed ehaetxe awd done nol 
Setnicg eds ot ifeteizasp edt Yo aotdss1o¢ers eas oF brayest 
BS Tea @k neat dou betatog gaisefous eds to meokd off Home 
igeb até Aaa Lkotostsup. edt! do. seks ioe gadbweoce heyusise ot 
pa ed sae dows) betatoad edt Yh tea cq base o 7H bawot ere ee 
EtLED ed &ivew af ,Ofaasies Idtetalivpe os of galoroone 
“teanp edt wort phate ntestes Bivow ti tede sbiove: os 
Wa ane Vir segs BEE Oe 
yaar Safi ‘gwode 2 wetterst en09 sedtoah | 
n, ¢ me & BettHes egodu wiloxs Betmiog edt to eentl 
nets vn Oy iceheihie Rathiennl ore Meet Sten :0t8, 39 
ie he "on eb ig A an 


a 


*> + ne eh pias i i 


¥Y10 


as @ middle line in the way that its inner curve ‘ne 


that this eentrésis Bic for the upper arches of the trefoil, 
while those for the lower ones ean be found on the line h k, é 
according to the acuteness of the points. 

Fig. 1237 shows the filling of the space with the compound 
gquatrefoil. Here to show a different procedure, the division | 
arches are so constructed, and then increased by the breadths 
resulting from the cross section. Above is placed the quatre-. 
foil and to this is adapted the enclosing arch of the window.’ 

There is drawn the tangent a b to the outer side of the diy- a 
ision arch and inclined at 45°, which cuts the middle line of 
the division arch at c. Them is laid off about a third of the 
distance d e on the line a b from c to f, a peppendicular f wu. 
is erected at f to a b, which is cut at g by the middle line 
of the division arch, and thus the points c and g are centres: 
of the outer arches of the compound gquatrefoil. If a eireular 
arc is drawn from the lattsr, which touches the outer arches 
of the division arches, then are found the extreme points of — 
the guatrefoil, that in like manner are drawn at all angles of 
the square a b v u. With equal radii are struck the short ares 
of the quatrefoil in a skilfully appearing way. gare is. only 
to be taken, that everywhere at least the full width of the 
flat of the umllion between the quatrefoil and the division ; 
arches, where it is ‘onbiee injurious if the moulding concen-= a 
tric with the quatrefoil does not intersect that of the divis- 
ion arch, but extends beside the latter. The same is true in 
regard to the proportion of the quatrefoil to the pointed 
arch. The form of the enclosing pointed arch then in Fig.1287 
is arranged according to that of the quatrefoil and its. centr- j 
es are found at o and p. But if the pointed arch must be struck 
according to the equilateral triangle, it would be difficult 
to avoid, that it would remain separated from the gquatrefoil 
at its apex. 

Another construction is shown in Fig. 1238. Here the ground i 
lines of the pointed arch, whose centres a and b and the widths | 


of the mullions are all given. The inner arches are first str- — 


Pit ge ages e Tatars Cae nis diene 


on? xoundes e882 as ap tbae env.d¢iw @ fae A watt 


| | bh stedota noieiwis eit Beo 
ye. | 9 e BLEOV eT Gount ditw wobndn | 
asin e9eqe Sedose.od2. Io QuhLit? ofd eéididxe CFS sere 


it todd wi0bto does of talinte ave eltotest oAt sade .eidt at 
| ri pads eenil Leottrev no ifet efiotexs tewol ed? to Bexe0s 
Pabiens Uliotest consis od bos ,2ccdovs nobsivih edd to eaody 
i ae od elansisd Lexsfslinns odd od aobtetes teloges std 
as woes se so £{e% aedtis tars “eo » soxtmoo oda eroteredt 
beetd seniedw of get brooos 4%0ea betuing edd to onail sead 
pet feted? eonek .itexui teteani Lesalig evs ¢o b és eis 
ap inees peach exes dows betniog eft to eeatt toani edt aette 
/ Senase odd ni © ettneo eit MOE Lisa odd To dibinv edt. work 
P@ihhie of¢ eto brn .e dyspxutt semenq kclett teak ose 
bode ve sell o aéiw L[sotrtemuge .xeqs sidaiivg « deiv ee 
rasihe- weue ent 2a “o ef ciod wyods ins ,o ext oHe Bus & & to 
@ Ge eteloy seito ent hacot ef extmoxig .ofpasias lesetalinge 
m@eork hebnesxs dod? ei geiiincw eaf .a 2 © oioasixe egret edz 
}'so tet os gofdin'‘at  .pawot at i tates ead fine Ifoteds ea¢ 
USF ad 6 ec ent efbhta exis ai geamed ni 1¢0men oi¢ bo baro¢ 
oa “a noielvih Lioteds ous polio? ¢£ dieeoet . tons gn id imal 
jens to eno of Hulbaooce bd ROMS Hod Hoktorecdanco ‘seedy 
¥ ~ Rie.4 ees A »eicdoom eat 
t bas i Mites ois to teenesuos 40 euunsem eds of aetdacocd 
ee ere Soutde ssom ede ee Ilex es ,noilion ods to atbiw 


(08 ons Mid. eertnss ed? aed? .@ tuiog sit sede gtewol eit of 
dpuords 2 most soucte seodous Learetai edi #ed2 of ,tdguoe 
ete Ram ¢extt ods rodsie med? ctald edt x0 bared ace dowos 
Ob Baoved TO \Keqe eit haswor ¢oedaco to takog ons bsoved 
en. (tated bevames. ‘*& #585 ce ,Thotoxt edt to dose 6s 

trot Gayot) YSseris ers kodore neyo doum sdore seicivtd ont 
ent ‘al vein Baty aber 2 a Io ane een 


i” a _. 


- Bs oxen baa 8 Boe « te boisers e1a erekueek” 


ma 
— 
3 — 


sob pebove stan edt 6% 2iniog toatl ef eytexz doidw .*d y 
hepa sven sehed e22bat ‘Legooe. détin weodote sbadake 4 to 


- eae 


ay 
eS 
a 


isis eg ‘Ifew es dots bstateq off go esrtaso off .eliotesd . 
pheavo' prot evttne edd Yo yiaslvhet ent vasvin eve nisd to. 


—. 
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=e _ ——— 
—-. 2k ee 


/edt Yo xeqs of? +02 NISSh00C00H ec Kem tf done cokeivis 


i 


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te < a aes 


i a 
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1 

struck from the points a and iy ¢ b and ¢c a are drawn, perpen- 
diculars are erected at a and b, and make ad = be= ab, then 
from d and e with the radius af are struck the onch ee, g h and 
g h”, which serve as first points for the quatrefoil: nanan 
of separate arches with equal radii. Under these are then pla- 
ced the division arches. 

Window with three trefoils. a 

Fis. 1239 exhibits the filling of the arched Space with three _ 
trefoils. The centres op the pointed arch as well: as the widths — 
of bars are given. The regularity of the entire form consists. 
in this, that. the trefoils are similar to each other, that the 
apexes of the lower trefoils. fall on vertical: lines through t 
those of the division arches, and the three trefoils are in t. 
the resular relation to the equilateral: triangle to each other. _ 

Therefore the centres c co” must either fall on or below the 
base line of the pointed arch, according to whether its centres _ 
lie at d or are placed further inward. Hence there is sought, | 
after the inner lines of the pointed arch are drawn resulting 
from the width of the mullion, the centre e in the manner that 
the inner trefoil: passes: through a, and cuts the middle line 
e e with a suitable apex. Symmetrical: with c lies at the right 
of e e the centre c, and above both is ec” as the apex of an e 
equilateral triangle. BRikewvise is found the other points on + 
the large triangle ec f g. The moulding is then extended around 
the trefoil and the point h is found, in which the flat or 
round of the member intersscts the middle line e e on the outer 
limiting areh. Beneath it follows the trefoil: division arches, 
whose construction cam then be according to one of the preced-= 
ing methods. 

According to the measure of acuteness of the angle i and the 
width of the mullion, as well as- the more obtuse shape of the 
division areh it may be necessary, for the apex of the latter 
to Lie lower than the point h. Then the centres k k are to be 
sought, so that the internal: arches struck from c through h 
touch the round or the flat. Then either the first may continue 
beyond the point of contact toward the apex, or beyond it join 
the arch of the trefoil, so that a recurved point results for 
the division arch. Such ogee arches are already found a the 
traceries of Early Gothics thus on the windows of the church 


at Haina. In the Fig. drawn the upper trefoil lies below the ~ 


tedwemos’ heves ed b{roo yreoand exttas ent cele 


Bb serdd, iti ewobain al siuzes esoitenidmos betils 

ute encieiyit eetdd dtinw ucbath & to Jacmegnsrte af 
ees sotttbace dsetgiae, giderefot,a ak fnuct ek CSst uit 
phat. eROty .di% .wetteW te dotusia oft to rto0to 
"a send apoticey efoséio difw ecoseivih es1ki to wohfalt 

as Gpasy e pevisoen eaoteivih sows te wofatw 6 nedt 
id keds mewol feosiq ef dove roteivio more ad? .eloits 
motéieqoig eifd exteds of .ORSS . seohiea off tr 
£ , bas dors bsintog edi ,elovio edi as aN bedvegas ad 
, ing as .medd satfovod otenit stelboareitnt oc dose netet 
| we toette at elostio edt ni eedorn betnios @ to fottusect ed? 
svi em S4oe teloget A .ORST .ytk at toamem gakmoifot eas ni 
bed beak a 8 ofoxie ood bak eiecico ods gi owagh et etnies 
P ymette Of fo nogyleq bediceest oft to shia edt det o dwods 
‘wrot b b ts sete eit doin efotts cine toanoktoesvedai sa? 
Bite ey) segauo ef? to 2eytus oc? Yo neoviaee 
_ flowe eds WL oosge ocd oesx eilgeor opheeh oitchretoeredo 
| eudd yooleivis Sigisd sdé mo bsesd. wiol baecth « yd balled et 
Sooapiagple eibhia odg oxvedw..G€Sh .2i8 at onibtosas Spode 


PM AO Ca iictert eds to setncgo.edt wcled xeqes stt eved yew 
eo ak cota ~Btn0 1a te crvedseilé..F te. eee prose ong fo webai« 
wir!’ 5 eye SP etele..E sr2q .dondrertsal obtto sit of hotuesss 


Seve ftotect bac (hoterts dtiw snoieivis oertt to robair 
Riot Panet.ef ftoleit basogmoo.e yd) soeys ed¢ to gatflrs act 
tase e602. .(20SF. .2i8) exis to wiedeerom oct to seteicio ot 
seeds OSs a0nIs2 et. dealt .d Sua. a te Sit Save Hetatroa edd. to 
© doin @ bas & ott gest sad ond Yo di biw cay stu? Smidivess 
pi caeeaneaseale bas .& ecigoestedab odd chen ci ds esiber nN 
‘beytvo od? cl .e bidove.edt ¢ & avibes ed dtie nyec 
ana 28, woled Des ,etwali quecext eds Sadssent ‘nedt el eof 
: ods Attn: dtbin een to. sedavs {iolei sould silt bsosta 
ry ean oa peobie eft cadz sedatd tedwonce enc 
 goege ote pnelits to Shon Enixvtuooe yltnempest yrev 4 
ang 4 etedbouys ail ai efPee. ib ecd' - ‘WORE itoiené 


PL : 


<a hay : ine Be, 
ie. ar & . fe, - staetlae . 
F Das sabe at j * y) eA) 4 a ie a 5 
i ( ‘ * 
ig Q 4 > 


' 
dc ead 


1G 2 = : 


52 to -dota eokaiy oat to patbinom, dnst fakdaogeo%x0¢ | 


oat ; eat edt $e ee teat noitonnt 6 basot od bisee Sten, 


12. ; 
corresponding jamb moulding of the window arch, but instead a 


also the entire tracery could be moved somewhat higher, so tha 


here could be found a junction just as at the point a. | 
Allied combinations result in windows with three divisions. 

An arrangement of a window with three divisions similar to | 
Fis. 1239 is found in a tolerably original: condition on the c 4 
choir of the church at Wetter. Fis. 1169. a 

Window of three divisions with circle filling, 

When 2 window of three divisions receives a sreat tracery 
circle, the middle division arch is. placed lower than the two 
at the sides. Pig. 1240. To change this proportion there may 
be inserted between the circle, the pointed arch and \the div-. 4 
igion arch an intermediate figure touching them, as im Pig. 12524 

The insertion of 5 pointed arches in the cirele is effected , 
in the following manner in Fig. 1240. A regular star with five . | 
points is drawn in the circle and the circle a ais described 4 
about C with the side of the inscribed polygon of 10 sides. 7 
The intersectionsof this circle with the star at ad ad form the 
centres of the curves of the cusps. 

A characteristic desfgn resylts when the space in the arch 
is filled by a ground form based on the triple division, thus. 
about. accordins to Bis. 1235, where the middle division arch 
may have its apex below th2: openings of the trefoil. as on a 4 
Window of the sacristy of 9. Hlisabsth at yarburg, which is. rep- 
resented in the Gothic Musterbuch, part I, plate 6. q 

Window of three divisions with trefoil: and trefoil arches. _ 

The fillins of the space by a compound trefoil. is. found in 4 
the cloister of the monastery of Haina (Hig. 1241). The centres _ 
of the pointed arch lie at a and b. First is: struck the arches. 
resulting from the width of the bar, then from a and b: with 
the radius 2a b is made the intersection e, and from this “is 
drawn with the radius a e the arch d e. In the curved triangle 
des is then inserted the tracery figure, and below it. are 
placed the three trefoil. arches of equal width with the middle 
one somewhat hisher than the sides. 

A very frequently occurrins mode of fillins the space is. the 
trefoil: shown in Fis. 1242. It is already found in the works: 
of Harly Gothic, es in the choir of S. Severi®§ church in Erf- 
urt, but also reappears in the followins period again frequent- _ 
ly during the entire 14. th century, and is recommended by its: 


Paved pecbilbsble eae to eeataso oft .etd elds of 


etait tied? most atinee1 ered? boa B & bas 2 d as etel? 
s besso08 eLyostat edt Yo eebre ed) wash wed? 19 ecduneo ede 
¢ ons 2 Vb 2 eude (df0K ‘ter eft of aevig yfho eted ,o oO 6 
atest to X sottoerretmi Yo taleoe edt yo ethveen sexed: at a 
beds worl Yoursta elLotio edt sot aviber edt ¢ 3 ddiw ontL 
“plas ororte ofbbia od? mort anoiteeioig yrecess esendés OAT 4D 
» ebam ots yodt es gatbrooes ,rolesetygmi toerettib yxev 6 
uRhie eitsti edt ted? ,bewstot oe ese gens e410 .baord *o 45 
| #8) Beoate eert coo thede eved yem elexvbaswe tniatsaces oft ot 
et tahoe gukbives 
Ol etitae edt to aiead eit 26 anivt <edeon cofiivea ef? 
® ‘Oss QaLITE2 elloter? owt eft .OSSr . yl mt aweda sede 
sree cciinl est vd hemtot yise ors eotous [Loteds ent meons od 


a 2 
bi 


ip my 


iy 


«%e0mem einct to 
tiny -bit ‘nf ewode wx02 itotes# oft to yitligtxeart edt 

yeb gadd .20osqe dowe gai(lit rod eldad ize welvotiase +i 
as wet oe ,olfgasias letetalinpe ede ‘So? into t Bevory edt wont 
on Beok eeae tewol ows oft woat Iiot seqqw ond at ckinvenite 
eee mediate yer eoneretiin cid? .eoette oct of Ife +8 vastot 
Dido! vo: & nedt stetsexy exon D o FE es ,eltot edt Yo ditgael ed¢ 
ae etteeo LIavios oft af 2i 0 tatoe off 21 nottoeeth ated id 
Ped? of Buibtoocs awch 10 qu hewom o€ 0d 2h ted eignsiat ode 


a7 as 


i ' 


ebellit ed cd eosqe ett to acolinocorg 
m2 Heoviveh od of et wom Llotes+s exkne os Yo Sisico edf 
P 8 wort yilsiwienm eélueed ¢f 5 cet oF +WOhatwe Loedw oft 
to esac etenitei{[s tose te wotesino odd yo wohaiw noedw eiites 
* } s6f8Ge2 & Bateolone zedece od? 
= 1) sOidtod ssilaee eid to woketw {esdw ofgaie 
Rat de est af Sodimét 2d 0d at wobuin Leedw to enga dt 
| yliattnetedse evs soidw ~elensy Ielvotto Se0st ot szenes 
fs ys eenoga add od brogasiton of beoslg enotilum Jeiber yd 
> edt eeossiw to. esesd déiw buede emoillus {ether eed? ste 
} o6% Io sosiive ef? .eforto aseai us te eonstetmuozis odd 
“Weed neds bas josie eti ot asitrooes nstosday tedsis ad oso 
ante | ed Ysa ot 10 ,agheeh Letasusnx0 10, tiles 8 tedtis 
ons s bob a ebleal geeed ed eribs: tetesuy 2 déin bas 


. » 
Vv 


ae seat aso ion ore. Lieiacere vaestveadiaons Bt), 


W ossetalccns: enettxs | | 


peieions Yo venti efbbta edt yd hemor eedets ent woud nedt 


ya te oon hi T5 eee ae SE he Gs a eae one . 
he Oy eae we avi he wiki Tes ee 8 ee ae ty, Oe Me 


| a 
avi” 
rid 
a 
re 


913 ; ie 
extreme flexibility. | ae 
In this Fig. the centres of the pointed arch lie at a and b. 
fhen draw the arches formed by the middle lines of the outer q 
flats as bf and ¢ g, and there results from their intersestign | 
the centre a. Then draw ths sides of the triangle tocated at /. 
abc, here only given in the left half, thus f g, £2 and then 
h i, there results by the point of intersection k of the last a 
line with f b the radius for the circle struck from the centre ; 
C. The three tracery projections from the middle circle make 
a very different impression, according as they are made slend- 
er or broad. Here they are so formed, that the little trefoils 
in the remaining spandrels may have their centres placed at the 
dividing point f. | ia 

The mullion member lying at the basis of the entire form is. 
that shown in Fig. 1229. The two trefoils filling the angles 
between the trefoil arches are only formed by the inner parts 
of this member. 

The flexibility of the trefoil. form shown in Fig. 1242 makes a 
it particularly suitable for filling such spaces, that depart 
from the ground form of the equilateral triangle, so far as a 
diversity in the upper foil: from the two lower ones does no F 
injury 8t all to the effect. This difference may either lie in & 
the length of the foils, as if c C were greater than a G, or 
in their divgection if the point C is in the actual centre of 
the triangle, but is to be moved up or down according to the > 
proportions of the space to be filled. 

The origin of the entire trefoil form is to be derived from 
the wheel window, so far as it results naturally from a hexap-= 
artite wheen window by the omission of each alternate one of 
the arches enclosing a space. 

Simple wheel window of the earlier Gothic. 

The name of wheel window is to be limited in the strictest 
sense to those circular panels, which are substantially formed 
by: radial: mullions placed to correspond to the spokes of a whe- © 
el. These radial mullions stand with bases or without them on 
the circumference of an inner circle. The surface of the latter © 
can be either unbrokem accordins to its size, and them bear e 
either a relief.or ornamental: design, or it. may be perforated 
and with a greater radius be beset inside by suspended arches. 
(Pig. 1246). Im the simplest case the mullions have their cap- 


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abutting directly against the outer circle, or they are connec- 
ted by arches of various forms, which either rest om the capi-+ 
tals or in lack of these spring directly from the. mullions. (Pig 
1243). fhe blind tracery without glass: represented im Pig. 1243 ; 
from the still. Romanesque church at Bellerbeck (Hase, Baudenk~ 
m&ler Niedersachsens) shows: the next development of @. Simple aa 
wheel: window with columns radiating from the centre, that. ake 
connected by round arches and enclosed by a great. circle. A d 
different form results if the colunms with their. bases: stand . 
directly on the outer circle as: shown by Fig. 1276, The mould- ~ 
ing of the mullions is. the same as: for &11: other windows. (Figs. 
1226 to 1229). Piss. 1243 to 1246 exhibit. different. similar 
wheel: windows.’ Bae 

=ig. 1243 is based on the octopartite division of the circle. 
The mullions extend in uniform sige (asin a,, wheel: windows) 
from the middle circle to the outside and there branch into t. 
trefoil arches, that are drawm pointed at the left and round 
at the right. The centres h and ¢ of the latter lie at the 
middle of the bisecting lines a f. and c s of an equilateraa ~ 
triangle. 

For a greater diameter of the wheel the number of the mull~ 
ions must be increased, i.2.., instead of a division into 6 or 
8 parts, that into 10 or 12: must be taken as a basis. Phereby 
the proportion of the length of the separate divisions or mul- 
lions will dominate, and it is: preferable either to shorten t 
the mullions near the circumference or to arrange a transverse 
connection. Bifferent ways for abbaining the purpose first na- 
med are shown by Fig. 1244 tim outline in its. different divisions. 

A frequently occurring wheel window is shown in Fig. 1246. 
Its. construction is as follows. 

After the division of the circle is made and the lines a b 
and @ d@ limiting the breadth of the mullion are, drawn parallel 
to the redial: lines of the division of the circle, then is ar- 
ayn the middle line e f of such a panel: and in a side Pig. 1246 
a line g h parallel to the latter. On this line as axis is con- 
structed the trefoil at anyddesired size and the tangent k i 
is drawn parallel to a b. Now are drawn the lines na m,)- BAe, 2 
in the side Pig. and then in the principal Fig., beginning at a 
© the paralhels o k, Kk @, 4.7, So that the centre of the tref- 
oil is found in the main Fig. Below the point t of the trefoil — 


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is then placed the trefoil arch, and indeed in this case, whe 


t u is drawn at 30° with the line f b and from t is struck an 


arch with the radius t u, whose intersection v with the middle 
line is the centre of the lower arch touching ab and ¢ d. With — 
the same radius ¢ u are drawn the upper segments of arches. : 
In the same manner could also occur the upper filling of the — 
space ac by a quatrefoil, cinguefoil, #tc. | 
This construction with a simpler division of the circle, as 
applied to one in 4 or 6 parts,permits the trefoil to become . 
so large and its lower arches approach so nearly at. the centre, — 
that the radial mullions may possibly be omitted, as: shown by 
the line x y in Pigs. 2246 4, which corresponds to the radius 4 
in the division in 4. parts, the circle is then exclusively fil-_ 
led by the four trefoils, and the entire form passes from the 
wheel window more into the rose window. This is then @ more 
complex form, where two rows of trefoils or quatrefoils are 
inserted in the circle, the outer one consisting of about 8 
or 12 and the inner of 4. or 6, or where different figures: 
are combined in the same way with each other as: with quatre. 
foils in the outer row and as many brefoils in the inner one, 
or with trefoils in the outer and half as mamy guatrefoils in ~ 
the inner one. Further variations are also given by Pig. 1244, — 
if there the single arches connecting the mullions are changed 
to trefoils or other geometrical figures. | 
The combination mentioned above which the mullions of wivesl 4 
windows may receive in order tocreduce their length, can eith- q 
er be made in the manner, that the mullions extend through and 4 
the arches. are turned between them, or that tno systems of cul-— 
lions areccombined. In the last case either the number of sepa- 
rate divisions can be the same in both systems, and the nulli- 7% 
ons of the outer system stand on the crowns of the arches: to 
the inner one, or the number of divisions of the outer oT 
may be double that of the inner one. 4 
A magnificent example of this kind is shown by Fig. 1245 tak- 
en from the cathedral of Minden. This wheel. window is. there not. 
independent, but it fills the space of the pointed window arch 7 
in a very peculiar and perhaps unique arrangement. Fis. 1245 Bit 
Difference between ths tracery of early and middle periods. 
The tracery of the middle period differs from that of. the e @ 
eerily period in this, that the latter consists of polyfoils 


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within each other or of simple ground forms, that. only seldo 
have cusps, while im the middle period the polyfoils. almost. 
entirely disappear and the tracery is. composed of Seometrical: 
ground forms, straight lines. and arched, but which are nearly 
always beset by cusps. In the predominance of arched forms. has 
been thought.to be recognized a more structural. character, and 
therefore the Harly Gothic tracery is regarded as still: undey- 
eloped. It would be so if the curved sides of the different iE 
fisures were actuallry arched, iee., consisted of many separate 
pieces, in which case the jointeng would be made more difficult ~ 
by the polyfoils. But. in reality the origin of the tracery fo- 
rms is not from arched construction, but is derived from the 
perforation of a stone slab, as clearly shown in the tracery . 
siven in Fig. 1169 from the church at Wetter. But accordingly: 
the curved shape of the bars is nowise compulsory, but. it. can 
be replaced by any other straight or freely developed form. 
Therefore if a trecery consisted of one slab, then the freedom . 7 
concernins the separate openings would only be limited, that 
the bars enclosing them should have the necessary size and con-— 
nections. But if it consists of two or more slabs, care must. 
be taken to have a suitable location for the joints between t 
them, i.e., that the joints: must. be placed so that each separ- 
ate part. rests on that or them beneath: it, or extends between 
them like the separate stone in an arch. But these joints must 
necessarily cut the bars at right angles, thus being vertical: 
for horizontal and radial for curved bars. But such direction — 
of the joints is. to be obtained without difficulty even in the y 
least. dimensions of the pieces. in Barly Gothic tracery, as thew 
are represented in Figs. 1236 and 1239, shown by the joints: a 
marked s. On the contrary 2. comparison with Pig. 1247,. which 
is a transformation of the scheme of Pis. 1239 and represents 
the style of the middle period, shows that the location of the 
joints. is made far more difficult by the peculiarities of this. 
style, by the growth of the curwes of the cusps out of the 
ground forms. 

Accordingly there is a svecial consistency in the forms: of 
Early Gothic tracery, in so far as ther do not affect the pure 
arched form, where this has no structural importance, but on 
the contrary combine these and thus exhibit polyfoiled forms, 
which could not be employed with actually turned arches, but 


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are here the more in place. But. further advantages. reset aa 
already noted above, for the treatment of the interspaces. and. 
finally for filling the window with glass paintings. 

Simple tracery of. the middle period. a 

The characteristics distinguishing the middle from the early 
tracery have been already explained, that. this. composed of pol: 
foils. was: entirely: supplasted, and it is. to be particularly de 
duced from this, that it afforded certain advantages: for. the 3 
treatment. of windows. in several divisions. het Fig. 1231 be ey 
scheme of a windou of four divisions, im which each of the two q 
dividing arches are to be filled im the same way as the great. 
pointed arch bn two smaller ones and a circle placed between | 
them. Accordingly the upper circle b Ss will: have a predominant 4 
Sizel and hence in some cases a division of it would be desira- 
ble, which as already stated, may then be effected in different — 
ways. On the contrary, if this circle were a trefoil: (as: in Bag. 
1235) or a gquatrefoil. (as in Fig. 1236), then would a further 
division by possible only with difficulty, an so far as: just . 
these forms indicate the limits of divisibility. 


Window of two divisions. § 

Hach Early Gothic form is: amcordingly transformed easily into © 
one belonging to the middle style, if instead of the polgfoil: 
the corresponding ground forms of cusps. are taken. Thus Big. a 
1247, whose construction results from that already treated, ac- 
cordingly corresponds. to Fig. 1239, and thus the trefoil in ey 
Fig. 1235 would be transformed into the three arches: with cusps — 
and the division arches into pointed arches: with cusps, and the — 
guatrefoils in Figs. 1236 and 1237 into the four archegs with ‘fi 
cusps. The Fis. last named is particularly common and recurs 
in different proportions. Thus the four arches with their upper — 
Spandrels mag either join the enclosing pointed arch or may be 4 ’ 
free from it (Pig. 1249). S 
The construction of the first case is the following. het ab 
be the centres of the pointed arch, then erect 8 perpendicular 
to it, make a c¢ = a b and strike from ¢ the arch d e with a b 
as radius and also the arch d f. Fhe four arches depend on the | 
location of the centres a and b for the window arch. The closer 4 
a and b approach, the larger will be the four arches and the 7 
more are the division arches forced down below the ground line a 
ab. The centres a b g ¢ mist always lie on the angles of a squar. 


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sho ofbbie edi to entihss odd gedu ,dore betateg isso odd Yo | 
ae | / : | +basot yliesea ef it 
sab exoteros bas .eidixelt elsroiutxs at euct eaitne sdT — Se 
gp. Betatod tséecs edt to woisuocetg yiave of beting {lon es | 4 
web ads a0 bettibeos sdase slodw oct to assoetedo edd sonise 8 8908 
thaoso0g bas sedio fose od eglouio eds 10 enoisaogozg dh978, af 
{ yam qditetevib eid? .sedors noivivib oft to etdgted sid of hat 
Eales ‘sit Yo nedmag edt of goibroons bozssteci 
ht a eoalge?, yaa aedorvs asotiedt tedtsp3 ,elorio 
eceanee igto-nelesto seers hontes vedio ombimeds ohtead.elidn || 

Sem Rae HN el a EN RRRES RE BBS oe 


te i 
Wy Fi ats ace : y) ba, 
4 : ‘ 
a: 


yis 


Since otherwise the four arches would be distorted; in no cas 


must it be reduced in width, so that e f is greater than d a, 
for rather should the converse occur. The construction of Big, 
1249 is then made in different ways, according to the proport=- 
iom of the radii of the pointed arch sm the division arches,to _ 
their spans. They differ from Fig. 1248 in this, that the — 
arches: are independent from the enclosing péinted arch. 4 

In like manner are employed the three arches for filbing the | 
Space, and when this. lower spandrel: is omitted, it leads to Pig. 
1250, in which. the space a b ¢ d shows a form allied to the 
fish bladder. 

Simpler but. less successful. tracery results. if the higbiaiel 
arches. are struck with the radius of the great pointed.arch, 4 
so that the spandrel. falls in the latter in like manner as the 
arc ab: in the window with three divisions im Fig. 1260,° 5 

All forms heretofore shown gaim in richness, if im each divir 
Sion arch is inserted a trefoil: with cusps, Pig. 1251, beneath _ 
which is then a second pointed arch with cusps im the manner, 4 
that its vertex enters the openings, that is formed in the lower g 
spandrel: of the trefoil: by the course of the entire tracery mn : 
moulding concentric with the curves of the cusps, like a bc d 
é in Pig. 1247. 

Window with three divisions. 

Far more varied become the tracery forms of the window with 
thres divisions. As the final. form of the most common treatme— 
nts of this kind may be taken fis. 1252, which results: from Fig. 
14240 by the addition of two tS the great pointed arch, circles 
touching the widdle cirtel and the middle divisiom arch. In Pig. 
+252 the middle division arch is placed on the sround line a b 
of the great pointed arch, when the radius: of the middle circle 
is. easily found, | | 

The entire form is extremely flexible, and therefore is just 
as. well. suited to every proportion of the sreat pointed arch, 
since the character of the whole can be modified by the diff- 
erent proportions of the circles to each other and accordins 
to the heights of the division arches. This diversity may be 
increased according to the number of the cusps inserted im each — 
circle. Further the four arches may replace the upper circle, 
while beside them are either turned other circles or a trefoil: 


: ney de er, eae rein .”, 
. hs FAT J , a we f fp} . f 
‘an <s ‘ ? 4 i. Th : 


5 cceeal eee! ae oF gwote ek ered aelomie A 
5 e0ece bodote, odd, to enottrogorg Lis, bas .tfeeti to 
oo aoiad; a& acmmoo glfetoogas basot.at eid? .bed 


rae bod © Lovbaage edt edaov sofoute edd ni noid oxedu 


‘spelaae tad motte ei eodots poteivib 49 avewtad 
ot her ns ; *) batted leaking dtef onle 
CLL set al 9% euese. noteivid odd aguso seesd Ife ol 


it a Gr esiteonit seodd yd berzcl ai quoxs sietsqee yles 
a A £6 odd dotdy désened ,eqede sxehseqekat s2 omr0t gosge 
% vt Geo! si sence 2 sl .eerege tisds dtiv dude eodore 
rs pata teal odd to eeizscbat odd of acisiensss: a exaol 
- oro" Ge dows terol odd ii .wect ditw betavoo yleuitas sd 
dane »bezolo yletr 
thon ni betefort dows add to sorge edd ef ylhebtosh yrs! 
tvih-aot tc wobaie 2 to*notelsde odd edidtdne dotdw .e Gast 
Bi rice ck oeiwrssise Hiotdw .¢avtaf, Jo Lsabeddeo edd sort enoke 
Bi: fa : » nelevods cee) estrooesd bawcqucs eid adit 
Heoat yoy SSSI .8i7 to mrot edt ered ayacled eaiwedid 
a bas ,boftey ofbbin sit Yo esiqeaoary sdt ai anrarss00 
4 \edbee ue vd aiteeasd besole cale ei Lroletd od? nedw vi 
seed O6l6 Bitow Sle edd no yissent edd to orot ond eectieuct 
mess eeadsoo ati.deds oe .dowe odd .to miot hasorz esd borinvesr 
“Iqae: ® Ss0fa et ydsisds netw..,entl bawers edd itesasd besafa 
BR etio Bavetjet elqmexs as dow? .yrecats eft-to taongoleved sie 
ao idondtetesil eotoeidtad) Javte® at-dooet .8 to sowiis edt 
int dogs hewolls ot)en bokisq ofsied. xylose? eft ni ybsorla #08 
"canta iousdo end to wotaln tees est ai awote 45 BB enos 
/ s¥3ad090 GF €isit to Med seul? odd gost yoitsd ,2ast aig 
iy, «: Bie at i -.olgte: otstoe etej ent to, yre0s7T . , 

Se p stabbeld deit edt saiwiseseo hotate vbserle svad sw eA 


i 
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fot Re ytterevib bas mobess} # siciesos gatien eudt yadotisy 
| Basil Keeaity it: pwn | astiel oft, -gabtfieoxs 16% 
con imide, 4 a | p8tebhbald dei 

} nati acti Steg bce yfiet oft Toventot edt 
te ered enscee oelaOFSf .diG neds eB sede! sad otal 
a yd, side hah to gatliitvedd ylno ¢séd ox 


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“to .eceq2 edt to goti{it edt diin ee seddeazod acttos- 


ESds int sats oted edd .to s9doeeisdo edt boezsagze iat ylla 


. ie og aathyonon): betostte 


0d 


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19 x ; 

A simpler form is pelea whose condition result 
of itself, and all: proportions. of the arched space can be adap 
ted. This is. found especially common in brick construction, w 
where then in the simpler works the spandrel.a bc remaining 
between the division arches is often but. partly opened or is 
also left entirely blind, 4 

In all: these cases the division arches are in intimate conn- 
-ection together as with the filling of. the Space. But an enti- - 
rely separate group is: formed by those traceries in which the a 
space forms an independent shape, beneath which the division | 
arches abut with their apexes. In a sense Bis. 1255 already f 
forms a transition to the traceries of the last kind, and would 
- be entirely counted with them, if the lower arch a b were ent-— q 
irely closed. | 

Very decidedly is the space of the arch isolated in Big. 
1255 a, which exhibits the skeleton of a window of four divi-. 
sions from the cathedral of Erfurt, which otherwise is: to be 
with the compound traceries (see above). 

Likewise belongs here the form of Pig. 1242 very frequently 
occurring in the traceries of the middle period, and especial— 
ly when the trefoil is also closed beneath by an arch. 

Sometimes the form of. the tracery on the old works also has 
reguired the sround form of. the arch, so that.its: centres ars. © 
placed beneath the ground line, when thereby is: aided a compl- 
ete development. of the tracery. Such en example is found ont 
the church of S. Jacob in Erfurt (Gothisches. Musterbuch, TI). 
But. already in the Barly Gothic period were allowed such free— 
doms as are shown in the east window of the church at Haina, 

Fig. 1265, dating from the first half of the 13 th century. 
fracery of the Late Gothic style. “a 

As we have already stated concernins the fish bladder, gener- 
ally is expressed the character of the Late time in the disso= 
lution of the geometric isolation peculiar to the preceding 
periods, thus making possible a freedom and diversity of forms 
far excelling the latter. 

Fish bladders. 

The forms. of the Zarly and Late periods often still extend 
into the later, as then Fis. 1230 also occurs here as a scheme, 
so that only the fillins of the space by the fish bladder is 
effected (according to Figs. 1213 to 1218). But more decided 


he nue ee ie i i } 
q 


aes ee 6 pare Sy Oya al tt tedtel edd. Weebtnes e718 
i = Pot esr ‘eRiG ok anode as sosge erttag end Iftt pede 
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‘etesd £ Gels gent ck nonttdoqo7g eusa od? wee © 9 d dedd oF 
Ved? a--- = s 9 cals gads o@ ,aolots noteivkh edt 10% 
qt oft doi 1d da b © Hove oft etuo d de hesoere telyot 
Ss Ipedatot £6 iors pdé bas G A tow sdt somite, pedd ef id 
Por isbbsid d2eit edt to notsfeie oft tect on , dows motrivib 
Besides { 6 evince coho odd emit emes odt te bas Setousdenoo 

93 at Sasol at ao d cope odd merd aestA «dot moteivib adr 
a D xedata edd 201% sattigess dow: ofawaoon0s odd .t9n0ee Sase 
re ebetaegnt sd gesa oft bur dowiste ed Geo nobiles ont 
oot nwone si eviton eldixelt Setseges ylénoment & 
sie Peosya adt to-Gali{tt edd mort ylleitngtedaa: egos eid? 
Sgeforto owt ydeetiows noicivif aslooviobuee sdé agve yok 
eds to sail elbbia edt of vasured que doid@ .& sutoeo odd 
5 Asetd on es .o 6 lous oct ovode niet bee dow noted 
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een: - es, ok Sas 
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edt Ro apibat eft d¥iw wedtant bee ,entd siibiw eft bas doce 
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@8t' wath aed? .eolLosiciaes texit edt yotaret © hor ed. 26 
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24 
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- 


a Bey ke -Dbeiste need esd tadw ot gatbacoos ytlu 
ingared re aan qebbaeld dait sf? to emtot S8EIDH old of 
tf sigmexs os ovin cx dotdu to ,elyte Jaeyodasl? dogger ons 
: ye to domds edd to rowod [erdneo odd mont medsd SESE og kt 
, “chanosaiuepeaoinied odt neented sorsistitib ont «seve ai volo 
HY eit yrooett doses edd at dedt yeidd nk yfieisc daguoz 
S2m109 ‘ube bus ymoitossiP eno. ni siow asvon sebbeid 
fasne Wa inc ot ak elise. ,zenel? to axot 


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@efe boc .¢d + hoe f & telortiscimes edit Aousts ote onif basoua 


20 
are employed the latter, if ae omission of the circle t 
thery fill. the entire Space as shown in Figs. 1256 to 1259, — 

In Fig. 1257 the centres of the pointed arch lie at a and b 
So that b c = ---. The sam? propobtinon is thég also a basis 
for the division arches, so that also c e = —--.: The perpend- 
icular erected at. b cuts. the arch c 6 at h. With the radius . 
b f is then struck the arch k h and the arch h 1: joining the 
division arch, so that the skeleton of the fish bladder is. 
constructed and at. the same time the ogee curve h 1. replaces. 
the division arch. After then the ogee h m is. found im the 
Samé manner, the concentric arch resulting from the plan of 
the mullion can be struck and the cusp be inserted.- 

A frequently repeated flexible motive is shown in Fig2256.° 
This comes. substantially from the filling of the space remain- 
ing over the semicircular division arches by two circles about 
the centre a, which are tangent to the middle line of the @iy— 
ision arch and join above the arch e c. Whéh no break occurs, 
the transition point e must lie on a line with the centres a 
and k. 

The same scheme could also be employed for a window of three 
divisions as shown in richer form by Pis. 1259.: . 

In it a@ andb are the centres of the pointed areh,. On this g 
ground line are struck the semicircles a 1 and t b, and also 
the circle about ¢ tangent to the latter, the great pointed a 
arch and the middle line, and further with the radius of the 
latter the arch ec &@ forming the enclosing pointed arch as well. 
as the arch ¢ e forming the first semicircle. Then draw the 
line ec f at an angle of 45°, and from this intersection with . 


the circle strike the arch g h, which goes through the centre 


¢ and joins the pointed arch, as well as from a point k to be , 
found, strike the arch i f tangent to the circle, thus is: found ~ 
the skeleton, and the further execution has no further diffic- F 
ulty according to what has been stated. 

To the german forms of the fish bladder correspond those of 
the French flamboyant style, of which we give an example in 
Fig. 1258 taken from the central: tower of the church of S. ffa- 
clou in Rouen. The difference between the two kinds. is to be 
sought chiefly in this, that in the Prench tracery the fish 
bladder moves more in one direction, and thus comes nearer the 
form of flames, while in the German this: movement occurs. from 


i we 
om moe Sas ao btowth beatesh ‘vas, lahinaulee steb ie edt 
o d Ot sesutaoo nl .sidizecq ousoed elatepiss por itod 
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ss ea Ww ma a laine Gols & goubotg dud yvew wtotinne y{dere 
Bias sedoitoortetol 
fi esvies ante edd tetia tact ,evods hedste vheerle eyed ef, 
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the middle outwardin any desired direction, and so more vari 
motives certainly became possible. In contrast to both continen 
tal forms are the divisions: of tracery corresponding to Frshc 
bladders: or flames in the Unglish perpendicular style, that rep- 
resent entirely similar diminutives of the spaces enclosed by 
the mullions and division arches, they extend always im the sam 
direction as those, and so fill. the space of the arch in a tol- 
erably uniform way, but produce a rich impression. 


‘Intersections. 
We have already stated above, that after the osee curves it 
is particularly the intersections which characterize the trace 
ry of the Late Gothic. Though it often occurs in the second half 
of the 15 th century, that the division arches intersect, while 
the mullions are connected by a semicirchéawith the omission of 
one lying between them, from whose intersection results then t ; 
the pointed division arch (Pig. 1261). Another filling of the 
Space may occur by a circle, guatrefoil, etc., with fish blad--~ 
Jers next them or solely by the fish bladder in that given in. — 
Fis. 1261, an example tekey from S. Martin’s church im @assel. : 
appears a special consistency, so far as the depressed pointed 
arch filling the space is formed by two intersecting ogee pars. 
and only in the fish bladders formed at the sides is: a cusp ins 
gserted in the middle. certainly the scheme Siven im Fig. 1260 
belongs here, to which reference was made already on p. 523, wW 
while here the effect of the intersection of the part c bof ta 
the arch with the great pointed arch is far more tasteful, than 
that of the semicircles in Pig. 1261 with each other, even if 
here a certain dryness is also undeniable. 4 
4. Tracery of compound mullion and wheel: windows. 
Plan of compound mullion windows. . 
Gonnection of large and small mullions. 
Already in the earliest Gothic, beside the simple tracery win 
dows occur compound» ones, which are then formed so that. in the © 
parts of a simple large system of tracery are always: found a 
smaller secondary system, or an inverted system of the second ~— 
order, as indicated im Fig. 1262 by the heavy and thin linesy. 
The mullions and bars of the inserted second system have a cor 
respondingly more ornabe cross section, and they are termed “y 
*“youns» mullions in contrast to the ‘a dor peioipal ssllionee 
The small mullions. are partly isolated (e aud b in Pig. 1262) 44 


i‘ 


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to Bied eds th weiq edt evotie a DOSE .yig sems0d odd to¥ 
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in Pig. 1262). The cross sections: of the principal: mullions. mu 
also be so arranged, that the smaller develop from them as if 
they were born from them. | 

Already in the simple tracery beset by cusps, as we have fur- | 
ther seen above, the cross sections of the cusps were expressed | 
in the mullions, and similarly but. even far more expressed must 
be the cross sections of the small mullions be contained in th- 
ose of the larser ones. If in @ window with larse and small mul- 
lions occur cusps at the same time, them the principal: mullions 
will: even contain three different profiles and the small. ones . 
will. have two. In Pig. 1263. accordingly a ds h will.represent. 
the larger and b d f i be the smaller mullions, cd @<z repres- 
entins the cusps.’ ' 

Nowise is the possibility excluded of moulding the mullions: 
relatively richer, for example for a simple tracery with cusps. 
employing the entire frofile in Pig. 1263, thereby giving the 
cusps the richer moulding b d fi, and on the other hand simpli- 
fications of the cross section are also possible. 

One can further. establish the principles mostly followed in 
the early time, that only those parts make the compound plan = 
necessary, in which the elevation is. actual}y compound, also t | 
that the plan of the bars according to the spaces with cusps | 
could or must. be different,from those employed for spaces. with- 
out cusps or for division arches, as we have already explained 
in regard to the Marburg window. For such am apparently compli- — 
cated but naturally a simpler arrargement, the magnificent win- 
dows in the transepts. afid choir of the monastery church at. Reine 
(Pigs. 1264, 1265) present the most. beautiful examples.’ 

For the former pig. 1264 a shows the plan of the half of the 


mullions and bars next the interior. Therein a bcd iis the half 
plan of the large mullion, which includes that of the smail mul-— 
lion be d. The division arch without cusps has the same plan 

as the small mullion, and it also continues in the circle above 
it, only that on the inside are added cusps, whose plan is indi- 
cated by ec f in Fig. 1264 4. To strengthen or fill: the moulding 
projects before the junction of the cusp in the lower circle w 
with the part denoted by g, while this is wanting in the great 
circle, so that the cross section through the great circle on 
af is abd c.e f tm Fig. 1264, and on b f through the small 


iv 
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23° 


circle is b g e f in Pig. 1264 a. Since now in the lower di 


ions the plan becomes more complex, it is again simplified 
where the divisions in the elevation become greater, as in 
spaces between the great pointed arch, the upper circle anf t 
arches enclosing the groups, here taking the form abi k, oe 
that between the elevation and plan occur the most intimate a 
alternate relations, and in ahl down to the smallest part, ona 
finest distinctions are emphasized by the spirit ordering sien 
whole. But this enhanced consistency did not allow the intern 
tracery mouldings to be employed externally, where ont the) ee 
hand beside the larger forms of all parts the finer mouldings 
would have been without effect, but on the other hand juss qelll 
the north side would have presented too many starting: peeaeeene 
for the effect of weather. 
In Fig. 1264 b is shown the external. mouldings in such mann 
that a vc ad the members of the large mullions are continued o1 
the great pointed arches, 1s well as on the exterior of the ai: 
ision arches and the bars entkoSing the upper circle, oe eee 
is the moulding of the small mullion here without capital, wh 
continues in the same form on the inside of the great divisio 
arches as well-as on the exterior of the lower circle, while 
the internal: side of the latter with its cusps is formed acco 
ding to f g h ec 4, so that g he a becomes the plan of the cus 
On the contrary, richer is the form of plan of the inner side 
of the moulding on the uppar circle according toaeik Llmne 
so that here k 1 m ce @ becomes the plan of the cusp. A similar 
distinction of the outer from the inner mouldings of the trac 
is. then also found on other windows of the same church. 
The capitals in Fig. 1264 only serve to indicate the beginn 
ngs of the arches, and therefore are also found in: their act 
main lines. In the east window of the same church axe given in 
Fig. 1265, they fulfil the same purpose of adjusting the simp 
plan of the mullion to the more richly formed plan of the div 
Sion arches. While in Fig. 1265 a, a bedeis the plan of t 
large mullion as e d e represents that of the small one, for t 
the reasons given above the division arches receive an additio 
by the memder f, which as shown in Fig, 1265 b in perspective, — 
is set on the capital at a a in Fig. 1265 and also extends @ 
und inside all. spaces beset by cusps. The cusps here have a 
of section still recalling the forms of the transition style, 


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while they lack all moulding and simply project as fillets, » 
also expressed by @ h i in Pig. 1265 a. | 

Simplified pan of mulltonms, 

As already noted on p. 50% above, there result simple oan 
of mullions, aS soon as the development of the cusps shoun in 
Fis.’ 1183 is allowed. Accordingly the plan shown in- Fig. 126; 
was sufficient for a compound window, if the cusps recsived 4 
plan indicated by hatching in the right half of the Fig., so. 
that. also the hatched part in the left half becomes the plan 
of the small: mullions and the entire Fig. snaé oficthe large 
ones, as it is found on the west window of the church at. Haina — 
given in Fig. 1267. But this omission is even increased and then 
leads to further simplification of the plan, and finally to Fig. 
1267 », in which then m f $i k dives the large mullion, that 
is only distinguished by av increased depth from the equally 
thick small one mec ik, 9s also wi k further ives the plan 
of the cusp.’ a 

Likewise as on the large mullions there is attached to thei 
jamb mullions half the plan of the small one. Yet are also for 
many varying conditions, especially im the works of Karly Got! 
to which that stiffness. is whiaciutcinieliicalt 

Doubled middle mullion. 

Thus in the windows in 4 dévisions of the north side of stras: 
purg minster thesmiddle mullion consists of a doubling of the — 
jamb mullion, so that. the small one in Fig. 14267 ¢ are shown 
bc a the small mullion, bc e the jamb mullion and bce f ion 
half the middle one, that accordingly consists of two little — 4 
columns connected by a hollow. On the contrary on the older 
parts. of the cathedral: at Yetzlar the jamb mullions are entir 
ly lacking and the division arches grow directly out of the jam 
bs lying in the direction of the thickness of the wall, in wh: 
must therefore be cut the groove to receive the glass panels. 
This arrangement still recalls the starting of the arches of 
many Romanesque cloisters, where the growth of the arches is 
already.clearly expressed, but at the same time shows in prin 
ple a striking agreement with the arrangement mentioned om Pp. 
507 off the tracery of the Wate Gothic castle chapel at Altenburg 

Development of the elevation of compound tracery. - 

On the laying out or drawing the compound tracery, it may onls 

be stated, that it is just as complete as in the simple tracery 


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925 oe 
(@ee above). One passes out from the middle line of the mull: 
or bar and covers this by the profile, whereby the large and 
jamb mallions have several. parallel lines for the larse 7 
small. members (c, d, e, im Pig. 1262).: 
Window in 4' divisions. ee 
The simplest. arrangement of the window with 4. dtutniene ‘3317 
that based in the scheme in Pig. 1262, of which Pigs. 1264, 1 2 
sive two specimens, which date from the same period but are far 
apart in their effect by the difference in treatment. This diy— 
ersity is increased to infinity by varying proportions of diff 
erent. parts. and a varied arrangement. of the other filling, and — 
according to what has been previously stated concerning simple 
tracery and filling circles, it will: not. pe difficult to find 
new combinations: of this. kind. 
Windows in 4 divisions with three groups,  . 
However wen already began about the middle of the 14 th cent- 
urry to seek variations , and first. to make these possible by ( 
transferring the peculiarities of the window in 3 divisions to: 
that. with 4, forming three groups, the middle one consisting 
two spaces, at each side of which remained one space, as the o 
choir of Erfurt cathedral shows in a rich series of examples. 
This arrangement. is. connected with the fillings in the spaces 
shown in Figs. 1240 to 1242, 1252. to 1254,but. always injures 
in a certain lack of clarity and purpose that simple arrangement 
characterizins the nature of the matter as mpposed ho Figs. 1264 
and 1265, but on the contrary this inequality of the divisions ~ 
forms the natural arrangement for tractry in an unequal: number 
of spaces. 5 
Windows in 5 and 7 divisions. ; 
Hence tracery in 5 divisions can consist. of three sroups, na 
mely of two double divisions separated by a single middle space, 
and one in 7 parts may likewise consist of three sroups, indeed 
of two triple divisions sevarated by one sinsle space, or of ai 
triple division in the middle and two double ones at. the sides, 
whereby the fillings of the space is always. one allied to the a 
triple division. | a 
The single space between the groups composed of two or three 
divisions is then enclosed at both sides. by large mullions, wh 
ich remain as division arches above, but sometimes are without — 


the moulding characterizing the large mullions. But thereby al: 


ji oP eG 
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the division arches will be ineffective, and the filling of 
space by the latter is no longer sufficient, and makes. the eft- 


ect have a certain heaviness. Generally a tracery in 4 parts 
arranged in the manner mentioned, where including the jamb mu 
lions are found four large and but one small mullion, lacks b 
one more step to the Late Gothic, being without all. main and v7) 
lesser subdivisions, thus being a window consisting of entirel 
Similar spaces and mullions. 
Window in 6 divisions. antl 
Just. as here the characteristics. of. the arrangement of the w 
window of three divisions is combined in a capricious way with — 
that in two divisions, this combination becomes natural for tra- 
cery in 6 parts. That. either consists of two groups of three d 
divisions each, or three groups of. two divisions in each, so q 
that in the first case the main arrangement. of the whole corres- 
ponds to that of. the window in two divisions, while in the last 
case the converse condition exists. The first arrangement is . 
found on the west side of the Gologne cathedral: according tot 4 
the original: design, while the latter is: by far that a 
prevailins and is found on the west front. of S.° Hlisabeth in 
Marburs, the collesiate church at Mantes and the church of the 
monastery of Haina. The two examples last. mentioned are ~oveeul 
ented in Figs. 1266 and 1267, —. 
The extremely rich window at Haina belongings to the image half 
of the 14 th century is in striking contrast to that represented 
n Figs. 1264 end 1265 from the same church and ee 
rp th century, which illustrate the superiority of the tracery — 
about a centurn older to that of the extreme richness of that. 
later. } ‘dl 
There is found in the drawing of the earlier window" 40° Biges ia 
1264 and 1265 the clear arrangement ahdithe wise restriction of 
the ornament of cusps to certain spaces, which thereby fully 4 q 
dominating the whole, contrasted with the uniform spreading of 
this ornament over all spaces, which is peculiar to Fig. 1267, 4 
so that this condition comes more into the light where the sim- 
ple treatment of the older window with its surrounding architec 
tural: details of rounds, side arches and vault ribs, remains in 
the most beautiful harmony, and the entire surface of the walk: | 
imparts a higher life, while the richer form of the west window 
is entirely leosed from its surroundings, its effect is restric- 


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a bapuva cheaiboge @e ftotert ed? to 0 ext 7) ia 
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27 

restricted instead of being in It is further to be w 
considered, that such window tracery ais not there for itself, 
but at the same time is to serve as a framework for the inser: 
glass panels, hence must therefore beppaid to the glass paint 
that covers this filling, to afford for this. a not too restric- 
ted size and form. All: these requiréments. are Satisfied by tne 
tracery in Bigs. 1264 and 1265 in a high degree, while the unio 
form predominating later with cusps inserted everywhere offers 
restricted spaces, and thus is certainly less. on the whole than” 
by its own will. Then the Zlass-worker toiled to master this 
hindrance, and in these small and limited spaces to insert avian 
overrrich figure and ornamental: representations searcely to be 
distinguished from below on acconnt of their small. scale, mak- q 
ing the disadvantages even greater with ali: the beauty of the 
glass painting. This existence for self alone is more peouliar 
to modern art, and appears generally to be increased with the a 
overrich tracery of the middle period. yen began to place an x= 
treme importance on it, as already the epitaph of master Reing 4 
hold of Altenberg shows, by whom the great west window was com-_ 
pleted in 1398, in which he is called “above all. the king of a 
stonework?, But that Gothic art required rich tracery in a deg- 
ree far less than is usually assumed, is proved satisfactorily _ 
before all by the simple windows in two divisions of the ecathe- 
dral of Chartres, whose overpowering effect would only have been 
lost by richer tracery, since the wonderful: glass paintings must 
have been restricted thereby. a 
As a true model: of a simple and still: rich arrangement cam be 
taken the window of the north side aisle of the collegiate chu- 
rch at Mantes given in Fig. 1266, which is: probably later than ~ 
the church, and that must date from about the middle of the 13 — 
th century. The plan of the mullion is represented im the right 
half of Fig. 1266 a. 3 a 
The construction is simple and as indicated by the lines. The 
ground line of the arch is a b, its centre lies in the middle 4a 
line of the side divisions, thus in the points ce. At the point | 
ec draw a line at 45° with the ground line, which gives, the cen- 
tre OC of the trefoil at its intersection with the middle line 
of the window. From the point C draw the line C e at an angle ; 
of 60° with the middle line, erect a perpendicular at the point | 
f, found by dividing the ground line into three parts, which a 


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bos woba m desw oss. big dnees hen sBaeletyit &.af wobain edd aot 
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cuts the line ©C c¢ at g and thus gives a centre of the trefoi 
arch, from which the others: can be found in the same Waye The 


possibility of the further very original detailing of the tref— 

oil. then depends On the width of the moulding, so far that at 

h i must remain at least the width of the small. mullion. 
Window of 8 divisions with 3 systems, 

As the arrangement of four divisions comes from that. with t 
So is developed that. of tracery with 8 divisions from that of 4 
four, it. is merely a multivlication. But there are permitted by 
tke size of the space certain richer treatment. Fis, 1268 shows 
an example from the north transept of the cathedral. of Meauz, 4 
that entirely corresponds. to the scheme of Fig. 1262, The cons- 
truction is given in Pig. 1268 a. 4 

Bisect ae at d, which distance results from the division ot 3 
the ground line into 8 parts, so that d is. a centre of the pein 
ted arch, whose ground lines is also that of the arch f g h, wha 
ose centres lie at f and g. ; a 

Then lay off a ec from a to e and draw a horizontal through 8,14 
which is the ground line of the arch k e, etc.; them draw e J. “4 
rte from e to m and draw through m a horizontal, which gives. the 
ground line of the little division arches. Accordingly the ate] 
ferent spaces spanned by circles are easily constructed, the «4 
widths resulting from the plan are laid off and the cusps are a 
inserted. But the plan is shown by Fig. 1268 b. The filling of: 
the upper circle is constructed as follows; a b im Big. 1268 is 
half of ¢ d, and the centre of the arch a bd on the line a db 7 
is about a qguanter of its length toward the inside, thus moved 4 
to e and f, whereby by dividing the cirele in 6 parts the rest 
results. We give here only & possible construction of this tra- 
cery, which we cannot entirely determine whether it accords ful-— 
ly with the actual one. 3 | ‘ 

The advantages of this tracery have been already emphasized a 
in Figs. 1264. and 1265, and these would be compared with the f 
far richer west. window in 3 divisions of Altenberg in the same a 
manner, like that im Fig. 1267. A varied arrangement of tracery — 
in 8 divisions, which corresponds to that shown in Pig. 1254. f 2 
for the window in 3 divisions, as shown by the west window of q 
the church of the Minorites: in Golosne. Its eisht divisions are 
arransed in theee sroups, themmiddle one including four spaces. _ 
While then the two arches of the side groups stand on the ground 


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429 
line of the pointed arch, the Us one is higher like the 
dle space in Fis. 1254, and the vertex of the enclosing arch ab 
uts beneath that of the great pointed arch.’ The peculiarity o ! 
the arrangement results from the depressed proportion of the 
tire window, that is avoided by the higher position of the gr 
und line of the middle arch. It shows at the same time a cert 
relation to the form of the window of the choir of Erfurt. cat 
edral: mentioned on p. 528, but. far excels the latter im pure 
caprice, as results from the basal: proportions.’ 

Windows of 9 or more divisions, 

Windows in 9 divisions as in the cathedral of York, cam be 
arranged in nee groups of three divisions, thus: being referr~ : 
ed to the principle of three divisions, while one in 12 divisi- 
ons is formed by a complication of the system of that in 6 parts 

Uniform mullions. of the late time. a, 

Differently from the principles stated are formed the richer 
combinations of tracery of Late Gothic. Im the once adopted q 
forms of ogees of fish bladders had men found the means: for d 
rectly filling any form of space. Any division into main and 
subordinate parts would have hindered the unlimited developm 
of these means and was therefore dropped. Accordingly all: mul 
ions receiwed the same form, are connected by round or point 
arches, and the latter clings to the fish bladders with unrest 
icted variety, that are either arranged in sroups without the 
being enclosed by wider bars or independent from each other, © 
they alone fill: the spaces by their artistic interlacings. If 
in all these the complete dissolution of the Gothic organism 
made perceptible, then must one be surprised by the inventive — 
Sift, the skill in arrangement, and the taste im the entire 
treatment. These are the last rays of the sun setting behind — 4 
the mountain, for which the artificial light then kindled shay) “1 
ed itself as. a miserable substatute. a 

Gompound wheel: and rose windows. 
BMullions placed radially. 

The principle of compound tracery is also followed by the on 
at wheel. and rose windows. Their simple forms were already exp— 
lained in Figs. 1243 to 1246. From what was there stated will — 
be easily developed the forms shown in Figs. 1269 to 1271. Th 
predominating magnificence of these windows, attainable by no 
other means, such as the minster at Strasburs as well: as that 


ah 


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shown in Figs. 1269 ee predominating magnificence o 
these windows, attainable by no other means, such as. the mins’ 
at. Strasburg as: well: as that shown py most of the Prench cath 
drals, needs no commentary.’ It has been attempted in modern + 
mes to wish to find these in contradition of the true principle © 
of Gothic, but. it. afpears to us unjustly. To exclude them would © 
be to rob one’s self. They either occur independenlty on the aa 
French cathedrals or are inserted in a pointed window of ordin= 
ary form with a straight. sill. The arrangement. of the sill, ma | 
ich is also generally found where the pointed arch is wanting © 
and manifests itself im the manner, thet the deeply moulded sofa 
fit arch enclosing the upper semittrchéais continued at each 
Side im the vertical jamb or rests ontlittle columns and stops. 
on the wash of the sill, happily removing the possibility. that 
the water could collect in the mouldings extending on the lower 
semicircle, and brings the entire treatment. into complete harn-_ 
ony with the other lines of. the interior and exterior. It is q 
already found in works of very early date, like the colleggate — 
church at Mantes, the cathedral of. Rheims, the transepts: of the 
cathedral of Paris, etc. But now since the upper. semicircle — 
the interior is inserted within the pointed arch of the vault, — 
the latter may also be expressed on the exterior, and then pro- — 
duce the arrangement of a rose window im a pointed arch before 
criticized by Kugler, which still has its full. justification as | 
being based on the nature of the construction. Om the other hand” 
to us appears that trensferredifrom the west facade of Freiberg | 
cathedral: to many leter works, less happy in the stronger ace 
tins of the enclosure of the circle within a square, Since thea 
the upper side of the square in this place is given by no condi- 
tions, and therefore represents an arrangement purely based one 
caprice. (In Freibers it is: connected with the horizontal: root ~ 
of the narrow passage before the western cross arch and there- 
fore is well grounded). Then whether such an untrue form can be 
actually found beautiful may be left to am open decision. : 
Radial divisions. 
on mary late wheel windows, like that of the west facade of. : 
9. Lorenz im Nuremberg (Fis. 1271), the radial position of the. 
mullions is dropped and is only retained for D200 
ed with parallel sides. The entireescheme consists of two inter- 
secting crosses, each arm composed of two divisions, therefore — 


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931 


being a part inclosed by large mullions. The pointed arches. c 
necting the latter then in one cross have their vertices: in t 
outer circle, and in the other in the angle of the arms of the 
first cross.’ 
A position intermediate betweem both arrangements in Figs.’ 
1269 and 1271 is taken by one of the wheel: windows of the chu 
ch of S.° Katherine in Oppenheim, where the circle is first. ene 
losed by a guatrefoil, each part of which consists: of two lar 
and one small: mullion, but all are-set #adially. But between +. 
these four divisions are placed four others, in which only th 
middle line is radial, and is indicated by a small: mullion, wh- 
ich is parallel: to the enclosing large mullion. The pointed 4 
arch connecting the latter is turned toward the centre,oand t 
joins the large muliions of the gquatrefoil.’ 
Geometrical figures within the circle. 
According to what is said on p. 520 tn the simple wheel: win 
ow and on pe. 511-0n the filling of a circle, it. cannot. be ver 
difficult. for a third kind of. rose window to construct. the di: 
ferent examples, in which the entire area is. enclosed by diff: 
ently shaped and more stronsly profiled bars, and filled by in= 
serted geometrical figures bordered by weaker bars, such as ci 
cles, trefoils or :matrefoils, etc., in the different. areas.Yet. 
for their effect such rose windows: remain subordinate, consist- 
ing at least in their main parts of radial mullions and space: 
if already for the technical: execution, the ddfferences: resul 
ins from the great length of the mullions are to be aiisiatck: 
5. Balustrade tracery. 
Balustrades with mullions. 
@onstruction of the railing. B 
On the construction of the parapet, that. is further more fwai he- 
ly explained om p. 363 above im connection with sutters: and ar- 
ips, there will be here mentioned only, that the tracery balus— 
trades consist of separate slabs 15 to 20 cm thick as a rule. 
“If possible they are made of one piece in height, so that. the 
separate pieces meet at their end joints and at the base by the 
moulding on which they stand, but are connected together at t D 
by the reildlaid on them. dence the joints in this: rail alterne- 
ate with the joints of the slabs and receive in grooves the to 
gues wrought. on these slabs. Where the required height is har 
to obtain, they consist of two pieces separated by a bed joint. 


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By) ei = , shedoobs smedoe eid yd heakvpst 
» exond ve eeemss yisosts eharden[ad to golioas eeoro sat 
is0et MOtiietisl off tt svootk ods tads TYSORE LWISOLIZ vobalw 
o te mio? edd atiogess etctetedT .bottino ef gkaiaale ocd goly 
g Isaogsit eds Sayot ek yitaeupers .SVSh eit ‘at mavis ncisvoss 
3 bemzo% gogsioo edt oels (dsle edi to uesavotad sat nt orsy 
. jouebitve sdz to nella efcate geote vteifisae ond ee Liew ea eins 


ue wu 


a ae : Puinecii OLssil bare eaori(sx% 
to eatetenoo dbdsdie lad yioosit € to foemsinsits teolonis 
A Lew eeeds to ésot ont -eotowe yd fetoeonoo enoiffum to ror 3 
sat eas ao tiel eced Letnositod - yd bétoonges aodt ote sno 

to gedoss nobeivid i) to biee ef tedw-estigas eedots afi oF 
q oieedots beiatog 16 bower sfamie ed yax youd ryascerd He 


‘a 
7 


% 
soia emoosd yer? .suede [rotors War Savers yam to .sqend dtie 
ai0 Betusent oys eedorws edi asanded eotatanss esoege edt nf ti 

* bY e€\SI 58570 wd arofeias ..ots arene .eelo 


ue fteas Sat ni esil echeadesied woiilsy seeds 
ede Sas Yo dsSiw [fama ont gadt gost sft at exe 
archaeon ydeiend has ,noiditeqet ¢a9upe7t etinveq #90 
»8 GO einste sieraienisd e dove TI .ayetta vefuo & $ne «isis 
peatesse Yievi .eiol zwslever siedd atater Sciweiit enoifinn edt 
or ‘gaits? ei eodews sJnsgast xs0t c¢ 28a St men duageb of 
pads oF gaibaogesztce Saist edd fae .setian odd eyoten ons 
aia eid galtlite yo wre heowhorw ed nes pants vee To. seit 
enw ,enanico sistil es bemrot sd osle ven elsottisy ect 
Bhs. ezotx .ohsitenisd edt ac dele emse edd nt obew ci batiias 
ito edd al .eved fae fettgas edt cot esottive srotersis 89a 
ering ea OF ,zueleer ylentias ad. bivow aoltospoyg eidd os 
ft to contac sildae haves eat +to beaeerh ed ot sosaiotat 


5 entered atta gr Lec ft Poviiie an wo ea aoe: 


t enote edt te bsesvenI .guedbeitt ts ao St ak acontoiss | 


eae 


ed 


Sta 


© : ——- 
Path 5 (on i, 
oJ ae ae ee el 


32 
as on the church of Ha htc therefore must have sreste 
thickness so that iron dowels, by which the bed joints are co 
nected, can be held by the mass of stone enclosing them. The 
thickness. is 22 cm at. Friedberg. Instead of the stone tongue 
that. enters the sgroovein the rail, the connection: ie 00 
made there at iron pins, as: on the balustrade surrounding the © 
terrace on which rises Erfurt. cathedral. Brom the once assumed 
thickness of the slabs resnlts then the width of the mullions. 
or bars of the tracery according to the sige of the openings: 
required by the scheme adonted. | 

The cross section of balustrade tracery agrees with those otis 
window tracery, except. that the groove in the latter for a 
ving the glazing is omitted. Therefore results the form of cros 7 
section given in Fig. 1272. Prequently is found the diagonal so- 
uare in the thickness of the slab, also the octagon formed from 
this as well. as: the earlier shown simple plan of the mallion, 

Mullions and little ctlumns. . a 

The simplest arrangement of & tracery balustrade consists. of. 
a row of mullions connected by arches. The feet of these aaleial 
ons are then connected by 2 horizontal base left on the slab. 
To the arches applies what is said of. the divison arches of “4 
Window tracery; they may be simple round or pointed arches or 
with cusps, of may assume any trefoil: shape. They become richer 
if in the spaces remaining between the arches are inserted cir- 
cles, trefoils, etc., as shown by Fig. 1273. 4 

The advantage of these mullios balustrades lies: im the easily 
understood scheme, in the fact that the small width of the spa- 
ces permits a frequent repetition, and thereby produces both a 4g 
rich and a quiet effect. If such @ balustrade stands on 2a stair, 
the mullions likewise retain their resular form. Every attempt 
to depart from it, i.e., to form rampant arches is foreign to 
the nature of the matter, and the raise corresponding to the Pr 
rise of the stairs. can be vroduced only by stilting the arche 

The verticals may also be formed as little columns, when the © 
railing is made in the same slab as the balustrade, whose thi 
ness therefore suffices for the capital: and base. In the as 
case this. projection would be entirely useless, to require the 
thickness to be dressed off for the entire heisht of the slab.” e 
The latter would be superfluous when the mullions assume the 4 
forms given in Fis. 1272 a, thus consisting of two little col 


} ! 


avd, } . ERE gli hss HAS he Oe 
GBD! 208 sa bid Lin bath ngedbics! eldest | 
fouborg ‘got ennai ovidootte yey ee Maoigmbag hE 4 | 


; Keble [fags edt te bevieo,, 
id oss | Pie 0. jobemteutad to gdyte® 
cece. ek Uiuadeined eé& ebaetieolsd ed? to tdbten sit 
fed sone odd 38 BBO yon [tet god eff tedé ce ,tabied- nagud 03 
oxo 9818. 036 eseds voy. Sefvos f wort evdd ,dogeisq 2 Yo tid 
> engolog Soe sebersenlsd toos esc cud? -etat mort enchsius 
2 eto i .a6a & to teblwode eds Jo Tdgled odd toode sts fer 1 Ie 
08 edpied e*nan & nadi eton eas autedd. to Lleiberiteo ans ae 
D Woneteianoont cA .obntasce ee ff dpoguae wool yino sao 9R. | 
a" ddaniiecan pte sdgied yrantbio edt evoke. (eis nt Syoct sd. 
Sgosqset edt tad .¢ft wo Rainasi Yo goreinevnos eds yd bexki 


we to wey, 


‘ 


) toetorg of Liew squib? yfouss tsdt ,Shatéauied ‘toot a ok elt a 
“ ‘Efes yr9ev yoreitcr se073- 00 Stetersd? doidwy uobifet work a 
a ated seseo1g eifs of GaibtcosA .obsove us to aetoetado edd ome ae. 
Pebertteriad etitne eit bas ,deesesont ole ek eeentoldy og ; 
2 mt ewobatn eaif-evotifum ifeue brs epasl w bsbtvibdse’ od 9 
subedites ead 20 eobetéeeled 1sg9gH eft sdif has .saotelvib Ise ; i 
Bigew eabteneath tollenwe 10d dnemtasst aelinte & .onsoled to ye 
Lentsant gBrnvestivots Letacwnes0 yleteg ai eldieetuyes ed yfio iy 
Bs sode yeeioenicdes ,eredic edit serstowrte Leasesar no ylaef 
Re ad | staged eebartenl(ed yisosdT 
aS | -todto doe eftped begnadia eltotylod a 
| eiLenigtrc eby, zebsadenltsd nokifua to daescknevIe suites edt | & 
we #8 To woidesotyec edd worl Sriveitib ‘noltouatenco « a0 beusd. ~ : 
meee tao esoaeq otow enoilivm so edrofeo edd ydersdw .dede ene “ é 
bsiors odd yd ovods setosaace elisntipdizac! |etew jadt .ylstes ; 
| doidn go dele edt yd yltoerth no [fie edd yd noled bas esootg : 
Adele edz to soigexotasq sd¢ yldasifve tof .(etod) .boste rend ¥ 
esto alteiylog to hoi¢elesoo yisosat to wrote od weddss sissl 4 
i ie toils Si )) Peemtoh bavorg yeilto 10 allotesiasp .eafo ie 
o OtFat”d eat ‘ad Gavo} sto Sniv asd? Fo sel geoxs afoe .eton ‘a4 
We i 9 0He ad ~toSSOFY Po iN 
arene eliotoss to “Gedenoe hstteuled 6 ewode ATSE .Bie f) 


<ateondeietehamabaal ie on0 Brean reeneen etedso doas obi me 
veqeua | 


nC Ca ae NO ROP Dery 0) nk gs UPON Se a 


ae, ‘ 

little columns. connected by ee without capital. In ‘Such od 
arrangements. are very effective means for producing a rich eff-— 
ect, yet this must stand very near the eye, in order to be per-_ 
ceived at. the small: scale. a 
Height of balustrade. 4 

The height of the balustrade és. necessarily arranged according 
to human height, so that the top rail: may come at the usual. nota 
sht of a parapet, thus from 1 to 1.2 m, yet. there are also exc- 
eptions from this. Thus the roof balustrades, of. Golosne cathed- 
ral are about the height of. the shoulder of a man, and those of 
the cathedral of Rheims are.more than a man’s height, so that. a 
we can only look through its openings. An incénsistency cannot 
be found in this, since the ordinary height. of a balustrade is. 
fixed by the convenience of leaning on it, but this respect fa- _ 
ils in a roof balustrade, that. merely forms a wall: to protect — q 
from falling, which therefore on-great works. may very well ass- _ 
ume the character of an arcade. According to this greater height. 
the thickness is also increased, and the entire balustrade may 
be subdivided with large and small mullions like windows. in sev- 
eral. divisions, and like the upper balustrades. of the cathedral. 
of Cologne. A similar treatment. 6or smaller dimensions would 
only be permissible in purely ornamental architecture, pabticu- 
larly on internal: structures like altars, tabernacles, etc. 3 

Tracery balustrades proper.’ 
Polyfoils arranged beside each other. 

The entire arrangement of mullion balustrades was originally 
based on a construction differing from the perforatiom of a st- 
one slab, whereby the columns or mullions were peaces. cut sepa- 
rately, that were longitudinally connected above by the arched 
pieces and below by the sill: or directly by the slab om which 
they stand. (Note). But evidently the perforation of the slab : 
leads rather to a form of tracery consistins of polyfoils, a 
cles, guatrefoils or other ground forms. a 

Note. Sone examples: of this kind are found iw the Dictionary 
of Vrio\Vet-Ve-Duc. 1A 

Fig. 1274 shows a balustrade composed of trefoils placed aa 
ide each other, and Fis. 1275 has one of triangles: with inserted q 
cusps. " 

By changing the position of the forms, by the introduction ofa 
the trefoil. in Fis..1274, By insertion of cusps in it, by inclosi 


: em ie wey) Se ii he 
; he) ro c) Aca y re y + » ‘y ae 


ee ee 
Veytton add. goiizenavd ad 40 vdote Lethats eB yo at 
Vemedoe ot!) Yo woktiseces edt yd vedtavt, bos ,1sttons 
) egtetuev otingiai-ss bsovborg ‘ed yem. secto dose t2v6 
f eeitoxdnny to feeeqnos ebatianled 6 ewode OXSS -hia 
} oe wzot salbaogzest09 s ddin, \\s! Rit ok betestiaoo 
fe) daend sors oit vbsosis YI .eoeuo ys deead bas ylleaogeth 
bei si .eltow oldiod gisel of tsiisceg esos ef ALS! ogi 
at esd to bestbia efbhim edd trode yilesoiesoos Sasol, ask 
a bent tO ehenstanled toor asd no elguexs tot es ,.eindnse 
bai of tdmod ssiluosd .ta604 nt foie aseerh edt bas ysedheiag 
e Esnonsib bas istnoxiaod to acktersedls odd yo pairs asiigat 
8 WORE bos WNSS wegit ddod al «8 T1S! .a49 yd nods ae sate 
w egatnscs essuos 10 elioterteup yd heoalges sis earenie oud 
ixeico: faed «ferbedseo enyoicd to efacal gaew add no ce ,egend 
r haa essupe eit Yo xoge edd to sonsisu000 O33 af Oftalasioe sans 


iD : , a! 
ap FF * 2 t 
a Py , 2) 
’ } q U 
Mie Pr y uP us 


>, 


aw 4 | 8 S\SP «Rr? af ea Shotetisoh © 
taetdo ef yissstt edt Ro toaite.edt uf egnsio Isttasiedga 4 
a. “eas Wedd oe ,ovenps 2 ci besolene ei sivei? elynize ya 2 
Bape Gin Gaoocol off OCIS «2% oi bee Lieteitaso ed? VIS .228 
Bi: yeu sadiel suet? «enoiilus leciisev yd asdto does worl bedaa 
Tt 598 ead So eiaiot bao edi cont of .dtiiw astesth « oven 19a) 
S eiienes ned? olinn .,aslbbie aieds dgweoqsd eesg adele 93 
“de Of B& O19 ‘seetuQit edategse of3 Io sleacovsih ead ak 
| $00 ‘od Statot odd act Usifasears iis to tari cid yasoaid wo 


Ms eds gf etatoyg teen nisdxeo to encidosjo1g {fe .eolins stuoa 


ye BNE Fas +Gand to efbbie eai.taean dinoadd tg 
"a oats th | ~tebewarled eted 

i iecs ere git b suesoe ond to aoitsnietsasat sdt cord 
SOS 4 eiton oidtee sted ak Salumose sezitones ativeass [retour 
mes elsiaopitcd towol bus ssqqy ed? od sedove odd to coltennad 
ed to sen boeaovont add ile. to Jecu cidteg edad to sebssd 
einotes Jz0m ond to Wilidiaeog oti -h5a .syitom rebbald 
aso 918 etebbeld dett oeed? .Seovbo1q yosedd encitgaid 
Lt odd 10 vaatol Saver, tedie. to eelosto 19ecsio 


7 Ya 


pao 
by ‘ edd... cuI0), eerie os reiivosg per neenerebes Yass 
a DO 


} iii coatiies AI ay 2 
' 1 te OE ee Pe ie aoe 


a he fe 7 5 wi eeere va sae) 1) ef 
[ 7 ’ iF 0 (Laat wal? TK re m *| os rey, 7 is j fh) wad Ae F 77 
ol ht, earn ye a : ee ay! v if 4 yo =o we fk A 
ite | hon q } a ‘ ie he) ioe | po Bs 
f a he 4 a4 ‘S r 
7 4 . 


TO ageso edt te eefors eds meewtacd Sarneqe edt al pedi bies . 


ils ideo? eos .edlans Sinis 46 eldfesog es ylasen se sted edz ° 


uess efotot edt ti tivset sesval oft conte .febiove od agaiog 


pied edé tot oiveizvedosisso ei gatwieit0 sOVSL .SiE yd ovode 


de: ediga al ,9osiave siigse sd ezatosizveini beitzey.: 


To A | ee 
bir A hie 


Pe tae a Sp. ah Me eo aa AN ial Lee in BAAS 


34. | 

it by a circle, etc., or by ee the motive ind dene 
another, and further py the repetition of the scheme in two 
over each other may be produced an infinite variety. 

Big. 1276 shows a balustrade composed of guatrefoils, which 
contrasted in Fig. 1277 with a corresponding form of squares 
diagonally and beset by cusps. If already the treatment shown 
Fig. 1276 is more peculiar to Barly Gothic works, it is someti- 
mes found occasionally about the middle afidtend of the 14. th c_ 
century, as for example on the roof balustrade of the church at 
Hriedberg and the Wiesen church in Soest. Peculiar combinations. 
further arise by the alternation of horizontal and diagonal. Sq- 
uares as shown by Fig. 1277 a. Im both Pigs. 127/ aod 1277 a 7 
the skuares are replaced by quatrefoils or square openings wit! 
cusps, as on the west. facaie of Gologne cathedral. Particniamiae 
Characteristic is the occurrence of the apex of the square or ‘ 
guatrefoil. in the opening between the arches of the cusps or. ote 
the quatrefoil as in Fig. 1277 a. 

4 substantial change in the effect of the tracery is. obtainedia 
if any single figure is enclosed im a square, so that. thus in ( 
Pig. 1176 the quatrefoil: and in Fig. 1176 the lozenge are sepa~_ 
rated from each other by vertical: mullions. These latter may a 
then have a greater width, so that. the end joints. of the separ-— 
ate slabs pass through their middles, while then usually occur a 
in the diagonals of the separate figures. Here as in the wind- 
ow tracery it is first. of all: essential: for the joints. to cut 
the bars as nearly as possible at right angles, thus that. ali: 
acute angles, all projections of certain weak points in the 
joints be avoided, since the latter result. if the joints: are ‘ 
cut. through near the middle of a cusp. : i 

Late balustrades. a 

Prom the transformation of the square in Fis. 1277 into a qua 4 
trefoil: results sometimes occurring in hate Gothic works. a con- ’ 
tinuation of the arches to the upper and lower horigontals as: q 
shown by Fig. 1273. Otherwise is characteristic for the balus- 
trades of Late Gothic most of all the increased use of the fish © 
bladder motive, and the possibility of the most astonishing com 
binations thereby produced. These fish bladders are inclosed im 
either circles or other sround forms, or they fill with their 
varied interlacings the entire surface. In spite of the lack of — 
easy understandins peculiar to these forms, their effect is. still 


‘ag 
a 


5 J ‘wen i Ki } cu : ais a Un ae : 
Dig Sue A EOE wwii lesatna vilereas3 7] 
ot beteegse ry) paore? at Ee aay 6a) tate 


b eyed ior otso8 osna oft to aoléiedesd edt ineses 1 
epptiot 4 cham of Liveo acttensotenert eeot dein |” 


eer. 


— fenaevaes gdt to ,oreiat yxeoedt ofdrod etng a 
greseoty @d@ apdt .vedteget fetoenacs Bawek vfflen |” ae 

os iap shoot seioece dose of emnol eseteqes ede a 

enced & is tedto. dose ofot setooqe eiataqen | €i3 26 sais tansss ee 
eee ees retodwu e4% ‘ak qtintotiag of eriatek ak vtebwey i, 
s to amiet wen fo agkeoh off mi 14 dtel too bivew one vipat i 

1 bebtove: et oldiveod ypatdtytere fede ,Aeitodem con ak ont zr 
efetaeies.sedious otai bentatzceud od glteee biwoo es ‘ 

08 wolidortg taetued tilsaxesey odd ai gi sonie ,ceioeda | 


ne eldfeeog ne ylguede as tiag yew To soOtcsrede edt 
bi -eidiseoqg ne xiteefo os ti trees 
. gen, deers nt cave eve eebartenisd ~reoets siddvon eéau 

oy peotpolencido e‘dosdus lish) yasmie) to 22egivoug fie ‘ak: m 
pot eeost toebot Berebienos ed of .e%a celgqmexs teed sAt i 
aan memomd ti mows .emtol. yaizoloas odd Sotacigut ilite om ra 
batt eidt fc shsitetlad [otisvesd yuev & .fegolevel yiin a 
ig a0 dantre bi ivayee «6 to yrolist aagrxo searot edt no. Sanok 
_ ie ~(ONSS .ei5) tgeenesd ison edd. to Liew teas 
bP moktewsensos. eidt yan beta gikt Yo ofamexeo olggrin o 2h AY: 


bi 


ie 
¥ 


to Tt 6 00 beged si emodoe esiiao ed? .oted eoslg otf 
iP) ad Meatog ef¢ mart oto .¢.¢.%, a % © telgadias Latese li ag 
2 most ree oe O2O 4B 3 so ¥ & B cose qefvorto of% isutia exe ig 
bfe-ai wexh anit :.0%0e FG 40 M ym { gedots ef? .4 &t d etatodg : a 
- eoeiq ..0%0 et eo hw (tf © pe RY senkl Yaktiooeld ens eolnasizt | ; 
| — m { dots e82 o8 eedt feqo bass a0 Senzeqwos sh? 

| olan authss ease odt atin ¥ most oodt 6 of O42 sah ih id 
ee Wd cede (wv Sous wd w word edicts bee © noliooesc?ts 


Pea oe 


1 ,Wotelexe exisne cdi boteunteros at oxwheoorg edt- to a 
oe Naga Gthiw eft d#an sk wovoc of yYreseeoen ylac ci i 
yeas ease etelqmoo OF agave edd dnesct of baa toisgoos eeoxo ae 
7 T/gefheockoas cit Ye ebke Incitcey edt a3 tw soltonng ay 
t aetonto. teosy | eae Bo, autbsn edd dtiry sBWOLIO gs hse DR 


empl 
way ce 
fy iy 


Seakt elbitn beonbotg od¢ fo tated & #oxt ediate .x p 
"tes setseate edé ie ty bos 0 « eebis eds of galgaciod 
| adel zi eek 4 Sid Mens iN ae ‘+@ 8 Beene oft went et <\)" 

‘ nya tu ate ath neebawrantes bees) .) oe 


ne « 
: H 


ANT ee s 


Pah a aa Ce Fs bm ‘intl wis Ris LOI iy sy ee See RS Ne ae IOs oe 
( t C An an Pot 


35 

a 
But an increased interest is attached to them, since they re 
resent the transition of the Late gothic foliage friexe. Thus 
with less transformation could be made a foliage frieze from a 


bate Sothie tracery frieze, or the converse! hence both are us= 
ually found connected together. Thus the greatest diversity of 
the separate forms in each species leads. quite directly to shell 
transition of the separate species into each other, and hese : 
variety in details. to uniformity in the whole. Perhaps accord= 
ingly one would not fail, if in the desigm of new forms of angola 
kind, in any material, when everything possible is: avoided, th- | 
at could easily be transformed into another material, another 4 
species, since it is the generally hardest problem to conceive 4 
the character of every part as sharply as possible, and + oa 
resent it as clearly as possible. q 

wate Gothic tracery balustrades are found in great numbers 
in all provinces of Germany (Kallenbach’s. Ghronologie). As for 4 
the best examples are to be considered indeed those im which a ~ 
are still. indicated the enclosing forms, even if brokem ahd not ~ 
fully developed. A very beautiful. balustrade of this kind is: 4 
found on the former organ gallery of S. Severi in Brfurt on the — 
east. wall: of the north transept (Pig. 1279). 4 

As a single example of this kind may this construction find 
its place here. The entire scheme is based on a network of equ= 
ilateral triangles ec x k, k b s, etc. From the points “a, b, c 4 
are struck the circular ares d g ve, fin g, etc., and from the — 
points h ik, the arches 1 m, n 0, p q, ete.; thus draw in all: : 
triangles the bisecting lines r s, ri, ak, a t, ete., place 
the compasses on u and open them to the arch 1 m and carry the. 
circular are to v. Then from v with the same radius make the ~ 
intersection w and strike from w the arch v u, thus by repetit- 
ion of the procedure is constructed the entire skeleton, and it 4 
is. only necessary to cover it with the width resulting from the 
cross section and to insert the cusps to complete the Fig. The 
junction with the vertical side of the enclosing rectangle ise.) 
made as follows. With the radius of the great circle, thus with — 
gq k, strike from a point on the produced middlé line the arches ~ 
belonging to the sides. x ec and y c of the triangle, and place. 
in them the ogeés @ @. 

Blind balustrades. 


Os ee OPE tye 
hs) ote BA I fas 
Th sper] Pa Ne pe rieat as - 


L's” B 
7 
¢ 


jing ae 
a ene ‘eat ov text e716 pbiassatad yreoss? babe 
vs e008 fue ctsd edd to seeudoids seecol s tiwte9 
t to nelq odd Gornye0000 .emedog. 46t to aeiqexetqmoo 


niess eto et seem od¢ wk toelis edt zeadt .betste ed of 
jo etptzesto dtée ti as banoty eds aout esostoxg efblod st 
f sosa2e odd nein to ,asokiive odd Oaided toseievoi cedt 


itn, » ) «> ydoouhes! daft 6 ea hewset af saolilua edt yd 
o oted neted OS of [Le ylleisd toetiocoo wiays [Lede ot 
Bt ast -obetieuted 6 36 nhieeh off af oofics 
| ta hayee i) ty . »-ebartterisa « nt at nous stoped 


Soda hexiniesebh ci Liss edt yakbofont tdgied eritne edt .f 

ae sosig oft <¢badt@@vied ad? to seogdavinnedtd of tat 
of trecanma baa engolod at ae) atiméy ntaiseo abidiv Sac ,beteo 
. snathiind ett to eroteromth edt of eanibsooos 
" beakuroseh yiiereney ei dele edt. to evenveist ect .% 

vere to S\f of s\f of etawoms eLue 2 2a bas tagted. sii oF 
‘pywen edt to tpemeolévesh etlt Boa xteonst ods to maiod oct «8 

hoe metoidan eft uo ,motsieoq off to tduked edd co ahaoged 
pent @sOtetedT .etuaq tnenet hs eff Po eaokenowhh edt no bas 
f mesto oe o@ ,.woled wort efLdaringene:t ylortine of taym ome 
etal a*velitib fine .bootasebar ylbese zemooeé ti fadt be 
t ent af yiooasd to as¢o? ¢aecet ha eft to ecebeaes th ed? 
mib selisas 10 rapaess teddte yd esloenate 10 eoidsy gntt 
| et0ebizace sk xa? ©2 eewon eted efettauiad ext to dégnel off? 
(ana od yam hue odd ta yuesert ef¢ Yo wokteainies edt tat 
saetis st yeeesse betstotseq eft to raed ods to Sssoty edT .t 

‘edt to. ewedos eit ,dais edt to seoodola? oft oF Kathioens bey 
Wide one to dehiv oct .aleicetsm edt Yo srntsa edt bos yreoes2 
cS }es0 to eotode edt .8.: f xo 1; f 8s anemiotid edt of ef yon 
: cae te yttetiquia teseol a0 Teteo1s ent ao ehaeqeh grotioes 


“rn Yo stegdotdt eft 20 taut es epniaegc tentel edt te dabty 
“ees ee ef [aisetss oft te eupten eff .tdgied dtedét of date 
| vberédizew ylieso cot a 26 elatif ee bed oot © ee \eoceuttat 
pe ee,’ jidbel y: Gieemees Baa ecetiion is te ex be 41feae a eiinieg encoic 
en a Severs? efded 0 2. 
Sate wl Se 8 peeddey webatw to yreoast), 
nation been Yletda et yreoet olded 
prec enntt hneus eredd bas 


em ‘odode €08F «gti edt ebasdesisd batid edt 2a) 


og 1 et wotftogetq omee eft at deed ai es1ed es% to di bkiw edt eu 


6 on 
Blind tracery balustrades. are formed in the same manner and 
permit a lesser thickness of the bars and accordingly a more 


it boldly projects from the sround, as if wish chamférs or coy 
that. intersect. behind the nmullions, or when the space onteee a 
by the mallions is formed as a flat segment. 4 
We shall again collect briefly all: to be taken tisevssesae 
ation in the design of a balustrade, : 4 
Requirements in a balustrade. . 4 

1. The entire height including the rail:is: determined accord- — 
ing to theppurpose of the baluétrade, the place where it is Low a 
cated, and within certain limits (as in Gologne and Rheims) skal 
according to the dimensions of the building. 4 
2. The thickness of the slab is generally determined according 
to its height and as a rule amounts to 1/s to 1/7 of the het ghtua 


3. The form of the tracery and the development of the scheme 4 


depends on the height of the position, on the unbroken length, y 
and on the dimensions of the adjacent parts. Therefore the sch= 
eme must be entirely recognizable from below, be so often repeat= 
ed that it becomes easily understood, and differs. somewhat from 
the dimensions of the adjacent forms of tracery in the intersec- 
ting gables or pinnacles by either greater or smaller dimensions. 
The length of the balustraie here comes so far in consideration, — 
that the termination of the tracery at the end may be clever, q 
4, The ground of the bars of the perforated tracery is arran= 
ged according to the thickness of the slab, the stheme of the 4 
tracery and the nature of the materials. The width of the bars 
may be to the thickness as 1: 1 or 1: 2. The choice of cross 
section depends on the greater or lesser simplicity of the sche-_ 
me. The width of the bars is best in the same proportion to the | 
width of the larger openings as that of the thickness of the | 
Slab to their height. The nature of the material. is so far an 
influence, as a too hard as little as a too easily weathered 
stone permits a small: size of the mullinns and bars. 
6. Gable tracery. 
Tracery of window gables. 4 
Gable tracery is: chiefly used in the so-called window gables, © 
and there fills the irregular spaces remainins between them and 


, oe) pee) we eA) eee nt ee eee ee 
vi Uae A ne oe ae AL We ir saie an 
—A t rr ’ 
Sake 


Riss et: ati sewoknin ‘bre Brook edt ‘To eeteng end 
cus, oft nedd »ilew edt ak bebaod ste yimosem ont 
sd eezt ebusta oldes wobmiw edt ti tnd ybeterotisg ..5et 
* . iaeq ef yrocsts sd2 .ebsidenlad 10 [Lew edd to cost odd 
venta fot: eft ex [fem es emedce eti bas’ .batqoo est essed bas 
eh tac ed teum seceig edetezes odd to 
a sse0gieg Letsd 
edt let aici. ebsef belLrt ed. ot sosge edt to srsten sa? 

#3 21 .(OES! *bi) Licterd odd of erdd Bus .noieivtn elqint.te 
ox vedi dtiw ebaste beeed ef setts! eat doidw no elgceiad 
, perueyv ef{dss edi to xzsgse edd to rokdooath sdt tf godt .boew 
aks ftoiets edi aeddis ,slgasixd Leteteltuve sdt to eobie edd 
btaingeii ns to O88! .bit ot es efded odé mort beteneges 
tat egebdlit odd yea [fotesd edd to bestant .bemgees ed seus 
ee \  ,eiissopsth to ylletoorixod becelg Itoterseod s to 
sods to xstiev sd¢ to dugied eft enoianemib retsexy ati 

of iw Ob ot itseth cot ed yam L[icteateup so [leterd sdt evode 
ai-eipooo nets oes nokéibnoc smse eit .trocgun sedtayt 
asddaut of testssa ci ti .o.¢ 2 e20eqR zswol ont afd od 
ersyisossd to emyol beivsani tedéo yd Satatemsa ooegs ant 
to: desiog taeudtvoe odd worl nedsd ei tromesaerie soselede 
£B aso Beobai tect ,fSSt .gi% of avode ex ewiede to fstbeidso 
rice fonext edd to sonsoltraker dbid edd te sebt on 
bim-edt etoted bas \eettozor yd belli exe eeosge tesib sdt 
ppemedn biswos .sitey saibsorstat efd to eysede odt ebaede enc 


aie Bee.) agmyolo0 nk) dorwda edtite [eitoq. teen sad at bovot 
Besceance eaotilom Lsoityey mort et!ueex anit Lid snerettib 4 

* dows edd to ont! tivo sit go Qoihonate Jeet satedt  esdors yd 
. dra ais dvedseti2 .2 to dogstio edd to tedis dati edt ho as 
ened, +Sif ni awoda el inswegastae os dove to nogeleda est 
be pet eeosqe o{dsb seeds tot yisesit to wot eldesine viov A 

% terlnosg eth ya «SBI Bef ot bentstcos lteterd edt xd asy 
ot ffe-ot febbs ed of bodqabs ylasluotdseg et si Vilidt 
pains Lerets lings ed3 to sqsde sit mort yotyrev eeosge zeit 
‘doidw togesl edt .enckifom (lene ae sttal to sen oat ¥z 
é v ae e10m 10 owd wi L{ktotert sdz to t1eq dose nists sb 
Pgatatemes elorbaege eddint 2orust? seddéo to noitasent 
Se botenine $0 ysm Jostts edt yetisg stnetet2ib ony 
oe aa Jf@ excted es 897898 


Pi die ts 


Son 


@iessgaerts tslinie A .owd elise daeosibs edd al aéniss oft 


we 


7 
the arcres of the doors and pe If. the ashlars composi 
‘the masonry are bonded in the wall, them the tracery is blind, ~ 
i.g., perforated; but. if the window gable stands. free. before 
the face of the wall or balustrade, the tracery is perforated 
and bears the coping, and its scheme as: well as the jointing ~~ 
of the separate pieces must be formed according to this struc-. 
tural: purpose. a 
The nature of the space to be filled leads first to the scheme 
of triple division, and thus to the trefoil: (Pig. 1280). If the 
triangle on which the latter is based stands with its vertex up- 
ward, then if the directiow of the apex of the gable varies from 
the sides of the equilateral. triangle, either the trefoil is s _ 
separated from the gable asin Fig. 1280, or an irregular form 4 
must. be assumed. Instead of the trefoil may the filling consisty, 
of a kuatrefoil placed horizontally or diagonally, . . 
With greater dimensions the height. of the vertex of the canal 
above the trefoil: or quatrsfoil may be too great. to do without. — 
further support. The same sonditiom also them occurs im regard 
to the two lower spaces a bc, it is nearest. to further. eid 4 
the space remaining by other inserted forms of tracery. Such a 
skeleton arrangement is taken from the southwest. portal: of. taal 
cathedral of Rheims as shown in Fig. 1281, that indeed can seal 
no idea of the high magnificence of the French original, how a 
the great spaces are filled by rosettes, and before the middle 
one stands the statue of the interceding yaria, toward whom { 
the saints in the adjacent sable turn. A similar arrangement. is 4 
found in the west portal of the church in Cologne. ) 4 
A different filling results from vertical mullions connected © 3 
by arches, thete feet standing on the outer line of the arch, 
as on the high altar of the church of cate ae ee 
The skeleton of such an arrangement is shown in Fis. 1282, — 4 
A very suitable form of tracery for these gable spaces. is: gi-- 
ven by the trefoil contained in Fig. 1242. By its peculiar flex 
ibility it is particularly adapted to be added to all. forms. of — | 
these spaces. varyins from the shape of the equilateral: uriangle. 
By the use of large and small mullions, the last of which divi- 
de again each part of the trefoil in two or more spaces, by the 
insertion of other figures im the spandrels remaining between 4 
the different parts, the effect may be enhanced to the highest. 
desree, as before all is shown by the cathedral of gologne. 


ha35 ag 
ie AA ae 


% e © od $ to tances wo \wiievérsy eldean noltourtenos A 
ia. pane 


it to bas. eldeg edt Yo ,eltne xeooa eds ‘to Sho theoknne 


atverdés oe xino bas eldteeogct ei fois betaiog od? 
basins tis ed GhO ebeo edateqee igse ai yniyisy Loict to 
yess ss tog -8SSf .ytt at aevty o16 dotde to etntog gni¢cece 
— obietug eit ed © & ine elday edt to ecole edit od 
$ tots estues eldesoral » batt of ¢xoa si di .mobain edt to 
“ od. maa efoaio @ iadt oz sedoio feed at tt Bee ,Ltotent ecti¢as 
simone edt aedovot emits omaz oft ta doidw .tL wont douate 
oo Hee lorg elict eT80s Ts seudds eff .d 6 otf odé fag dors 
ie § ot aso vod? ieaoktxedorta womises TO ebinr ovrad vam ofbbia ed? 
| bedizoent as tdgmoe ei b o s Leabesqe ef ni tadd bontaretok 
ti & Youegnst to tatog edt mort bre eS Ott Reo O¢¢ udtin efortis 
math .8 @ Gall edd of taegust st sk tadd oc Md i Due ent Houdes 
as teqqu edd of .% £ os tedgo ed? Yortin ef exiBar emae ond 
/douste vf # woul .p © q dows Getuteq eman eds bomveng gi Leah 
7 tt 8 hetteeat ei etdé «at of 8 346d to euthsa « dtiw eforta « 
7 ots bet atog edt bas dows [ftotest edt avath wk nade bau  .ftet 


at 2 G eat! tneynss oft omit omse odt te ns po q@.%0 ok @ 
960 sidT .fieotert edt to wotolede edt bauot at eudt eto 
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f vtgatbiooos bas emtol wedto 10  eLoxto oft tetitte caoteivis 
ofiiua eyusl edt tg aoteleds edt G6 w102 ertine odt gatbray 


Wi ; 


>in ‘iteme yd bobivib ed asdé yem enotetyis eecds edd to dosed 
efes bes .v x .« v at betaeresqes ova sontl efbbto ezods ,enot 
} .BeuuRtd berrovai ed Bebivibdse od vw oferto oss 
itso engofod te shaost teen sit to cottavels (satgtao oft oT 

simeqo Oavoe rsqau edd evods eldey odt Yo Baillt? edt Lerbs 
aes ei dedw ot besoqgo sense nietiso s nt ef rewod og to 
$7 Lerbasge Sit To esfoug ytsosxt Fee1 sosdd oid slidw .svo 
‘ )vodd fotdw ni .sotm oldest edt to ondaeo sit brawod begat 
pt ont @muees esosye semit sdt to fose stadt os «eisibssge sds 
) Lfeme yo sofetvib sedtact ed? .robbeld dakt feeeofoo gs to 
| ode te ene ont arcane Llite emtot yiseeit bas enol 
a het etehbselc sei? 
18 10 stot Sdt dotaw af wise obdsor to sholieg 1stel edt nT 

soe oa im spoaatasoos iottarees ovat 9100 fae bobbed dett 


de 
4 D3 
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Mf. 
ae 
4 
u 


es 


al SP Ooh 


38 
A construction usable generally, on account of the changing oF 
proportions of the apex angle, of the gable and of the radii of 
the pointed arch, is impossible and only an abbreviated method — 
of trial varying in each separate case can be employed, some ; 
starting points of which are given in Fig. 1283. fet ab there # 
be the slope of the gable and ac be the outside concentric 7 
eof the window. It is next to find a favorable centre ¢g for the | 
entire trefoil, and it is best chosen so that a circle can be 
struck from it, which at the same time touches the crown of e 
arch and the line a b. The three tracery foils projecting from 
the middle may have wide or narrow proportions; they can je inca 
determined that in the spandrel a c d is sought an inscribed . 
eirele with the centre e, and from the point of tangency g ber 4 
struck the arc i h so that it is tangent to the line a d. With. 
the same radius is struck the other are im. In the upper span- 
drel is assumed the same pointed arch p o qe Prom k is struck ; 
2 circle with a radius of half g h, in this is inserted a tre- 
foil, and then is drawn the trefoil arch and the pointed arch a 
mihor po q and at the same time the tangent lines p vr, r bh, : 
ete. Thus is found the skeleton of the trefoil. This can sone 
ingly be covered by the widths resulting and be further mene 
with the inserted cusps, or in greater dimensions be developed 4 
in a picher form. At the end might be inserted between the three 
divisions either the circle u or other forms and accordingly re- 
garding the entire form as the skeleton of the large mullions. _ 
Each of the three divisions may then be divided by. small: pulls 
ions, whose middle lines are represented in v w, x y, and also 
the circle u be subdivided by inserted figures. q 
In the original elevation of the west facade of Cologne: cath= 
edral: the filling of the gable above the upper sound opening 4 
of the tower is in a certain sense opposed to what is: stated ab= 
ove, while the three great tracery arthes of the spandrel are P 
turned toward the centre of the gable. area, im which they meet 
the spandrels, so that. each of the three spaces assume the form | 
of a colossal: fish bladder. The further division by small mull— q 
ions and tracery forms still heighten the appearance of the q 
fish bladder. a, 2 aa 
In the later periods of Gothic art, in which the form of the | 
fish bladded had come into general acceptance, the rectilinear — 
- window Ty was almost generally supplanted by the ogee arches, 


a) 


4 
nits f he 


Ai ia | a ee DAS eiy ate A 
| ewol ef: iy dotew x08 edb Sektenieg ot 
eit neensos cance bes: an tel srotevedd ‘Dae dots ent ee 

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‘mera: 3 TO BOTwRit ,egsilot Aitw aedt viscosa 


4 vis 


Hf i sreIvsy teetR nk yroossT 
baw scenes Yo ,eigoenest eds to eeldsk tseak od nt yascett 

atk ante seifies edt nk bawot ybeerle ef ,asevod sieving 
2 deer To ,.yreos1s yd bstoesroo sacltifon soteivib to ed 
g busdxe tsdt .getsgit isotytsroe® telfeme to a0 eliotoedd 

pede eis wifvosg ylistceqa ,eoriwea situs eit revo yl” 

ate ‘gdotid guea no edsiad bebivom to Seeogmoo eoynkifit — " 
gE tedoo carat eai¢ ylise yrev o ai tus00 yoeoils doidy 
 ssonsecisae® eit sf ovoltaoo yilsatt fos (skia bas .staevexc? 
poms welds: asdai dower to eofursxe soit vivsluoitisg sok 
iq soe bas fied ytto ati al santana ni bissiasve yd beb 
Abi. serokbitud 


a 


WS EMU SES Ser setters ok Wie) 3 So, Santas ea oa 
+ see x , hLDA a a Daly) 03) nee te may 
U MeL we 2 VARY 1a eS if 


the so-called ass’: back, toll tat the ioecnseas se 
the arch and therefore left mo open space between them for 
filling tracery. They are then foundcts be filled less: with 
tracery than with foliage, figures or symbolical representat 
Tracery in great gables. Laven 
Tracery im the sreat gables. of the transepts, of towers and 
private houses, is already found in the earlier time, it consis- 
ts. of division mullions connected by tracery, of reat. roses, 
trefoils. or of smaller geonetrical. figures, that. extend uniforn- 


Some particularly rick examples of such later gables are affc 
ded by Stargard in Pomerania in its city hall and some priva 


oo 


buildings. gil 


eeysw7zc0g To edmal brs esdoit +f 
ae ‘sedmst Bas eedo1e to eisdmek olauwte 

| bao esos ai bodreq WATCH ea? Fo eel qxoxe e382 «otc 
fetus oes diorh et es 70E ne wotsireys oad roteaK BadoetAtO® ef ros 
; <n PMBISIEy er vatsobaetbea Lao ,e0¥4 sldbilu Fo esJozrs¢ 
ile : 2520 SIbbty ForudAedidorth 796 

AP. siosati bas doae tdiw eyswaood 

| m Seow at eevee! sub edt to golicwitesco leneu od? 

we tend oe eff Batdogosggs ono to mick islwgnstosy s nods aot 
tome x 9 Lodail ddgisase & . asvael yd beeolo yewsoo® aus anias 
7 ‘hy eOOS!I .55E wtestsen od oF zasegas hint, eit seswded 

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| | $23 nt i ied ‘Weee ovecet e ai .ilaw edt to goat Leatstnt 
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h) 


Ay 


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va 55) adust eds mozt gattostora eledioo ow ed ebatnsvb 
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eontl .d dows eniveiloer feliso~ce s te tusaexnsise ont yas 
$1 Kottine ei tcob eid Yo eteder sit sot ee ffow se [ g 
Biers: qi nsve ao Ob oF OF Swode Yo déqsh 
Bisex $f yeceso {ls yliesn ni esom at {few edt tod .encis 
a edi ‘osis bus sniasgo isisgraioss edd yrans of eeoleay 
n yfnc ef sing <i isn o63 to seymioing etiting eggs fegorrst 
y evitos & Semsot ybssrla ssw end? dove gaivetiog sat 101 
y edt aedel to Bayot edd ydeistw jextow supesaanol ot asi 
#t ddsensd scage sid bos .beseomqxe eaw dots csivielss 
rare) §atveet eeeniorit onée 2d? to yracean odd ba fogarl 
pet edt to dale s yd beeots zt enclesenk’ tsliswe of 
so pepe tie s¢d .do1s sid of bessit Besa 
mort Roido haga eee eet rotisl sat 


* 


940 7 
DOORWAYS: AND PORPALS.: 
1. Arches and Jambs of Doorways. 
Simple members of arches and jambs. 

Yote. See exanples: of the Gothic period im Startz and Vansewis 
Serre: Pothisches: Yuster ouch, further tw Hartev's Architectural 
Details of WVdate Ages, and RedtenBacher*®s Beritrase gur Kentn aii 
der Architekturof Yiaave asese i 


Doorways: with arch and lintel. ? 

The usual construction of the door leaves: in wood presoriaen 
for them a rectangular form or one approaching it, so that cov 
ering the doorway closed by leaves, a straight. lintel: extendir 5 
between the jambs appears to be nearest. Fig. 1284. 4 
Variations from this rectangular form of doorway are found ial 
the smaller doorways open to to their round, pointed or. ere 
tal arches (fis. 1285), as well as im those portals of the tr 
sition style and‘of the Barly Gothic period, whose doorway open: 
ings are covered by a trefoil. arch (Pig. 1286). teanwhile the 
door leaves follow the outline of the ppening just. as.little 
as they are usually cut to the form of the corbels supporting © 
the horizontal: lintel, but they are rectangular against. the 4 
internal: face of the wall, in a rebate seen at i im Fis. 1284 * 
or in a blind recess covered by a segmental: arch. ‘See plan in 
Fis. 1285 a and the back elevation of the doorway, Piss.’ 1235 
and 1286 a. a 
The clear length of the floor lintel can ne reduced with great 
advantage by two corbels projecting from the jambs (Pigs. 1284). 
If the lintel. is then loaded by a wall, them further is: necess—_ 
ary the arrangement of a so-called relieving arch b. Since. for 
the lintel as well as for the rebate of the door is me 
a moderate depth of about 30 to 40 cm even for important. dimen- | 


. 


ww 


sions, but the wall: is more in nearly all cases, it would be 
useless to carry the rectangular opening and also the lintel: 
through the entire thickness of the wall, this is: only necessar 
for the relieving arch. Thus was already formed a motive pecu 7 
dar to Romanesque works, whereby the round or later the pointed 
releiving arch was expressed, and the space beneath it. with the 
lintel: and the masonry of the same thickness. resting on it, or 
in smaller dimensions it closed by a slab of the required thick- 
ness fitted to the arch, the so-called tympanun. Like the linte 
the ocr rested on the corbels projecting from the door jam 


* 


| a Oe eee 43 cat i 0. at eust0 Che @ 00% 
NE es ted Fue . TpBiaenekeatis 
yaedous io eéuat. beqagie 
<toob weg oid ~aduag oes ni bebivih ei.dzet sal 
ich es brs dele 10 fotail etd essoggue gadd (OSS! 1giF 
‘yosn bas epossisnol deou lo sdrsi, oft .(BSSE eSi8i nt Xe) 
one aigienalinel azel to ston ylientedae woda aledqoq oidvol 
So Lana doas nk nuutoo.6 bstaeent ei stetw ,aqsde %% 
proeest Sd? to aseiies odd ai duo SASI «gif st es soddie ct 
b bre ‘ts GESt.bi3)bne no dom eagote edegiaqea s to sbsm eh 
eico stegacd »ifen edd al- bebaod easd bas Iettoso edd. 
Lary te eviooe: .ebeig gue ai obsa ylifesa ton ad isse 
Sed: giteivotiasd . (ccs! eth) ifaw. std of. beoetest Sped 
| et soddtst soe codn .comofeo eftsrl sig to foestts sid et 
Waitt ee yleertt qoleveb nso cased bas zletigss dead oa .dmat 
Bit finde Ps, aa a X8SY bow Vest 


bo beptod esesnco Lsteves To eis o tow {etroq si? 


ihe SO Bidosre yeu goisivib esi .zatte dose evods vitae 
oo etd tadt oc .dGnet oft to dedd of bnogestac0 ¥ 


gj sezrel seiwomoe to yilevoe ee dom eho at Sane aesr 
| ted Wowie GOI Qi oi bas ao cee camyloo edd sey “.ebuwos 
oe @ ebanor geisoctiorq yleoil srede .dose edd ok dds 
Ried e560 tigve acidtessts ons al doidw..eletigso eid wert seis 
Ceneu ons sist se¢tel end .hif edd niek . d abssd taonpstt gi 
dei boued sisteges Ie taiegos yeild. To ~bhnad T efaia io azol 
. 90a RO awooo osle es dove dows edd Yo aenotayed gniistics 
aan ei eetwedid .sicds beoofigem noed ybbenis eved bas 
umeet Saidiness snoteyed edi 6 ato begede-dood sa) Bebiovs 
bissdoox Satdsod 6 hodasend et gwore sdt of tad¢ ,dow hetatoa 
B toast tocte gors,edt) to asyled edt dotdn ,weitteoq Jeottrey s 
7 esnerstc entf de fencbediso eds to Issiog tiven odd doisda 
whgiedaes ds tt to fei sealk) oaSl asi® ot olgaers Infie 
pe pisdwoo 6 etecd fae essimon oft dynosds ebaeixe Eaod sad 
me ) e@tebst 6 bevteces Wilsaigize doive 
“spot tene edd. Bi nottoo ait to neveagib odd to bower sax 42 
7 ' ne nano eG. mos? evods beveleveb ed ase test ,xadaoa 
thsoge@baos sé so beoslg od sso Yoold bevaeo s boed xe 
pe enttne) eds eLftt aside, .nesloo edt to Latiqas begisi 
tito goiggede edt olrdh .0 SOSf) BiG nt bod 6, me 
ae alee pad oh or a ie avol edd) ) 
WS Papa  fea, aee : 


i : an hy 
vf i) ; \ ' ety Piru te 


iy 
era os (iid ae ae ‘si ; ; mr mee 


Me oe 
em Spo 
RUIN Went 


B41 
or on 4 part of the jamb, or finally om a combination: of both 
arrangements.* 
Stgpped jambs of arches. Bat 
The jamb: is divided in tzgo parts, the proper door jamb (gs in 
Fig. 1288) that supports the lintel or slab, and the jamb archi 
(e f in Pig. 1288). The jambs of most Romanesque and many carl 
Gothic portalr show externally more or less numerous rectangul- 
ar steps, where is inserted a column in each angle, This column 4 
is either as im Fig. 1288 cut in the eshlars of the jamb, or atl 
is made of a separate stone set on end (Pig. 1288 a) and free, " 
the capital and base bonded in the wall. Longer colums with 
Shafts. not readily made in one piece, receive at the middle. a a 
band fastened in the wall (Pig. 1286). Particularly. beautiful. 
is. the effect of the little columns, when set farther fron the 
jamb, so that capitals and bases can develop freely es in Figs. — 
1287 and 1287 a. a 
The portal arch consists of several courses turned concentri- _ 
cally above each other. Its: division may exactly or approximate-_ 
ly correspond to that of the jamb, so that. the columns im Fig, 
1288 continue in the arch as: equally or somewhat. larger coursed _ 
rounds. Even the columss set.on end in Fig. 1288 a may be imita-— 
ted in the arch, where fresly projecting rounds a (Fig. 1289) | 
rise from the capitals, which in the transition styli. are held. 
by frequent bands b . As in the Fig.,the latter take the usual: 
form of rings or bands, or they consist of separate round disks 
imitating keystones of the arch, such as: also occur on the ribs — 
and have alre@dy been mentionéd there. Likewise is generally a 7 
avoided the hook-shaped form of the keystone resulting from the 
pointed arch, that in the crown is inserted a bonding member in ’ 
a vertical: position, which the halves. of the arch adjoin; nof W 
which the north portal. of the cathedral at Risa presents a beau= 
tiful example im Fig. 1286 (Birst half of 13 th century). Here 
the bond extends through the members and bears a corbel at. top, a 
which originally received a fesure. a 
If the round of the diameter of. the column is: the smallest } 
member, that can be developed above from the column, om the oth- 
er hand a curved block can be placed on the cerrespondinsly en- 
larged capital of the column, which fills the entire square . 
abcd in Fig. 1288 a. While the stepping of the jambs shows. 
the four angles. b, d, f, h, the arch members then show only three 


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942 
more strongly projecting angles a, e, sg. Within these limits a 
moves the dimensions of the members of the arch. The rectangaa 
angles may be broken an animated on both jambs of. the arch by 
chamfers or by richer mouldings. 

There is. a certain relation of the doorway arches. with the 
more richly treated side arches, and liekwise to the ani Gi of. 
the doorway follow the motive of the pier. 

Continuous Splay behind the columns of the jamb. . 

The arrangement thus: far explained is common to the Romanesqiil 
and Gothic portals, and it makes no difference in the form of. — 
arch, since a no less. number of Gothic portals are covered by a | 
round arch, like the main vortal of Notre Dame at Dijon, the s 4 
south portal: of the church at. Haina and two side portals: on S.- 
Hlisabeth’s church at. Marburg. An actual difference therefore 
exists: only in the details, as. well: as in the more slender prom 
portions of the columns. But as a decidedly Gothic motive is rea 
garded the rpplacing of the rectansular angles of the ‘jamb bet- 
ween the columns by a continuous splay, but where the arches. q 
retain the old stepped forn for structural: reasons, as we have 
mentioned in rebation to the side arches of Freibers minster. 4 
Fig. 1290 shows the plan of such a jamb with the arches. and the _ 
capitals of the columns, where the splay adjoins a rectangular 
reveal. a, that can be moulded om the angle. Just. as. those rect- 
angular angles of the jamb between the columns (fig. 1288 a) i. q 
were usually moulded, so may also the splay be animated by a a 
system of mullions or smaller columns. connected by arches, eith-— 
er placed behind or between those in front, and the croms of 
whose arches stand below the underside of the capitals of the 
latter (Pigs. 1291, 1291 2). On this rear colonnade the arches 
may also be omitted, and the solution made on the splay be a ‘s 
horizontal mouldings or continuous cove extending from the cavée- 
tiosfrom which rise the cavitals, or finally be made by a con= : 
nection of the capitals with each other. We shall: see a to. 
what reductions this arrangement leads. a 

Bonded and free little columns. 9 

the little columns. made of entire pieces and set free before 

the coursed masonry of the jambs, which is: the rule in France, ; 

is. less commonly found in Germany as well as on the piers, and 
the local position appears to have had no ‘influence thereon. 
Thus they are found on the Rarly Gothic south portal. of the 


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943 | , 
church at Haina, while they are avoided on the scarcely later 
portals of doorways of S. @lisabeth’s church at yarburg, only . 
a few houss distant. The same conditions appear on the almost 
contemporary churches at Volkmarsen and Wolfhagen belonging to. 
the Westphalian architectural: group. A diversity of. saterinteotl 
did not. cause this difference at the places: mentioned, nor even’ 
the dimensions of the portals, which nearly accord. Meanwhile | 
in the existing cases just from the latter may be derived the 
determining reason for the choice of one or the other construc-_ 
tion, for the arrangement of the free sta ding little columns. _ 
certainly seems to reguire certain proportions. in dimensions, 

If we place little free columns in Fig. 1287 in connection 
with those sectangular angles of the jambs with a width of 1 to 
1.2 m of the doorway and a height of 2 1/2 to 8 m, the dimensi- ' 
ons of the sides a b ara first determined by the usual dimensi- 


ons of the ashlars, since on the one hand that adoption of the q 
stepped plan is based on the acceptance of the joints be and ‘ 
bd, on the other the dimension ab is again dependent on the Ee 
depth of the arch, which again is fixed by the ordinary dimen= 
Sion of the stone, hence as a rule being at least 25 to 30 om ae 
Accordingly there certainly results for the little jamb columas 
moderately heavy proportions as shown in Fig. 1287. If one would 
reduce the dimension a b, then would the joints be ana b ad be 
omitted and two angles must be formed in one ashlar, i.e., in 
one ashler must be cut the angle a b a, namely filled to the 

little columns. But also aside from this, the little colums r 
require a certain thickness at places exposed to frequent cont- 
act in order to be stable, at least 12 to 15 om. On the contra- _ 
ry would be permitted the cutting of ornamental: forms in the sae 
mass of the ashlar. In the richer examples of Barly Gothie the 
bonded members are fully developed as little columns. Such an : 
example is presented by the south portal of S. Blisabeth’s chu- 4 
rch at Marburg, where as shown by the plan in Fig, 1290, where q 
in the angles of the jambs are wrought a greater and two small- 4 
er ones separated by hollows. There the elevation shows. that all 
3 little columns begin with their own capital, which however by 
the great projection of the middle one unite in an abacus form- 
ing 3 sides of an octagon, so that by this: is: obtained the rea- q 
uired base for the mouldings of the jamb substantially differing 


from the section of the arch.ani jamb. 


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44 

Separation of arch and jamb. i ee 

That. separation of the form of the arch from that of the Jt 
which is wanting on simple works, on the other hand is: frequent- 
lry found executed on later portals and with an entire Fae 4 
of mouldings and the omission of the capitals thereby caused, 
that the hollows first from the base of the arch, or. if this: 
were stilted, from the underside of the mee are filled by 
the most. varied plant. ornament,.- 
On the separation of the arch from the jamb was. generally eid 
So much stress, that even with entirely similar members the Cap= 
ital was unwillingly omitted, or its place was occupied by a. q 
branch laid on, an animal: or a shield of. arms as a. Separation. . 7 
Even the latest. Gothic still: menerally separates: the arch from. 
the jamb. : 


Poliage and figure ornamentation on arches: and jambs. 
Foliage on the arch. a 
Only simply executed works were satisfied by a mere monidimgin 
of the arch layers. If men already in Romanesque and capeotally 
in the so-called transition style had sought richer decoration 
of these arches: ig the most. varied ways, Early Gothic art cont= 
inued in the same course and ornamented the separate layers of 
the arch with the most. charming forms of foliage, indeed call 
so that. decorated alternaded with moulded ones. The arrangement 
of the foliage is. about as follows. A great simply cut. cavetto — 
or one with little rounds vlaced on the flat surface is cut.in 
the angle of the. ashlars and covered by foliage. This: cavetto 
either passes above the capital: back into the rectangular ansle E 
in any manner, or it extends: to the capital, yet as a rule so 4 
that. some bold form, a head, an animal, or a bending of the stem 
of the foliase is on that intermediate surface and thus forms. 4 
the transition. The foliage itself is. suited to the ‘jointing “7 
its. sepazate parts, and the separate leaves, bunches of leaves — 
or plants. stand in a line concentric with the arch as in Pig. 
1298, or radially and thus across the hollow, or they are placed | 
oblijusly, or finally they form a continuous and still: more con- 
ventional: ornament, on the earlier French examples. Usually are 
also found here this volute shaped bunch of leaves, and indeed 
in the same positions and thus either projecting from the hollow, 
or supporting its upper edge from the lower one, generally con 
nected by leaves, about as. in Fis. 1294. These volutes sont 


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945 oS 
srow out. of the rounds instead of the hollow and even project. 
beyond the face of the arch. It is to be noted, that the sharp 
er separation formed by the volutes, also on the older examples, 
The arrangement. of liner forms of foliage is striven for by the . 
movement. of the leaves (fis. 1293). A very rich example of the 
connection of volutes with leaves: is shown by that south porta 
at Marburs (Fis. 1290). Also generally the foliage at smaller 
scale is placed in the hollows separatins the round at both si 
des from the flat. surfaces, so that two such bands adorned by ~ 
leaves are formed beside each other. ; 

Figures. in the arch. @ 

In the richest. style there also occur here figures instead of 
foliage, and indeed it has been led to one of the most. ingenio- 
us motives beculiar exclusively to Gothic architecture, namely — 
to that. splendid arrangement of seated or standins figures, sep 
arate or arranged in pairs or forming sroups, covered br. conse 
ies and again seated on those, in this alternation occupying t 
the entire layer of the arch. The fisures on the arch eapeenel 
the blessed in a serial arrangement as a frame of the sacred 
scenes on the tympanum, on the inner arch beins the angéls, on 
the next. the church fathers, etc. The entire arch appears like 
the vault. of heaven peopled by saints and the blessed. The sig 
ht. of the series of arches diminished im perspective is led fr 
om step to step nearer the divine, which finds its own place 
in the tympanun. 

The structural execution is about as follows. In Fig. 1295 a © 
let a b be the moulding of the areh layer, then the part of oom 
polygon inscribed in the right angle ad ¢b gives the plan of t 4 
the canopy, just as the sevarate figures are cut in the highes G 
relief from the same mass 4c b; Fig. 1295 gives a view of such 
@ plece of the arch. There each figure is made from one ashlar, 
so that the radial joint goes between its head and the upper 
canopy, or it is also found under its feet, which then either 
goes through the clothing or a piece of the base, or finally a ; 
low pedestal is united, again being a joint. Thus the crown of : 
the arch is either formed by two canopies growing together, or 
the last canopy of each half arch remains a little distant fro 
the crown, whereby the keystone between them either remains vol 
or is adurne@iby a separate figure like one standing upright, a. 


head or by foliage. 


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Wiete ie yneveed to avastidedat sid teesesgqes ylisuen dove | 
yal olsdasonce fetevee to dois edd lo ncitoutteneo sdt asi wey 
ti uttesooen eid asgnel iapoenu tieds mort etfvess sxess B73 . 
hag eteusi isino odd Brswot cei2it to isdmwe ent onrevont 
po. od? wi ,O gxom od ni .f 012 Bled teonconct edt gt 
Tats -O9692 Sige ent Sait f 
baad acme, ed? to eawuloo edt esoted eexip i? 
“O78 esiots sft es [Low 26 edusi edd extow asdois 20 
perish: Settocore wileses ecoienenib tieis ys doidy .estrasd vd 
3 ‘Sistetodd hos .retieal edt wort bederndntiesb ors este 
Nese, siccy Sones? sefbfo edt nO .pnioela to sbox fefoece 8 
bestdeency.edt to seodd of islimie yew ¢ at eledtoc ntedd oved a 
As eter dmsf, odd tc eomeloo elisi!l edz sort tdbvoww, exe youd | 
pel TOL weea hotinped edd detacvet yliese dotdu .eddticoow ‘aa 
beth edt aiyino beiwienp sd nso ooze seoves sd ci sess a9 
san cea 9 nO. -cuwlos odd to tsiemath edt xd bestivos: enoie " 
‘ent. et biager at tasmednerrs ames edt bsacitcen vheonle ni 
b sais). Ganfoo sii to tisde edd vo® .gntwoiLot std at) dobdy : a 
+ Fe eaols OaS0 Ssbood sic oo ebneda arol basot edt at fiotdr | 3 
Po) seine. Sadisozeb ef tedd .isds0o s sdauotw ad toddel ect ig 


a 
‘ . 
eM 
Le! 


, Mi 


ve dotdu no ,ysons0 vol s to weet edt esngaes yf faves Be 

4 Bak tes 98 .aeuloo edd Htiw dead odt Je betoeanco onal o. 
g ‘wietiqeso ed3-ivesusd evode exesoge nuploa edd to mired mt 
“appeal tesicate bee desilyes tds ot, sntdsosoA - 
ah 


oi (ed To ddbisd erigas Sit ylvest. golguove ends ot af 
int ¥ eucanso bettupes sedd ai exgpit €ue as90 .omoloc 
sa. era beyeils 6. a Desiieey WW Na naa Bins 


ee a 


46 

Qn the later works: the sviechar: to-orente: these na 
Sreater relief led to replacing those wrought from the ashlars — 
of the arch by free fisures, so: that. only the canopies: are resu= 
larly wrought from the arch, but. between them the hollow is: cut. 
smooth and at. its back is fixed an iron hook, and later holds 
the back of. the free figure when placed there.’ a 
Not entirely with injustice in modern times has the last. mode 

of fixing been blamed. But im am exaggerated wary this: blame was 
also extended to the first. entirely structural: arrangnment, was. 
based on the position opposed to the laws of sravity, as if the 
same objection could not. b> made to all slucpture of the kenst- 
one and further to all covering ornamentation. The soaring pos~ 
ition of the figures can here offend the less, since as stated, — 
such usually represent the inhabitants of. heaven. 7 

With: the construction of the arch of several concentric lay- 
ers, there results from their unequal: length the necessity to. 
increase the number of figures toward the outer layer, so that 
in the innermost. half are 5, im the next. 6, im the outside one 
7 find the same space.° a 

/Figures before the columns: of the jambs. 

On richer works the jambs as. well as: the arches are adorned 
by figures, which by their dimensions usually exceeding life gi. | 
size are distinguished from the latter, and therefore require ) 
a special mode of placing. On the older French works these 
have their corbels in a way similar to those of the. voussoirs, 
they are wrought. from the little columns of the jamb forming a 
monoliths, which easily furnish the required mass for then, sin- 
ce these in the rarest cases cam be quarried only in the dimen 
sions required by the diameter of. the column. Om p. 485 we have 
already mentioned the same arrengement in regard to the rounds, 
which is the following. For the shaft of. the column (Fig. 1296), 
which in its round form stands on the bonded base, close above 
the latter is wrought. a corbel, that is described on p. 486, uf 
usually assumes the form of a low canopy, on which stands the 
fisure connected at the back with the column, so that. its: round 
form of the column appears above beneath. the capital. a 

According to this earliest and simplest. arrangement. the figu-— 

re thus occupies: nearly the entire height of the shaft. of the 4 
column. Over the figure is then required 4 canopy, which in 
this équality of height cam be arranged in two ways. On the 


, 
h 


eh i ie 
iDesancs ‘ 

t Pies gaktostotd 8 abot ,SCSt .df4% yd nwode es enn 
2 t ebeebnt bos .joold emse eff al tuo bus s§etfot yo. bakded 
d otss2t « doepo%q afetiqes edt 10 (stelamoo aSsdtis ei gakatot 
We & Awaba edd evede miot yodst ydoted? we sped ert Snoysd 
FR Y eRe ai ds dest eds to yelee is9e¢ oft of feflereg SOs 
pees odd ni ssdtis fasé ,eetgones oft tostows dotdw sort 
a aaitat 88 encylog besotted to baidiuds Letevea to tefence 
Hog teow sft no us nsige send Ot Ieflersg boo es mist ro ,eeos 
Pie detidod? .(ECSF .BET) saukeds %0 Deskedtes end to fed 
piddson baad to fsttog edd ao fre saoledd ak bond? of toon 
oe santedd ta ta 
| olor was eltoorrh wsazie béoalg net af ygoneo odd evods 
“2 S-asinsnstos1 Leatbixo odd Ssd¢ oa .battlise Yedd a0 s204 
C Sab we yd Helltt ewollod oft deoidw rortt .eattoeenov sid to 
aaron ydotedu .enauloo eit tevo baste of omod atsas .Jixo 
$ To disgq # alstiges sit to noivoejoxg edt to eaotassuib ond 


we 3) 


‘- a 


miOw Hissieo Go dud .ti Hotded enisaox to¢tal ons ‘xe StNe it 
jel To redm0n edd towdidsier toerth dove on bawet ck stedd 
i AQCSI laid) samsfoo dmst edd of fore sit 
‘et Seds ygonse edd to stnersaestss add %o bodtem broose eat 

" Medso Snots nop id se sms esto Fo Laticq saew ond go Savo? 
eon hae .sewol seasco eno Deoelg ef Ff tedd yetdy ot edetence 
Vaait ntied ef  latiaso sdé svode ‘Satyoo ‘sno sated To besdent 


dias So Sdd Yo Llod ead wlemibrcoos -[stiqes of3 déin escnos efZ 


Bi 


a 
Os 
‘ 


~~ 


Das (~ygotss odd to dows slitil odd dvty efoston osla fe 
fstenes edt oF botdr00es Atsoned videso eot{ set fot 
PONT yqoaso odd Yo elShia asl (FCSN pre) vesssl ost to 
Fwexcted Jeit of .Istiqgs eds te othe astyo sad stotad ats 
tho ‘eebtibba a8 9bsp oc [ifte yeu aediel sdf no 2ettest dows 
eat “YYorso 
beih ned? enstus to Lexb)edtao ods '%¢ elstrog eid 20 
5 Esser SOF Bos sershit oft Yo atddbied eat to Tromeerge 
iB dao} odd \benoidaom axasmeynstis odd OD dmet) stid ‘to 
petals efao ¥GNS00 Sud .seed eft ovods hotagol "onse wol s 
es 9 odd bavot sett et atdt sveds ;amuloo sid to digion edt 
qG 90 eer sdt $s dobin januloo edt adie botossnos oetwauit 
hae | out asenssd Sae (dest edt dttw aid o¢an00 8 830nD. 
ohn i teq seu? bas #7 
vee a a8 #7ode 6 ateys eh ropa mae 


hacer sdelbsh fae watens ‘nade beaks) | 


Io asd edt to% boskittn iedéis et wgenss eds to goldpepoig 


iar’ wa i | 
" aie Pata Cee bag ha saci tee ba Neat Tat 


a7 

cathedrals. of Paris, Rheims: he qhalons the capitals of the Ct 
umns as shown by Fig. 1298, join a projecting member decorated — 
behind by foliage and cut im the same block, and indeed this 
joining is either complete, or the capitals project a littie yi 
beyond the face a. Thereby they form above the capitals a surf- 
ace parallel. to the rear splay of the jamb a b in Fig. 1299, a 
from which project the canopies, that either in the ground form 
consist of several abuttins or detached polysons as im Bis. a 
+299, or form a hood parallel to that splan as on the west. po 
tal of the cathedral: of Rheims. (Fig. 1298). The first arrange- — 
ment is found in Chalons and on the portal: of the north transe- 
pt at Rheims. | nel 
Above the canopy is then placed either directly the arch nem— 
bers. or that. stilting, so that. the original: rectangular blocks. ] 
of the voussoirs, from which the hollows filled by figures are 
cut, asain come to stand over the columns, whereby according to 
the dimensions of the projection of the capitals a part of the — 
projection of the canopy is either utilized for the base of the 
fisure, or the latter remains behind it. But. on certain works q 
there is. found no such direct relabionnof the number of layers. 
of the arch to the jamb columns (Fig. 1299). a 
The second method of the arrangement. of the canopy, that. rv _ 
found on the west. portal of Notre Dame at Dijon among others, : 
consists in this, that it is placed one course lower, and thas 
instead of being one course above the capital, is takim from ‘4 
the course with the capital. Accordingly the bell of the rie 
al. also projects with the little arch of the canopy, and this | 
foliage lies partly beneath according to the seneral ee 
of the latter (Pig. 1297). The middle of the canopy thas: pregeell 
ets before the outer edse of the capital, so that before the d 
arch resting on the latter may still be gade an addition: on the 
canopy. ‘a 
On the portals. of the cathedral of Amiens then disappears. this 
agreement of the heights of the figures and the little columns. — 
of the jamb. In the arrangements mentioned, the former stand ong 
2 low canopy located above the base, but occupy only a part of — 
the height of the column, above this is then found-the canopy” 4 
likewise connected with the column, which at the same time pro- 
duces 2 connection with the jamb, and between the latter and L 
the capital is again a short and free part of the column, so 


eins eLody edt uO ,eotconso baa esusbit yd belfit 


‘asia seiyte setfase edd ‘ni eevuzit dein ebanor tinavy sdt 
his | 


eeameloos elftil mo serey tt 

ie pir to nottoas? segetq oid stedt es tent: to8 

i hellead bessine ois yeds dedt of ,besnedo yWeteds sew edtow 
. odd OG beyolqne taemeynsixe owes edd bonot ef es)edd .eomert 
Bao baste vetuyil odd gent .ysw tadd of Ledtoq sit to aduxt, 
> aiedd dtinw weds ishas eveninued ovolereds dotslw eaculoe 
bas fetéino 218 etauloo to esoltisg weve seod¢ slidw ete 
-" fo yldsorlh teoyv eowssit yd belfit asdows odd ot ewollod 
Pseatoecers eit cont eisltib gnemezpstis fesitue 26? .cetgonen 
gisoe yemoo dae, ody to eetwRit to esiqonso odd Jedt eins ui 
si baihebesq end oi es ton bae fiove odd to weods ddasred 
& beddiae ylesisas eis enmofoo dust sltsil edd aud? swede aot 
-Slivel scodt atsmet seat to reonsoetatwet exif yfao baa 
Aodatiha seo esiwedi{ tent .eotrgit edd xettroggns eanwios 
ia -eio50Id befostah 
“2 iM etes yo doette of niet dows eft to sorwsett off ee tanh | 
mse Sis siwane of tovsebms odd geen caw 02 .srolfor si he 
“easageouap eds evds bas ,edmei, eft of Sntbnese seod? oft eoretus 
i bewaiteoo stew gso teconi 10 yoonso ent tobes dows odd at 
edt ov neve 10 ,fedt gaitaogqwe elatioso edi of eqtmmsrt sid 
MOTD Foeforg comet? dast adt to esigqosso osf% osfs VWdersny 
/fo etedmenm ed rot gntsvesd a brotts tognol on has ewollon 
a -Cnsmesasiis oe dove to asig sit anode IOet «35% .G078 
j is bevisee7g ai ydersdn ,baid aids to wrot rstInceg yxev ft 

£ gatbasse sort tedd to toetts oupeetwtoig edd Suid ouse ond 
BY secnnte Rtedies€ to Isivoq taen odd no bawot ak nuofoo siz 


ay 
Vs é 
oi 


ee 
a 
1 
Se 


SSelfot'yd heatobe bas boifwow ylfetnsmento en dtiv seme 
Oo Slétil yd betqeotetni era edremexneate dtog ewollod sad 
eit of awob noitesi selimte ylertiae at sanidnoo Seiwredio sud 
os ot beosig 9 eannloo elstii # ets awollon odd at Too .sned 
_ nedst Sas elstiges esodu SOF .bti ni oLgasind Isisdelinos 
“sant set Boamoc 8 Hi bas bas dmst edd Yo weysl sdt wort 
et i Seow ,g1ct bavow emse ods to Isdesbeq « po estess 


eee nods npemaU oad. hikes’ *qsoTy hah 8 aed datid 


’ Le 
‘ = hs ie bile is 4 AY oe 


ee oat iw de 
ae tee - Oe het Aa Piya 


» ite) bee 4 
aie” ie we ee eo 2 


ih outs hapanks tine ibe ves etd no etedexab Stilt 


ies © Oals base .eBS q ao benoltasw ei dotdw ,INSHSTHETIS 


i Oyd Belfit wolfot s dttw zeyel s fos odd nt noteaisdfs otek 


teiler bas asdota baiid ¥o beerobe yliisia ets aco 


48 
that directly on the capital. again rests the hollow ef the arch 
filled by figures and canopies. On the whole this is the same 
arrangement, which is mentioned om p 485, and also customary on 


the vault rounds. with figures: im the earlier style. | a 


Figures on little columns. a 
But. just.as there the proper function of the rounds on later 
works was thereby changed, so that. they are omitted behind the 
figures, there is found the same arrangement. employed on the j 
jambs. of the portal: in that. way, that the fisures: stand on short 
columns, which therefore terminate under them with their capit— q 
als, while those upper portions. of. columns are omitted and the 
hollows in the arches filled by figures rest direttly on the . 
canopies. The entirel: arrangement differs froc the preceding 
iu] this, that the canopies of figures of. the jamb come directly — 
beneath those of the arch and not. as in the pregedins stand be- 
fore them. Thus the little jamb columns are entirely omitted a 9 
and only like reminiscences. of them remain those little short 4 
columns supporting the figures, that likewise can be made of 4 
detached biocks. E 
Jast as the figures. of the arch bain in effect by being plec- | g 
ed in hollows, so was next the endeavor to ensure the same adv- 
antages to those standing in the jambs, and thus the hollows 4 
in the arch under the canovy or impost. cap were continued behind | 
the figures. to the capitals supporting them, or even to’ the base, 
whereby also the canopies. of the jamb fisures project from the 7 
hollows and no longer afford a bearing for the members of the 
arch. Fig. 1301 shows the plan of such an arrangement. a 
A very peculiar form of this kind, whereby is: preserved att. 
the same time the picturesque effect of that. free standing lite 7 
tle column is found on the west. portal of #reibers minster. a 
Here alternates in the arch a layer with a hollow filled by fi- 
sures with one ornamentally moulded and adorned by foliage im 7 
the hollow. Both arrangements are intercepted by little capitals, 
but otherwise continue in entirely similar fashion down to the _ 
base. But in the hollows are 3 little columns c placed in an : 
equilateral. triangle im Fis. 1302, whose capitals are taken 
from the layer of the jamb and end in a common abacus, which - | 
rests on a pedestal of the same ground form, whose sidessurfa-— a 
ces: are richly adorned by blind niches and relief figures, and q 
that. bear a figure group. Above the latter then begins the nsua 


‘a 
4 


ag 
Mees 


Pies sa -) yeetgonse bas. peers yd wollog eas to Praaees: 
sat to tegemeib tevesl 5 vaiviepd? eepo zeiisms al 
f te tnomeguatsze os7t & to ydilidieeog odd arseqqeekh 
v" m foezs0o edt asin: aokdosanco sieds des ,eeoeia esidas 
pol Lot i ent Ro gnistuo edd dedt of .ytisesses s asuooed dus, sad 
7 jo odd bas settsl edt neouted Sas .fettime ei saad edd of nwob 
Gat at dy oftl homrot sedmom & sivztt edd Yaivieoes [att 
’ ots nuitad #2 to “a idpoa oid mo as .soalq edd asiad fel 
yes he ; -noaensd lag 
i ig fe Wie. »alatechsg aco eerry i 
@ odd bavot aeit ct “odcatm guudaatée to Istr0oq dcew eat a0 
jt aakbroocs ~b3enao *oqy wort edaow wedois ao aossco tasweanett 
edd to miot odd nohusds sowsit edt Yo edaogque odd dotdu 
fxs “iotdin ot efatzobeg [snogstioo to stsgoa To seods 102 aus 
a “Maweu odd ek asiqouss bas eeisgit yo bellct ewollod odd mob 
heii 4349 Yo asic eddratvands test oe .dow bas dust: at yar 
Peds to dads cio b s bhs Iatesbeg odd, io oalg add etasesuyss 
p ddgied end teal ss oved neds alsdasheg sd? .ti evods wollod 
, y gedois batia yd eebie afedt ao beteito°ceb sta base nse 8. 
ne2 yieosed yd bennowo eesorws yd bearsqe .,eteife1 yd bednsasnto 
me ay ,1snnsa teodoin sdi ai esid 
@ 66 coteoisile susdd eomploo difw edast: teiltse seorld ‘a0 
» dso eds (nedt sonie .one nielg 8 base omglt dtiw nmrloo 8 
metia. oases sit .ennsde = dope cexispst sicail odd to esnotens 
HW gatbrolis tod .aad \@ .39dunim Sredis1? edd no. bowel et aot? 
Metiod edd Yo noitstsqee aid? yrudestii ds dust edt to nalg ot 
BO beitow egaibloon edt yd ylod betoalte af asisgit yd beLilrt 


j fi 
ME 


ae 


in. 


saieifies ense sat 
ewan cals benotsssm sd tevm etodd aedtreat o en st0tee 
ogee oad to suenssesd to asdeva voilase tedt tc enoksoub 
~edt noyok to fatbeises edt to elatrog teow sid oo aunt 
> es besevoo eoxwsit sft bas .bodtino ess dmet eds to enwsloc 
(beided tuo ysige cisiq s stotac ylioe1th beoalg ess esto 
est @oosad .bettimo ogis ais zewsPit edt aedt edaow sedto 00 
Mg S fope we ,eefoie Soild dv bebivih ei yaige Jadd baad tatiso - 
»8a¢ %o eameloo elstahi odd dtiv noitosnnog wi! Snomegnetae | 
hat, AE MMe» d2 Ob¢ gmo Ssaoldnea ybsesle ean 
hae  syatttsde cot case an 
&ntaaot re ond: to mihi ti Leavstat edt, 


49 
filling of the hollow by Pe and canopies. : 

In smaller ones: ‘peguirins & lesser diameter of the columns: 
disappears the possibility of a free arrangement. of the Same in 
entire pieces, and their connection with the coursed masonry of!) 
the jamb becomes a necessity, so that. the cutting of the hollow — 
down to the base is omitted, and between the latter and the cap 
ital receiving the figure a member formed like g h i.k im Fige: 7 
1301 takes the place, as on the south portal: of S. Maria at 
Mihlhausen. ) 


Figures on pedestals. a 
On the west portal of Strasburg minster is: then found the ar- 
rangement common on richer works from pow onward, according to 
which the supports of the figures abandon the form of the coi- 
umn for those of. square or octagonal: pedestals to which extend 
down the hollows: filled by figures and canopies im the usual. a 
way in jamb and arch, so that. thus im the plam of Pig. 1303.a de 
represents. the plan of the pedestal. afid a dc is: that. of the h q 
hollow above it. The pedestals. them have at last the height of st 
@ man and are decorated on their sides by blind arches usually. — 
ornamented by reliefs, spanned by arches crowned by tracery ga- 
bles in the richest, manner. an 
On those earlier jambs with columns there alternates: as: a rule 
a column with fisure and a plain one, since then the sreat dim- 
ensions of the figure requires such a change. The same alterna- 
tion is found on the Freiberg minster, p. 544. But allording te | 
the plan of the jamb: at Strasburg this separation of the hollows ~ 
filled by figures is effected only by the mouldings worked on | 
the same ashlars. | a 
Before we go farther there must be mentioned also certain re- 
ductions of that. earlier system of treatment. of the jamb. 4 
Thus on the west. portals. of the cathedral of Noyon the little — 
columns of the jamb are omitted, and the figures covered by can= 
opies are placed directly before a plain splay cut. behind then. 
On other works then the figures are also omitted, but on the 
other hand that. splay is divided by blind arches, as: such an 
arrangement in connection with the little columns: of the jamb: 
was already mentioned on p 540. 
Strikins jamb and middle pier. 
Side jamb for striking. . 
The internal projection of the jamb forming the strike of the — 


== 
= a 


i 7) 

An ny 
eae: 

a 


| ab ee o teelanic edt .fors edd gnivsogqus das, sd¢ io exedmon 
= 07% «460 son eesd tetities ftin etsde1t nislg s to Jedd 
| shedadl eit sot sledi0o gaitos({or tsinomoe sdd yloo vers 
, tga iq s to-wi0t oft eevteses ti sivow sebLo yaew 20 
) amet, odd to eead- fine Letiqes sdi yd bebeuorigs ai dot 
hemlet edd to Yesl edd déiw dealt tio duo sae dotin 
gai maetiots s nevys to svoo & ,etmedo s sed eld ne edt 


. p sesasce eat of bonwute: sd redwen stitdne odd ssdéie nso ledi 
ae {etsepe yigniea nisms cele yer Lodei{ eid nedt Soe 
bisdhosizod barose usead .letiqaeo sit evods enaitaod ase nal 
ude nit febei stat) .letatl edt to exb)e efit, yasqmooss sydd hae 
| tadd eldsreterg stedt ef. ti .(prudrsll ts déedactlY .2 Yo dos 
eRe. bedetugaisterh ed 1006 edt to ediade edt to batbliuon ent 
Bi: per yi _ gimet edt ko dest work taerenites ‘Tese9T3 
} doidw yd .sotviee gseth to ose eledioo sdd seao greve ol 
ee to débiw ivtoen sft .eno ni Levnil edd to dtemel seat 
wglositne a2 ni beousber ei tedtons, ni foturl adt te ani 
i haan: betway teow edd ni bentdnoc sd aso coidw doe . yew Bai 
b winoo Sd weidéie yao ti slidw ,fenoidsenm ecatot odd to foes 
i es setnobie gottoetjorwg eld ¢oiessvoni yd aladiqeo seodd détin 
mibipow odd sbieri-dazi ntefq odd sovk gostoxg to ,OCSS .8if 
whem @ 20 Horblvom gedd yd bedavotawe od geo yilent?t a0 
pometedsoc eesiit to etaost oft edtow hsinoexe vidota 20 


ii ne 


7 
ne , 

ae ofd yd nevik ca ashin Isveenu gees ditw to8 
F dsunt.\ebeon evotgiies wort gaitivacy yldisg .edton redsox 
§ yewTOod edt Yo (stati eit to ofbbtm sit to gntdroggne so omoo 


~telig olibin 


“atl seosies sicisgee to to eosig slyahe s to sedéis bs 
dasbrogshboat stom s esmrees tf es saibreoo”a settrh 
sea gael off wl .yewioob edd to dui, edd to mokditeqe: s 
© ohh gest? bas .somnloo déiiv inemisess 6 o3 o10m ebned 
a 7 Saiad evotersdd .xoold esuntsa s nt moigvouatenoo edd 
— diod ds elsdico sii ,enotanenth etsaebon at ylao 
weno k andnat snode add wo Jeixe yosorls yeas 2k ,betdiuc 
is, aeet eric. pichhoninaed ak #hited: tela cowustnal 8 aon 
0 ee 


oe 
ie 


ie 


a A, 7 a 


Bis ‘~BOIwSit antdovoro yd hed - 


x 08 ed eiansie eas sattzoueua hie sob iia), 
a% Bodeineniterd ed ot yiSeven ci” ‘noktocotf stets998 | om 


odd ye vistiqes & dtin bavot s setanimobesq nieges doidw ai — 


eos gew dotin .s9iq elbbia s to taswekosiis odd enit bas 


, “Ne 7 


i 4 got 4 hue : we in) a ols 1p Pa eke rk } -_ ayn Y 
ee ee ee ron ae ee ee oT ee, 


Beans i 


50 ‘ 
door and Supporting the tympanum of the arch, according to i 
separate) functéon, is usually to be distinsuished from the ot 
members. of the jamb: supportins the arch. The Simplest case 1 
that ofa plain rebate with neither base nor. cap, from which 2 
rise only the somewhat projecting corbels for the lintel. q 
On many older works it. receives the form of a plain pier, wh- 2 
ich is surrounded by the capital. and base of the jamb, both of 
which are cut. off flush with the leaf of the door (Pig. 1290). 
The angle has a chamfer, a cove or even a richer moulding, 4 

in which again predominates: a round with a capital. By the cap- 
ital can either the entire member be returned to the Square, a a 
and then the lintel: may also remain simply Square; or she moul-— 
ing can tontinue above the capital, break around horigontally — 
and thus. accompany the edge of. the lintel. (main portal. of chu- 
rch of S. Elisabeth at Marburg). It. is there preferable that _ ; 
the moulding of this strike of the door be distinguished by : 
greater eefinement from that of the jamb.- 5 
In every case the corbels: are of sreat service, by which the — 
free length of the lintel im one, the useful width of the open= 
ing of the lintel in another is reduced in an entirely anlimite 
ing way, and which cam be combined in the most varied ways with 
each of the forms mentioned, while it may either be connected q 
with those capitals by increasins the projection sidewise asi | 
Fig. 1290, or project from the plain jamb inside the mouldings, q 
or finally cam be surrounded by that. moulding or a part thereof. 
On richly executed works the fronts of these corbels are decora- 


ted by crouching figures. 
Middle pier. « 


i 


But. with that unusual: width as given by the proportions im 6 
sreater works, partly resulting from religious needs,. further 
come @ supporting of the middle of the lintel of the doorway ai. 4 
and thus. the arransement of a middle pier, which was: construct- — 
ed cither of a single piec® or of separate courses. Its: forms: : 
differ according as it. assumes. a more independent importance or] 
@ repetition of the jamb of the doorway. In the last. case which — 
tends: more to a treatment. with columns, and first. departs from a 
the construction in a single block, therefore being possible o 
only in moderate dimensions, the corbels at both sides must. be 
omitted, if they already exist. on the stone jambs. Also someti- — 
mesa middle pier built in courses is connected with a freely 


dete byl Aaa agk ya pa Oe ess Sines 
| eae, Reba eds ri antets eiepkd efbbia edd 

aS ak Otel? efkhkm of# to tnowegnsita tablvoeq yrev A 
e4dtoo vital off mo reig elhbto est aotee tao ead 

o st dots Sehoeqene ext to metaye edt ered 109 ,talete® 

ya (oer +3it) e etiosasor ond Od ted of ~.wenaquy? edd o¢ 

iad Booy ni £2uete tw s¢eoexrit cs ecti ¢ erhoterver odd 

4 dotde sectors eiaemtods edi ¢entoir aed? oie cetsel edt a0 aS 
\ y esnglt ade: , yerecob edé gaisevoo o sedans Lictex¢ edd | ie 
Saga dete, Gt ebrate tk dotdw ao ledeoo ets Asin aigci¥ gfok fig 
see gotoaae edt elidW .dool? eno ai tvs 6418 enotvazyed bebned ae 
“ ede olyte aolitcdaut odd nt belieces oale ef dean kiovedt ee 


Fe es igi 
a oly 3 7 7 Pd 
f Ms TS git eo: 
ne a i 

io ae 


i PRewentiocieque «a yfno ealwiodto af soktredti anoo ett ‘ 
ee! ,OLL3 09 otad odd oF . t 
| “vd bento pdmsi, atin afzdicq to engieel wedots edt at on2 q 
i Nesting oft Yo st0pit biatodias 10 efpbim edd yeotmp rd 
b tot: $adé eleeonos st sedi ce .d cowloo edd etoted beoals 
pedoed acia Sipbia odt déin #1 to notdoonnoo 4 .tdzied nwo 
Pehl ilew 6 Aatcl odd Yo encienemid seeth odd yd sidiseog 0 
velbbio end sot Jaogges & aud? seseises9 at noldvouatenco end | 
borg Syed ‘Gavct ed ‘neo teddie feidxv ,yseeesesg eemoosd sat 
bb sid tatesotsnt yd to [ntiarge bebaod atin nenloo olsdil 
Radaent bas aevol eic? svete odd Yo wolsttoo tenol ott to eae a 
jete eebice sdodw ,letesieo s esmoosd ydeteds z6eig six to 


‘iy - 


c ‘Bi @issonpost beshat ,eodois baitd yd botevousbh yliots e 
B Relhhie sis ot guignolsd yqonse oa? testo dose evoda swot i ¢ 
Ment peed ..9.i .usig olbbiw edd dtin bebaod. aed¢te certs ef : 
D\@uneguyt odd ot besele yheetls ef Gf 10 ,Sewoo teomiseas ¥ 
i aedd\.selc elbhio od¢ no tb Gbiesd adeet aedsel odd tadd 
y-s018 gaisieg que srt beiasoiert elsdyoo yd. anidesd sti ancty ‘i 


"ggoaz0 offs to {eiati end oeec eakT odd ei vals ol iduns 

| mypasagyd sit etoisd sati 
W Beatot eotiocs yd Seonfges esmitomos sax elLedgino edi hi 
i Sta doitin .edmet ert of eoty sl hiim eat mosh [osail 
“oF stea? bus (eqevo déiw i istosnente emsy 
t 98 aisaer Yang yet esso votts! od3 ul vyresasd sabi 
ie yd aowste ton 1h ysdd Jedd .s0ob sad Yo oxlate odz 
a baoesee® et Letaih oat asattonos cals -toeb out 
; en donoth pists. nc. BIG000' 26 SO fom 6) 4g 
hie sitOu a0 x ene! Sat bes anni eee: 


1 See Side yh 


cr. 
ou f n08. 


ys — 

projecting column by its capital: and base, on which is phaced 

the middle figure rising in the tympanum. | 
A very peculiar arrangement of the middle figure is. found wi 

the omission of the middle pier on the Early Gothic church at F: 


Wetzlar. For here the system of the suspended arch is. eae 
on the tympanum, so that the two voussoirs 2 (Fig. 1300) suppe 
the keystone b like a kingvost or struts in wooa construction. — 
On the latter are then wrought the abutments. against which abut 
the trefoil armhes. ec covering the doorway. The figure of the q 
Holy Virgin with the corbel:on which it stands is with: the SUus-— 
pended keystone are cut in one block. While the spacing oy anion 


ay 


trefoiliareh is also recalled in the transition style, the ent-— 
ire construction is otherwise only a superrefinement peculiar 
to the Late Gothic. 4 

But. in the richer designs. of portals with jambs adorned by a 
figures, the middle or principal: figure of the entire series is” 
placed before the column b, so that it tonceals that for its 
own height. q connection of it with the middle pier becomes in- 
possible by the great dimensions of the former as well: as by : 
the construction in courses. Thus a support for the middle fie 
ure becomes necessary, which either can bse found by a projecting 
little column with bonded capital: or by increasing the dimensi- 
ons. of the lower portion of. the pier. This lower and larger. part 
of the pier thereby becomes: a pedestal, whose sides are most r q 
richly decorated by blind arches, indeed frequently im several. 
rows. above each other. The canopy belonging to the middle seu 
is: then either bonded with the middle pier, i.e., taken im the 
uppermost course, or it is already placed in the tympanum, so. 
that. the latter rests beside it. om the middle pier, then recei- 
ving its bearings by corbels increasing the supporting area. yen g 
anwhile also in the first case the finial: of the canopy may a 
rise before the tympanun. 

The corbels are sometimes. replaced by arches. turned under th 
lintel foom the middle pier to the jambs, which are usually made | 
verry ornamental with cusps, and their spandrels are perforated — 
like tracery. In the latter case they must. remain so far from 4 
the strike of the door, that they are not struck by the leaf of 
the door. Also sometimes the lintel is replaced by a segmental 
arch, or as occurs on certain French works, by a horizontal arch. 
Usually also and particularly on works in brickwork, the arran= 


. 


sop st ae bibor sae bedatoc dears edt, Yo Guaaumes eae 
f Lae ‘iy | sista sibbin edt to 
sed eho a Lex09 bas fara to. .edust efzite soak 
Binge. 7 <teee6 hegqote has mtald 

indast, erodu yeyeroos Ifewe tot easc Io wxol edz at seofomis 
mae duodt iw etednen dows $43 To notisvatdnco eiquie edd x20% 
oa igen 8 to moitoejetg s woled deoetesal bas ,@aed to elavi 
beigahen mi OldtEL @xnocc colteloa aiela eiiT (ROI «si9) 
i qdotods dnat eis to dicq terol edt solids? ada Bi sons 
b she th. sppiido ag of eboetixs decd ,sostivs beyelan olsiag: ec 
ie to sifate mae ot Ifsw odt to e06% L{eoseixs. ait :no%2 
edt ‘to dtniig edt yd Sobavorise at dssq tewol to aod eek ac 
; Beil ~s7Q0b ods ebiced fae Jon veoh cidd mess of ,eotbling 


inane ahead ylivon emis sifht: bas wites edt to eledtyog ant 


Pie!) 


“elasel S bevieoey eesd sil .sesd fas Isiigad, atin Sedekn 
iss poled bad adrxi, est yeoisdy .ftnilo Leseb¢tog to tales 
as hte mo equie git co betes: doidw aot Sbengede selvges 
piig eat ofodw odd oO .(wolod ese) Giatly Deiistqnie eveqages 
_dereig to saodd of ytiusitate doum Sididxe edmet edd. to Bd 
Pe a «PSS od BLS g wo hadigesebh yoassle 
O23 im a fetigqe> sft -sedw boniedss aeito wedd ei dinifg di 
Sits neva bas OHetocel dove tiiw bomvot af said otal oft of Ons 
Mdadt S82 oo Sc sepiG of botexwsaulli Caw, oft ai easndots bed 

2 

i 


Z cae seiotv ad¢ io woidexoosh secteszh edd ewret yléeotines 
®eds ove eds to Jdgiod, edt da ,vedoid ski ongo o10%94: 


pbepronis. et bold elas to slousxe beso chabae a p 
pis sPanigh al xtiewevias bie.edt to fedtog aad 
hes tenn th {{eue to erc0eh. ofddeD gfrsei ao yisezovacd 
ebuvos bos. .wol nev ceil aN edt doidw ao .OGST .8if 
selsticao yo. gino betsiacash esutsomoe 
D atitedy vedast ods ts camslos eott to nobtgohsa edd cdin 
eo efgute & 10 asig fegqete s stoted bene [a S88 
b DetPesendet mio} odd duods seiq odd Io eaed edt 108 edt 
mppectanntinse adi ebolt tedt to bise Yaldtyrsys bas AEC 
emeent. Tenousioo to nelg bavdgwoo eds 20 beageds sit 
hea déntic Letens$ goivosaros s ao abusta cals yliers 


i ne 


yt 


Pa a 
ee 
mae er ee 


5 f 
a is 
ai 


selquos - re ~eacules eltiil diiwvedmat .asee sven 


ite to elgme tauox} edd Gavors gowoid ab dead 


saigsed ait galbnit .efikeok odd of movnhide 


Oe ain here det Z Nea ie Hh gh 


i i ar a] um; ; ‘ 
4 nT ag “4 Ay abet : 4 asia Toe M ‘ ne a i ye 
ae ‘a at: ' ; : “ i. My : ee! oe ia ‘ iy ae rf 
RATT UNAS eS oan men ee 


= a 
<a 


a ee 


FG nay 


> — 
=. - a 


eo AIS FPR) er ee Be ee eR MIN SRD BN Cn a a 
PANDA OURO id SS Sg MT glean 
; toate Nahe | iin PENG 


2. 
arrangement of a BONEN... igi the entire width benea: 
the tympanum of the sreat vointed arch leads to the omission 
of the middle pier. 

Base ofithe jambs: of doorways and portals, 

Plain and stepped bases. : Be 
Simplest is the form of. base for small: dooways, whose ieee 
form the simple continuation of the arch members. without. cap- 
itals: or base, and intersect. below a projection or a wash. 
(Pig. 1304). This. plain solutiom occurs little in the Barly but = 
much in pate Sothic. The lower part of the jamb thereby become 
@ plain splayed surface, that. extends in an obligno: Seppe 
from the external face of the wall to the strike of the door, 
and its top or lower part. is surrounded by the plinth of. the : 
building, in case this does: not end beside the door. 
The portals of the earliy and middle time mostly hed, as we : 
have seen, jambs with little columns, that were completely fur-—_ 
nished with capital and base. The base received a little rect : 
gular or polygonal plinth, whereby the jambs had below again a 
regular stepped form, which rested on the steps or could have 
separate simplified plinth (see below). On the whole the plint- 
hs of the jambs exhibit much similarity to those of piers, as 
already described on p 214 to 224. a 
The plinth is then often retained when the capital is. nt 
and in the late time is formed with such labored and even of ioe 
ted richness in the way illustrated in Figs. 572. to 582, that — 
manifestly forms the greatest decoration of the whole, and the- 
refore came to lie higher, at. the height of the eye when poss: 
A particularly magnificent example of this kind is afforded by B: 
the portal of the old university in Erfurt. | 4 
Conversely on Karly Gothic doors of small. dimensiags: as. in 
Fig. 1290, om which the plinth lies verry low, and rounds are 
sometimes decorated only by capitals. | 
With the adoption of free columns: at. the jambs, wien these 
are placed before a stepped plan or a simple splay, there resu- 
lts for the base of the pisr about. the form represented in: Fig. 
558, and everything said of that finds its application here. 
The stepped or the compound plan of octagonal. bases: then gen~ 
erally also stands on a connecting general: plinth as lower base, 
that is broken around the front angle of the jamb and extends 
obliguelry to the inside, finding its termination at the angle 


Vom 


ee tt 
‘ a 
a 


a 


Rane Pia \ydeteobeq +o ttaitg sont | 
3 asioxd désifa edd yd Beare ad aso f¢otlg weban ist 
d vbeonls eelwebin to tewol egets eft atsom ti DE sdmek ods 
i fone (as ni dmet, eit to eredmem eft te “Ankan dyed eit st i 
bi pel @setaqee s fotteeat oq neo so0lq avi nt ‘nedt ,bedtiwo et Br 
deebeq 6 stil tisq & Jedd of .sloor badsecos ylgnordts srox mt 
| edt ot Qatbtoces heesotoni sd nedt neo shkied secdw .atetxe es 
8 wi beonbora ogle et gntootdeiend siat senoLiiocorg [sven 

5 bidéey wobamota ti Saideontd yd gerblind eds to dtanlo euvepaid 
4 de hide Bedetarst ogi od diag nwo ed} co yas [sdeabeg dost” 
“at Patsiies 6 siatdo ydoredt bas dtutig bas gso gaitoe{orq we 
' ot botevels ei ti sisiiog dosevl ises2 odd no nedd as (eonsh my 
j beat ydenrsdd dedt ce .mkiseh etitne ots to iieq Léiuzednt rs. 
ed teode of boeisavesé cenit edd hos enunloo odd to ednem > 
"tort besuane kaisd yderteds ,bawory end evods ngm s to tdbied vane 
By. a) ;  s80eTte tehast? set s batowbowy bas geptad <oe 

: a ate eict <OVCds Henotinaes sesyetnavhs odi wort abies su8 

ett WO gatrosi{q eds mot? ytizeesen atetaee « i3iw atiwmeet ta8 

ain esitne edt mort es {iew 2s ecameforr0bdtifonox dre vere Rid 

yout MEST ,ewohbin od efit .etgtesh Satvoq teore exons eo 


‘) 


fhe 


ib. ed? to ealg eft ofiaix ,seszerttud edt averted sosge exts 
. aseue ett of [few oft to eost Leutstxe of? baoved ebasixe 
giusce Bune giqeb faa tdgish ,ddbin ef 1 . 886 cet nb es sods 
ona Seehnt ,enotensaif eatine sit of gottioqgorg wiataeo sc ai KZ id 
pate te exis od? yuasainoo eft cO .axedmun at beseelqxe ed of My, 
|  ebneaes Stacwom dmsf, edt to base dors edt Yo neaanoe eters -), 
Pédgied bewserost edt sud cisivetse eit to ewolenentbhheds no 
a foo of¢ to enottroqote webniefe vot of beef term Lattoq siZ 
fo weve Sivoo bas tettel oot tqobe blwor nem teat wos yoimrest 
fom bivoe yedt toy ,tdgied yrsescoes elt to edd tLonon cist 
) oo eff dtinw betcanaoe ceiugit off wot stdyied omee edt. oc | u 
pad edd tod eoitive sow bed gduwaj, edd to edtbts edt oonts , 
feiss 02 oldetinens tsqes blwow tb es rend +steaofde dowa to i 
# ence beatwpet sit oxnssed ,remwet? eveda tot ¢dgted velfLema ; 
vot ytno weveds bat .medd ceban XSwe teo ed bivow aoold edé rh 
F rhc Veco saan Hietrvot ed¢ biwow evitom Leteeweoro ge ylerten " 
| i wa * evaed yfro bivow ¢f .amanfoo ont mo bean nood oved 
| oeen oor bas \ROoehy Ont ai evewloo eft to ef tada od? efsm 
white ona hae os 2 i Cmet wih to pire edt atiw RAR, 
j ie Bi 4 Pe een nh. xh et a bide i ea ae ft 


. 5 mk NM Ae DR aie wey 
a my : } car Ce el at Poke if ae Valves ae he ae wat 


5 


353 


Under plinth or pedestal. 
This under plinth can be formed by the plinth broken around 
the jamb; if it. meets the steps lower or sidewise already befo- 
re the beginning of the members of the jamb in amy such manner 
is omitted, then in its place cam pe inserted a separate and 
more stronsly accented socle, so that a part. like a pedestal: 
exists, whose height can then be increased according to the m , 
deneral: proportions. This heightening is also produced in @ con 
tinuous plinth of the building by breakins it. around. a 
Rach pedestal: may on its own part be also furnished with a 
projecting cap and plinth and thereby obtain a certain indepen- _ 
dence, as then on the great Brench portals it is elevated to an 
integral part of the entire design, so that thereby the arrange- 
ments of the columns and the figures arerraised to about the ho 
height of a man above the ground, thereby being ensured from 
any injurg and producins a far srander effect. - 


ie 
ha 


But aside from the advantages mentioned above, this arrangem- — 


forming the strike. 


ent results with a certain necessity from the placing of the 
figures and monolithiccoélumns as well as from the entire dime 

For those great portal designs, like the windows, fili: the e 
tire space between the buttresses, while the plan of the jambs 
extends beyond the external face of the wall to the buttresses, — 
about as in Pig. 932. Its width, height and depth thus stands ; 
in a certain proportion to the entire dimensions, indeed are 
to be explessed in numbers. On the contrary the size of the sep 
arate courses of the arch and of the jamb members depends nerely 


on theddimensions of the materials, but the inereased height ot! 


the portal must lead to too slender proportions of the columns. 
Assuming now that men would adopt the latter and could even ob- 
tain monoliths of the necessary height, yet they could not seou- 
re the same height for the figures connected with the columns, 4 
since the widths of the jambs aid not suffice for the breadth | 
of such colossi. Bust as it would appar unsuitable to take a i 
smaller height for these figures, because the required mass of. 
the block would be cut away under them, snd thereby only for | 
merely an ornamental motive would the fourfold mass of stone — 
have been used on the colunms. It would only have remained toa 
make the shafts of the columns in two pieces, and to connect 
them with the mass of the jamb by a band, hence making the 


nite ti 8 my 


a od of ySow eviusongie et0om tat « at besavete od ot aew 
tube bs oy i -dmet edt 20 aebsivts ofsnt 
Sapbtaed eveds Ifs oo betttwo af herolynem eLoow edt avd? 


ore 


v3 


“ot. syse stedio ul eovlormentt Beker? com olidu (eeervos 
b wiomeeart fees edt sdgnos o¢ tdpim oved sev See \Yoetis aisdé 
5 awe! dots eQisteobeq hetarceoeh ylfoid erods te aninino ent 
Foot hacer eRtUCrertS to slstqog edet ao csotryit to etaongue 
ta o« “now? seisiaebhed daat eds of woitele: eoneodw bon ,.ote 
exooeb to shom ott edi yd Hezeedqre ¥Yiseelo evom ‘weve ecs 


() 


a Bi 4 


Sieh ~tseussoxs 
ne > 2 +olooa ea¢ to taemoolsred 
Sone meaner yisv ek eslooe ozedt to trengofeved yediagt sd? 


pekerbedtso donst% nistieo hoe toverl ts doeudo meneridery edd 
P Dediietais ex Sisow bas aes edt neenisd sostroe oupifde end 
Sb sercosb 2718. eleneg seodn (2958078 boifd fetnensoto please 
fotiw bas veteifor stvgkt yd yvdesg bas erretden qd ¥fss 
ies eldd at svods esbhensoloe edd os enottet! 98% omss edd wk 
(@ac03 to vedors old ovigces stadt anwoloo olstel odd iddiw 
@ elbbin Sao sacisd to due, edt fo enodt stoted, Baste tedtis 
[8 ov ebsesl ecowitsncs osde sosmekoriie Ciol -tisydiesak edt 
wee aerol eft neewted daai odd Yo nafc bequsde odd tewottoxh 
y i inidd edt) yd betsoifbai yf[no et yefoe ett ydonede —Boaolos 
deo edt no yreitioo add nO —[eteshsq off Io SLooe sit bow 
bd Beteveo si eoloca eeedd. to ssarting ebie oft nated to 
B Seeeste snd sit Savcas beunivnoo.oels eb dedé . yre0sab bey 
t 30 B0isedoomento sis sxiL .eleduog ntoteow secs edt ‘slelad 
206 b.gf8) eowwsit Sas enauloo evidsreoeb edd yd adnet: Latvog 
—* edd wi atatesco Jasadssxt to stom ‘gommoo Jaom ext 


i 


wi) 
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I a) 


\ 


@f eelnso eterscse end to bovor® ons doftiw at benoldnser 
\eomisenol .tai? ont ni eeiustt ditw belLit aisas y{le. 
ee Sis eobte seodt \ (coyok vs Soe wneiwh to Lewbeddas eit 
Regge sit bua déoowe guied rewol oad toddie ,enoiekvib ows at 
ve ted ‘ose most wetith enredisg ygeds 10 \avedteq = geived 
4 et) Reale edd anole 906L -Ul@ .emindon bas ‘este 
‘Saleen is Beat tis ae -uneiaA ak Lsvbedseo 
gai vevedt dapat evened ert ened ifag ener oF 


+. t 
ein a ke ‘it 


pe ; iy N , Ay ee 
a 
: +) or paige): a & Aye PAS ees ena we ery <) Mais 


yo As i tas ay is 
8a) tne ede at cee bia gsned bee wae: ‘te nohucpuiiin 


ie bobacd edd. moai ¢dhworw ots eemmloo -elssit eeodw ,efss | 


ft ao teties wol grow at ti>yoiw atediag yadacuad 3 


A Co ee eee . eA a ee A eet eee ie wee Oe a, ON) De ane ‘! ~ 
Je Shs PON eT RAN te REE OL REE P47 OW an ge een 

‘ iy act" ts arrests da! 

t ; be pa Sacnty NN] vie =v). a i 

} Boge i eee 


pod. 


subdivision of the columns, which still.in the entire proport: 


was to be elevated in a far more expressive way to be a subort 
inate division of the jamb. 
Thus the socle mentioned is omitted on all: these jambs of po 
tals, whose little columns are wrought from the éended achlawe 
courses, while men busied themselves it other ways: to appoxim 
their effect, and just here might be sought the real. reason of 
the origin of those richly decorated pedestals, which occur as 
supports of figures on tehe portals of Strasburg, Gologne, Rouen, 
etc., and whose relation to the jamb pedestals, from we started 
are even more clearly expressed by the rich mode of decorative 
treatment. ee: 
Development of the socle. e a 

The further development of these socles ‘is very varied. Om t 
the piebfrawem church at Treves and certain French cathedrals : 
the oblique surface between the cap and socle is: animated by 
purely ornamental blind arcades, whose panels: are decorated pa- 
rtly by patterns and partly by figure reliefs, and which appear 
iu the same relations to the colonnades. above im this: relation, 
with the little columns that receive the arches of these arcade 
either stand before those of the jamb or pefore the middle of 
the intervals. This arrangement. then sometimes leads. to a repro 
duction of the stepped vlan of the jamb between the lower littl 
columns, whereby the splay is only indicated by the blind arche 
and the socle of the pedestal. On the contrary on the cathedral 
of Rheims the side surfaces of these socles are covered by car— 
ved drapery, that is also-continued around the buttresses: sepa 
ratings the three westerm portals, like the ornamentation of the 
portal jambs by the decorative ‘columns: and figures (#ig.1305).° 
The most. common mode of treatment. consists: in the adoption of — 

a tapestry pattern wrousht in verry low relief on the surfaces 
mentioned, in which the ground of the separate panles is: gener- 
ally again filled with figures in the flat. Sometimes: (thus: om 
the cathedral. of Amiens. and at Noyon), these sides are separated 
in two divisions, cither the lower being smooth and the upper 
having a pattern, or ther patterns differ from each other-im 
size and scheme. Fig. 1306 shows. the treatment. concerned on the ~ 
cathedral: in Amiens. s 
We cannot omit here the remark, that these tapestry patterns. 


w#Esch 


es 
ot ee 
= 
iy 


i a 
Be. ane eat RN dosent ni someon os one ‘gent 
gah a vee hoe fatiastedre 6 mio} .e0ooslq yuss on eb) zeoadipe 
& temo asd yletesantcoten tous +mod?. ho olveinetourede eLvoey ae 
pibi tenes ‘wanes edt ut gasel ts .veu 8 ab YasmTe® of agtero3 er 
pwn te eau od dtiw deredal cot seomss saw doidy ,hed hid 
+ Uiilsoc ai ,ecelg etitovet yor no emret tewmteotidose a 
4 teeny Balaiat¢o 10% eneom betwoexe vilaae ae mo? enteti ag | 
S@aetigies evs amtot texV98ever azodt to toette of? bas .esen 


tales ot evieneh ytotataes yods ylgntbtooos haa ,teed2 avo 


mo i 


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that are so common in French architecture and animate the pla 


surfaces §nm so many places, form a substantial: and very adwaat 
geous characteristic of them, that unfortunately has remained 
foreign to Germany in a way, at least in the sense here indica- 
ted, which was almost too liberal with the use of more severe 
architectural: forms on any favorite place. In reality these flat 
patterns form an easily executed means for obtaining great acum 
ness, and the effect of those severer forms are heightened dy : 
contrast, and accordingly they certainly deserve to be in treaee 
ced also among us. a 

On the portal of the calendar at Rouen are found those patton 
ns in away very similar to that in Amiens, executed in the be 
ind panels of the separate pedestals of the figures, and just 
like those of the middle pier. . 

2. Tympanum of the portal. q 

The inner and proper openings of the doorway can be covered by: 
an arch, as we have seen above, whether trefoil, flat or strai- © 
ght arch; but the. rule forms. the lintel: or the stone slab: clos- | 
ing the entire tympanum, that. rests: on the inner pier of the 4 
jamb or its corbels. It stands abruptly beneath the arch alone, 
rests behind in a surrounding rebate, or is let into the Jaa 
arches like tracery (Piss. 1148 to 1148 c). ee 

Joints in the tympanum. 

When the dimensions. allow it, the entire tympanum consists: of 
a single stone (Pig. 1307), otherwise of several: courses: laid 
on each other (fig. 1319). Not rarely are combined the lintel: 
and the slab filling, when the openingsis first. spanned by a 
strong beam on which rests the tympanum composed of one or 
more pieces. On numerous Romanesque and Harly Gothic doorways: 
in lower Saxony and on the Rhine, the lintel is enlarged at. the © 
middle with a clear understanding of its static problem (Bigs. 
€308 from churches at Leyden, Billerbeck, etc. ). On the church a 
at. Sinzig (Pig. 1309, after Redtenbacher) in order to relieve 
the lintel an open joint. has even been left over it,and the tym 
panum is: cut like voussoirs. Larger portals frequently exhibit 
above the lintel a filling in courses (Fig. 1311). As a splend- — 
id example may be taken the principal: portal of. the church of . 
3, Elisabeth at. Marburg.- But. not rarely are also employed vert-@ 
ical: slabs (Pig. 1312), suited to the distribution of the fig- 
ures 2S on the cathedral: at Wetglar. ie 


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956 

Treatment of the a of simple portals. 
Only in very simple examples has the filling remained plain, — 
but as a rule is it ornamented in different. ways, and indeed on 
works in the Romanesoue style. The simplest mode of. ornamentat- 
ion forms. on the surface wrought. crosses, circles or qunerol ll 
whose outline is. formed by a chamfer or moulding, its: ground be- 
ing either plain or filled by rosettes and foliage, or a spab b~ 

ical relief like the Lamb of God. Sometimes: such rosettes or 0 
other forms in relief project free, where however a Like prajec- 
tion accompanies the outer edge of the tympanum concentric with 
the arch, and either also continues along the lower horizontab — 
line, or stops on the innermost part of the jamb. The lower edge 
of the slab: is simply cut sgquara or is formed with a. projecting 

moulding. Also sometimes: that. moulded edge extends over the tym- 
panum in a trefoil arch.’ a 
A richer treatment of the tympanum results from a digure rep 
resentation coverings its: entire sufface within that enclosure, 
by scroblwork as in Pig. 1290, by a tapestry patterm om by: trae 
cery.’ The last arrangement may be termed that. most. unsuited, w 
when it assumes considerable richness as on certain bate gothic 
works and particularly in brickwork (Essenwein, Norddeautsche - 
Ziegelbauten, Adler, etc.), and does not serve. to enclose cael 
separated otherwise or for a window opened in the tympanum. G = 
erally and especially for new works to be executed to economi 
tracery as much as possible, and to prefer eny other mode of a 
decoration to that, where it does not. concern a really ae 
ral. purpose or even best correspond to the character of tracery. 


a" 


Treatment of tympanum over double doorways. 
wore complicated arrangementr arise for those double soorneys_ 
separated by a middle pier, that are peculiar to the sreatest. 
designs of portals. Here we first find tne figure above the nids , 
dle pier already mentioned on p. 546, that either stands om a 4 
little column projecting from it ir a corbel and fills: the mid~ 
dle of the tympanum. For further filling it are often found two 
smaller side figures, that. are wrought im relief, from the thick 
ness of the tympanum, or are likewise placed free on inserted 
corbels. The sround behind these figures on the west portal. ot 
S. Blisabeth’s church is: filled by extremely beautiful scroll 
ork, that consists. of vines on the right of the principal fig- 
ure and of roses on the left. ail 


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ind arches extend from rive middle pier to the wall. ie torial 
the strike above the likewise rectangular openings for the doors. 
so that in the panels indeed by them are carved two side figur 
in relief out of the thickness of. the blind arches. Such an ar 
angement is found on S. Cyriacus at Duderstadt, (Note), where 
over the principal fisure a canopy is also inserted im the weil 
panum, and the ground of the tympanum above the blind arches. b 
beside the middle figure and the canopy as well as under the Bu 
portal arch is filled by scrollwork. 
NOVSe. Stats und VUnsowritrer, Gothisches Musterbuch.: i 
On the south portal of. the church in Volksmarsen on the cont- — 
rary, these blind arches: over the door openings: change onto ac’ . 
ual perforations, so that here is no space for bhose side figu-o 
res. Therefore free columns are placed before the jambs in the a 
Same manner as before the middle pier, which bear the side figu- 
res, here the princes of the apostles. The latter also come to 
Stand at. the same height as the principal: figure and are cover- _ 
ed by canopies, which at the same time supply starting points 
for the portal gable, while the canopy of the middle figure of 
the tympanum is inserted beneath the keystone of the portal. a 
arch. On the continuous horixontal: line of. the ee 
figures: is based the extremely quiet and clear effect of this 
arransement. On the contrary on other portals the columns on . 
which the figures: stand are kept. lower, so that thk middle fig- 
ure stands higher (Fig. 1300). a 
The arrangements mentioned are all based on the upward trans- 
fer of the sculptured ornamentation of the jambs: peculiar to t 
the greater portal designs, to the tympanum and the division of — 
height corresponding thereto, while on the other works, likewi- 
se of moderate size, as on the south portal at Colmar, the jambs 
are only formed by the little columns, and the tympanum receives 
its own relief ornament. But these different modes: of treatment _ 
afford substantial proof, how intelligent was the mediaeval ar- 
chitect of the earlier veriod, in inventing the system most su-o4 
itable for the dimensions, and how far all attempts were from a 
him, that weakened great proportions by the repetition an lit- 
tle dimensions. " 
Here not enough can be attributed to later pressure, since t 4 


the last endeavor, the carrying out of an unlimited proportion, 


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still appears on certain: portals of the later periods. Theref 
we mention here the chavel added to the Prankenberg churbh in 


the 15 th century, which with abl magnificence and puristyyin the 

formation of the details, yet sins in that it reproduces the “al 

tire arrangement of the portals of Strasburg ana cologne in sms 

all. dimensions. a. 
Reliefs in the tymvanunm. 

Somprising all, therefore we might. regard life size as: the 
smallest. dimensions: for the figures on the jambs, and regard 1. 
thém as restricted to such dimensions, which do not require the 
figures to rise above the height. of the springing, and thereby — 
allow a pedestal: under it. of half the height. In such dincasigull 
ns. also then the. decoration of the tympanum again»oetéupies: an: 4 
entirely independent position, and consists of a series of sce- 
nes represented in relief, that. relate to the holy person to ; 
whom the portal is: dedicated and the endeavor is: severely arr- { 
anged. As we stated, the size of the tympanum, whose height is 
still increased by stiltinsg the arch, excludes its: formation by 
one slab, there results. from this. am arrangement of separate 
representations in different rows over each other. Hence each 
slab has a continuous series of figures with one beneath, mould-_ 
ing plain or decorated by leaves, or a series: of canopies is. : a 
carved. The latter serve at the same time as a base for the fig- 
ures on the same slab, and as a covering for those underneath. 
Et. may here be an advantage to carrry out. the division in aeight — 
founddon the jamb also on the tympanum. Such an example is off- 
ered by the side portal of the west facade at Amiens, where the — 
udderside of the lower slab at the Reisht. of the canopy prejenil 
ins from the column of the jamb (p. 544), and the top lies in . 
that of the capital, so that its abacus extends: on that. slab: 
with the same or a harmonizing member, thus characterizing the 
agreement in height. In the horizontal: division cay be caused vel 
a greater variation, that. in the middle in contrast. to: the broad 
one may be employed a high placed slab set on edge with a corr= 
esponding relief. a 

fo the representations: we shall: return later, on the mode of 
treatment may it only be stated, that the vicinity of the high 
projecting courses of the arch with their boldly effective figu- 
res with canopies in the hollows, also require a strong relief 
in the sculptures of the tympanum and a crowded position of the 


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separate fisures. 
3.. External: enclosure and crowning of | 

the portal. oe | oT 
Crowning moulding. ‘i 
fiecording to the simplest. arrangement of portals with jambs 4 
developed in the thickness of the wall are so placed in the 
face of the wall: that at. each side remains a plain part. of the 
wall. As the nearest ornament them results an addition of a con- 
centric projecting hood moulding, which with a simple profile 2 
can be ornamented by foliage in the cavetto, and on whose arra— 
ngement and solution all: necessary has been said on p. 352. “4 
The use of this results abmost of itself, when the hood moulding, 
instead of passing above: the arch joins it, that. most. Simply c 4 
can be produced by making it. concentric. Instead of this is. gens 
erally found a rectangular or gabled carryins around of. the cop 
nice concerned, the last. sSenerally being stilted vertically ace- 
ording to the proportion of height. 


Pinials and tracery gables. on 
Meantime these forms of crowning do not. require the motive of 
the cornice, but. can also be independent, so that their spring 
ings may be corbelled ont at the height. of the base line of the 

arch, terminate in a scroll. or any other projecting sculpture, 

run to a head or an animal: projecting from the face of the. wall. 
Such a solution results very easily from the arrangement of the — | 
portal sculpture in Volksmarsen with canopies over the side sige) 

ures. described on p. 550, where the gable cornice either as. th- 
ere continues in a horizontal: direction by a bend, or forms its 
own line of inclination, so that. any proportion of height may q 
be attained thereby. Now so that. pinnacles or entire finials: 

may stand in the required position on the canopies, the effect. 
of finials and tracery gables is. obtained. Thus: also are found 
in that position simple finials. on columns, corbels: or priers.: _ 
At. least on the better works the finials: and their supports are — 
only made light. and purely ornamental, excluding all conception — 
of sthuctural: importance not really existing. Special: weight. a 
might be laid thereon, in view of many later experiments, where | 
the massive buttresses were placed before the portal: jambs, but 
whose projection is nowise utilized for a deeper form of the q 
portal arch, and which therefore have nothing more to do than 
to stand as guards. beside the doorway. If it be allowed to men= 


mee 


Pe a ner Nige . Misthe, 3 ee aT 
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es ih Mateueste bsileo ew doidw of ,sied ‘nolvetebiencoe ovat. | 

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mS 7: ,oeu tiods eved yen eoerenitivod done olidwudsell | 
een feds ,stvott seid ditw dell wodé neowted boatud ef 
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dead svods tmieiy sesiussed edt to dasq ded} ,yow 8 BE 
Vbeliedrcs qlédbife e Yo moi edd eomuaee ofdey oft Yo. | eM 


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in 


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o8 YO taeagoloveh odd ot yllenders hecesd audt bae ,snavole a 
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et wtivey oid to daomezastze edt ti ylisioeces ,ese i 
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-eaendois qendasy, Sid od. 


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peeveese tons, yo ti déiv bogosanco fas Lfsar edt 


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60 3 4 
mention the restoration of Cologne cathedral otherwise than 
model, we might designate that. mighty development of pinnacles — 
between the portal: jambs: of the transepts and the buttresses _ 
separatins the latter from their side aisles as examples: of a 
signs better avoided, but at. the same time another. point. comes 
into consideration here, to which we called attention om p. 556. 

Increasing the depth of jambs of the arch. - 
Meanwhile such buttresses may have their use, if arches are 
turned between them flush with their fronts, that. accordingly 
increase the depth of the portal: arch and of the covered space _ 
before the doorway. Thereby arises: a part. of the portal: project-— 
ing from the face of the wall, and that crowning like a gable 
becomes an actual roof of. the projection. This: arrangement is. 
then commonly found, among others on certain Westphalian works 
in a way, that part. of the buttress rising above the beginning 4 
of the gable assumes the form of a slightly corbelled pinnacle, — 
or in the simplest. case is entirely omitted, so that. the entire — 
projection must lie beneath the Bable. On the treatment. of this 
gable with covering cornice, angle ornaments and crowning appl- 
ies everything generally said above concerning gables and trac- 
ery Sables. @ 
There should not be omitted here the portal: crowning of the 
Mariastiesen church at Vienna (beginning of 15 th century), 
that. instead of tracery gables: has: a pentagonal or hexagonal. 
canopy, that partly lies in the thickness of the wall: and is. 
partly free before the external: face. 


Simple porches. 

By increasing the projection of the buttresses: is. poe the @& 
means of increasins the depth and importance of the entire en= ; 
closure, and thus. passed sradually to the development of a por- 
ch. By covering the plain surfaces of the piers, which are orn= 
amented byoblind arches, little columns placed before them or 
by figures, or that. again can be strengthened by angle buttres- 
ses, especially if the arrangement of the vaults. permit such, 
this: is: capable of everm expression from the greatest. simplicity | 
to the highest richness. 4 

It. further leads to those portal: structures peculiar to Ital- | 
ian architecture, which consist of. two columns. standing before 
the wall: ard connected with it by architraves, where a tunnel: 3 
vault is turned from one architrave to the other. The spreading r 


Et snort a Vebnavone) eeds Keehad) Bt rteas odd to 
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teen ‘end Bas (SEQ .8f9) eaoled” ts peas tgsenaat edt 
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61: 
of the vault is indeed there prevented by iron ties as gener 
ly in the South, and so that opposed to the stress of the are 
slender columns are possible. By an enlargement. of the columns 
properly permissible in our style by varied arrangements of co- 
upled columns, by connection with the butteesses at the angles, 
substituting or supportens that architrave by arches, introdu 
ins the cross vault instead of the tunnel vanlt, result. the mo 
diverse transformations of the motives mentioned as. correspond— 
ing to the principles of the Gothic style. a 


Relations of the portal to the buttresses. 
By a continuation of the form of the jambs of the portal to 
the nearest buttresses belonsgins to the structural system of. 
the entire work, and the complete fillins of the space between 
the buttresses thereby obtained, results then the just explain=— 
ed arrangement. peculiar to the richer and greater works. a 
According to the proportion of the buttresses to the whole 
and to the width of the portal, four cases are here possible. 
4. The jamb reaches the front of the buttress in the once c 
menced stepped or splayed ground form with its columns placed 
before it. (Pigs. 1313). é: 
2. The. jamb would not reach them on account of the small pro- 
jection of the buttresses, and thereby would become necessary y 
an addition to the width of the buttress to the heisht of the 
portal gable or an interruption of the form of the jamb. by mea- 
ns of a plain part of the wall, about according to the plan Si- 
ven in Fig. 1313 a, whereby the arches of the separate parts: 
must. not. exactly be concentric. | 
3. The sides of the buttresses already extend much?*éartisr: 
the form of the jambs, thus within the outer corners. (pig. ' 
b), so thac the buttresses form a strong projection. ti 
4. In the last case a vault is between the buttresses, as 6 
the transept portal at “halons (Fig. 932) and the west portal 
of Amiens (Pig. 1244). 
Combination of adjacent portals. 
But we must here go more fully into the mode of treatment bet | 
the last mentioned works. On both the columns. of the portal j 4 
mbs. project. at the sides and beyond the fronts of the buttres 
ses (Pig. 1314). Now in Amiens the columns bear on their cap 
tals. richly moulded ribs concentric with the portal. arches, b 
tween which appears the tunnel vault, and that farthest in fr 


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pont Dettos “ty Mevit we asecossind ott %o itgsh, bewserors * 
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a -alaivoy devo toot efdne ae 
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me .galIavoD stetegse s sexinpas I few edt Yo sont segas eds 
edo eects eft atv oe . sito 4eFEO a0 efooseities yd Bs 
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(Oat to ncbtostomq eldssebienoo & AtiW Lape) eBES ‘ak 
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| rig Shem od bisow 6 9 0 & eltnstos7 eft 
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the terminal is beset by a system of little suspended arches, 
while in Chalons the canitals of the columns are connected | 
a continuous moulding about as in the manner shown in Pig. 
1298, on which the tunnel vault has its bearing, no longer” 
vided by ribs, but only bordered in front by a projecting b 
resting on the capitals of the columns concerned. But. the s 
face of this in each half is animated by three rows od sik b: 
ribs on each, which must at the top ridge be according to the 
way shown im Pig. 1315. The portal mentioned above as well as 
that at Rheims and many others as:-seen in Pig. 1314 have an ex= 
tremely rich arrangement, tn that the system of columns of the 
porch continue to the fronts: of the buttresses. 
Fyen thereby the united charecter of the triple portale st 
ture is most decide@ly expressed. Thus it forms an igtegage 
part of the height corresponding to the height of the side ai 
les, and to the further develop om the buttresses seems oppos 
in contrast. to the usual arrangement of german works, accordin 
to which the buttresses in entirely independent form extend 8 
down to the ground end vroduce a decided division of the three 
portals. ; 
To create a greater depth for the entire plan of the porta: 
the depth of the buttresses can be increased, and accordingly 
if the oblique direction of the jambs as in Fig. 1313 goes to 
the angle a of the proper buttresses, these continue in that 
increased depth of the buttresses as given by dotted lines, 
that the width of the buttress diminished. That additiom to i 
depth then passes into massive little towers placed directly 
above the height of the springings of the portal arches, so - 
even thereby its entire relation to the portal structure is € 
Gable roof over portals. 

The projection that the portal arches accordingly form befor 
the upper face of the wall: requires. a separate covering, atte 7 
ed by gablelwoofs on older works, so that the cross section 
roush the crown of the vortal arch agsumes about the form show 
in Pig.: 1516. With d considerable projection of the portal wou 
however occur a considerable decrease of the dimensions, and 
the rectangle a b c ad would be made solid. | 

Betached gable walls. 

Accordingly there results the design of a gable wall-e fr 
ting only on the foremost. arch, .whose thickness is: only requir 


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buttress is in connection with the passage at the base of the 
Side aisle rsof. But. since the width of this terrace socortsias 
to the projection of the portal: structure may exceed the dime 
Sion required for access, it is next to cover this surplus wit 
th by a separate shed roof adjoining the gable wall. and slopi 
down to the passage described above. This arrangement is found 
on the cathedral at Rheims, formed about according to Pig.1317 
whereby that. shed roof cd is placed on a detached pier a, which 
is connected with the gable wall: by a header b. and so increases 
the stability of the latter. In similar works the gable is also 
then omitted, and the portal structure then terminates with th 
passage alone.’ 
Removal of water. me 

Removal of water from the floor of the passage can be effect 
ed in different ways. In the simplest case as itr Rheims, a sp- 
out can be carried through the buttress, endinginéfore its mi 
dle. On the contrary in Amiens: the perforation of the buttress 
is avoided, the water svouts beins doubled and thus lying at 6. 
both sides of the buttress, and are arranged at. the base of tk 
gable extending over the portal. Instead of these the passage 
can also be carried around the offset of. the upper part of th 
buttress, thereby arrandins spouts accessible from the sides. 

The inclination of the gable is sometimes small on the old 
works, rising little more than an angle of 45°, and meantime 
becomes steeper on later works in the measure, that. the porte 
themselves have lost. size and importance. 

Treatment of tympanum of gable. 

With these small inclinations bhe gable tympanums themselve 
are senerally left plain, or only ornamented bry a circle with 
cuscs or a polyfoil, animated by three little rosettes. in its 
spandrels. The enclosures of these figures, the ends of the cus 
ete were usually decorated by foliage. a 

Richer forgs then result by its division into mullions and 
system of tracery. In the first lase the panels between the m 
lions can be again filled by figures, which are related to th 
meaning of the representations on the tympanum of the arch, s 


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blind niche covered by 2 canopy forms: the conclusion of the er 
tire cycle of figures. Of special beauty is the gable area on 
the principal portal of Strasburg minster. 
In the gecond case with the resolution of the sable into @s 
system of tracery, its separate panels may be filled by figure 
A particularly good effect is produced if it rises with heads; 
arms, wings or even the ends: of drapery above the bars enclos 
the panels of tracery, thus breaking the seometrical: scheme. A 
particularly rich example of this kind is shown by the portal: . © 
on the north side of the cathedral at Rouen. | 
Treatment of the wall surfaces beside narrow portals. 
We have already mentioned above the different arrangements, 
by which where the conditions do not permit a principal window 
filling the entire width between the buttresses, the effect cor- 
responding to this arrangement :will at least be sbriven for. t 4 
The same case may also occur for portals of available height. ‘4 
that reacts. on the width, and lead to the most varied solutions.” 
The entirel. width may be divided in two parts, so that. the tre- 
atment of the elevation comes to that of two portals: beside each 
other. This is found on the west front. of the cathedral: of. Laons 
Another more ornamental arrangement consists in this, that.t ~ 
the space between the buttresses and the portal. is filled by” bo 7 
blind tracery, that is sither arranged according to the mode “| 
the immer arcades, thus only soins to about the height of the 
lintel. of. the doorway, or it occupies the entire surface up- to s 
the next horizontal: division, and thus also continues above the | 
gable of the portal as on Strasburg minster. Here this blind 4q 
tracery becomes free standing high arches lying before the face 
of the wall, that bears the floor of the passage found beneath 
the wheel window, while the tracery gable of the portal: lies on 
but. two slender mullions of this arcade, extended in: piers res- 
olved into rich forms of. finials. ee 
We must contrast the Strasburg arrangement again with that. off 
the Aologne transept portals, where the space concerned is fully 
occupied by this massive development of the pinnacles, so that 
where in Strasburé resulted s lightening anc economy of mass by 
the arcades, here was produced a considerable increase in mass. 
Further there belongs here also that arrangement, whereby the 
architecture of the portal. continues in blind tracery of the bo 
buttresses, so that portal and blind work have equal heights, 


a) 


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i bie éti¢ne edd Gatyguooce eoicin seudt to: dnseehassts 
a ase to wecider yesosis yd benxo1o ins enagles’ yd pedro 
she {Ro notepotse vedtist e déiw teqoiq sid seach eco ofbhtm 
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65 
that are bordered by the es above then. 

Thus the south side portal. of Preibers minster exhibits. the 
arrangement of three erches occupying the entire width, supps 
orted by columns and crowned by tracery sables, of which the 
middle one forms the proper with a further extension: of. little 
‘jamb columns and arches, while thus at both sides are conan 
in two divisions by little secondary columns and arches, dboweag 
is then found the window of the side aisle. 

Windows over the portals. 

If the doorways first only open the wall beneath the window 
Story, the upper part of a great portal: structure nay pees 
or partly close the window, as shown by the example of. Chalons — 
(Fig. 932). With smaller dimensions of the whole these parts m 
may even rise into the triforium or farther into the clearsto 4 
and then also may restrict the design of the latter oe 
The same case occurs for portals: found in the side aisles, or. 
also in transept portals: found im churches with aisles. of pei 
heights. In such cases is senerally found over each portala 
Simplified arrangement of the window, thus on the north transe-_ 
pt of Gelnhausen, with all: three round windows placed im an 
equilateral triangle, or as on the south window of §.° Blasien: 
in Mihlhausen, with a single great wheel window or even a smal 
round window, as on the south side aisle of the church at Pran 
eénbsrs, or with one of less breadth and pointed above the — 
Sable. Finally often with greater extension of. the height. of. & 
the portal, the window above it. entirely disappears as on the 
south side aisle of the church in Volksmarsen.: 

But the converse arrangement. also occurs, that the risitow 
crowds the portal, at least im regard to the treatment, so that : 
the latter only forms a subordinate division of the former.- Tata 
this case the window jambs extend to the sround or down to a ; 
plinth near it, and the window sill at the same time becomes & 
the lintel of the doorway, as on S. Boniface’s church at Fritg- 
lar. Yet sometines the doorway under the window sill: is: stall. ‘g 
Spanned by @ pointed arch,.as on the north portal of the chase 4 
at Wolfhagen, or finally over the latter is omitted the window 
sill, so that the window mullions. rest. directly on the pointed 7 
arch as on S. Jacobi at M@hlhausen.- - 

A similar arrangement is sometimes found in this way, that OW 
above the lintel of the doorway is placed a window of less height 


cookiatal aa  ipdatant gale) ste 
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‘just.as in the angle between side aisle and western facade, ete. 


DED i eee oe ee a ‘4 Aes (NSS SCOR eR WE Oey a yA NT a ea GR eee 
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Te Pha itarcratata | ant WA ; Nas Wie (iti 
.* t i M 


366 


Somewhat like a transom, the entire part then being filled by 
piers resolved into finials, and bordered above by a tracery | 2: 
ble, over which is still: the proper larger church window, that 
finds its place as on the church at Haina. feanwhile all these 
forms belong first to the 14 th century and sometimes produce 4 
no good effect by too great slenderness of proportions. | va 
4. Porches. 
Smaller porches: and doorways. : 

4 distinction must. be made between little porches direstigal 
adjoining therpportal, that. besides their architectural. problem — | 
have only the practical one of affording to a few men shelter 
from the weather, and these porticos or rooms like halls, that 
afford space for a great. assemblage and can even increase to 
church vestibules.- 

Porches between buttresses. Aa 

To the former already lead the extensions of the ‘jambs of. the | 
doorway already mentioned on B. 553, that extend as: short. tunn~— 
el: vaults between the buttresses. These still appear ag. direct-_ 
ly parts of the portal, and thus appears a separation when the — “ 
doorway is narrow and still over the entire space from one. out 
tress to the other is turned a tunnel or rectansular. cross. vau- 
lt, which is terminated in front by a cross arch set. back from 
the front of the buttresses with the gable or hip roof found 
above it. eq 

Greater depth of these porches: may be obtained by increasing a 
the depths of the buttresses, that may also be made wider acc- 
ording to the span of the porch. Arrangements of this kind are 
found not only between: buttresses, but also in the angles. oa 
een the choir and the projection of the side aisles or renee 


Porches with free middle or corner piers. ¥ 

The strongly oblong mround form of such porches may bg one. a 
more intermediate piers be connected by arches. into Sepntnee 
bays approximatins a square. 

Greater depth with less width can be obtained by detam bin com 
ner piers instead of projecting buttresses. A very beautiful: p. 
porch of this kind is found before the north transept of the 
cathedral: of Masdeburs, which is covered by two interesting sa- © 
ble roofs over the cross: vault, and opens in front. by two door-_ 
ways spanned horizontally, where then the tympanum of the side 4 


Le ie s ee le a isos etéoes’ Pia ore 
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,eoussttind alias ois 
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a get et dotdn dowds etetuellos tris sit to tyessstt da 
a es gedes asvs tedt yelonsine Saustaliaes ‘ne ea bobnet He 
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saslg [entra eds govt ewsisyeb * Ry i 
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eneh bis pa ay &f ont Lite hentsnes Biota efi sud 
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Bees: (enk8 Hoe gtnpel doed Coe 


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mopeds tue .cobis ‘eds ge hoaofo siew esxo weifrzas siz 
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‘yer 


the angle pnuttresses. 


Triangular porches. 

A peculiar porch is forded by the portal structure on the 
th transept of the Erfurt collegiate church which is: plan is 
ranged as an equilateral triangle, that even takes as a base t 
the width of this transept, while the other two sides are open- 
ed by rich and great. portals entirely in the system prevaili 4 
in the 14 th century for such designs. The present structure w 
with its second story, 4s definitely recognized, originated by 4 
a departure from the original: plan. yo. 
An open triangular porch is furtherffound before the principal 
portal of. the cathedral of Regensburg. 
Larger independent porticos.: 

Origin of porticos. — 

The custom of buildins larger. porticos: before the principal: — 
entrances of. churches extends back into the earliest times: of. 
Christianity. To receive penitents and converts was required 
vestibule of moderate extent, the narthex, that was often pl 
ced in connection with the paradise, a forecourt planted with 
trees, and this was surrounded by colonnades and generally had — 
a fountain in the middle. The forecourt gradually disabpeared, 
but the portico remained till the 12 th century and generally | 
was before the west facade, extendind for its entire breadth; 
after the 13. th century it. was less common before the west por= 
tal, but generally porticos for these were erected before the 4 
side doors of the transepts and of the nave. (Gathedralsat. Lae 
beck, Kammin and Riga). sa 
The porticos were covered by vaults or wooden coi Mama thet a 
smaller ones were mostly open, but the larger and especially to 
the earlier ones were closed at the sides, and these sometimes 
became important three 2isled churches (Vezelay), that even in 
Romanesque times already occurred in two stories (fournus). S$ 
Such great. prechurches: seem to have been less built im Germany, 
but. on the contrary it is remarkable, that still: two forecourts 
Surrounded by columns have been preserved at. Bssen and at. Laach. 
One story porticos. a 

A very beautiful examnle of the closed portico is presented 
by the west. portico of the collesiate church ait. Pritzlar, ankeal 


- ae 


>: Cha ir Va oe. dea ot. eb tiase od wort 
tad e700 ‘boe etiasy ef3 10 qredte 20 peoaeaon enois & 
se Byewx0oh baer evobsim oi etidtixe yitaenpert ToLIsexe. 
| stnomdasend uimisio ak beshat .oidted ylist to 
Lad ait ylsisq .aiton doasth ro ise00 eooitsog asa 
J efit ot bothaoled Bnvct et sro s cowa aunt etoemgols 
> edd to obeoat trew odt sxctsd .yustass at SE edd to 
Bs Mess somdd esr .dgBin Lint att bnlfoaetixs bus noyok to 
of 248 So. dtbin edd fins celate sbis has sibbtu edt of gatbao 
tudes ci dnouegeetis eldd to fostis evotetrtotq edt 
5 dn07? edt no slasy odd Yo. deuwit ocd eensoed .beousdas | 
j bouoezet gd ted .meds Satnedticette yltoerib yd beeoggo don 
ai fewd temr0t edt Hatin betoesnoo .yoed olsiil s tee esoestt 
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- ; anita “eqcu ect eatol sbaatentsd ¥ . 
a ale fy | 
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bieee eyicoot 63 wsitis toi evise yeu FL 


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7 wi P © 
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iD edd es gdeten oc yvistemixouaae wed tedd ,euntoutde 
| ~s@oando sad to oldab oft etoesisint Toor 2¢f Jedd of 
Bueadsonttrog ent 101 beatalo 2i sonstaoqni tetectg cat tog 
at oi ebnstxs pt ¥ote dead oiil dotde .soctd uk eased sate to 
i ieqqu wet ati yd Poe ,sbsosi ¢sonm otitas sts tevo esleis ae 
eer etaat seh baa ci eiiah eseiat faid s yd betsrsqae esebs 
| 88 ovice ov otew seltoce wsaqe seend nad essaca onG-al. 
nl gited savsc duc eslets ebie sft stated ec19n0ot ont zat 
sbie depen odd yincisiseo doidw yd .ostesth fentaico edt ni - 
Soqaeg309 | Sno taeso1g edd mort guiretitd docite ne bad eves 
maletc deo dadd mozt shizs toY .kofbiied ssleose & of sx0m 
9 ultosne gzs to adtow tesidon eit to ono to noteatao edd 
re edt a0 efodw edt to noivonitence sat of asthaog 
7 | ~Vepsed Lotareds, io, Joy 
kb desbom-aivcoitiog s Saoct ei noi id af sagtocd «2 dA 
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a 90S no Sdsy7s shu 8 ‘4 pRege arptonececeane, oe nes 
>: 4“ | | : Tt eae 


68 
from the early 13 th century, ak in the interior yaden 
& strons Romanesque stamp on the vaults and piers, but: om theed 
exterior frequently exhibits in windows and doorways the fo 
of Early Gothic, indeed in charming treatment. a 

pen porticos. occur on Brench works, partly in very rich dev- 
elopment. Thus such a one is found belonsins to the begénning 
of the 14. th century, before the west facade of the cathedral — 
of Noyon and extending its full width, its three bays corsespas 
ondins to the middle and side aisles and the width of. the tower: 
The picturesque effect of this arrangement is sthstantialig 7 
enhanced, because the thrust of the vault on the front piers. is 
not. opposed by directly strengthening them, but. bry detached but i 
tresses set a little back, connected with the former by flying 
buttresses. The entire vortico is covered by a terrace, so that. 
a tracery balustrade forms its upper termination: k 
Two story porticos. oe 
According to the special requirements, the. arrangement. of a 
second story above the terrace may be preferable, and.the space 
thus obtained in it may serve for either to receive the organ i 
or the arrangement of a separate hall, or finally for a loggia 
opening into the church. 4 
An arrangement of this. kind is found in the Frauen church at 
Nuremberg, where the rectangular portico is added a polygonal 
structure, that has approximately the same height as the ehurch, 
so that its roof intersects the gable of the church. c 
But far greater importance is claimed for the portico bnildi 
of Notre Dame in Dijon, which like that at Noyon extends in th 
ee aisles over the entire west facade, and by its two upper ar : 
ades separated by a high frieze entirely conceals that. Vaolle 
le-Duc states that these upper stories were to serve as connec 
ing two towers before the side aisles but. never built and not. 
in the original design, by which certainly the west side would 
have had an effect differing from the present one, correspondin 
more to a secular buildings. Yet. aside from that must. one lamen 
the omission of one of the noblest works of art exactly corres— — 
ponding to the construction of the whole on the church mentioned, 
yet of charming beanty.: 4 
At S$. Benigne in Dijon is found a portico in modest dimensio- 
ons, that is made a little wider than thexmiddle aisle, and who- 
Se superstructure obens by a low arcade om the exterior. 


y rt 
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| 6 d -etnecoade 


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Porticos beneath the towers. 

The numerous open or closed vestibules placed under a tower 
or between two western towers indeed do not. bear the characte 
of separate structures, but by their use are also to be counted - 
with porticos. a 
The arrangement of porticos certainly at present is not a act 


rect need. Yet their introduction, and patticularly it. encloaead 
would dispense with those ugly wind porches encroaching on the — 
interior, that in recent times have been added ho most old ohene 
ches. Further that also these are capaple of correct treatment 
in style are nowise held to the opposed form now common is pro= 
ved by many Renaissance works. A far more worthy development ora 
could have been reached in the Gothic style, whose superiority 
especially in the development of wood construction would conse= 
iously or unconsciously be admitted by great many of its. presents 
opponents. a 
Meanwhile also those open porticos, and especially for such . 
churches to which are added outside societies, dispense withoy 
the use of the tavern at least before the beginning of divine ; 
service, and that they enrich the effect of the whole by a pice 
turesque tendency. It is self-evident, that in cases of the last 
kind, vaulting in stone is not a necessity, but that wood cons< 
truction may rather appear here with advantage. " 
5. Sculptured ornamentation of portals.’ i 

In the development of the different parts of. the portal, we 


ation, nai it still remains to brieflw indicate also the objects 
for representation according to the principles of christian tae 


nosra spay. 
a is first. of all to be eG that the soxtiemeeen wis: 


direct relation to the ord, the ee Virgin or the Saint a 
whom the portal is dedicated. This unity of the sculptured rep- 
resentations continued on all medisetla portals from the simpl | 
est to the richest arrangement and generally extends to the en=> 
tire facade. : 


Simple portals. 
In the pqowae cases in ee sculptures are found = on 


\e 


the evangelists, or Christ as the judse of the nonne with the 4 


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intereessors Maria and John. If the fortal: relates to the 
Virgin, then is found here Maria in clory with praying angel 
or Maria accedted as queen of the apostles according to the 
tany, who are then represented by the apostotic princes. Peter 
and Paul. A frequently recurrins representation is also the c , 
onation of Maria by Christ. re 
If the portal is dedicated to one of the saints, then it is. 
a scene from his: life, indeed as a rule it is the most. popular 
one that is represented, thus for S.° George is the fight with 
the dragon, for S. Martin the dividins of his cloak, ete. 
Portals of great cathedrals. So 
Far more complex is the arrangement of the figures om the a 
portals of the great. cathedrals. a 
dere the titular fisure stands at the middle pier, thus om al: 
portals dedicated to Christ is the triumphing Saviour himself 
or the Mother of God. On the columns of the jamb or even in the 
‘jamb: stand the ancestors of the Lord, David, Solomon, etc., and 
further those prophets shat intimated hhe redemption, or in § 
eral Old Testament figures presisgnifying the Sacrifice, like A 
Abraham, Melchisedec’, etc.’ ‘a 
SGommonly are further found the wise and foolish virgins or & 
tke cardinal virtues, and as end fisures of the entire series | 
the Ghurch and the Synadogue, or Adam and Eve as the middle o 
The representations on the tympanum then comprise the story 
the Lord with the Passion in sreater or smaller extent also t 
minating with the Crucifixion, the Ascent to Heaven, or the & 
‘Judgment. On the portal of the north side of the cathedral: of 
Rouen are found the meaning and the origin of the apostolic ¢t 
fession of faith and also in this the Passion. Sometimes the 
final representation is placed im the field of the gable or e 
higher on the facade. Thus on the portal gable at. Strasburg t 
large spaces are found aboev each other, the lower containing 
Solomon enthroned and the upper the Queeu of Heaven, while in 
the arcade found in the upper half of the wheel window are th 
apostles with jjaria as their queen, and in a vesica rising th 
from is represented the enthroned Saviour. Om the tracery sab 
crowning those arcades stand the choir of angels. Also furthe 
the storm between the towers opened by two arched openings cr 
ned by tracery sables also serves for the further developmen’ 
of the sculptured decorations in the following way. On the o@ 


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age ee: 

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of piers turned toward the towers are represented on each tw 
evangelist above each other in human form with heads: of the 
bolical: animals. On the same piers above the junctions of the 
tracery gables stand angels with the implements of. the Passio 
in the middle. between the tracery gables sits Christ as Judge 
of the world, and in the spaces enclosed by the gables are th 
intercessors Maria and John. But. there the spandrels of. the g¢ 
bles rise as foliase the tombs with figures of the resurrecte 
and at both sides of the crowning gables, also four in ae 
stand the angels of the Judsment with the Oliphant. a 
Also sometimes the Last. Judgment forms. the sole ornament. of 4 
the sculptures of the tympanum as on the south portal: at Colm . 
ar. For here within the pointed arch forming the principal: sh 
of the tympanum is cut 2 round arch of equal span in the surf 
(See Gothisches. Musterbuch). In the middle of the latter stands 
a bishop, who rejects those coming from the right, while he re=) 
ceives those approaching from the left. In the space remaining — 
between the round and pointed arches is separated a middle ar 
in which Christ is enthroned as. Judge of the world, surrounded — 
by the angels of the Passion and the Judgment. In the spandrel. 
at the right of the Lord is then found the ascent. of the bles 
into heaven, while that on the left is again divided im two ¢ 
ces, and that nearest the middle has: the resurrection from the ~ 
érave, and the lower on2 contains the punishment im hell; the 
last. is represented by the mouth of a colossal: beast, im whic 
is placed the damned. 
The sculptors in the courses of the portal: arch as a rule p 
ce the choir of ainelandels, the apostles, the evangelists, s 
ints, vrophets, fathers of the Church, virtues and vices, or t” 
the tree of Jesse, in brief the representations of the heavenly 
hierarchy. . : 
Conversely the various panels of the plinth are rather devo 
to worldly impulses and earthly conditions. Accordingly they 
tain either in the arcades or on the plinth the series of anim 
als, seasons of the year, arts and sciences, representations. of © 
asriculture and hunting, sometimes even merry scenes: (Fis. 1306). 
6. Portals of brick. a 
Use of cut stone. 
in the 12 th and 13 th centuries, when brick construction ee 
idly extended in the German low-lying plains and in the Slavo 


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provinces influenced by them, men remained im a certain degr. 
still: under the traditions of cut. stone construction; where 
occurred, the richer parts of the building and especially the 
portals were entirely im cut stone; an exception is found in 
the limestone portal. siven in Pig. 1286 for the cathedral. exec 
uted im brick at Riga in the beginning of the 19 th century. 

Hen proceed one step farther, when as on the beautiful: Roman 
esque portal at Sechausen the stepped treatment of jambs and ¢ 
ches ase a8 woulded bricks, while the inserted columns with cap- 
itals and bases as. well: as. the rounds extendins im the arches. 
from the columns are executed in cut stone. 

The arrangement of such stone jambscolumns, that can be pl 
either ‘pefore an oblique surface or in masonry steps of the ja-— 
mbs, is also in place where the arch entirely consists af brick, 
and it is particularly effective by the contrast of colors. The 
small size of the brick courses causes, that where possibie heed 
courses of bricks stand on a column, either according to Fig. 
1318 or Fig. 1819 (see next page). 

Finally such portals are also not rare, on which only the 
ses. and capitals: with the impost mouldings are of natural: stone, 
but the jambs and arches: are entirely built of seen stor 
bonded with the brick masonry is to be wrought with a rectangu 
lar projection of the geeatest. required dimensions, that eute 
the wall so that the conrses of brick always stop against. vert 
ical. end joints and nowhere against mouldings; from this may 
sult. an ornamental motive at. certain points as shown by Fig.132 


Portals entirely of brick. 
Portals without the aid of cut stone. also appear already im 
the earliest. time of brick architecture, and predominate int 
middle and later times. It is interestins to examine how at #i 
st brick architecture was under the ban efic Sut stone forms, | 
very soon freed itself from these so far, as the particular gt 
ities. of the material indicated. 
Members of jambs: and arches. ‘ 
On the earliest jambs of doorways it still: occurred that the 
little columns were placed without bonding im the angles: of the 
steps (Pig. 1321), they were made of round clay cylinders, an 4 
on the church at Arendsee im the Mark. For slender columns. of © 
small diameters, these could not retain the technics of cut sto 
ne standing on end, and men bonded the moulded bricks. of the 


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columns, as by the same BY ie Arondsee. penean tne wilaed 
free are also shown such slender banded shaftssof columns.: 
bondins were soon formed dovetail: projections on the cy lind: 
on alternate sides and entered the depths. of the jamb. courses 
(Figs. 1322 and 1322 a). In the arch the rounds turned in the 
same direction. (Fig. 1322 a). The diameter of such little col 
umms or rounds mostly amounts. to a half brick or 14: to 15 cm, 
yet there often occur smaller sizes of 1/3 brick or 9 to i1- cm 

The projecting angles of the stepped jahbssatithe besinning © 
were formed as for cut. stone, but soon the convenient technics 
of moulded bricks and the dull effect. of the clay soon led to 
arranging boldly curved mouldings beside each other, that fins 
ally in the later time received such deep recesses, that. they 
could not be wrought usnally in cut stone, while they were eas 
ily possible in bricks with suitable joints. By increasing tk 
animated sequence of monldings the simple round little column 
receded or entirely vanished (Pigs. 1323. to 1324 a and also p 
vious: Figs. 958, 959). 

Treatment of smaller portals. 

At the sameitime the capitals and bases lost importance and 
one impost moulding remained onlry on rich portals till: the ly 
er time, and the smaller doorways already quite eesily assum 
a definitely simplified expression. They almost. always receiy 
as base 2 plain granite sill. on whose upper surface the mould 
bricks started abruptly and continued im the arlh without any © 
further separation. The entire portal was: entlosed by two or 
three moulded bricks or even but one if necessary, and thereby 
presented a play of mouldings, only to be obtained in stone by 
costly stonecuttins. Thus. the brick portals. exhibit an ever i 
creased adaption to the nature of the buildings material.- 

Treatment of the principal. portals. 

Yet the principal: portals did not restrict themselves apd Su 
3 simple development, but. received richer alternating moulded — 
bricks and even great moulded blocks in clay; even foliage fm 
fisures with canopies were sometimes modeled as on the castle 
church at Marienberg. Put in general: strongly projecting reliet 
were forbidden, for they might assume the appearance of affects 
art. In their places apveared twisted rounds. (fis. 954 a), ter 
ra cotta plagues in flat rel&ef, flat patterns composed of mou 
ded bricks and especially treatment in manry colors, among whic 


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$seq ddin itowiotsd ai botucexa od oels ‘neo avaagay? eit 
j erbdd o12e cistisa eiohit neve fas oshasecnevities Besmnors 
Ret ieresqct ets todd .attoo sriet to covpslg batasenk ¥d 
Sele to aoisainecoige: sedi szedi to besten! ( aubasa 710 


adoutite Peers O2s dois « feoubong ante wegen ig elgnta yd 
ood G@enottesol ent to? (sone1sté10 yd bavolans esw ¢h bas 
to det Sted aan stead abides sedust sid te siqeb edd vd 


sd ne blot d¢iw tasateoss bestisneitnetnos ylonorte [Ls 
@edate ,toikd shede dove tvondtu esoloo tdbil nt esotl 
bytazede bas olgnte edi dtiw nottoenaoo wi tenssm toe 
J a0stte ated? betuioi eved bivow etusostidors edd Yo esntl 
Houm 
me efetaoq elt Yo ecnaclonr’d 
peyaasie ef2@ eldatine ei [attoqg wet seve sexe aldsyn edt wok 
f boroione eqece {iotettero to steaf{vortfo to efisnad etatede2r to 
supsig xd Pellitto bovetania sd aro Save seolw .yrnoesa: 
togar Bobivib od ysm soutipe sattoe sit 10 .sitoo erred 
esas Saote Ssioatseh yd bel[Lit oad nao ¢sadd .sodors bok{a 
| saistesbeq 10 elsdxco 
ideas xoled to edtoy cevel ahetuen at yoesale condi 
SHoomS .esisoessoos ond dgiIw eelceg presets to noitucexs 


‘a 
iD 


i 4 
vi , 


eidbesod viletitso sham ad geo erentolrs beseieksexe atiwv 
Bd .suinodest to eneom [sredouste ywlioiasve ton otattes Yo ene 
ee cence eeedd tect .asooo esootenemth ([feme dove lao ¥l 
Seon sisttog s to anciisogotq [even add diiw desatocs ar oft 
iB yteoaTs eas tiwisq Jon ob esonstravotio edt ‘ses6 ‘ab ory 
Mehen edit etisg foveeazenso ylioin stom edd fle ylisnen bas 
Gow elder (iedzceq olgnie s tonsdence o} tetsed ef th ents 
j abo7g . Mine eer iec0o noitogtieaeo: Aotad. of galptosos aebt0d 
Se imrot-od ti af Ieanten eton neve yoeteo0 .bagos 


§ 


vss 
a) 
Ad 


ain 
og a eo 9 2: Hae excoco wtaeupet? ytov eldsy edd to besteal » 
haa ites “en ; 7 
Ae | 


Gove gait exso et to simiea oct ot ei fk \botqwetia ef 


glazing occupied the most monumental: and as 
the white plastered or vainted surfaces, , , 
The glazings of. the bricks of. the arches: and -jambs:: ‘was recor 
ended for its durability, bat with this the members: built of yn 
unglazed bricks. easily had the effect of a certain loamy soft—— 
ness, that was heightened by glazing. On north German brick a 
buildings as a rule the Slaginsg is black, BROm ereen or. - yello 
Tympanum. 
The tympanum can also be executed in brickwork with particul 
richness, ornamental: and even figure reliefs are there. produc 
by inserted plaques: of terra cotta, that are improved by glazings 
or painting. Instead of these the representation of the objec 5. 
by simple surface painting produced a rich and grand effect, a 
and it. was employed by nr&ference, for the locations: protected — 
by the depth of the jambs. Meanwhile there was: here first of 
all strongly conventionalized treatment with bold and pronase 
lines in light colors without much shade tint, since a modern’ 
soft. manner in connection with the simple and sharply distinct — 
lines of the architecture would have injured their effect too 
much. 
Enclosure of the portal. 7 
For the gable area over the portal is suitable the arrangement 
of separate panels of circular or quatrefoil shape enclosed by 
masonry, whose ground can be plastered or filled by plagues o 
terra cotta, or the entire surface may be divided into vertical 
blind arches, that can be filled by detached stone figures on 
corbels or pedestals. 4 
When already in certain later works of. brick architecture @ 
execution of tracery gables with the accessories, crockeits, 
is attempted, it is in the nature of the case that. such works 
with exaggerated richness can be made partially possible by m 
ans of certain not strictly structural: means of fastening, par 
ly only such small: dimensions occur, that these must seem pue 
ile in contrast with the usual: proportions of a portal. There- 
fore in case the circumstances do not permit the tracery gabil 
and usually all the more richly ornamented parts to be made o 
stone, it is better to construct a simple portal gable, whose 
border according to brick construction consists of a projecti 
round course; even more natural: is it to form a stepped gable 
Instead of the gable very frequently occurs an enclosure of the 


t talnxastost ot bewors ‘gezo%ud vohuiene a ¥ iicn 
s ofs to Rol{{td sdd dtiw .(zaiblseom boos edt sigue. 
ily déin eisiad Bbeblvon to Atowden hetertolisq & asi 


oe veetotxi? itedé bas eosaet- 100d +t) as 


eli wie. 820606 belish 
| | Bewest of teerteoo ut eljsrsietg o16, e1¢0b delish 
1 ated ‘ait yLlisvene) sonie eacthlind forest ao seu ovat 
; 9368 resis | oid sevo gxeketaeybs oistaso tie uego esd. ai 
seat, of 
stnalag to yvilsrassdéxe efatesod r0ooh adi to Teel sa? 
is e278 scidw ,eseycos yd beanie, sc tedto dose sastess 
| BEOT @tom.%0 ows to becocanoo. ylouie sgeon, oust I[entetat 
betinelg to seyel bacose 2 to 10 ,soetd bentloni, as bas 
g usin Bestot (isn sd deur elien edt .remy0t edt sniseore etn 
ie smomaee cds oiil begace bene tial yletes ,ehsed gatsos; 
eete 20 betoutfo-Llew fae .bstaomente ¢ificis Stom IO ,oTSsige 
! seapeed {isa of2 to botinte odd trevetq of .shtent out go 
ead beseig. Sts eteneen nork cerdd .Boivisd ak Soow said 
ved yen pels elie) .svidon legsoermrato isivoss bao tie’ tedd 
 sBWOtO8 gel befise-oe edit yd {few egel cud .Bétod wd Bec 
p ostbia edd oi dowond ilsx +vsev saw exoios yd neivoeaseo fen 
sepociso eigt s6o?2 aommoo, gon ean si 
-shasd Boa eioor 
Seema soettoe dooms « esi r00b sit to isel edd oseo yo ol 
Be endarotet sewnixit ends to noigvooxe bas tasmetdeeta odd Bae 
- -1stos7edo. Ladasusnne 
p ebiaiué sfigico bscstest ers ecbhusd sat yaw teslomie odd al 
ddiw Beoetg eeovo lentedai szodt ts dent, beshot ,s00h sda 
> tek eid to skbe oft ts bolioo bas zlien evokisy bas evhod 
bees HO Bnet cove sasidy boa (CSES .bIB at andt) acckh aad 
aot widevonmt bexit 10 .dzeo Sas srose 2 Otnl. gel ers cent 


“aioe pent oi siood ni-dlinc done -evolid asended ai dLind 
Deis nnate edd bos .a GSEf .arh ab wrod edt evad seeo 
pepencnen Got dtuasl uteds .forad 10 asides ns Saided bee 
D eddizd eto déynel sft to mo O€ of dub¢nuoma stocb yy 
call fn nov elfqnexs eff .d CSEF sRef ,etood stifles edt ote 
“pia oto Seg bas baisvoshow odd eredignestte gedst ,feowob 
ib ede ae agate os ehnad noriSdt ele2 s 28 tod 


fa eo ity, mh 


fos: Ae ea hs 


pedloniga ehom sodTel eft al .oncts s at svoorg dro ylluies © 


L tpemezisine ns Due dnoad eds ge asd seit je Lerdodiso. 


a 


a ent a ee SN RC UR in cee ice MLM eMiiaaaes Noite ie Sa 1 ok og it) ls 


75 
portal by a moulding broken i heal in rectansular form (for: 
ample the hood moulding), with the filling of the enclosed a 
by a perforated network of moulded bricks with plastered grec 

7. Door-beaves and their fixtures. 
Nailed doors. 

Nailed doors. are preferable im contrast: to framed, whiabs 
into use on church buildings, Since senerally in thein postidilil 
in the open air certain advantages over the latter are peculiar 
to’ them.’ : : 

The leaf of the door consists externally of planks abutting 
against each other or. joined by tongues, which are nailed on 
internal: frame most simoly composed of two or wore cross. piece 
and an inclined brace, or of a second layer of planks: with joi- 
nts crossing the former. The nails must be well forged with. pro- 
‘jectins heads, merely flattened, shaped like the segment. of a 
Sphere, or more richly ornamented, and well clinched or riveted. 
on the inside. To prevent the sinking of the nail heads into t 
the wood in driving, these iron washers are placed under thenm,. © 
that.afford another ornamental motive. Nails also may be repla-_ 
ced by bolts, but less well by the so-called lag screws. Altho- 
ugh connection by screws was verv; well known in the middle age 
it was not common for this: purpose. 


Hooks and bands. ; 
In any case the leaf of the door has a smooth surface outside, 
and the arrangement and execution of the fixtures determine its 
ornamental. character. 4 
In the simplest. way the bands are fastened on the outside oft 
the door, indeed just at. those internal: cross pieces with toe 
bol@s and various nails and coiled at the edse of the leaf of 
the door (thus in Fig. 1325) and these eyes hang on the kooks: ~ 
that are let into a stone and cast, or fixed immovably in a ca 3 
efully cut groove in a stone. In the latter mode they are also 
built in between bricks. Such built-in hooks in the simplest.c 4 
case have the form in Fis. 1325 a, and they clasp at. the plain | 
end behind an ashlar or. brick, their lensth for moderately hea 
vy doors amounting to in em or the lensth of a meen: 
are. the split hooks, Fis. 1325 b. The example given from the c 
cathedral at Risa has: ae the front. end an enlargement like a 
dowel, that strensthens the projecting end and nakes: it. immovable. 
But as a tule the iron bands: are placed on the inside of the 


6 Med Sah Fat Béosiu azo srodt #9" beaker: 2008 
Palo belten ete ebaed Letneursie beligoios afd ofksn 
a peots ed¢ go Helian te1tt ase ebmtd patgned edt 
Geterd bisk ots ehnad (achensoi0 odd betevia ais elisa 
migeas .etiod ewoe? yd aboard tntgeed edd diin betoommoo | ‘f 
Nene 66% gaibuicni web odd tc -eegaioids sttine sd¢ digo | 
0 add pOtenvetin' ebfeat edt so cli wodt ao, eten eds One 


esos BA O%8 dad? .elien yd beaesee) r9itist ors abned, fe 

mg? es ) | betsyia ¢ce ete bas set 
; Bi Oved echaoeo (a¢merantd. of? emgan axftod? te at¢ige xi 

iris ‘-Gcitount @nsstoqui edd versac nents seoqisg evriict 

Eben gASSG! .yfG) alien setiada Siiw eboad eovt oft 84 bw. 

Boer Peeieis t0ch edt yeiiveane his yimait etom exnale edt 

, "a 8x . : ~exteatq ed? to gpalistilfca eft xd wotdonuaséed 
6 to. delenoy ebasd [staccato sas bie tutboed sad st09 

i,deat eni+to dtbix snitae edt ylisen tevo Sosixe cedd .ede 

pedd Seuetide e¢s .ebas oot se uscatdt bessolt ers .so0b og? 

yi eo 4G) bSVivs. sts ererar dfod fae .peess teslonia oft. ni 

. bp. emot: ont pas ef0 25 2etlvasi.etsse goxudt otnas gotexvib ys 

basg, Sue cary wrom wG.e(. YWSE,,att) .wlll ofblesar 

Eso Sem eoLaw Glat ,ecr0os siveeot tO isel Osicay teom sat 

} Ge .2376° Oresie> suisgcilos vd vaw orea sdi nl .S3%0ed weddsald 

Baeantes whose edt Rathtot yd ,eiaec seodd Qnihned bos shiz 

ei meee Hesegtoe eve conti o:bs tegzeda etd duo satvsused 

, to esbou SaeaeTIlh syode (Sef .Prt aasd ef® to asutizue 


tr 


ip. boriten ene sects ssten oait ease ef Js Soe (bard etdd sat 
dd, cord petet ei 2 eedouatd, sittii edt fo dose so) .aatecor 
dota ‘heist ids to tosudee:? 1d) 3s seed G8 sad. sid to cose 
Fbertupes witsiosees af ted Yo dibin ifsue § so% eino tade7e 
So e688 eftdw .cssig abet tesa fi o¢ beoslo kasigaed asd 
meas? to vinbs sositca teoxh © vevo Sarthssage nbusd fe 
iT gf eviige .t to 7iiara oat takosbe vc bastot ed mes obAt 
aderager edt snedw has ,eseseraai yifetoten dégael ats 
Mm Od wa VSE! -Rik. eiil heteeds ed neo tiene este ods 
ey et: hose edt to noteivibh ed clues eaxot segd0 .bsbivib 
ao secdie doide uted stom to ond ota patanty 
dvgpii behfan od ceo soidonut) sted? ts +0: boad eis 
Ytedio fevoved Stdides IE6h ot RSEi asd? bos RSet . 
aise mone 20% ysu gottstaguzasa' reddo?, A ebats A 
¥ Azentt sds dotdu yd ,bf00 eifde geo esalt. ae 


I 


63 
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door, indeed on those cross pieces (right half. of Pig. 1325 
while the so.called ornamental bands are nailed on the outsi 
The hangings bands. are first. nailed on the cross. pieces and 
nails are riveted, the ornamental. bands are laid thereon and 
comnected with the hangins bands by tseme bolts, that pass thr- 
ough the entire thickness of the door including the cross pi 
and the nuts on them lie on the inside; afterwards the ornam 
al bands are further fastened by nails, that. are naturally sh 
ter and are not riveted.: | 
In spite of their name the ornamental bands have less a deco 
rative purpose than rather the important function, im common ae" 
with the iron bands with shorter nails (Pig. 1232), and neléagau 
the planks more firmly and ensuring the door against violent a 
destruction by the splitting of the planks. e : 
Both the hanging afid the ornamental bands consist of. iron: fl- 
ats, that extend over nearly the entire width of the leaf of bis 
the door, are forged thinner at the ends, are split at the ends. 
in the simplest cases, and both parts are curved (Pig.- 1326).° 
By division into three varts results: at. the end the form of tI 
heraldic lily, (Pig. 1327 .). By more divisions are produced t 
the most varied leaf or rosette forms, into: which we cannot. so 
farther here. In the sane way by splittins certain parts: at th 
Side and bending those varts, by forsins the ends thinner and 
hammering out. the sharper edge lines are animated the straight 
outlines of the bar. Fis. 132/ shows different modes of execut— 
ines this kind, and at. the same time makes clear the method of 
workins, for each of the little branches a is taken from the m 
mass. of the bar as seen at. b. Treatment of this kind, which is 
oroper only for a small width of bar is especially required fo 
the hansing placed on the inner cross piece, while the ornament— 
al bands spreading over a great surface admit. of freer forms. : 
This can be formed by reducing the number of splits whereby th- 
eir lensth naturally increases, and where the separate bars, if 
the size permits, can be treated like Fis. 1327 or be further 
divided. Other forms result by division of the band from the t 
sinning into two or mores bars, which either branch from the en- 
tire band, or at. their junction can be welded together. Pigs. 
1328 and then 1329 to 1331 exhibit several: other forms of this. 
kind. A further ornamentation may the separate parts receive b 
lines cut while cold, by which the finest. engraving can be rep 


a eteneace « oat A se id pares “areas 
tna ia a NS Ra tieeed yd sabiebom salt a gate 
2 sie Sdt ete poléataemsoto cidt to stosigqaevean feof 

b betitec ods 20 L[edtoq Yedwition sit to e100b ‘eft to coves! 
5 80 meongisie Sas noitnevnt to c+leow ost Ht sant ,eteet 
Hapetia eal betesio utow Lotiivesd teom edt eotsiume not | 
pip’ teel dose 10) hertvdes ese esoyasd crt dese fede 2°. | 

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FP Oeed clus s es ebosd [sttements sd? .fsibe sd yam daa i 

ma) Shs Yo nottoesib Istnogiaes 944 wost sotcsuads fecis yf 
SeewiGotse c ch oals beatol -asuttenos sts seeds sufitosén ae 
weeequ & ofif sxom Sae usstt ,saitos Lautnen s work brestyo a 
Sd) olbbin oti ao bacalg sinad ait to tootte edd ek Soeliéo . | ie 
) edt Batanedigaoite seditui Yo eeoqtwg ext eved dokin (teal ) i 
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(9¢) .@enheecon od Siwow sort tess a> extot sees to nodsadh 
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m Retiaeh ed? patios! ylettine eiutisecue «© beweed ef gaya 1 
eG vonnes eboe sd? ¢s zeentetd? 3o aottodbedx eng eoate 


Molds mtoting edt nt eteteroo ettien cseodn efeatem teade «ati | E 


Bed? itnemisett Scorettifb yletitas me ebosmed stdtoueus bus 
gaiseros fattaeq 10 ottine oct es Ilew ee sepbe ont to ‘unite | a 
but ‘a as bebsarer od ega0 vifceenten {feyjen teede atin sooh edt 
ef | , Res Aree Tre efde ft of 
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“ae Say webss' swll end xi Sovegeca fas boo ofkin vac | Me 
gehash edd déitw nove ere yfourios ed vag efkt sat 
Seu ef goidnu .bsovboige: yigrede yaew jon ot saineub sad 
> wom oF eyed alts tz rv ai woitsersgeto cdhite edt iety 
"fo Bonsdeiese yess oit dime of Bt ti ExBH Kod sonata 
¥ dove 0s Sogttne ott Yo secattoora adit gattosiss yeasty 
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iia 

represented, and further ee the separate leaves: aud | 
sins a flat. modeling by hammering. | 
Real masterpieces of this ornamentation are the bands of th 
leaves of the doors of the northwest portal of the cathedral: 
Paris, that in the wealth of invention and sharpness of execu’ 
ion emulates the most beautiful work created in a pliant mate 
Tf sbeleast two hangers are required for each leaf of the di 
then for a considerable height of it yet a third and evem a fo 
rth may be added. The ornamental bands as a rule take their prin 
cipal character from the horizontal direction of the hinge bars, 
meantime these are sometimes formed also as a scroblworg moving 
outward from a central. voint, freer and more like a rosette. Ex- 
cellent is the effect of the bands placed om the middle bfsthe | 
leaf, which have the purpose of further strengthening the doo 
Prom what has been said follows, that the indicated mode of 


treatment proceeded from the work of the smith, and that’ anim 
itation of these forms in cast iron would be nonsense. ff the 
latter material were generally suitable for hinges and ornamen=— 
tal bands, which is not the case on account of its fragility, 4 
then in every case an entirely different treatment of the foun ; 
would be required. Likewise must the cutting of the pee 
bands from sheet tin, as sometimes attempted in recent times, y 
must be termed a substitute entirely lacking the desired effect, 
since the reduction of thickness at the ends cannot be executed 
in sheet metal, whose nature consists in the uniform thickness, — 
and therefore demands an entirely different treatment. The cov= 
ering of the edges as wall as the entire or partial covering off 
the door with sheet met2] naturally can be regarded as a justi- 
fiable strengthening. e 4 

Qnt it also does not suffice for the wrought iron band, as: “| 
must be with the exception of what is mentioned above, is. laid ~ 
out while cold and prepared in the fire under the hammer, ead 
the file must. be entirely excluded, even with the danger that 
the drawing’ is not wery sharply reproduced, which is: unavoidable 
with the slight preparation im art at this day. We know from exe. 
perience how hard it is to omit the easy assistance of filing, i 
thereby rejecting the smoothness of the surface so much favored 
and the elegance of the edges: formed. leantime aside from all 
further. use then appears: the painting of the iron work as a rir 
cht. of necessity, smnce every mark of the file becomes a spot 


ual 


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Seeneste yigu ag soouboic ydorsds bas .sivest toons 
~Igtded "Bl sidoo “nwo 
| 74 ea e400 900 
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fom fined Istnessox0 edd ebnogretioo bhasd her edt of oh 
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plo ateviz ods exevoo ocala doidn .,z00b edd to sbigtao efit ao 
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of rust. But then if the manual: skill at command makes the f 
and painting a necessity, then first. of all: is now to be avo 
ed’ the favorite. blue color, which blue imitates: mouldy iron : 
thout. result, and thereby produces an ugly effect; black or 
own ochre is better.’ 
Door lock. ; 

The lock is to be set on the inside of the door, and if the 
working of the bolt is to be accurate, the case is to be made 
of one piece if possible, thus showing the form siven in-cross 
section in Fis. 1333 with slopind sides and flat adjacent. ma: 
ins, oh at least the fronts of the surface bust. be covered by 
a piece c riveted on in Figs,1333.a.fThe arrangement of a latch 
lock is unnecessary and the ordinary so-called German lock witt 
a thumb. piece beneath corresponds. to the purpose in: a more ver 
fect. manner. a 
As to the hinge band corresponds: the ornamental: band, so there 
corresponds to the inside case of. the lock the lock plate set ~ 
on the outside of the door, which also covers the rivets of the 
nails for fastening the case of. the lock, or it serwes as a ba 
for schews passing through the thickness of the door and the ¢ 
As a rule this: plate has: the form of a rectansle with slightly 
curved edges and the lower end is. extended below (Pig. 1334). 
Through it is: cut. the keyhole, that is bordered by an applied - 
scroll of thim iron (b in Pig. 1334). Bhe latter also fills the 
essential purpose of guiding the ker) to the keyhole at night. 
In the earliest time not all doors werejfurnished with locks 
but they were in part fastened inside by bars or logs. Such a 
beam 2v em thick is still well: preserved and rests in its place 
in the wall behind the door of the church at Wolmar in pivland 
dating from the beginning of the 13 th century. * 
Ring and fastening. a 

To the fixture mentioned is added also the rings for pulling 
the door, fixed at the middle of the lear and at a height of a- 
about 1 to 1.2 m. On folding doors without a middle post. this 
naturally comes only on the leaf on which is placed the lock. am 
The ring turns in an sye a as shown in Figs. 1335, 1335 a, : 
which passes through the door and is clinched inside. Under it 
is placed a plate b, cut out in the form of a rosette, and some 
times. perforated, where certain parts are wrought and nailed om 
the outside of the door. Sometimes two plates are placed on eacl 


otsa ate Sela T RG) votiads e1om ¢ apde base todas 
ive*aoli egnomd 8 sted baoot ek ooktwoexe aedota al 
i 9 qt Au Lu0ILS 2 ntniiiw déess ci} aeentoad Saka edt abiod 
se at rig miot sat eexss aonitomce ants edt Vroob edd’ od 
60 (mo ylteid® .stg¢ s uo eyo edt at ented nedt bus Q6EF 

‘fedtio .sifuat s yd boseicest yilevses vestdent ct 32 
16h 5 Heskiie ebos divin soxk to sostq slants sto gbae ESET 
oH cng ond to ebsm et GED .bit stl yo ,a0 belken 
ee Betevia bus soob edt Yo azemiotds sist danomwld oatedeq 
) feottrev & Giiw .d eetsig sit bsosle ate dotdy sobad 


as 
: std & F ks 


‘Oa 


ehocw exit Lefystsa gsogsttib a to 
ed lod sit hebbs evs nedd heacliasm eevotyt? odd of 
pis". -28s{[ bsastesi ylsasnsntsg eds no [Lte s00b sda 
gexd Bet scto7 ng memitemoe ek ants off Yo eb6s edt sveitreg 
Metts ntosisy-tesl © to tuo tuo bne st co biel gitte Ls 
oe it -eviica I[sinemsrio evidosits yiev 5 est 
lie . * ~-Sitite etedek 
| moeeel edd teoqg slbiin s ducdtix srs0b sidsob r0f 
se 8 CACEGE 085) eroob edt no Sexeer1s ylomie yrsy stad 
eet et gens .Snieolo tostreq stom act | beuiuper ef nostad 
st bus anoOL edd Ssoelg ef doidw no ee taxi? teel east a0 
nh, 20 show cid? .cbeot sldtety dttw elien noxwk vd Bsus 
fF esstine 4 svat sane $f Jsdt .waot esi esdttousty det. og 
a elisa odd Satvimb s0t 
| adit oven ao floeved ylno of tsedite tron ylonmthrooss tek FI 
WaveRvedktne ett entmueseb of elisa ont gaitsool tettsa ao 
Wd ecsiave $n07? $id sosasnio of pll#ait to {OBE ware ot a2 
Hesastis os ed of meid si dotdw rowLLoipe bevaeo teft 
tani Sai oO «yew isgo%qg a nf ti dgvoadt eesq ys efien edd 
f Se Sas wiosesz¢ ucol edd to saso edt t00b sad to tasl edd 
mo 6d todtis teun si eintorer! ssotted avountincs © to sean 
regione est tnd tool edt yd edesq ort of bebivtb sd so 
Did CEI .Bit at & Boed novi ‘ns ddiw be dekoryt ef yet 
$t neented beonhorg tatot edt dotrw yd .aottsd edt of get 
Syse basd ald? .beeolo ei tssi reito eft no exiade eft 
Di bdeecitie, has seghs anitotiorg yd benedégaetde 4d 
pean if aoidstossb doke s mio 08) bid 
ea kt Th -AvOwomen) cdEY giood 
SAF Ro noitivoquos beaottnes stotsd sdé rethesiadses 


we 


We ' ‘ A;-< 
aoe poe ' ’ Te | ur a 


Sef sbonist to Hawor ci tedtd .asHt0t edt otak Hhsnoasd - 


79 oe 
other, and thuss more oie ee made possibl 
In richer execution is found here a bronze lion’s head that 
holds the ring between its. teeth within a circular frame nail 
to the door. The ring sometimes takes the form given im Fig. 
1336 and then turns in the eye on a pin. Chiefly om inner door 
it is. further usually replaced by a handle, either like Fis. 
1332; made ofa single piece of iron with ends forged wider and. 
nailed on, or like Fig. 1338 is made of ee ee 
passing through the thickness of the door and riveted inside, ve 
under which are placed the plates b, with a vertical: handle c 
_tenoned into the former, that is: round or turned? it. can be nade 

of a different material like wood. | 
To the fixtures mentioned then are added the polts: entering 
the door sill. on the permanently fastened leaf. 4 
Further the edge of the rind is sometimes: protected by a met— 
al strip laid on at and cuit out. of a leaf pattern, which supple 
ies a very effective ornamental. motive. 


Rebate strike. oa 
For double doors without a middle post the leaees strike a re= 
bate very simply arranged on the doors (Fig. 1339), a streke va 
batton is required for more perfect closing, that is fastened : 
on the leaf first. opened on which is placed the lock, and tact 
ened by iron nails with visible heads. This mode of fastening ~ 4 
so far prescribes its form, that. it must have a surface suitable 
for driving the nails. a 
It is accordingly next either to eee bevel: or cove the cage, 
or after locating the nails to determine the entire form aboany 
a.¢ in Fig. 1340, or finallry to ornament the front surface by ~ 
flat carved scrollwork, which is then to be so arranged cael 
the nails may pass through it im a proper way. On the inside of 
the leaf of the door ths case of the lock presents the arrange= 
ment. of a continuous batton. Therefnre it must either be omitted 
or be divided in two parts by the lock, but the case of the lat- } 
ter is furnished with an iron band 2 in Fis. 1335 b: conreaaaaa 
ing to the batton, by which the joint produced between it and 
the strike on the other leaf is closed. This band. may further 4 
be strensthened by projecting edses and perforated in various : 
ways: to: form a rich decoration. - 
Doors with framework. re 
Instead of the before mentioned composition of the inner door ay 


ee 
. a 
Cras ’ 


> to at qsleast s ‘46 anes vu efit con 30 sinss? 
opengl aedoka tol ycinnivooco baiviy sonasw sids 
» lea ebbe efi to oatvoory ont (omen? efit to gaeudsend 
jo yldor ed ys asovwemest ont ci bentsitace alensg eid tant 
ssa ae[don s 26 Boon to elensg hesenotise to bsitas 
me ibepene evols; .sapoicd ni L[ovigqsd ri sive .8 no Be .behas 


ms to obow ardT .ydedsdd ble ssa bos omett ont sobay 


pase Sit to ship sasiq edg Semuees ofsedtid eved sw TI 
Beneath eft eontsemoe bavot [Lite ei steds ,ebteduo benwd 
ik eebie Lenisixe exit emiot aacewemsi? oft tedd-o2 Vitnenedaed 
1 pmo doa ed bos obfetso sil nao estat eit oveo etd at sete 
-egaid edt to esdonstg inomstiibh edd [Lite salted Istaositos 
“ Bert sit to dibeesd edd ynifseoxe egqetia 8 eved son sepm od 
, | vegatasvis asin Dbeyolqme od vem ISS oie eirl shaed rerr0o 
it t divest ee fone ,eevsel to edtviin dnostaogmi seontd tok 
§ yess tol evosheinevhs ei di .exvow sedusl to eaoLeromibh 
euee .9e0 ytenibro tot meco ot te5f s to igeg s vlao wolls o3 
) od ILin Sgnit off to Based l[etnsmento sit tedéie eeoging etdt 
go oc @r 3006 siivil eds es gntficooos ,inict ogotd se yd bebiv 
“ biswive 10 biswat 
s@yetceve bas paitatsa yd ss0ooh to tnomsiesat azedoisx 
Sbive-ifes ef gi etooh [enisint to tasmtssid aetota a to® 
- Sidsotiqgs ei s1e2 .evitosite yrev eq yea tottatso ded 
piesat Sav of wsilnosq tnemsesisd to shou adsdd shatueybhbs tesxs 
Monesxe bused ytsostsd go sbeiict elqrie s stsiw .eess olbbin 
mentc tegomq edd fede -hstaieo of af Posoté. dosld s oo Baroxs 
‘ag tage dioome eit no andt .boow edt to yolos sd¢ antstex dae 
Met eo dtiw to .IfE! .biT yd awote ei s00b odd to Yeol odd Yo 
bevaveo ton etisg sé#i-no .xtowemevt ens to notervtddre ve 
Ag eisw emsexi ot ai elonsy odt no yilscit 10 .eegnis, edt 
‘ -entetiso sheilol sc fasingemoesd 
to sen siz vd gnitaied tot bentetco ef save tedearh A 


& to dbemict dexti cew eint vo baunst sid es gayvise Visedt 
jae de dtederifi .2 jo e10b ond to esvss! odf endT L208 
st ston doidw no .dnoutioted yd sbrant odd nt detavoo o1eK 
beeoloas feneq fiose no bas ,goiirit reddo bos esintd ood 

(e8lgse isiusqri acd betnteg ew obasd 
y 8 uocgesnavbe ei oi gutvevao @ fose to sey ‘eit ye 


bf ‘e oy 


is 


: a 
Oe 


teed 
; 


" 


Sistas : eetoch Hofonsq sid oF nobttensas edd emnct 


Me edd sod¢te exodw ,obiani oostane déoone x gaitnegstg erooh | 


1 
id 


80 : 
frame of pieces, this may Gonsist of a regular framework, in 
this manner giving opportunity for richer forms, both im the t 
treatment. of the frame, the grooving of its edge, ete., as also 
that. the panels contained in the framework may be richly ornan- 
ented or perforated panels of wood or a nobler material: be arr= 
anged, as on S. Maria im Capitol: in Cologne, whose edeges extend 
under the frame and are held thereby. This mode of execution f : 
forms the transition to the paneled doors. . | 

If we have hitherto assumed the plane side of the door to ns * 
turned outside, there is: still: found sometimes. the converse ar~ 
rangement, so that the framework forms the external side. Like- 4 
wise in this case the hinges. can lie outside and be set on the - 
horizontal: rails; still the different. pranches of the hinge pla- 
te must not. have a shape exceeding the breadth of the frame, and 
corner bands like Fis. 1341 may be employed with advantage. . 

For those important widths of leaves, such as: result from the 
dimensions of larger works, it is advantageous for easy access 
to allow only a part of a leaf to open for ordinary use. For t 
this purpose either the ornamental band or the hinse will be di 
vided by a hinge joint, accordins as: the little door is: to open 
inward or outward. 

Richer treatment of doors by painting and overlays. 

For a richer treatment. of internal doors it is. self-evident — 
that. painting may pe very effective. Here is applicable with 
great advantage that mode of treatment peculiar to the late 
middle ages, where a simple foliage or tracery band extending 
around on a black ground is so painted, that the proper ornam— 
ent retains the color of the wood. Thus on the smooth surface ~ 
of the leaf of the door is shown by Fig. 1331, or with a regul- 
ar subdivision of the framework, on its parts: not covered by ~ 
the hinges, or finally on the panels in the frame were placed 
geometrical. or foliase patterns. “ 

A greater area is obtained for painting by the use of double 
doors presentins a smooth surface inside, where either the wood 
itself serves as the ground or this was first formed of a coat- 
ing. Thus the leaves of the doors of S. Klisabeth at Marburg 
were covered in the inside by parchment, on which were fastened 
the hinges and other fixtures, and on each panel: enclosed by th 
bands. was. painted the imperial: eagle. 

By the use of such a covering it is advantageous to protect 


Sad ’ of if hd, ‘ rae } y ” r pi wt ve x ihe hee in ‘ ih 
as eqtaia con... bas bietieed ed. solpan vat 
age ) eved ebned odd ti véletosese bas 200d to s7evoo 
ogee teovettlb to otrdst e bialteve ef modd aebas 
a eysltevs ices yo revostol -bsonbowg ef pase ches) i 
kaon ebeoiblind wilpoes ni-oals soneoktingem teers be — 
Yaitin eqote ofyr 8 28 tedt .yroxul satteize eds eyods 
fe8 at sevia ceoatdB? asqqn wert 21006 odd ekdd tof 
“an tsufsv ber yd Setevoo str doidw .sonebive haotts 
ore nishe ei dotdw dfsensd .1sqgoo bebiin to ebned 
ie eehaftasgo edd cacoist sidtetv: sey 
_. sfosq ,T STOEL wtnomun7d “edoFS ast los ateER <otox 


J U ae 
easy 


3 


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iy 

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My 
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a. 


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al an 


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the angles be overlaid WL, 60a 8 strips of plate 
covers of books, and esvecialzy if the bands have openi 
under them is overlaid a fabric of different color, a fur 
fecoration is produced. Moreover by such overlays man pe o 
ed great magnificence also in secular buildings, that. rise: 
above the existing luxury, that as a rule stops with wood 

For this. the doors from upper Tilbingen given in Heidelo 
afford evidence, which are covered by red velvet. and overl. 
bands of gilded copper, beneath which is. again placed gree 
vet visible through the opehings. Sore 

Note. Mittelalterliche Ornament. Reft 7, plate 6. 


p prornateae = 231 : or, 
i “qits8 2owt somal to tnexdser? oh. J Wh 
ad wy Re \bobIDg osteo iene” 
| ,etonos fo: seogirG ce 
bas 3 exit ebaks eadowio Yo edie es sMOde ereWoT “a 
fiteteow bea gustess diod ai yleuvotsass eatuntase a 
etial ois ~etenet dddee to tiste bebbs eltadl. osen gel? | + 
MOEA Onit onse etd SHodA .dotutic odd suoted betalosk yf ie 
Sieed comsti asco no aaed even dads .elfed toe sen edd bs i¥ 
pesrowos tT .if evods tc ac esoa2lg s9007¢ Jase doqeds 
ae een anidion ,affed ey svieooy od Ootiae siéw Sadi i 
Sei esy ekidg ood .wodd at swedt esaelq’ os aadt 
Det towot oft to dthiw hac ato + oft Hasdedoted betgobs 
toe oud maenied parblted odt cele sewitenoe Baa (ssn 
weeeced & biotts of dgrd yltaciolting hafaiwos ear easwot 
Swadwun ol Saicsetont efled sit to ytetse odd yi eehihel 
fF tegionina sion To eno to cofivcere sf3 henkweseb otomieve 
Wit eolav sieds fanisies coals etenot sts¢s telaute sebieasd 
Neaenot fled ods sets soitshesg tedt arowod [led edd deiv 
(epnen edd. to actieizeiostado Isavedxe dasuimoye teom ost 
) .2tenos BObPA.. stewed Scidenves 
it mont BeStcges benisuc: yllevev exewod [led est eles] ial 
Mea Weiesinssto suew vedt ebasl atedtaen ai oftdu cients 
sa doa eedotriic veboon jectinse eid mort ebkeds .tk déte 
igiesiat desi .sieslic .sinedo&) esiitnuoo niedtuss at vino 
bgottasebiesco ‘was svisost sewot bodoeteb ato sen oft BIS 
qvacn: weloo"g eldshusl tod dlaottith etem ed? seeks oLbbia 
(20 Gaieed eit to sokteaidaco edt yd tostigoxs odd etoted 
Be senate? eidd of Suibr0004 .bod to sesch edd tiv erowot 
p@tewog evitesio seolbisset£ heiesd Ics olidtos bas’ eupes 
<2 ehew yeu see sytterevib bas sonsiseds anitdetactes. nt 
it aaa aswos sti jo noiicloe edt to ytilidtesog on itadt 
19 ett usense: aoitivegnoo se seows ylletosqed sleted taodtin 
ae ofs ton sow eit bos ,dorndo edd to edasg niedeen fre ave 
Sgofeveb nsig oft ctinv ovla tod .atodo eidseb dite -nalg ent r 
ae me tid tees Sod Liswod ylessuexs a 
~tisa scetzgeo ef%. to \ecewat” | 
. ee & Yi bosieedqae aex gotesoto snd dope edt tA) 
atdaos ni doitw .etewot s90mele -tm0t 6 One a 
70 be dns siodo dott a3 bas. bated: 


ms Mi >: y 
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82 ee 
IX. DEVELOPMENT OF. ELEVATIONS OF ‘TOWERS, 
1. Treatment of Towers from Early Christian + 

the Gothic period. 
Purpose of towers. 
Towers occur as: parts of churches since the 6 th and 7 th 
centuries numerously in both eastern and western countries. : 
They were little added stair or wateh towers, the latter usual= 
ly isolated before the church. About. the same time also extend- 
ed the use of bells, that were hung on open: frames beside the 
church or at proper places on or above it. If towers existed t © 
that. were suited to reccive the bells, nothing was more natural: 
than to place these in them. Where this. was permissible, men 
adopted beforehand the form and width of the tower to this. pura 
pose, and sometimes also the buildings between two small. stair 
towers was carried sufficiently high to afford a belfry at top. 
Gradually the safety of the bells increasing in number and we 
evermore determined the erection of one or more principal: towers 
Besides simpler stair towers also retained their value, that w 
with the bell towers that. together with the bell: towers: became 
the most prominent external characteristics of. the House of God.” 
Detached towers. Aided towers. , 
In Italy the bell towers usually remained separate from the 
church, while in northern lands they were organically connected ~ 
with it. Aside from the earliest.woodeu churches not renaiaaa 
only in certain countries (Bohemia, Silesia, East Friesland), 
did the use ofa detached tower receive anw consideration in ‘nel 
middie ages. The more difficult. but laudable problem was plac 
before the architect by the combination of the design of the 
towers. with the House of. God. According to this tendency, Roman 
esque and gothic art busied itscéfidless creative powers again 
in astonishing abundance and diversity; one may well: decide, te 
that. no possibility of the solution of the tower has remained a 
without trial. Especially arose a competition between the east— 
ern ard western parts of the church, and this was not alone in 
the plan with double choir, but also with the plan developed —~ 
expressly toward the east. a 
Towers. of the eastern half. , @ 
At the east. the crossins was emphasized by a structure flanked 
by two or four slender towers, which in combination with the t 
transverse aisle and the rich choir endinss furnished a wonde 


Sa ‘geo% bare tedto oft +h ~toetts articanales {etaobagu 
‘eit gnisnsoor eonadroont edt ot enkbadces stosouste 
Wiedt to Iiso odd wWoacicetmts seitiva® \ferss% sdf oF 
Ra nnoonc hafecoro edt 10 ebedet wreteen aft es yleathroo 


enter betsy ed¢ to bis eit yd ytotisy seetaery 
seisnod JoowetiiTh 
Pmod? eisuce eet2t bleoo Bateror1o edd ssvo ssnod sat 
Svods ddgted tostisqai ne o¢ eetiote: stom ao ¢ (Sint 
@ 26 St3095 .8 ,enzolod te nifis¥ .& destd po aa’ , Set 
Oe wacko .ezcvol 26 eedoxsdo edt ,asnxcel? ts traedélidd 42 
Betoo as 22 betuosxe ad gania tf two yetaow dekibad vasa 
i ddeense vbsorle 20 .setiuichinSh de es toor sdt swoda a9dd 
; g odd. Bo e@stistedo supzenauol odt oo as toor edd Yo eostane 
Meeak Decesa cela edivev snizeose ywtiol seein .eeorivess 
p esd ‘miack ck oxol és [stbediss oct .totsetai sdf af wooded 
<n Hedostis suot dtiv sewol Saierorws hebrle-~cegtxic yrode 
| eas work eigen hi eieros tftsve to Sikae Hote dowe yer 
te Sedan sd ni eeiqmexs tadto of wv09 2 etasougte 
on pis Litteened3 -ongolée js ative .2 tse7zD no bas <b 
aie o seotnion nien adt svode sewet eaizsoto est to ast 
mewewod Si¢sii bodostis yvitsesib edt uadsd nommoo ston: 188 
eds sBaLago9 ent ebieed gatboste erercd shia tebiod ois 
eid te tass hus es 
mumeeeote ofc to geen to ,seiitgé bos dosad de ea;alete oe 
penew @t tewet zatacors odd ouvede fund). siforatlosd ot es 
| | sewos Saieeoro & to eoasituose henidmoo 
ato Sevispossioo .sisvot 218 stowos sbiz sdf .eqes si ezewet 
le eotige PInoess co ushoow yd betevoo sta bas . erick) asf 
fd tedisl3 bes .esice sskaele s ead Ileett aew0odt Sokeacas Sat 
 semob & yd fosno10 ef so leanolod ts ezaligogé.2): tos 
Reeada elbbix ont oats fas tefgid beboetxe wook stew etonod 
ievensid odd to efne od} de osle tess erebiencos neds sao YT 
fotwsds edi to bas ni1otese oft tsvo 10 shised Asa@ efeis 
Ta eid neds ,asvorins sq \etenos To vatisg: to) ofgate 
ot peldsoc goveel tied assieso, odt to easwod. eid Yo amet 
besieebh $d ‘ot 
-ebsost acedzew ed? to sxewor 
5 epson teow sdf ts bhertussco esgrsdo wosa ee seems | 


G 


2paff 
tt 
at 


a 


P a he ime x 2. os, _— - 4 > 
fa sbie Sat io eyed sad:tevo Srese 


vee i 
ae oy we 


erets .yiilenpe nletaes s ak benisnet afod so soko 


“geriesi end einen pontine te ok nedt aefq oat: ae 


i- 
we 


yar wa 


83 } . 
wonderful: perspective CANE fe the other end rose the west 
structure according to its. importance, accentins the entrance 
to the fhurch, inviting admission by the call of the bells. A 
cordingly as the western facade or the crossins became. predomi- 
nant, or both remained in a certain equality, there became the 
greatest variety by the aid of the varied developnenti@ioahe 4 
different towers. : 

fhe tower over the crossing could rise Square fhom the reat 
in 2, 5 or more stories to an important height above the baila 
ing, as on Great S. Martin at Cologne, S. George at. Bocherville, 
S. Philipert. at. Tournus, the churches at Tours, Cluny, and on 
many English works, or it. might. be executed as an octagon, rhe 
ther above the roof as at K8nisslutter, or already’ beneath the — 
surface of the roof as on the Romanesque churches. of the Rhine 
provinces, whose lofty crossins vaults. also passed into the oon 
tagon in the interior. The cathedral. at Toro in Spain has a two © 
story sixteen-sided crossins tower with four attached side tow- 
ers. Such with angle or stair towers starting from the. middle a 
structure also occur in other examples: in the number of 1, 2 or 
4, and on Great.S. Martin at Coblosgne there still: rise two stor- 
ies of the crossing tower above the main cornice. | 

Par more common than the directly attached little towers are 
the bolder side towers standing beside the crossings, that either — 
stand over the bays of the side aisles and east of. the transver- 
se aisle,as at Laach and Spires, or west of the crossing aisle 
as in Paulinzelle (but where the crossing tower is wanting). The 
combined occurrence of 2 crossing tower with four developed sid 
towers is. rare. The side towers are Square, octagonal: or circu- 
lar )(Worgs), and are covered by wooden or masonry spires, while 
the cpossing tower itself has a slender spire,and flatter hip 
roof (S. Apostles at Cologne), or is crowned by a dome. The sid 
towers were soon extended higher and also the middle structure. 
If one then considers that also at. the ends of the transverse 
aisle and beside or over the eastern end of the church occur 
single or pairs of towers or turrets, then the diversity of the 
forms of the towers of the eastern half leaves nothings further 4 
to be desired. 4 


Towers of the western facade. ae 
Almost as manw: changes occurred at the west facade, evepif 
less in plan than in elevation. While the Italian basilica - 


i doles excised ones? 


paekes> odd ot hetzetet od 09 
umeenag S14 eiisie edi caso tee! 
cr a6, betevoscets bas notsaciinal 


Bawewoe conia ti Ti otgdousta s 
muer waessin .{(nebath ts Lerbedt 
bbia' “sicquis” 


to drongofleveb 


merenwevyecnsts edi ao ddnied. bees: 


mereee begecezg yifectussio0 so J 
<, h 
goend Yd neess ef tacaqgoleveh 


B besarte ®@®f ares sit ,aedbid seit 


ai ita sigue & bad big ar 


27% bas new1sd, ,drwooet0t = to eluditesy 2 peonlg 
De eiosace 8 Sidfixe emis piace 


eeepre o¢f ge bobaatie o15 aisr 


ecadtad .xeerevansé 61s 
qoie oot ol .thedo eldest 


feotetze toodéin soiterne 
-t000 seisvecedd Idgissds 6 


betsaigqs sion 18% 
so. ASSES .BER) elESta sat 
eft tc szeta teqatt ong bs 


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« ‘ie a 4 a ¢ a * = J * } = ’ . 

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84 yay. 
unsally had a Simple wall: in front, before which at most. Ww. 


placed a vestibule or a forecourt, German and French churches 
usually already at an earlry time exhibit a western high struc 
ure transversely, perhans to be referred to the design of the 
double choir. In the simplest case the stairs are placed in t+ 
interior without external indicatiom and areccovered at top b 
& Straight transverse roof. a 
Far more animated is the structure if it. rises somewhat at t 
the middle (Fig. 1342,,cathedral. at. Minden), whereby is obtain= 
ed the first stage of the development of a “simple” middle tower 
which rises. at. any increased height on the transverse building, 
either simply placed on it or organically prepared for beneath. 
A different process of development is taken by the western b 
building, when stair towers are arranged at its sides (Pig. 
1342. a). As soon as. these rise higher, the Serm is planted for. 
the development of two western towers (Fis. 1343, Liebfrauen c 
church at Maestricht). | 8 via 
On the abbey church at Laach at the same time appears a mia= | 
dle tower placed on it and two attached round towers (Fig. 1846), 
This: richness is explained by this, that the double tower of t 
the church at Laach has retained for the front building rather. = 
the character of the transverse aisle (see Mayence). Risevhenne | 
the three towers for the western structure described ara rare, — 
more frequently it occurs already, that the. tvanetenee/ Seeaaaay 
is connected with a high middle tower and to this are directly — 
added side towers.(Thus in the cathedral at Paderbonmn, Pig. 1347) 
The single western tower naturally occurs in the. small church- 
es with single aigles, while the great churches with several. a 
aisles, city churches and especially the cathedrals with few ex 
ceptions (like Paderborn, Freiburg and Ulm) have received tao 
western towers. , ea 
The two towers can extend up with the transvarse building in, | 
@ Single mass without a prominent vertical. oh horizontal subdi- 
vision, as in many old buildings in lower Saxony (Fig. 1344, 4 
Neuwerk church at Goslar); or they stand on a cornice at the 
height of the eaves of the transverse structure, as on the par- 
ish church of Aadernach, or finally already appear from below 
as an independent mass, whether by supporting yertical. progegeum 
ions or buttresses, by 2 projection op the middle structure , 
(dJerichow), or by the projection of the fronts of the towers. 


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ei... $2 lt¢an onlay retseas wesseto orit supzcne 
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pepe get enoienerih seoin .bavor 10% ebntasac’ ‘hae ewobain vd | a 
ot obenetxs Hobivibas as bavot vitrsupett ef celh base ae 
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yas 


This separation of the towers from their intermediate Batuee 


already occurs in the early time and toward the end of the Rom= 
anesgue time creates greater value, until it attains a godess 
predominance in the Gothic. Thus the intermediate structure ¢ 4 
retain its transverse roof, that was particularly the case lo 
in lower Saxony, or the gable of the middle aisle can appear or 
the west facade, as it shows itself guite early on Rhenish, oe 
uth German, south French and Norman churches. AS an example s 
Fig. 18345, church at Gebweiler. 
Form of plan of western towers. 
The form of plan of the old stone towers was generally round 
(S. Vitale at Ravenna, Aik-la-Chapelle), but circular belli toms 
also occur (Ravenna); round towers are frequently found on the 
Rhine in Germany, but as a rule the rectangular form is general 
for Romanesgue towers, which rise above without. change to the 
toop roof or to a square spire rising from the gables. It.is 
worthy of consideration that the churches of lower Saxony alrea- 
dy very early show a transition to the octagon, whether high ay 
above. as on the foundation church at Kénisslutter, or far below 
as on the cathedral at Brunswick and the Neuwerke church at Gos- 
lar (Pig. 1344). ) 
A division into stories is usually not expressed on many Har: 
ly Shristian and Romanesque towers, but. they rise from below: to 
the top without belt cornices (K8nigslutter) and are animated ~ 
by windows or openings for sound, whose dimensions increase up 
ward. Also is frequently found an undivided extension to the iM 
height of the middle aisle, and from there a division in two or 
three more open stories. Pinally there already occurs im the e- 
early time, but more generally in the Late Romanesque division 
of art a division of the stories from below upward, where the a 
number of stories usually lies between four and six (east tow- q 
ers at. Bamberg, tower at. Pisa; bell tower at Pomposa has even Pe 
ten stories). Gothic cathedrals mostly return to 4 high stories 
of towers, which are connected with the church in a propee ron 


- 


lation.= 
Towers in the Gothie period. 
The division of the towers has generally become tolerably dle 
ear with the entrance of Gothic, the contest was decided in faq 
vor of the west facade, which received one or two high towers, 
and on the contrary the east end developed its magnificence in 


; Seah y| 


lal | , it) 
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Pendd diin boxsaao0® ebovseerqze viiselo eaw dese ot deen 
9 bee yilsntesut satesors edi to esonettogmr edg sutbas 
aléere tuostin beaitewex esotesedt ti bose ,bedeinkbhts 
eo: sobcele bos Iiswe s dite belteisas een to nolfest 
8 BwO0O nolisoestatal sit a9vo atanot sidstob rehx8d i 
Q iatetze> pi ylao ,eodowde L[satnss mort obtes ,xfaoumoo ly 
baididxs ot aelgnets wet ted ard vasaired ‘(bnelga3) 290 |e 
m0 .(etudests6 ni asaod? +6 .eisedeogcO ts onliusddak 2 
Destéor tedvougasi omits oisto® edt nt etevot uk dtleow edt 
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itt ere ot goivise ylno exswod tste to etstant antworo 
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memem ~enibiind sdt to matnazso Isaretnk edt ro ysifLeool edt 
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doxudo od: eyvods eftiil a pateix sevot sicieow mtalg s Beviso 
woleveb deehnaty edi ci hetequoo alaethediso bas-eetoaunds ytto 
pe.out nt vine heteilqmoo en of omoo vad dotdw y~etewot So due ‘ 
yeas edd of blety ot heifecwoo ased srsd yiteor bre gtteq sel “a 
B api edd @Onle ,Seietutt ased seven evad to yeemit sesel to i 
we eid yd hootavebau asyoct on otow tobLind tari? odd to a 
seeitota otat stewos odt Yo soteivi®) .s al 
BA Ne -fowrdo edd of sotialos FA 
7) ot bnine st dowpsio edt sidan eiswod oat to noitoenngoo sdt 
B30 Yd Sonie .ont od tc enoidsier etintteb ot weve a0 nae 
28 duo Heiniso sis anolsivib Istsosiaed sd@ taomcoloveb 
S80q odd .dowude odd to etzsq [lr ao sldieaog ep mToTinr 
v@idt of somenitet elstil esd dowdo oft no ezawod oid Yo 
wnevedue esi sizis ofhbin sdi oteted boosigq t9wod 2 \endd 
el aueNod eldsob efit es noitsvels at snentsead ones ont 
% a -2olgts shie edt et0 | +e 
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@ rich and charming sronpins of the transverse aisle and the S 
ending of the choir, to which in great. works: was: added a circle 
of decorative chapels. Thus the direction of the church from 
west. to east was: clearly expressed. Compared with the rich ch 
endings the importance of the crossings internally and external: 
didinished, and it therefore remained without. special characte 
ization or was satisfied with a small: and slender roof turret 
Larger Gothic towers over the intersection occur somewhat more. 
commonly, aside from central. churches, only in certain countri- 
es (Ensland); Germany has but few examples to exhibit (church — 
S.° Katherine et. Oppenheim, S. Thomas in Strasburg). On the whol 
the wealth in towers in the Gothic time issamewhat. restricted, — 
one or two principal. towers dominate the buildings, other small 
crowning turrets or star towers only servins to animate the se- 
parate parts of the structure. q 

Where particular circumstances lead thereto, whether pased on 
the locality or the internal organism of the buildins, men 7 
not fear unsymmetrical forms of towers. | 

Generally the abundance of towers is an indication of the im-= 
portance of the House of aoa; while the smaller churches of ¢ 
orders: according to the existing simplicity were usually conten 
ted with a roof or gable turret, and village churcher mostly re 


ceived a plain western tower rising a little above the onuseaeg 


ent of towers, which have come to us completed only in the ~ 
ler part, and mostly have been compelled to yield to the taste — 
of later dance or have never been finished, since the high a 


(bie toalinies of the towers into sharia 

Relation to the church. bi 

The ‘connection of the towers with the church leads to 4 harm— : 
ony or even to definite relations of the two. Since by organic — 
development she horizontal: divisions are carried out as nearly — 
uniform as possible on 211 parts: of the church, the position q 
of the towers on the church has little influence in this respect 
thus a tower placed before the middle aisle has substantially ~ 
the same treatment in elevation as the double towers lying bef- 
ore the side aisles. | (oa 
Number of stories. 

On the basilicas the towers usually have four stories, the 


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it Setqwiso ytota hatds sil .eSets sf{bbim wetel odd pd iG 
ene .Ofeia Slohin sii tc toot. ent to ddbkod edd evo tai 
o ylient? bas ¢f woled dovutis oft to edaaq Ile eovecd a 
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PB eos af ehitose root ai notetvib ond beeeeayxe ek yl | ~ 
a edt oi bose ,bondesitd ,sayolod .eatedA te ete i 
pet siige est TE to abot ofnd acteivib ede eee .atD Te 
bexlt yletuLloeds Hous et trgted nt etasg evit otsk a 
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{Btwdaid de 2 3 

) wobeivic ond grudwel ts dtecsaii? .& to domo ent no vi 4 

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ne io fied no vilerenosts es utiaitia hiatal hettimo ef svods & a 
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dg reper ic fathedses oid no as ,exioe sit oF notttensad  ‘- is 
a . -20itote tove¢dylee ‘ 
fiesomixozss 70 yisiivos ad geo -esticte sit to ettated: sa? 7 
r paons wiisubsag yam youd 10 .enuefod bas mil se ce Lenps 
Wer fotidvesd .biswan nottvaltmth « wode ¥Leetevnoo 10 40K is 
eness Ti yfloioeqes yetusq dkid brs wot to ‘noftsrr0Ffe ce es 

B e0aehimorg goorte 2 yd yileaig .buengn Snemeonsdne ne oto ng 
£Lk V(gavdrs) toette yqqad « bheoubotg ed yea yrote eno a 


seolouexe {ntivasesd yd hetnoeetge: ots enelinvfos | , 
eorioda feenol ond sd 
.yu0te@ seewol oft 

MDaL ES (Tonos ody Yo. ysote taewol sedi to soldstnt et? 
| seh botsisgen rendie ef .aslg odt to tnemtsent eds ie \ 
PAS oF egecled SI so \oludiveev e es esyt6e fas dot (hig 

“Gev0s end to eebis sert ils seso testt ods at vet 
i betio1s asvesd miedesn odt yloo aradbes} of ea Go 


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iy a a 2 ¢ses- not Seated hit brain 


87° 
first corresponding to the pe, aisles, and the succeeding one 
to the lofty middle aisle. The third story carries: the tower a 
ove the height of the roof of the middle aisle, and the next. 1 
beaves all: parts of the church below it. and finally contains + 
the bells, forming the transition to the spire; for this reaso 
it frequently changes to the octagonal form. Particularly clear- 
ly is expressed the division in four stories in the double tow- 
ers at Rheims, Cologne, Strasburg, and in. the single tower at 
Ulm. But the division into four, or if the spire is counted, 
into five parts im height is not absolutely fixed, there is al- 
so found a combination of two stories, as well: as into several. 
subordinate parts. Particularly common and with full: justifica- 
tion is shown the height. of the roof of the side aisle or of. e | 
the triforium as. a subordinate division of the second story, or. 
as an independent. smaller intermediate division, as at. Amiens, 
Paris and Mantes (Fig. 939). Where the side aisle has galleries, 
its second division extends to the tower as at Limburg; similar- 
ly on: the church of S. @lisabeth at. Marburg the division of the 
side aisle is carried out, while in consequence of the hall: for 
above is omitted one division, as generally on hall: churches ¢ 
the simpler division in height is also shown on the tower. The 
two upper stories of the tower were often combined into one, a 
and also indeed the fourth was suppressed im favor of a rich 
transition to the spire, as om the cathedral of Seez. 

Heights of stories. 

The heights of the stories can be entirely or approximately 
equal: as at Ulm and Cologne, or they may gradually increase up- 
ward or conversely show a diminution upward. Beautiful is also 
an alternation of low and high parts, especially if thereby oc- 
curs an enhancement upward. Binally by a strong prominence of. 
one story may be produced a happy effect (Marburg). All: these 
solutions are represented by beautiful examples. 

The two lowest stories. 
The Lowest story. 

The interior of the lowest story of the tower, as indicated 
by the treatment. of the plan, is either separated from the chu- 
a and serves as a vestibule, or it. belongs to the interior of 

-In the first. case all: free sides of the tower are opened, 
or as im Freiberg only the western hasean arched opening, the | 
portal proper beings found in the east side. But the angle piers: 


« 
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ig 


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ih —: 


¥ 


.oks9$n edd of neqo ebsuw vlovicws. at dotdy 


Qetroagve Leisacees ec @e ‘bebreuen eo od sian em 
-rowod s7f 
ead yd beuiapetebh ei eluditcey et to tagied dat 
| is yd .eelets ebie edt to tsdt yd .ytodersolo 6 to 
d edd ud .eelgis ebie edt tovo diind setreliga bos sddgisd 
“gd ~euckaiw to enor ond céin to .200lt yrelise ont to 
ed? .ewobsin to settee saqgqr ods etoted exeeeag ost 
u noitsoltanuros i6 sasusiivess oft woul tiuget ssoteisad 
m aod eesiisiish ao sepeezea .eshbie dtod no snykrotias 
bitodge towol owd sit to etdtier eds enoesed emse silt to% 
e@lefis slbbin oft Jo dadéd Leups usddekos arencd ent 


e*oivestxe odd OF Feceqgo ytote pbroeee 
 eux0? wiote beoose ode .zeswed olbhia s antscnos aids Ty 
mao motietnt eds at Sebelont wedtie ef noidw -iled bedi 
aetna etuds wobain teen odd tedd of ,dowsdo end mort bee 


ne 


mmego ems cilen soils tence dt boe rowod odd to Sfsw dase 
ye eiti yilenisixe benego st I{ser eft nedT .eciions seots 
ene nl wobsaiw odd of SARil Jinks od sevice hme eleditgoy 

x: eo, iiie fisd sesqe sis to tool* ed? sess teel end ak 
bgo befiows ett dawotut at seimeo vecvew eit detit of bet 


es yiiees ec ysa fas ,atiasy vtowol odd stsiar som fLa 


Ze goltase of sitens sis of .<esuoge bas Seattle tO enaem 
wiitde dud ,slete efbbia ois tovo are to Baia edt To 
$ elsiasre0 ,ofelte shite donsa® giritoyso 


«aGiteotak ens of neae yrote brooesd 


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slbbta eid of nggo yuootsd se gated gidt svods yrote sat 


f stodo and To megto edt yd Estaueoo eiteom ek init dads 
a, be i's | ‘shate 


Aen to encteasnth taafottine te soticnuses edt aes 
ot aebies Gsbin ositas ofd yyooro yer wobniw eds ,eaeka 
fo teat osct eesl ‘ov débin ati to nottoubet a yd beak 
a sbensezont sediex od yvilidaie sit yem etoob ent te egad® 
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eat AR | -et006 86d to 


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4 


988 

are always to be regarded as the essential supports of the e 
ire tower. | a 

Thh height of the vestibule is determined by the arrangement @¢ 
of a clearstory, by that. of the side aisles, by aisles: of equal.) 
height. and galleries built over the side aisles, by the height 
of the gallery floor, or with two rows. of windows, by that.of 
the passage before the npper series. of windows. The reasons . 
therefore result from the requirement of communication with the 
triforiums om both sides, passases.or galleries. Further must 
for the same reasons: the heights of the two lower stories of 
the towers together equal that. of. the middle aisle. 

Second story opened to the exterior. 

Tf this concerns a middle tower, the second storw forms a va- 
ulted hall, which is either included in the interior or is clo- : 
sed from the church, so that the west. window abuts against. the | 
east. wall. of the tower and the other three walls are opened by 
cross arches. Then the hall.is. opened externally like a second 
vestibule and serves to admit light to the window in the aisle. 

In the last case the floor of the upper hall: will be construc- 
ted so that. the water coming in through the arched opemings sh- _ 
all not injure the lower vaults, and may be easily removed by 
means of gutters and spouts. We are unable to mention examples. 
of this kind of towers over the middle aisle, but still: this: 
plan is found over certain Prench side aisles, certainly: the 
srandest of. all. 

Second story open to the interior. he 

If the tower opens into the interior of the church, then avy & 
vault will be formed below #n it corresponding to the vault of 
a vestibule, which is entirely made open to the interior, or 
can be changed into a closed vestibule by later closed doors. 
The story above this forms a balcony open to the middle aisle, 
that. recently is: mostly occupied by the organ or the choir of a 


sinsers. 

Under the assumption of sufficient dimensions of tue pe. Poe 
piers, the window may occupy the entire width between then. In= 
deed by a reduction of its width to less than that of the open- 
ines of the doors may the stability be rather increased, since: 


nes 


the overlying masses of wall increase the thrust. of the arches @ 


of the doors. . 
Where a lesser width of the window is required, as this may 


i %e 


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ibe tendo! Lis ai ss emse odd tewod etd ni Onwors betrieo od 
oa edt to noidenciénuos sit oxedt tn8 .dowde edd fo 
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eetane yiderefos est Si to? aasucr yeu caedd Jey .nolenen 
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mages Geig ons yo osviz ywaieon ad bloow seso tnezorg efi 
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eens @i Sdene2eq 70 cuticiiad sid to [lew wet edd ga sath. 
Beene tensa whecols to ewobniw yd beasgo ,ebietuo to bie 

* babeaeds edd to {LfLie efd oo yaliew oldsg ont no es sitive 
ae sc sone sowsl edd yd botaoqovea Sgecesq bmooee’ 8 wob 
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as Pett te {fie oft of shainago wotsin anf to achaceixe 
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be partly by the simplicity tte entire design, partly may o 
occur by installing the organ in the second story 6f the towe | 
blind panels are then im place to reduce the upper mass of. the 
wall, and they may be visible enternally or externally. . a 


Combination of the lower stories in the interior. oe 
When the need of such a gallery does not. exist, particulerly — 
in small single aisled or hall churches, then may both-stories ~ 
be combined into a single free interior with the height of the 7 
middle aisle. The architectural system of the church, thus being 
with a clearstory, the triforium and upper windows, will: then =» 
be carried around in the tower the same as in all other parts. © 
of the church. But thers the continuation of the triforium in = 
some cases. may better be by am internal or external corbelling 
around the angle pier, them effected by an openings therein. Dir- 
ect. examples of the sort. of mediaeval works we are unable to 
mention, yet there may appear for it the tolerably analogons. Ra 
case of the central tower of S. Maclou in Rouen (Fig..4348), in 
which a passage arranged above the vaults: of the middle aisle M 
over the isdes: of the Square and within the thickness of the 
wall is arranged before the angle piers and a corbelling over 
the fourth part of an octagon in the plan. An application to 4 
the present case would be nearly given by the plan represented _ 
in Fig. 1349. This can be changed as in Fis. 1349 a, so that. »* 
the passage from the triforium outward is on a corbelling a ar- + 
ranged above the vaults of the side aisle, and cut through the 
gable wall: at. c, and then either back through the tower wall to 
an inner triforium, or as Fis. 1349 a shows, it continues on: bY) 
the outer side of the tower. 
In any case also results an intermediate division from the c 
continuation of the triforium between the portal story and the 
clearstory, that naturally must. assume a different form, accor— 
ding as the rear wall of the triforium or passage is placed in 
side or outside, opened by windows or closed. Further there ren i. 
sults as on the gable walls, on the sill of the clearsiory win- 
dow a second passage suvported by the lower ons. But just. as.n 
noted for the gable on 0. 419, the proportions of the heights - 
may lead to an omission of the upper passage, and therefore an 
extension of the window openings to the sill of the lower one, 
thus leading to the same arrangement, that reshlts from the di- 
vision of the side aisles or side aisle walls im hall churches. — 


te ¥ =p siti pe . ; f i" oer A wen Oe uy 7 hy a <i ) a 7 - 
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nape eupisotisé edt .ekotoeqo bodows gai bsocesss0n yd 
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If that. division fails in hall churches. or single-aisled ch 
ches, then iffit is not assumed in the tower, the upper winde 
goes. down to the gable, or there even occurs. the arrangement in 
connection with the portal: Siven om p. 556.° | 


Combination of the lower stories on the exterior. ia 
If we then transfer the portal: and the windowof the middle 2 
aisle to the eastern wall of the tower, them may result a vest~_ 
ibule of a height. equal. to thea of the middle aisle, that. opens 
externally by arches of egual: height. Such an arrangement is de~ 
fective for different. reasons. First the purpose of the covering 
of the vestibule by the disproportion of the height of the open 
ing to the depth of the room in our climate is brought in ques—— 
tion in the same way as in the antique columnar porticos arran= - 
ged according to the usual rule, second the idea of the vestip- + 
ule raised to the same height as: the interior, third the ottoc 
of the other parts of the elevation as influenced by the height. 
of these openings. - 
As already stated above, everything said heretofore also app- 
lies to the double towers placed before the side aisles.- 4 
The lower story in double towers. a 
If here the lower story in the tower usually has the same he-_ | 
ight as the side aisles and the height of the upper is determi- 
ned by the height of the vault of the middle aisle, yet there 
is: also formed sometimes ar in the cathedral: of Noyon, the com 
bination of both divisions im height made by the omission of t — 
that intermediate vault, just as in the tower placed before the 
middle aisle. Hence these rooms. im the tower in connection with 
the westernibay of the middle aisle form a sort. of western tran= 
Sverse aigle, that according to the ground areas of the towers 
either extends north and south before the fronts: of the side 
aisles, or thus plays a part otherwise entirely similar to the 
actual: transverse aisle. | a 
The rooms in the towers thus open below toward the side aisles 
and above into the bay of the middle aisle lyins between them 3 
by corresponding arched openings, the triforiums. continue om t- 4 
three sides of the towers, and stand in connection: with another 
in the western gable wall, and likewise the three sides of abe- 4 
vewars opened by windows. Prom hall: churches with two story side 
aisles or side aisle walls also result here tae corresponding 
arransement, thus either an intermediate vault. or a simple pas- 


jas ne Mh; 


or 
aa) “tee 


se Ee . \g#enwot eft to ysots Satdz ea? 
row tt buids sit audd ,zewot edz to ysode gath&esoone off 
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‘eat 20 Toor eft svoda yttied ent pakeisa to seoging 
¢ bas “hdem efit ts besvge weo allied eft ta faeces ofd Gadd 9 ae 
loo yilenee yignibiceos ,yiiled edd to siutoordedse edd geno? ny) 
P 4 a soseo [isd sit to tasq tewol edd gatoete i 
nt stipes: tdzied to noitsniurstsh txea sid stotenedt ae 
at 202 wonexss tce1tb on ci stedt tex ,toon edd to ddated | 
sb bor bisngn evotiatisy. diiv eolqmexe Onvot pie sveds 
caiae eaiotbe toot dowsic edd towed wistesr sao ylao aoiw 
por oefe dens esiipwido {lei toi bas “rove eidt to Liev 
Wd Yo Hsbin eaiine ait seve aeboodxe ti Tk ,ytove cxen ont oF 
ie re »eebeota lersotxe bas eepeared 
ee wsdécx exsesas bose Eis io otentisadva deom 2k ytote efat | 
ad sewed odd to oteq towcl edt nesuiad yrote eselbemretar r 
p80! edt at edaow teloerte nO .yxtled sdt bee selebs ont od 4 
fod dofan .enobaix xd besego yleetsce cilaw bsleoo yiae etidis ‘ 
masdxe eiT .afonsq Cuitc fkovoteak yd vetdath obec sd ysm neve ae 
prod Waeeel: edt to teas mont Liaw edd to ao8t act towmoebeasoes - He 


em edt to ebenvords ard at geatto sdt wordt etivees tsdd ar 
eal @uoteaeutS tozsel nf dud ,fisev = yo bemtot yloqute Geom. . He 

§ toos edd tuivosnnes ehedosy 2 to fremegnsite sft tot evses uf 

Pago: “IO: betols 2 dcin Ostetnret ef hos ,eskis déod te vsitet : a 
aa mol ‘woideninzed tsdoiz « wehiverqg. geet oon .ebesdeuing i af 
So eldeqceo evitom e¢ atlases eidd youl’.tewcod ent to sag . f 

fe edd Ro. Saongofevek cot sneaiacrs feiasw Jecm bss Justacgas % 
ao et ytota etdd svode deft omuess en tel noitay ie 
‘Geo qiniestrco sotdw .yitled edt lo esd odt ts skeseRq- vas 

ad a heiguoso 2007 edd ic. scolrasixe as te Bberbopat sd 2; 


pa® adimsec yiecisee [few odd to eaonwtoiads “sid psat Sus 
isieiane Sesecdtis exusoo stolatenl veidd rol goiottise dee 
t aotescces qenol edt Yo gutsilisn eft vo .ebseeso seggqe odd his 
f ol: ségqu eit sroqque ot edto sti no gatbnsts shaota 6 | 
i banc obacesa sit asfets edd oi ¢sit ,19nasm gues edt wt ©) aay 

oe eisors sid yd sovod ch enohatw yiodersefo edd, ey : 
aa nO sedtal eft, 30 bs sdained edi¢ sabi 10 saaksotas, - 


ent } : ie a 


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4- | | 
passage. Yet as for the towers before the middle aisle there 
can also here be built balconies. in the towers, if then are wan- 
ting in the side aisles as in S. Elisabeth at. yarburs.: 

The third story of the tower. a 

The succeeding story of the tower, thus the third if we pass 
over the division belonging to the triforium, first fulfils. the 
purpose of raising the belfry above the roof of the church, So 
that. the sound of the bells can spread at the sides, and thus 
forms the substructure of the belfry, accordingly RERetee cont= 
@ining the lower part of the bell cage. a 
Therefore the next determination of height results from the Wf 
height of the roof, yet there is no direct urgency for it, and 
there are found examples with variations upward and downward. = 7 
With only one western tower the church roof adjoins the eastern 
wall. of this story, and for hall: churches must. also project ins | 
to the next. story, if it extends. iver the entire width of. bag na 3. 
Passages and external. arcades. a 
This story is most subordinate of all. and appears rather as an 
intermediate story between the lower part of the tower belongiail - 
to the aisles and the bslfry. On simpler works. it therefore ex- 
hibits only cosled walls scarcely opened by ‘windows, which how- 
ever may be made lishter by internal: blind panels. The externa 9 
recession of the face of the wall from that of the lower story, 
that results from the offset in the thickness of the wall, is. . 3 
most. simply formed by @ wash, but in larger dimensions. way also © ; 
serve for the arrangement of a passage connecting the roof 7 
leries at both sides, and is furnished with a closed or opened ~ 
balustrade, and thussprovides a richer termination for. the Lol | 
part of the tower. From this results a motive capable of ‘very! a 
important and most varied treatment for development .of the ele- 
vation. let us assume that above this story is arranged a second. 7 
passage at. the base of the belfry, which certainly can almost 4 
be required as an extension of the room occupied by the latter, — 
and then the thickness of the wall scarcely permits another off-— 
set. sufficins for this. Therefore occurs either a corbelling of — 
the upper passase, or the utiligins of the lower recession for 4 
an arcade standins on its edge to support. the upper floor slabs 

in the same manner, that.in the aisles the passage found before 
the clearstory windows is borne by the arcade columns of the t 4 
triforium, or like the floor of. the latter on the sable walis. — 


" 7 
Le 


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92 
of the tspassverse aisle Bh canbe columns of the passage 
fore the lower windows finds its bearing (p. 419), and const 
tions executed there are also employable here. Examples of thi 
kind are presented by the cathedrals of Paris and the collee™ 
church in Mantes (Fig. 939). 2 

With doupled towers the roof of the niddle aisle can: then ex- 
tend to the front side, yet there the sutter between the towe 4 
must. be farther inward, and therefore be placed higher than at 
the longer sides of the church. Since it ‘is. substantially narr- 
owed py the vertical position of the wall: of the tower, it woul 
be better if set back still: farther, and from this be arransed © 
a short roof surface next the tower wall. Now since further the 
removal of the water toward the front through the arcade galiler : 
extendins before the west sable and connecting the. towers pres— 
ents some difficulties, this explains the termination of. the ; 
church roof at. the eastern face of the tower, and the arrangen— 
ent. of a terrace over the west bay of the middle aisle, as foun¢ 
on the cathedral of Paris, and which removes all those difficult 

Blind recesses and blind arcades, arched openings. : 

fhe wall: of the third story of the tower behind the enclosing 
arcades can be opened by ‘windows, and again be animated effect 
ively by blind arches serving to lessen the mass of the wall. 
On the cathedral. of Paris are arranged on each side-of the squ- 
are of the tower two internal: blind arcades, so that the struc— 
tural: system of the story concerned, besides the four angle pier 
contains as many middle piers, that stand on the crowns: of the 2 | 
arches of the lower windows. Two or more such blind recesses: al- 
so in the lack of arcades. could give the motive of the treatment 
for the tower story in question, as on the cathedrals. of aon | 
and of Strasburg, on which the blind recesses: are placed one 
or even become actual: arched ofeninss j 

In the arrangement. of blind recesses howeyer, there must in 
all: cases be a certain visible relation both to the openings: of 
the story beneath as well as to that above, and we shall: further 
return ho the investigation of the latter as well as: to the pos- 
sible preparation for the polygonal: belfry. 


The decorative effect of the passages and arcades around the 
roof story can be striven for in smaller dimensions, so that 
with the omission of ths passages, the columns quite or nearly — 
adjoin the face of the wall, and are connected to it by capitals 


ebse exe foidw tod ,iicw ont yatoat edaele cistsxen' to 


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bisge suc gilstsae: a1 dadd .poiteouateace Astad ve siddgt 
. ete Dacca 1c] sgainege edd to osie edt: osls  bensgs 
ong to ecac oft aedtte otsnimose3g ot9s dane seso ttsys 
abit Mies exainsgo edd to spie sit to wOzer sarq nivgs 
tot etsnse to esixiled déin etsrod dogotg refhist sit -90 
Side.bou0t sis steis (OFS bi) eotas fas enoeeto® ,2iae® 
vibe vad lo sohsdoevis ed? .asainego bssots fist ond -eblte 
@ Oupescseo® ao ySsecfs havo? asziiemos adxeq ond of 
cohen odd siod eapees iow ti stoedvoqut boa bokeey 
Ae: <bebostot yLisnikizo ee son0d nevis edd to ‘noite 


pedoan oak aes Tit vihn bd cave. 58 anreiee eoned! Bile 
b aettes ed? semivemoe .ifaw edi dtinv hebnod e186 meat 


ed dase tedt Baizeveo enote ant te aottonie |. 


M 
iy 


93 


and bases and also by some headers, while the arches turned on 


them are bonded with the wall. Sometimes the latter also consi 
of certain slabs facing the wall, but which are made like trac 
ery and are perforated like the scheme of tracery. Further seal 
also common the little columns wrought in the bonded codgaens ue 
and finally on later works are replaced by mullions without cap- 
itals continuing the simple tracery profile of the arches. “Agi @ 
tasteless echo are to be regarded those four angle pilasters al 
connected by an arched frieze, which are commonly found on the 
simpler towers of the latest period, whose arches rest on cor=t 
bels, if their moulding is not merely broken around above the 
lower horizontal division. 

The two principal arrangements of. the roof story, the arcades 
and openings of the arlhes essentially differ im their ground 
character, for the former produces rather a hortesnts ie maa 
ion between the stories found above and below it, but om the % 
contrary the latter represents: a vertical connection of them in 
a vertical: direction. The use of an arcade is moreover not. res~_ 
tricted to the place mentioned here, but. can also: be arranged 
on other stories of the tower, and indeed even as a lattice be= 
fore larger window openings in the wall behind.’ * 

The fourth story. : 
Openings for sound. 

The fourth story of the tower contains the bells and is the a 
most. important of all, and this must. be indicated as such exter- 
nally by height and treatment’ according to its purpose it for 
ms 2 room covered in different ways, which permits the sound b 
of the bells to pass out. through wide and hish arched openings. 

On those simpler towers. belonging to the smaller churches. of 
rubble or brick construction, that. are generally but. sparingly 
opened, also the size of the openings for sound are smaéller.In 
every case must here predominate either the mass of the wall: 
as in Pig. 1350, or the sige of. the openings as. in Fig. 1351. 
On: the larser prench towers with belfries of sguare forn, as +: 
Paris, Soissons and Mantes (Pis. 939), there are found at each © 
side two tall arched openings. The advantages of this division | 
in two parts sometimes found already on Romanesque towers are 7 
varied and important. If we assume here the horizontel termin- — 
ation of the given tower as originally intended, then the con~ 
struction of the stone covering, that must be about as in Fig. 


Sore Ss 


Seas 


P settoonts aad yd ter ipel eitabsentaily isi at pe! 
an i to dtgeb sdt setwovid .evsic eibbia edd aoewtad 
iol edt to tasmeyaetts odd 10% sldsiovet stom x62 ei teio 
ia ie xy Bestsoes tofta elbbin od to déqeh agasel adv asdt ° 
edt to tetosiado hettesb oft yveddis% .gaisego detiows ie 
) Lsotdsev ¢ed¢ yd beomadas ei rewot odd 26 nektouadanco 
+ rs Sentstdo gt téuted seeeel s to ytilidtecoy edd bus .n0 | 
oo Saincqorbsdows afgnte e tot Sestingst ad blaon nead FS 
sgeyon ds eeont sitll ,etewos donner? seito a0 .dtbhiw saidnao 
igo Godoxs comds Socct tedti0t ots ,eabequsdy ni enamyod de 
| dana eds mott osdet oeis eton tetit .ebie dose te eh 7 
| Suse eng ni ei tf .ehntoscdo seid? to owt .209 tot asdf ey 
) «@idiseog 2c Joctieq as Sauoe to sqeces edt sism of te 
1 noiteles nisites 6 ai sisdd .svode betste gisstle eA 
ot meus bac ,eeiiove daeqsitib oft to skuimegqo bedorw ond 
iat od Saibtosos .isdto dose worl gent Io noitonitsib a yis2 
i muotemmy seodd yd neve betsorbat ef yriled of? .eousdtogml 
) eobsors a0 wooetine Ilex begolo of evods agaiaseo Sofots 
at @oette cidt te8. .C€C drt ni owes es .esiiode tewol edd 
vat Ses2 943 efidtdxe yrote zewol odd Ii .beasusew ylisistasie 
mofeivib smse sii ti etotsisd? .seeasm saisecmon «4 ak aoke 
SE sewol oft .cofyote tod tot bemuesa yilsvan ek ediag owe 
| bas gioted rolleme yd wsqgo od? govt bodeivgakters sd tenn 
isnemos ynsm ai esse oft 2i doidw .pyanineqo edt to este 109882 
Bdszeten vilsicesce ei doidny zo ,eelqusxs ofdsod ylise bas 
rad Sd¢ to noitsnidaos e od tenn exedd ,enoidtiogorg tellese 
§ du0de shOh g ao banoitasa tsdi of aroyelsns .wobniw bac sos " 
f Sxedies edt no offs Snot al eisT SGI .2f4 of anthro i 
| sBoltifaoo hednedo 2 nt dosodt | 
.s@etuote gasgettit edi to exeinego edt to noktele# | 
& yd giote deomtoqgy edt to nofetvih Leottcey 2 ovle dnd te 
ms balid sven yd seve 10 .obsa sd fluco ofsorgs bedestis 30. \s 
‘eat of banot ybsexls ton ai eidd tend noltomuese sit dtiv i! 
¥ 9 moitigogueque cdf ylferene® .dieenod ysode edd nt tenner 
fapet, eGmee 6 ni bax of Hetive toy .ednomegnerts tmetet bh, 
y tawod oidtos to evidvou ciieiisdosieds s egsovhorg etadvo “fo ie 
) islinte ood edivp bas e187 tos eft ot besogge ,sottonsde 
We tadt yylesl bas qasm7s9 ai etewod Supeewemos no poktiy t) 
oe ect of qratsaoo ai th es ,tostie boos of ezoly A 
“Fy + eOERE ive i ut 


i PR 


wi ‘i 


a 


y 
5 


it 
| 
1% a ¥ 
he Bae © Pal. a hy ane 
¢ he ik, “is ha ah {rs a ae ’ Tet toe ee ks ee we ue woes a Nu 


96, as made substantially lighter by the bisecting ribs: turned — 
between the middle piers. Likewise the depth of the jamb of th 
pier is far more favorable for the arrangement. of the louvres, 
than the lesser depth of. the middle pier required by a single 
arched opening. Hurther the desired character of the entire 
construction of the tower is enhanced by that. vertical: divisi- 
on, and the possibility of a lesser height is obtained from it, 
than would be reauired for a single arehsdcopening filling the 
entire width. On other ¥rench towers, like those at Noyom and 
at Dormans im champagne, are further found three arched openin= 
gs. at each side, that were also taken from the Romanesque. a 

Then for one, two or three openings, it. is in the same mann- - 
er to make the escape of sound as perfect. as. possible. Ma 

As already stated above, there is a certain relation between 
the arched openings of the different stories, and then is: neces 
sary a distinction of them from each other, according to their 
importance. The belfry is indicated even by those numerous free 4 
arched openings above the closed wall surfaces or arcades: of | 
the lower stories, as shown im Fis. 939. But this effect. is: sub 
stantially weakened, if the lower story ¢xhibits the same divi- b 
Sion in a competing manner. Therefore if the same division into # 
two parts is usually assumed for both stories, the lower story q 
must be distinguished from the upper by smaller height. and lese' 2 
ser size of the openings, which is the case in many Romanesque i, 
and Barly Gothic examples, or which is especially preferable in 
smaller proportions, there must be a combination of the trifor- — 
jum and window, analagous to that mentioned on p 407, about ac- 
cording to Fig. 1352. This is found also on the Breiberg tower, _ 
though in a changed condition. 

Relation of the openings of the different stories. £ 

But. also a vertical. division of the uppermost. story by a free 
or attached arcade could be made, or even by mere blind arches, 
with the assumption that. this is not already found in the same i 
manner in the story beneath. Benerally the superposition of dif- - 
ferent. arrangements, yet suited to and in a sense requiring ea- 1 
ch other, produces a characteristic motive of Gothic tower con= i 
struction, opposed to the not rare and quite too similar repe- 
tition on Romanesaue towers in Germany and Italy, that. is. inju- 
rious to good effect, as it is contrary to the nature of the 
matter. 


spe 
Saree 


rob es ‘pease 8 ue pee yay rento Say te Jam bid: ocr 
hae to diated edt to enoteivih tnote%tEb edd qd Boal 
@ Slants odd ol .yxtfed edt wort cofetney nottetiot® s dove 
MB Stsaiwobesc isdt yesostyve Lisw heeolo tery didi egath 

os owdaalt eetasy ddgiesi edt .yatavoo edt af teesl tc yoen 
Bt eet ov. gaia edd to etanpe Lencotxe edd To Tsnoksth tied. 
B 6dt colws of ou enctéaogo1q tebnele sic! .sbre bobesoxs 
igaten gnoled yhserls bna «Biton setoty no vigo barot ets 


a ee -noitoriteaco asta beresigys 
plea: 


Ay 


4 
i 


etotrote Yo notelvib nevizy edd moat enokisiasY ae 


uot ota tewos edt to motatvib hewweae e1ototesed yrors 
oh ss eat ai eolt{ sf sea ,gexat ylioicte oof e¢ ton tenum seta 


‘See “sobeas? oitetixs to moliqeonco edt nit bas sestea edd Yo 


ue yen $f tesqads eidt Yo yuinnized edi ta beaottaen yheotle 
eehitdat toe edt atamet eyswia saus otedw toy ,eeRasdo Yaso Ye 


sottanidaos end Bemoltinen ybeorie eyed eW .doaudo ett to i 


fo {isd 6a% mot gaitinees yiote wobate 6di dttw yxote Istrog 
f esol ts os tot olqmexe ne SSSI .yk* nk movin oved bas ~iot me 


"ed gaibioocs dotdw ,settetea teqqn ort, edt to nottssidros Ise Ly 
& x Sectent .eac [autos as of bebnotire od aso enoliibace odd | a 
ie Teno etitne oft anotiacqora toliswa Hue noltouatenoo rela Ke 
+f setial edt base .yrifed odd d¢sened of qu Bebiviban atemet ‘eae 
* “Vnetal anote of [fin ea ,ortga ett wi besalg ed seve Pe 
Atataco yhsculs ai tiytes al snoteivib edt af oeeeteak nh 


od 6as at bavote euitotixnt edt Yo wrivyates betotines ect et 


"Sonte .aheimh to aterot ed? oo heoradne neve ef bas ellen 4a 
vat yebstteniad ebsoxe aewol baooea « hanot el wuisrotiat edt 

SSgit yo beliit exc eomploo eds neoried alevasiat edt doide 
) 30 sf#dgted ef? seewted coneteltif edt mtol etdyiet eeokte 


Be Seed Htetaen of to todd bas oven edt ntawobatw yroserselo 
Be hort Seiveer soletvib Leupe heitisesl yifut ods ovis tuf 

|e s8efels ebtes eds weve seiceliar betiver to taemegnaiss 
Ho Sd Sted of Sivow ti Bas ,f08@ .yft) zodeew to edewod odd 


& Isdt sB6saaN of geizvoal autiotiat efd to tremeyrsris Sotoen 


na patyeseo qo ecofteivibh to aedrwo ods emo Ve susesent bis 


a 


; ' 
j + > 


3 ~tewot eft hago a: 
Heeste Off mo bauol ogfs ote enotatvtbh otsathrodsr redea0d ‘ 
; atHoe| at yrtied seqots ed? oxedw ,groedte<® af 2a estsote 


’ Vre ‘ 
ss ae geomtegqu eft fo soteivih etentbyodus « hte 

gee ¢ ‘4 
tet 


, 4 mie | 
4 aes 4 
Baby. es* 3 


.Muvden setel Ilede ew doitse of itemepactia | 
f eon RC 
any perce Lie “a ae hit. Oh ee rn 


Be . 

While the heights of the ide stories im a sense are determ- 
ined by the different divisions of the height of the church, Ss. 
such a limitation vanishes. from the belfry. In the simple buil- 
dings with sreat closed wall: surfaces, that predominate in Ger- 
many at least. in the conntry, the height varies from about. the a 
half diagonal of the external: square of the plan-to its rarely 
exceeded side. More slender proportions up to twice the side 
are found only om richer works, and already belong rather to an 
expressed pier construction. | 7 

Variations from ths given division of stories. 

Every heretofore assumed division of the tower into four sto- 
ries must not be too strictly taken, as it lies in the nature 4 
of the matter and in the conception of artistic freedom, but as | 
already mentioned at the beginning of this Chapter it may suff- 4 
er mamy changes, yet where must always remain the suitability 
of the church. We have already mentioned the combination of the 
portal story with the window story resulting from the hall: chu- 
reh, and have given in Fig. 1852 an example for an at least for- 
mal combination of the two upper stories, which according to t 
the conditions can be extended to an actual one. Purther by sim- 
pler construction and smaller proportions the entire tower woulen 
remain undivided up to beneath the belfry, and the latter could . 
even be placed in the svire, as will be shown later. 

An increase in the divisions in height is already contained 
in the mentioned carrying of the triforium around in the tower 
walls, and is even enhanced on the towers of Amiens, since above 
the triforium is found 4% second lower arcade palustrade, in 
which the intervals between the columns are gilled by figures, 
whose heights form the difference between the heights of the 
clearstory windowsin the nave and that of the western base window. 

But also the fully justified equal division results from the : 
arrangement of vaulted galleries over the side aisles, as on 
the towers of Mantes (Fig. 989), and it would be here the con—- ~ 
nected arrangement of the triforium lacking in Mantes, that wO- 
uld inerease by one the number of divisions by carrying it aro- 
ound the tower. | 

Further subordinate divisions are also found on the higher s 
stories as in Freiberg, where the proper belfry is contained in : 


such a subordinate division of the uppermost story of the tower, _ 


an arrangement to which we shall later return. 


. 4! i‘ ' 


 yilerdes teom ef dotdw 


s esfosonto obsextesled ted 
gdoidw .(@Ee. .219) 


pit <erawod edt to encitiecos 
ep aottqneces oat dtiw efeis 


nm Als geTSnOs JoHnTCS fiove ows 
+ gonke ~enoeses oidedies 


eds 30% Seselvolso ei 


rene to sdbisd bebie-sno 


a 


ey 


7 


ra 


paeae 
‘ ig Nae 


 yetewos sds to notdsataied teqat! 


sbso2t efdsy edt To vo 
| tostte @otdn ,elbbia edt ts osntosdidors deta. 


© Stitas odd susd eotaciniuo 
meweve yo Sedrgisih ed bivow dofdr 
| S60%09 twHct sored hee .yttemarys sicfasosros 


-eevlge tuodtiw exevrot 


piasiyq & af tewod & to nolisniares nommed teon oni 
eds ends —potbes Istnonbuod 5 at teolgmte edt Sud (08 .q) 


.soatied s yd yitled edt te tatse 


) oft no booslges ef tud ,edele emote Yo teysl se yd Se 


eh 8 atin beef yd bersvoo toot gif wol a qd etaso to 
Salt set etiveor o1eds seso yieve ‘al 
Santi te ezel to etom & Ssvods shetten([sd yrsosst a eiswot 


esid?d bayots enrh 


SITOSe of ,estnyoo toor bfed tad 


| sooneterb tairset 3s toe ylieses nent 
) hs Suse od? .cotisninied {stnostied sit stentas eatt oxee 
i ont Do abathre edd yd serk0b asdaid s nt bentetdo aside Bt 
io signs to dasmegneiie odd yd yltootasq tem 16 .esen8 


emeds go etenot? wzieds 


eiteis aci vdteesoon: sav yd besatpoet $16 tweddel eX? 
Esitcsiedss ¢ etiseo1 yoredd dnd .aoeited asgq0 add of 


daotstirh end of Bakbyesos . sone 
elShin eft etoted Esoela asuod & 
gasol ta ,noivsntaiet Letoostaed 
act betirosd ata boosee seid besb 

eits sii vd 
eat nit coizena 


eit yd Hetutat sd st adienue Biu 
® dtin tanos {[extoss s to tos" 


tte oft basd twedto eid a0 .ts 
foiftw of solteatnaes Lataos 
eebie eas ts ystblind 
edd mort exot 
ected hsrigos7 ots 


av lates feotaésmuye 8 tc bees sit suswot sfadnob 10% 

i tascctas faisioeiidows ms agetgqxe ton of seeds eonie 29 
Sxidos odé dtin coiisaiduoo ai testt tod. eevleeneds xct 
# ts ose Jot tewot wiste e dtiw tastnoo od aso padd ,ebhsoat 
P Betutiage’ mctive. yileteges bas .tsaT02 sbissuo yo sbhieet 
329) eetneW to eiewot edt soe ow eri? .eliedeb nt yrtommee 
eer ‘yrote oft of qu yllesictismrye teom{[s batasad 
edd fedtal edd svoda deg .dotwio odd to YIoderselo oft 
eg tent09 Sbletco ont no ederisd oft yd belfwans cet oe et 
thing efpbia ont tedé ,wodt gntfavorme eshsors odd bos 
ot bevor ems yItisd 4% at brace 10% aeeteare ef 


ae. ie 


AW 
ha 


96 
Upper ee towers. 
Towers without spires. 

The most common termination of a tower is a pyramidal: spire 
(p. 580), but the simplest is a horizontal ending, thus the cove 
ering of the belfry by a terrace, which is most. naturelly forn-— - 
ed by a layer of stone slabs, but is: replaced on the cathedral _ 
of Paris by a low hip roof covered by lead with a passage exten= 
ding around this. In every case there results. for flat. roofed 3 
towers a tracery balustrade above a more or less richly formed 
but bold roof cornice. To secure that. balustrade pinnacles are 
then usually set at. regular distancer (Fis. 939), which at the 
same time animate the horizontal: termination. The same effect 
is then obtained in a higher degree by the endings of the butt- 
resses, or most perfectly by the arrangement of angle turrets.” 


Stair towers on them. 

The latter are reouired by the necessity for stairs leading | 
to the upper terrace. But thereby results a substantial differ- 
ence, accordins to the different positions of the towers. Thus. 
a tower placed before the middle aisle with the assumption of a 
horizontal. termination, at. least two such corner towers, and in 
deed the second are required for esthetic reasons, since there- 
by the effect of the gable facade is calculated for the culmi- 
nation im the high architecture at. the middle, which effect wo- 
uld necessarily be injured by the one-sided height. of one corm 
er. On the other hand the effect of a central: tower with a hori- 
gontal temmination in which culminates thus the entire church 
pbuilding at. the sides, which would be disturbed by every depar- — 
ture from the concentric symmetry, and hence four corner towers a 


1 
| 


are required here. a 
for double towers the need of a symmetrical treatment. vanish-_ rt 


es, Since these do not express an architectural: independence. 3 
for themselves, but. first in combination with the entire gable. 
facade, they can be content. with a stair tower for each. at. the 
inside or outside cornet, and generally suffer departures from f 
symmetry in details. This we see the towers of Mantes (Pig. 939) 
treated almost symmetrically up to the story corresponding to # 
the clearstory of the church. gut. above the latter the symmetry 
is so far annulled by the turrets on the outside corner piers 
and the arcades surrounding them, that tne middle pier of the 
double openings for sound in the belfry are moved to the middle — 


an! ye A 
} 


ill | | | 
' Phy Vv 
a + ould ‘to ‘ebbe oagies: sit so wobnaiw sus etd Yo eutt 
i 7  geedige tuodt ie bee diin etexod to goatzaqaod - 
© battered fetcoriaed @ gost pilweet tedd nokieninaseé oft’. 
. | ameee yifaver 2f tet oe .tegaetie ayanta st exowot ede 
Dbiedes cebinarys « waal¢ Lanigiso edt of gatbtoooe todsedr 
, SS aenag $v® .eenettes yd hesevecs won etenot so? bebaed 
bigeGd yosods to tedapa seoty odd ys seri? beweetqxe ested 
fe tad yieobioes «ningate a wm sa90eqos ct ti wolle tapm oeeo. 
May contae ex? t6 gutoslq ond e@ Yltoetib beteiqnmoo ed biwvode | 
| hetotitees Sf aewot Yo wtot efdd sadt ,foet ed? es ifew i . 
aiwke, "0 beorhoug aeven eeu baa ,Paslgal bos autgled eon he, oa 
M$ fot noaset sectroqmi teow edt sup -ynamroy ak eaoltibaoe 
quit tetses3 to scewot {fe uno tad? ,wt mrot ed? to ysileatgiao 
eet at etidn eda to aottgqeoot edt ,noisvoexe tent? Sas evass a 


e 


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2m @ds al nottateqeiq: dowe tuG .vodia Loae eiispet es48g 
tae 8 Hk ecewos odd ai eorofa fisi ton eoob yiiled edt Yo w+0% : ri 
p obem yilelitnatedon neve ef extqe of? to gatoetlo est tad .a0 ne 
web lsctautemmya oft moxt snokisiuey saod? we tLooltied e+ Bi 
to exewos @d3 oc yibedioeh excom bavoi eas tad stot HEN t4 eudi 
ig) Leottxey Skt Yo oali eibkin es ydavedw ,afesesad al elvhue 
7 edt Of yaryaotsed ylisacesnen sedi rout exettib Ifeu ed? To | ¥ 
m Ho exer bovovg oft to ofkilm edd teve acdd bas ,towot xt a 
mttne fTet yatiod edd oo tes eatgqe odd to mi6% bavoag edd i 
»§ +eidiazocmi neivsoennoo ofaepio yes poligem suds \etetagee 
es detiew déiiw ybasemi10% ci exewot to sedmuan flame on odt ai 
Memeyece ci ertige « doinn ac ,bealypel at ataiveo betauoo ed aa ‘ 
Be tesnnese an segegdqs teow tetiael edd? sectasr ,beoalg tite og 
; /g@enestd aedio tc goneotiilages odd ys bednbotq sfoltetanemanto - 
tod ‘@ookétenes3 bre sestgt to euzot Isead .£ . , 
| Me aie ,esenot Lanotyfoggbae brevet to esxiq?d — rf, 
Be), ‘. " ,gtoox Faotech bae Laninod mes) 
8. yetoos bauon even noigqeoxs tuodiiu teonls siswod) baek 
"go @emoh geedica to wol ,esnoo to asot edd svad yam saodd 
aang vemsvenoci¢ yooxs cA .seebis svsonoo diinw etige s. lo tedd 
t dedd dosed ts dowudo yadda sdt te etewot ebie edd benoit 
meet edt yesrige isnoxsioo bevieoss svad mot asinosio edd 7 
tam Ont to eseisi bosiots eds ul shen ef nogstoo edd of no RN =, 
din, aed ceetqe my tesihiconde y a 7 


997 
line of the lower window or the entire side of the tower. 
Comparison of towers with and without spires, 
The termination that results from a horizontal. covering of to" 
the towers is always stronger, so that it usually seems doubtial, 
whether according to the original plans a pyramidal: roof wasvdquee 
tended for towers now cowered by terraces. But the contrary tea 
here expressed first by the great number of those, that in any 
case must allow it to appear as.a singular accident, that all. 
Should be completed directly ty the plecing of the spire, as 
well as the fact, that this. form of tower is restricted. to frend 
nee, Belgium and England, and was never produced by the same 
conditions in Germany. Zut the most important reason for the 
originality of the form is, that on all: towers of greaser a 
tance and finer execution, the reception of the spire is. prepa- 
red for by the entire form of the belfry in a way so that both } 
parts require each other. gut such preparation in the ground 
form of the belfry does not fail alone in the towers in questi- 
On, but the placing of the spire is even substantially made weet 
re difficult by those variations from the symmetrical: design as 
thus at Mantes, but are found more decidedly on the towers of S. 
Gudule in Brussels, whereby the middle line of the vertical: part 
of the wall differs from that necessarily belonging to the ent- 
ire tower, and thus ower the middle of the ground square,or yet 
the ground form of the spire set on the belfry fall: entirely s. 
separate, thus making any organic connection impossible. Perhaps — 
in the no small number of towers in Normandy with which are to 
be counted certain in England, on which a spire is unsymmetric-= 


ally placed, rather the latter must appear as subsequent by the 


3. Basal. forms of Spires and transitions to them. 
Spires of round andzpolysonal towers. i a 
Conical and domical: roofs. 

Round towers: almost. without. exception have round roofs, and 
these may have the form of cones, low or steep domes: or also t. 
that: of a spire with concave sides. As exceptions are to be men= 
tioned the side towers of the abbey church at Laach, that with 


the circular form have received octagonal: spires; the transiti- 


‘Pyramidal spires. 
Polygonal: towers seldom exhibit a polygonal: dome (like the c 


ili ae ee er awe 5! 


( ) Asie ol -(voced bas £984 %o-eedoqede 
reneg Suc ots (pelth te deconc! 22 ,congivk de omed e1tok 
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at aii, (i ll 


98 
churches. of Bari. and Lecce), TP cca, one lik 
Notre Dame at. Avignon, S. Honorat. at Arles, etc., but. general) 
pyramidal. spires. with the number of sides of the tower. The lat- 
ter also frequently occur as: stone roofs as: those of wooden: con- 
struction, those covered with metal, slate or tiles; their eff-— 
ect. depends very much on the inclination of their sides (pigs. 
1353, 1354). In Romanesque times also occur both low hip roofs — 
with height less. than width, and that are partivularly suitable 
for wider towers, as well as also spires with pronounced tenden- 
cy in heisht, but. which usually do not. exceed the proportion in 
height of 2 to 1. Gothic spires became more slender; a height | 
exceeding 4. times. the width can pass as. an average value, and a 
this is found tolerably exact. on the towers of Cologne, Jlg and 
S. Denis. Somewhat lower are the spires at Chartres, Freiburg 
(8.3/4), but on the contrary more slender are those at Seez and 
Marburg. A proportion of 5 : 1 is indeed rare, yet certain old ¢ 
and new towers also notably exceed this, especially.the ornamen- 
tal roof turrets, the svire of the cathrdral, of S. Stephen at 
Vienna evey received the inclination lying between 6 and thee 

The pyramid can extend to the outer edge of. the wall: of the 7 
tower or be set. back somewhat from it, when the recession isic. 
covered by a lower inclination (fig. 1355), is comeayé 6Rig. 
1355 a), or has a horizontal: passage (Fig..1355 b). All. eight 
sides may receive gables: (Fig. 13565 as examples may be ment- 
ioned the crossing towers at. Sinzig and fimburg), if the four 
principal sides ate to be accented, these may alone be ornan— 
ented by gables, also if they are wider than the other sides: . 
(Fig. 1357, S. Busebe at Auxerre). An entirely different. form 
of spire is found py rotating the pyramid 22 1/2°, so that. its: 
angles then appear at the apex of the sable,Fis. 1358, crossing 
tower at Bonn. 


Star-shaped plan of spire. 


If the line of junction of the surfaces of the spire coincides 
with the vertex of, the gable (Fig. 1858) or is to be parallel to 
it (Fig. 1358 .), then the height of the spire depends: on the 
height of the gable, and it must be about 6 4/5 times the height 
of the gable measured in the plane of junction. (h in Big. 1358 
With the inclination for the gable of 45° there results from thi 
a height of the spire that amounts to about 1 1/2 times. its wi- 
dth, but for 60° to about 2 1/2. times the width. A steeper spire 


fut 


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4,4 dé. 


F iA | 
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of 


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sec ‘lpia to snoiveeetetat bei le penne ems desl edd 
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either leads to a horizontal break in the line a b (Pig. 13 


or gives opportunity for a recession downward of the’ jaaeegeun 
line a c (Pig. 1858 ¢) from the apex of the gable, the tebien 
solution with the lower spire is not very satisfactory, the eam 
rst one with én angle above the apex of the gable is just agifed 
and allews the spire to appear stunted. To avoid both, probably | 
men came to the peculiar Romanesque form of spire with alterna-_ 
ting hips. and valleys represented in Fig. 1359, which is. goneeuuy 
ally found on the Rhine (S. Apostles. at Cologne), both for ee 
agonal: and square towers, and it is. even transferred to the ch- 
oir polygon (Mfinstermayfeld). Such roofs are built of wood ei 
out difficulty, but for stone the valleys must be strengthened, 
or still better be supported by steep arches placed beneath then 
The valley may also be replaced by, a flat rounding. 
Spires of square towers. 
Gable or hip roofs. i 
A rectansular tower can be covered by a gable oh hip roof. with 
or without a ridge turret, but this particularly suitable cover— 
ing for rectangular plans is rather restricted to secular build- 
ings, aside from the oldest towers afidilater village churches. 
The most natural and simplest. covering is also afforded here by 
the pyramidal roof (fis. 1360), it car be made octagonal: or cur- 
ved at. the base (fig. 1355); on the other hand the Romanesque 
rectangular stone spire sometimes is: swelled with great advant—— 
ase for static reasons (Pig. 1361), which by a greater curvature 
passes into the square hipped dome, Fig. 1362, monastery church 
near Zambek (See Kunstdenkm&ler der Sterreiches Kaiserstattes). 
Above the four sides the spire may again be placed gables; if 
at. the same time the spire be rotated 45°, so that its: hips: meet 
the apexes of the four gables, there result the very common: fo— 
rus of Romanesque terminations: of towers. represented in Figs. 
1363, 1364: (Halberstadt, Limburg, Haach, Coblenz, Maestricht, 
etc. ). The height of the spire in the regular construction amo- 
unts: to twice the height. of the gable, and the four sides: of t 
the spire are resular lozenges. Variations of. the relations of 
inclination between spire and gable are made as for octagonal: 
towers, Figs. 1358 to 1358 ¢.. tag 
Other forms of Roof. 

Also folded roofs (Fis. 1365) can occur over the skuare. To 
the last are closely allied intersections of sable roofs (Pisg.. 


’ ; % 7 he 

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1366), as such are found at. Paderborn (Fig. 134/) and om th . 
market. church at Hanover, in the last. example having an almos | 
necessary roof turret at. the middle.: 


Figs. 1364 to 1367 are nearly allied in spite ‘of their sane 
ent diversity, since they all result because straight lines ( 
ters) extend from the base points. c and apexes a and b of thong 
gables to the apex of the spire. If the height of the spire. be. 
twice asggreat as the height of the gable there results Fig. a 
1364, but if it is 1 3 2 times as high then occurs Fig. 1365, © 
but if they are equal then is produced the yalley roof in Fig. 
1866, and if the spire is. more then twice the height of the 
gable, there finally results an octagonal: pyramid, Fig. 1388. 9 
(On its angles at the edges and slenderness, see p. 584 below). 

AS an exceptional form may be mentioned the folded roof over 
the twin gables of S. Sereon at Gologne (Pig. 1368). a 

The last examples (Pigs. 1365 to 1368) exhibit changes from | 
the square to richer ground forms of roofs, so that we have th-- 
ereby come to a Ghapter which occupies a particularly prominent 
place in the history of the development of tower construction. 
Rectangular spires present structural differences in construct~— 
ion in stone {see below) and besides by changing the point of 
sight it makes a greatly varying outline not equally favorable 
from all sides, which is. easiln explained, when one vemeubere a 
that a square seen diagonally is 1.414: times as wide as the 
side, thus a spire when ytewed in front has the proportion of 
4; 1, but only shows diagonally that of 2.8 ; 1. But since the | 
masters in the middle ages more than those of any other time @ 
designed no flat architecture (the So-called facades) but mass 
of building occupying svace, they were extremely refined in fee 
ing on this point. Therefore they transformed at least the roo 
and very frequently the entire upper portion of the square tow 
into a more central form; sometimes the circular plan occurs in 
the form of domes and cones, more commonly the polygon and espe- 
cially the octagon, which is developed most naturally from the 
square. 

Octagonal: spires on square towers. 

If the square has: the defect, as we have seen above, of beco 
ins considerably wider in the diagonal: view, this vanishes alm 
ost entirely for the octagon, for its diagonal: is only 1.082 
times: as. great. as its least width, or in other words: the diago 


ee ee eee en 


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i Rika 5 synitetmeda 


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gate eis OVEL «gif at weiv [enogeth yotbsodesr1os sd¥ te 
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# tte edo [fe of daead s ativeet bredt oles mole 
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Di * \ * if ; 
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voor | | 

view is in proportion to the geometrical about as 13 2 12 (4. 
tead of 14:: 10 as for the square). A spire that shows. a hei 
in the proportion of 4°: 1 in front view cannot. appear less 
3.7 to 1 when seen diagonally. | 
Consequently if om a square there be placed an octagonal: ‘epee 
the spire is helped as such, but more prominently appears: anot 
er defect in the diagonal view. for just. as the spire in this: © 
view shows the least width, but. the tower beneath it. exhibits 
its greatest breadth, the direct transition betweentthe two a . 
the angle looks very ugly to the eye (Fig. 1369). If then were 
reduced somewhat to favor a passage and thus the balustrade of. 
the latter conceals the lower part, the usly effect would be : 
considerably’ increased, especially when seen from below. 
A good adjustment. of both is: thus an indisputable requirement, 
that. can be satisfactory in various ways. Hirst in the spire 4 
itself can be completed a transition from the sauare to the oct- 
agon, and them intermediate structures can be erected om the 4 
free angles, and further an intermediate member may appear bet- a 
ween tower and spire, and finally the transition may find ite a 
place high above or farther below in the tower itself. £11 these 
solutions have been expressed in manifold styles, the most. imped 


Wea 


ortant. of which may be briefly stated.’ a 


ag 
Transition from the square spire to the octagonal: one by a 


chamfering. \ 
A transition in the svire itself in the mode of Sig. 1370 and 


of the corresponding diagonal view in Fig. 1370 a és simplest, a 
if it. commences square below, is chamfered at the angles: by four _ 
oblique planes, so that at the certain height it forms a resul- 
ar octagon and then continues as. an octagonal: pyramid. The four 
ansle surfaces have a slight break at the lines: a b and c ad, Ww 
while the four other sides extend in a plane. If the transition 
in the diagonal view be gradual, then the height ¢ a of the ch n- 
fer must. not be too little, but should be at least. 1/2: or 2/3708 
the bottom width of the spire. Frequent mistakes in this: respect 
sre mace in new towers, so that the transitions are not usually 
perceived from a low point of sight. 
If this transition be made on a spire that has a low inclina= 
tion below, there results a break in all ohe eight sides of the 
spire, Figs. 1371, 137k a. Aside from the fact that a slight ré fe 
auction is sometimes justified by a lessening of the thrust, the 


i 
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:woe Stasvis etox ait tewot edt to texted hecimaoteh ylisntt 
am gotsl ei teY .eifeaw dyitd yo nsdt ectae dotd « yd hentstta 
be jane ons fae sodoasio epelity yasm Yo seciqa cehoow ent at 
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. es sont ted ‘betti¢est boohrt sas eevige dona serptontea Ist 
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ie | -eolday tm0% xd soltiuaast? 

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wrebneie sion sa ot simetiog edd 2T .sideg edd to sdgted 
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effect of the earlier tower does not appear favorable. The tr 


sition becomes in the diagonal view again very abrupt, and the 
height of the spire is thereby reduced unnecessarily. But a hi 
spire particularly contributes to an imposing and beautiful. ef 
fect of the tower, and besides also for financial: reasons theta 
finally determined height of the tower is more advantageously 
attained by a high spire than by high walls. Yet in later times 
in the wooden spires of many village churches and secular puilae 
ings, the base of the snire has been reduced as much as poset tay 
by the use of a flat or curved plinth, but thereby the slender- 
ness of the pyramid is increased. (Pig. 137%). On small ornamen- 
tal structures such spires are indeed justified, but in any case 
with the skill by which they are designed, one cannot refuse ¢ 4a 
them the merit of a certain decision in contrast to many flet 
new attempts. : 
Transition by four gables. 

The transition from the tower to the spire is: facilitated by — 
the existence of four gables over the sides of the tower. A form 
already approximating this is shown by Fig. 1373. It may be con= 
veived to originate either by supporting the ansles of the pyra- 
mid in Fig. 1304 or by the ordinary placing of an octagonal: py 4 
ramid on a square tower by extending downward four pyramidal: — 
sides to cut off the corners of the tower. Pigs. 1373 and 1373: b 
show sections through the sides and the diagonal. If ke comphe- 
ted upward, they either rise free from the surface of the spire, 
as at the left side of Tig. 1374, or its sides intersect like a 
roof, as in Fig. 1374,at. the right. If no break at. the height ° 
is to occur, then the height of the spire is dependent on the © 
height. of the gable, ani it results from making it twice the 
height of the Sable. If the spireis to be more slender, there | 
occurs a break in the line cc, or the line of junction bends 
back (#ig. 1374 b). On this see Figs. 1358 a to: 1998 cee in the 
diagonal view sush towers of simisar outline are as drawn im 
Pig. 1370 a. 
If the transition is to be more continuous, then can the fin- 
ials or added buttpwesses shown at the angles in Fig. 1375 ope q 
some other properly formed be placed on the angles to load them 
with advaytage. The ashlars of the gable cornice assume the ra- 
ther complicated forms seen in Figs. 1375 b and oe. If the apex. 
of the gable projects like a window gable (Pig. 1875 da), then 


me janes ou -eto} pabbooqsettoo s« eviecet safe {fiw asidesedi 
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BG a nely beqade-taze odd difw exiqe Peblot edt of Best, witea 
#2 ao eels exeatoo edt baol bas etamtne of (86S ORE Seis) 
i lead aeewted efestyi 16 efeinit heostq e¢ aliens vale atewad sée 
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: * mae eqs siestut olyas edt tné ~e6eeeq8tud elens ene 
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the ashlar will also revteive a corresponding form. 


‘When the base of the spire is reduced, the four gable roofs 
will project farther, until they finally approach two godasaln 
gables (Pig. 13866) in their effect with a central spire. 

Diagonal position of Gilets ddan’, 

By placing the spire diagonally so that four edges stand on 
the apexes of the gables and the other four on the angles of 4 
the toner, a particularly pleasing general transition is produ- — 
ced in both front and oblique views (Piss. 1377, 1377 a), that 
is alreadm much found on Romanesque towers. If the line of junc— 
tion falls on the side of the gable or a parallel to it, then 
the spire from the lowest point to the highest apex is 3.1414: i‘. 
times as high as the gable. With an inclination of the gable at © 
45° the height of the svire becomes 1.707 times the side of the — 
Square or 1.21 times ths diagonal of the square at the bottom 
aa, but with an inclination of the gable at 60°, it becomes 
2.96 times the lower width a a or 2.09 times its diagonal. 

If the spire is to be made steeper or flatter, there will cout 
cur a break in the line ¢ c, or the line of junction will no 1 
longer be parallel to the edge of the gable. Finally some@ines 
occurs the following exvedient, to vary from the regular octa=— 
gon, so that at the height ec c of the plan of the spire so “a 
the left side of Fig. 1376 corresponds to it, but the right ic 
to a flatter spire. The last variation appears on the towers © 
Spires and exists on ths western building of S. Apostles at cout 
logne. It is to be noted on this occasion that also above rect- 
angular towers can be erected similar spires with ose deaa 
irregularities. If the spire ever becomes flatter, then: finally — 
the point p (Fig. 1376) will fall in the line m a, and consque~ 
ntly from the octagonal spire results the square spire of Pig. : 
1864, and a further a rey, the apex of the spire and a i 
connection of it with the corresponding corner points would fi- | 
nally lead to the folded spire with the star-shaped plan m oy. 
(Figs. 1376, 1865). To animate and load the corners also on th- 
ese towers may again -be placed finials or turrets between the 
gables, that are based on the walls of the tower or partly on _ 
the angle buttresses. But the angle turrets are preferably res- 
tricted to the width of the gable, and S. Patroclus at Soest “13 
presents a very old example of this. The gables were decorated 


by arched openings, polyfoils, blind arches or tracery, and so 


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sometimes the openings for sound in the story of the tower e2 
end into the gables. a 
Here is also mentioned the peculiar spire of Treysa (Fig. 1410) 
that has smaller oblique gables between the four principal gab- 
les, whose apexes likewise receive the hips of the spire. 
Detached angle pyramids. . 
When the octagonal pyramid rests directly on the square tower 
horizontally without gables, then there remain free four trian- 
gles at the corners (Fis. 1378), and the result of *thissis the 4 
ugly diagonal view, p. 582 and Fis. 1369. If then the covering _ 
spires of Figs. 1370 to 1372 are not employed, then to improve © 
the outline and remove water, thin angles must have separate co- 
verings, which are to be harmonized by bold heishts with the a 
Slenderness of the spire. (The roofing of the tower may be a : 
pared with the roofiug of a hall church of three aisles, that 
either has a common roof as a great middle roof with different 
adjoining side roofs). The triangles may first have argle ee 
es similar to the main spire, which take the form of triangular 
pyramids. The vertexes of the pyramids may lie over the extern 
corners (e in Fig. 1378), see Pigs 1379 and 1380 from the chur 
in Gebweiler, ther} may fall above the centre of the triangle as 
at the left in Fig. 138%, or be moved over the middle d of the 
side of the triangle as a Figs. 1378 and 1381 at right. Fig. 
1381 a shows the two last cases in diagonal view, between the 
main spire and the side spire is formed a sharp line with a a 
little gutter below, best avoided by inserting a little gable 
roof, as indicated by the dotted line. More simply may be avoid- 
ed the deep cut by increasins the triangular pyramid to a sgqua 
pyramid by adding a symmetrical half, which stands over e £ g7 
in Fis. 1378 its rear elige intersecting the surface of the spi 
at k, as it shows in the diagonal view of Fis. 1382 and a more © 
tasteful effect; the geometrical elevation remains the same. e. 3 
The effect of such an octagonal spire surrounded by four little 
angle pyramids, that is found on many German and French towers — 
in stone and wood, is particularly imposing and interesting on | 
account of its simplicityand clearness. Fig. 1384 shows an exan- 
ple of a little subordinate spire of Freiberg minster, that is. 4 
steeper than the princival spire, but more seinen both have 4 
the same inclination. 
Attached angle pyramids. 


PF ele er 4. 

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An entirely different result in both views, if the angle pyr. 
amid of the form of either Fig. 1381 left or right is connect 
by a gable roof with the side of the spire rising behind it, as” 
in Figs. 1383, 13383 a left; it appears already as a part belonal 
ing to the principal spire, which is more the case if the poi 
S is placed nearer the side of the spire, into which it may fi 
nally pass, Pigs. 1383, 1383 a right. Thereby is attained the 
Simplest covering of the corner, it may be steeper or flatter 
aS on numerous towers of the early and late times, and approxi- 
mate in effect again to the common spire of Fis. 1370. 1 
Transition to the octagonal spire by an intermediate — 
piece. a 
Passage at base of spire. 
Although we have seen that it is well possible to properly be 
arranse the square tower with the octagonal pyramid resting th- 
ereon, yet this aim can be attained even better, if the transi-_ 
tion is already made below the base of the spire (as examples» a 
see Fig. 1396 and the right side of the tower at Gebneiler, be 
1345). This is attained by a corresponding form of the upper p 
part of the last story of the tower (belfry), but there can bell 
a small intermediate division rising above the belfry, like a a 
plinth of the spire, and which is especially added if. a balus-| 
trade exists. As alreadv stated, by recegsing the sides of a 
Spire it is next to utilize the space between the sides of the ~ 
Spire and of the tower for the arrangement of an exteroal pass- 
age at the base of the spire, which is enclosed by a tracery q 
balustrade,whose angles can be secured by pinnacles, giving a a 
rich ornament to the entire tower. 2. 
Sinee then a greater value is justly placed on the arrangement 
of such a passage at the considerable height permitting a wider — 
view of the people, we shall here state, that this is possible _ 
even with the spire not set back, when the floor slabs of the oi 
passage are borne py an arcade standing on the lower part of ¢ | 
the full spire (Fig. 1396). The transition of the square to the 
octagon beneath the passage remains visible through the ee 
Interposed sjuare intermediate story. 
But a good transition with the recession of the Spire and the » 
arransement of the passage is even more required than otherwise, 
and it can be placed directly above the passage according to one 
of the solutions in Figs. 1370 to 1377, or as stated, in a very 


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effective manner is raised above it by a low storm recessed 
the width of the passage (Fis. 1385), but otherwise formed a 
ording to ann system there described. 

If then the loading of the angle pier by a turret is to be 
termed structurally favorable, this will in the last case aff 
the further utility of strengthening the walls of the story in- 
serted, and of brising it into closer connection with the bel . 
Likewise ¥itl angle turrets almost necessarily produce a beau 
ful transition on account of the horizontal division caused by 
the passase. : 

Both aims will be attained in, more complete measure by pinna- 
cles corresponding about to the thickness of the wall or even 
exceeding it. These may partly stand on the buttresses, if the 
latter extend the full height of the belfry. 


The southern of the Marburg towers has square and the norther 


octagonal pinnacles. The square ones (Fig. 1889) have the width 
of theibuttresses and with them project somewhat from the face | 
of the wall, the octagonal ones being wider than the buttresses 
(Fig. 1389 a), so that the outer side lying on the diagonal is 
corbelled out over the angle between the two buttresses. The r 
rear angle of the pinnacles coincides with the angle of the re- 
cessed story, except that below is an opening to provide a pas-_ 
sage (Pigs. 1889, 1389 4). 4 

A similar but simpler arrangement with buttresses extending a 
higher os shown by the tower of the Frankenberg church, on whi- 
ch indeed instead of ths originally intended stone spire was m a 
merely erected a temporary roof, so that we must restore in Pig 
1887 and 1387 a the added spire as well as the ends of the but- 
tresses. ee 

Qn later works the dimensions of the pinnacles placed either — 
on the buttresses or the angles of the walls are frequently re- 
duced, so that they stand entirely free before the walls of that 
recessed story, and therefore are without structural importance — 
for it. iq 

Yet a connection is sometimes arranged, which is rather nerely 
for tke security of the more ornamental pinnacles, than for the 
angles of the wall, and consists of arches or flying buttresses 
turned diagonally, or is made by channels for water passing ced 
rough the pinnacles. Hxamples of this kind are indeed shown in "y 
a changed form by the towers of Wildungen (Fig. 1388) and of 


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2 “eigne Lenogetoo awot yd ebhewm vel notéiznasd off etaB | | 
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’ #07 | | 
Volkmarsen. However the effect of this arransement is still vy 
picturesque, even if it does not bear comparison with the older 
examples. a 

Octagonal intermediate story. 

The necessity) for this transition from the square to the cou 
gon can be avoided if the upper recessed storm be made octagon- 
al. However the effect is’ avorable, especially in the diagonal 
vien, Since the angles of the square tower form an excessive p 
projection, and when seen from below conceal a great part of the 
upper story (Fig. 1391). In any case this design requires longer 
angle pinnacles, and if a connection of these with the angles 
of the octagon becomes vreferable, about as in Fis. 1390. a 
One Should not fail to indicate, that an optical illusion aids 
the unpleasing effect. For physiolical and psychological reasons” 
not to be explained hers, acute angles generally seem to us Lesa 
acute and obtuse angles less obtuseithan they really are, which 
has the result that the tower in pig. 1391 appears to have the 
outline in Fig. 1391 a, i.e., both the tower and the intermedi- 
ate story appear to widen upward. The inclination of the walls y 
and even the inclined positions of the columns on german towers 
must in part be based on similar phenoména; besides the almost 
constantly employed battering of the walls upward or recession 
in offsets, the middle ages had an effective means in the butt- | 
resses strongly enlarged downward. In the particular case occur= 
ring here, also much can be accomplished by angle pinnacles at ae 
other transitions at the points in question. 4 
Defects of an intermediate story above the passage. : 

If the intermediate story be very low or be entirely wanting, — 
there appears in the diagonal view the effect shown in Pig. 1368, 
but still more increased, since already the tower spire is redu-— 
ced at each side by the width of the passage. Therefore this so-- 
lution is to be termed less favorable’ yet where it came into . 
use, it required the more skilful treatment. As an example may q 
be mentioned the tower of the Teyn church at Prague. y 
Here the transition is made by four octagonal angle turrets . 
with pointed spires set on the angles of the belfry and strongly 
corbelled out, that are connected with the great spire by prot- 
ecting roofs placed diagonally. If then also the entire tower 4 
more nearly approaches 21 setular character by that great projec= 
tion of the angle turrets with the passage, yet just this arrange 


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i8 in the finest harmony wath that represented in Big. 1472, 
and further the turrets corbelled out above én the Spire, an 
this arouses the most vivid surprise, that the master underst 
how to produce such apicturesque effect on the basis ee ur 
favorable motive by the consistency of the development. 
Angle turrets at the height of the base of the spire. 

The effect of an intermediate part inserted between tower and 
spire is thereby attained, even if only apparently, so that the 
angle pyramids represented in Fig. 1382 are raised above the b 
‘base of the tower by a vlinth with vertical sides or an arcade, 
thus being made an actual turret (Fis. 1392). These may also a 
appear in direct connection with the buttresses, if two of its — 
angle piers stand on them as shown in Fig. 1393, so that a ani 
Sonal square results for the angle turrets . Teer the buttress- 
es either terminate in the returned cornice of the belfry or 
below them by a slant, the latter being placed on the angle _ 
below the cornice of the belfry. a 
Then there results for these angle turrets the ground form of 
the octagon, if ther; rest with two piers on each buttress (Pig 
1393 a), so that thus the width of the buttress agrees with a 
Side of the octagon. The angle left between the buttresses may © 
thencbecfilléddby corbelling as shown ir Fig. 1394, so that it — 
forms an enlargement of the octagon. This transition then resu 
ltus more readily, if as in Fig. 1393 a the buttresses are ren a 
oved from the angles of the square, so that the latter forms ag 
single or double offset between them. Cee ¢ 


~ 


Such a design is found on certain French towers, but were in- 
tended on others like Noyon and Soissons, as may be recognized | 
with certainty, and on that last named at least in the form of 
little angle balconies vrojecting from the terminal terrace an 
carried a few steps above their floors as constructed. 

The interiors of such open angle turrets receive a horigontal 
floor, from which the water is removed by spouts, and made ace- 
essible by doorways opened in the diagonal walls of the spire. 
se ea to the ground form of the whole there may still. remain 

mall horizontal surfaces between these little angle turrets, 
Tega for the arransement of gargoyles beneath the angles . 
of the spire. 

With these angle turrets mar asain be combined passages at of 
base of the spire, that lead through the angle turrets, or ext 


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around them on corbelling. The last arrangement is found on 
tower at fouvain belonging to the late time of Gothic, in the 
manner that the closed angle turrets are placed on the puttres-— 
ses, and the passage is corbelled out around them. The perfora “a 
ted spire with tracery besins behind with a square base, but a 
changes into the octagon directly from the floor of the pacsagay 
by a transition formed according to Fig. 1370. 

Dormer windows on the four sides. 

On French towers the effect produced by the angle turrets is 
usually only enhanced by this, that on the sides of the ‘spire ™ 
parallel to the square are built dormers likewise at the height | 
of the base, but of such slender proportions, that they form ad 
crown with bhe angle turrets, from which rises the spire of the 
tower in a very stately manner. These dormers are then either 
terminated by spires, as a rule rectangular, or by pointed gab-_ 
les, that however stand free, so that their rear surface is ei- 
ther a vertical surface or a steep hip. In both cases a Sutter @ 
lies between it and the spire (Pigs. 1392). a 


Angle turrets on wooden spires. 
On many simpler towers without buttresses, and as a rule on a 
those with wooden spires, the angle turrets are partly corbell- © 
ed out, and then and then either built of masonry as on the ton- 
er of S. Peter in Lilbeck, or constructed of wood like the spir | 
as on a great number of village churches in Hesse. There the  ~ 
floor of the spire is utilized by the projection of certain be- 
ams or tiebeams for corbelling; the angle turrets themselves a j 
are made octagonal or still more frequently are hexagonal, onem 
ed by a doorway to the spire and by small dormers on the free 
sides, and covered by slates like the spire (Fié. 1395). 
The same motive of corbellins by projecting ends of beams is a 
sometimes employed in smalles dimensions also for making the | 
transition from the square tower to the polygonal spire. ‘Cige@ 
1475). 4 
Transition of the upper part of the tower ott) 
to the octagon. : 
The transition from the square tower to the octagonal spire 
is made considerably easier, if it can be completed in the to 
er, so that the upper part and particularly the belfry is alr 
ady octagonal, but it is only possible when sufficient space | 
renains for the hanging and the movement of the bells. 


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#610 

Internal transition to the octagon, corbdelling above. 
As an intermediate stage between the square and polygonal bel- 
fry may be those arrangements, in whilh is either found over + 
the belfry a low and recessed octasonal story (Figs. 1387, 1388 
or the transition to the octagon is below the base of the spir ; 
in the mode of Pig. 1396, or is similarly effected. In both cas , 
ses the walls of the sides falling in a diagonal direction parts 
ly stard over vacancies, as indeed the case in like manner for 4 
the walls of the spire, but here by a continuation of the inéleg 
nation of the spire inside to the square, it may be most cecil 
attained (Fis. 1413). The vertical walls of the octagon in a d- 
diagonal direction, that according to their height exert a grea- 
ter pressure downward, in the same manner may be placed on steep 
corbellings, and as a rnle are however supported by spherical 4 
or conical surfaces (Figs. 1397 to 1399) or by arches (Figs. 4 

1400 to 1402). 


The latter consist of two or more concentric courses, which 


are turned between the internal faces of the walls of the belfry 
and are either corbelled out with their squere springings or "| 
rest on a projection of the wall. Figs. 1400 and 1400 a show a 
the latter arrangement from the towers of the hiebfrauen church | 
in Worms. These arches thus transfer the load partly sidewise 
to the walls of the belfry, but partly to one another. and thee’ 
finally to the angle. On Freiberg tower is found a similar arr- 
angement, except that the separate courses of the arch do notinm 


join by horizontal but dy inclined bed joints with each other, 


ae 
Ne 


and thus approximate ths form of half domes or of domical seg- 
| 4 


ments (Pig. 1405). 
Fig. 1401 exhibits the corbelling in the cathedral tower at 


Paderborn (after a communication from Building Gouneillor cae 
denpfennig)there). The arches there partly rest on @ projontiong 
from the wall, partly svring obliquely from the wall. With round 
or pointed arches the parts of the arches projecting from the | 
face of the wall could ve supported by corbels or little columns 
Fig. 1402 shows both, and also in the lower part is a very tro- 
quently occurring corbelling like a pendentive. Especially var=— 
ied transitions are shown by the higher dormers in the crossing 
towers of Rhenish and French Romanesque buildings, from whieh 
are also taken Figs. 1897 to 1399. 

Internally octagonal and square belfrics. 


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Ro. °8tOwot wiste Mi 
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4911 
By extending these transition vaults beneath the floor of th 
pelfry there results for it then the octagonal ground fora, wh Ma 
ich however isvanfavorable for arranging the bell cage and may : 
limit the space possibly required for swinging the bells. There- 
fore on certain French towers as at @hartres and Rheims, the ood 
tagonal belfry is henceforth connected with the angle turrets. i: 
standing at the height of the floor, and here forming the tran-_ 
sition to the square; by means of the arched openings that are 1 
in the sides of the octagon lyins diagonally, so that at. least 
for the interior of the belfry the square plan is again obtain- 
ed (Pig. 1394 a). 4 
Form of the angle turrets. - 
Bach angle turret then stands at the height of the floor of a 
the belfry directly on the buttress, as elsewhere at the height 
of the base of the spire, and is capable of the most varied for- 
ms. What first concerns the height, it can have the same height 
as the belfry (Fig. 1394), thus being surrounded py its cornice 
es in Rheims and Laon, and above these being directly crowned 
by spires, which arrangement was at least intended in the works 
mentioned. Instead of these low stories could stil] be placed 
above the cornice to suvport the spire, or finally the angle 
turrets could be lower than the belfry, so that there as pinna- 
cles may adjoin its walls in part or for their entire height, 
as in Senlis and Chartres. 
They can further for their entire height be formed of contin 
uous little columns connected by2zarches is in Rheims, or be sep- 
arated into two stories by a floor as in hLaon and the cathedral 
of Naumburg. These stories may have the same ground form as in 9 
Naumburg, or differ from each other as in Laon, where on the 
Lower one formed as a square set diagonally rests the upper one 
composed of five sides of an octagon, whereby however the upper” 
story is not accessible, and therefore its floor is beset by c 4 


i 
Ny i 
7 


colossal animals Looking outward between the Little columns. 
Stair towers. ; 

One of the angle towers can enclose a stair tower leading to. | 
the height of the base of the spire, either so that it has ited 
separate walls or piers, within which the pier of the angle 4 
tower stands as in a cage as in Rheims and Senlis, or so that 
the steps and strings are borne directly by the piers of the — 
ansle pets as on some later works to which we shall retura Le 


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fi fe Te sbolens eds Saitbeol to. yiilite eft yine bevieos: si eeds 
oe ‘  ,gredted# ta tenor 
F Yitskivosg s bayot ef rstentm giediaxt to tenos edd nb 
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tow foldw oak yar ee teom edg¢ of edremertsoss fe 
Ta . | -Vilvt etom vata 
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semehein beders teeth th yie yd heneeo setlve yTeosHs odd xo 
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nee) of ~PORD (BIG of 5 ad 6 
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4612 

It is here allowable for the stair tower to replace the ang] 
tower at one corner, and by its different form make a change f 
from the symmetry. a 
If we have designated the angle toner above as usable for the 
arrangement of an internally square belfry, this use has not a 
ways been made of it, and in Laon and Senlis only the diagonal 
Sides of the octagon open to the ansle tower by doorways, so 
that by the little towers besides the obtaining of covered for- 
ches is received only the utility ‘of loading the angles. .¢ > 
Tower at freiberg. 4 

On the tower of Freibers minster is found a peculiarly spiriag 
ted change in the motive of the angle turrets corresponding to 
all requirements in the most beautiful way, into which we must 
enter more fully. er 4 
As already stated, ths purpose of the little towers is sanfea 
old, they serve to establish the square ground form of the saeeu 
erior, to load the corners and at the same time to form the a 
transition from the square to the octagon. Accordingly in Frei 
burg the belfry rests on the square of the tower according to 
the ground form given in the lower half of Big. 1404, i.e., it 
is internally square and on the exterior is made the transitio: 
foom the square to the closed angle turrets formed with equilat-— 
eral triangles (Fig. 1493). The latter rise as accessible space 
to nearly the full height of the belfry, thas retaining 6£ the 
square plan in the interéor so far of value, and it terminates a 
inside by the before mentioned angle vault supporting the diag- 
onal sides of the octagon, Pig. 1405, which represents the tatea 
erior of the belfry in iiagonal view, makes this arrangement "4 
evident, which was already given in Fig. 96, but the posts sone 
porting the ceiling of stone slabs above the ribs are not dramn. 
Above the belfry is then found a high octagonal hall: crowned * 
by the tracery spire, onened by eight great arched windows on q 
all sides divided by mullions, whose plan is represented by ~ 4 
abc in Fig. 1404. a 
At the height of the latter the angle turrets have only tho 
purpose of loading the angle piers, and accordingly exist in t 
the well known tabernacle form, whose terminal finial rises abo a 
oye the base of the spire. 
The effect of the additions like tabernacles is thus height 
ened, in that theg project beyond the arched openings found in 


7 
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races F Olyas aelvgasiatoseds To sestqe od@ e8 bobtages od 
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| paktakh trode. & o2fe nvoh baetkoe sebie f[snozalh ed gatate 
bod. Ctni aedesw Yd e05q text? deft bas .evespe. soned eae 
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bidetwRetyets eetelzetigosc oft tedsegos’ tosifoo won ew 3T 
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fea ee @pd? bes ,ytinvoo edt tevo doolino tasteib a to ysis 
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; . sev0 ‘Sos119% iaveu edi yaw footiteq exom & at eoaiqes yorT 
tate benidsco ed teaaso ted? tekontnds dowett no elets ofbhlu 
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ib | an oroteroat ~eecaela pxet? sieer tadd evoig So ytere aso 
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te tt sodee:dolde aad eft ton ef setente siodeante ese 


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41613 : |) 


and the rich and airy forms of the octagonal hall and of the 7 
Spire. This combination is thereby Closer, since the ground form 
of the belfry and thus the octagon with the four triangles adj- 
Oining the diagonal sides extend down also a short distance into 
the tewer square, and ther first pass by techer into the full q 
Square, so that the buttresses of the latter with their caps “7 
tend to the sides of those tr angular walls, and with the wide 
projection that runs around on the base of the belfry, enhances 
the sharp impression of the separate stories by the balustrade 
Supported by corbels, yet without disturbing in the least the 
intimate relation of all parts to each other. 
If we now collect together the peculiarities distinguishing a 
the Freiberg tower from the previously mentioned French examples, 
we have the angle turrets enclosed by walls instead of being op- 
en, &@ tabernacle form crowning them instead of the Simple Spire, 
instead of the belfry directly covered by a spire on French tow-_ 
ers is a hall placed thereon, and as an addition the passages iq 
at the base of the belfry and of the spire. 
These passages manifestly originated in the purpose to open 
accessible interiors to the people, to afford them the opportu= 
nity of a distant outlook over the country, and thus to transfer 
to the tower the intervention of the church in life. | 
They replace in a mors perfect way the usual terrace over the 
middle aisle on French churches that cannot be combined with t 3 
the plan of a Single tower. But that the people took possession _ 
of the floor granted to them and then constantly enjoyed it, og 
can every one prove that seeks these places. Therefore we may . 
not lack those parts of Germany above in the air, such as offer-— 
ed by the Freiberg and Strasburg minsters in their terraces, to | 
which Goethe still drank golden Rhine wines yet his relation to a 
the Strasburg minster is not the last, which makes it of value 4 
to us. 
Tabernacle forms instead of angle turrets. 4 
The connection of the angle towers with the interior is want- 
ing on the later German magnificent towers. The charm of those 
tabernacle forms, which only serve as crownings in Freiberg, 


a fae. tenis sat earned? gittrvsis oF béet ech Siete 
| oo ae arse efter es exon everi? efhns’ ekg aabtouitenos 
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odd  boteis Seid ,geoetg Fords ot90 aotetot ylisatt eoss 
nen ‘Baol ot ovree ylno ,eseren hilos es nogadoo es to 
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tedd tedt ,3i déitw egaied al) bee oxtalcd tales. erokaie 
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9 fi senos edt to aogstoo odt 37 .addpisd edeisges otal 
2 a9 30 Seoue dthw abtoates $4.36 eLemoyetb ond: tend OB 
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4614 : 

might well lead to elevating them as the chief object, i.e., 0 
constructing the angle turrets more as angle piers that ever m : 
more artistic combinations of figure shrines and finials, and 4 
thus finally forming mere show pieces, that rising from the aa 
of the octagon as solid masses, only serve to load the angle pl 
piers, but with all splendor missing what is found in Freiberg, — 
namely the fulfilment of a purpose increasing with the whole. , 

On certain later works like the tower of S. Bartholeme@ in _ 
Frankfort, these tabernacle forms received a broader purpose, 
for they were characterized by little flying buttresses turned 
to the angle piers of the octagonal belfry and certainly as ane 
ports of the latter. = 


Sontinuation of the octagon downward. 4 
As before noted,on the Freiburg tower the transition from the — 
Square to the octagon is already prepared in the story below t Gg 
the belfry and corresponding to the church roof. A further “i 
ance consists in this, that the begirning of the transition is. : 
utilized as a motive for the treatment of the next to the last 
story for its full height, as on the towers of the cathedral ag 
of Cologne, on which the buttresses of the octagon of the tower _ 
extend down to the walls of the square to the cornice Bixed by q 
the height of the clearstory. : 
@n certain smaller towers, like that of the Nécabad churca in 
#rankiort and the chapel at Kidrich, the octagon of the tower a 
extends itself down to the portal story. The transitions are1 
found above them on the first tower simply by washes, on the | 
latter being effected by a tabernacle form adjoining the side 
of the octagon. That the carrying of the octagon deeper already 
occurs on Romanesque works was already mentioned on p. 571. 
Placing the octagon diagonally. 
The complete openings of the sides of the tower square by two 4 
windows as at Cologne and Ulm brings with it, that the angle f. 
pier of the octagon comes to stand on the arch od a window. The — 
height of this transition is found in §6logne above the second 
story, on other towers above the succeeding story. This arrange- 
ment brings into expression the homogeneousness of the division 1 
into separate heishts. Tf the octagon of the tower is displaced — 
so that two diagonals of it coincide with those of the square 
(Fig. 1407), then results the necessity, on account of an 
reased thrust of the four transition arches at the angles and 


A * ' v y 
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Peds arestent ai dadd .eist of aha Yc tfge, va 


- Soe os 


4815 | 
loaded by the piers, to annange some piers strengthened by 
tresses at the middle of the sides of the sjuare, as in the 1 
er half of Fig. 1407, or where those transition vaults wie 
the walls as in the upper hatf, while the proper angle piers — " 
of the sjuare are relieved and are recessed in a rather idle 4 
position. The bisection ng the side of tae tower square by ea 
middle pier can thereby a “any division in height, butfirst ov- 
er the projecting portal agin Bigs. 761, the middle pier stand 

‘ming on the crown of an arch. 

This bisection may then also result from the arransement of : 
the plan, especially if the towers belong to doubled side aisl- : 
es as on the cathedral of Cologne, and is only avoided on the " 
cathedral of Paris by that peculiar arrangement of the lower . 
vault of the tower described more fully on p. 313. 

Development and crowning of the octagon of the tower. 2 

On the octagon of the tower all sides are opened by windows, 
or only those parallel to those of the square. The latter a 
when the other four sides are occupied by adjacent angle turrets. 
or other transitions. a 

The arched openings themselves are single or divided by mull-— 
ions, according to dimensions. Mullions are here indeed substan- 
tially ornamental, where glazings is not concerned, but make nore 
difficult the placing of the louvre boards and therefore are n 
wantins on most older French towers. * 7 

The angles of the octagon of the tower apvear as sien edges 4 
or are strengthened by vorojecting little angle columns bonded 
with the masonry or by forms of piers. , 4 

These little angle columns may either have their conta ini 
the cornice terminating the octagon of the tower as in Fig. q 
1403, or afford a support for the gargoyles at the base-of the a 
Spire, or if the latter are wanting, may directly receive the 4 
ribs of the spire as in Fig. 1390, or finally if a passage is 
arranged at the base of the spire, pbear the pinnacles uhich 
rise to strengthen the balustrade. The angle piers as at Prei- 4 
bers (Pig. 1404) may be formed according to two sides of the 4 
Square or as ordinary choir buttresses, with their caps attach- — 
ed to the angles of the belfry, or also join those of the spire, 
or rising above the balustrade be crowned by simple or compound — 
pinnacles, as in Freiberg (Fig. 1403) and Cologne. We however 4 
call attention to this, that in Freiberg the inner of the four 


ons btove oF. vsb%0 at Bsdtiuc et aoloeanty elisit 
(OBS .Bi¥ 4k 6) saee3aee odd 
+ETOWOF Tlste 

S| ee edt bnodxe eseds evetq signs s20dd seowted 
P Bedows eds anos taht .2usdto yrez no.ge eretqg bise sit 
Sreeaassts aovewod fotim ,eebewtertsd edt evode antett Ens 
" ged seocalg ssdio ui kuiaaunoo seott gort toeges: Lettuce 
L ep Halied sesq von oh sobersegsad yrooeut edd ayediery 
| | te eid? .esbie dtod no mend te stscinist ted eeldas 
s exetio Mirosante edt dtiw aeldsp yrsoett edd yd bemiot awoms 
(@hiee sis to ests? sbie eLSirL fhe odd tot ethtivedpe 
S Haets sit alsdis ton csch dt dads yoo feum ow toy .sateg 
Boo) eWeeudots oi St eleoxs ybsort{s ti Ti wove .yediel oft te 

ie ots doidy <e1ewod talete OCF ¢ so Ssaeisasn thesiis svat ef 
| O.86¢ oF nciskegeis odd Saimiol avsviwi elvas edt yd bseolo 
Maeepoioo base brsdier? to stewod sift of heeogce ers geet? .n08 
bisiste ods asin ,dvod, lo ncidsiece2 stalqaoo s bawot ek enone 


ors sud e@758q Tenol siods ai siewo!d slibas edt ayot mot tne 
Beited ei yisounye ods ydsxed? .dddied tieds af wed} wont sont 
i .bebeec Gio gowod wkete sao ylno sosie .bedisteah fanwsmoe yf 
be, tani) sbOReSTORE ylistinesze ei doetis supeetutorg ef dud 
“edd, n0 wiv ae Guedesate io atewod cnecitionsa sedel edd aC 
= widieaog eben sis eagteod feotaveuaye ylortias .yseitsco 
(easel .tewot asta‘ eouooed aisned slins sod sit to doses 
ied teqqu sdi svode sata .yttled oft nox? stedeqes gisatines 
oe Odd 00 westihicd yd wool edi détw bedosanod ove bas sher 
fee e7ige eis to xegs sad of gu soldoutienoo seodw .aswot Sent 
a bids weve ,sqeve to wateye sdé yd zetestedo ect ni heatearsdss 
noe eat ,acofivosxs -Intiapsord etid .bsititent ef tieeor 
pce) a0 of elinw .erteta emorlizeque oSidd to nateeh ate 
duoexe {soiasounye. to sxoging odd (oainexh Laginkso saz of 
) auounituce sd? .eoidawteth viateizso ai [lite Jaen nas Je 
pot @eyih ,acede oft yd svisos: atevot tiste dove tadt baod 
| dusel edd Veith efsm o2 wilidste yreabbucstixe rs 
es ie seLiey sd? Yo 
aoe etisie edt to mA euoins eqedrsq odd goidaem sy te} 
@ ofaneger © ni begnetre jon ote tel .noeetou. te amex td 
mereti tao? ,iisw edd to. eesadoidd edd of Bavot one: ted 
ig .seNot enauge sot to ere ene yaole. ORE, 8 


ay 


4 


Hettib ylesiias at. eomei bos esogtvg diecs of bsdine sas evesod - 


* AB16 ieee 
little pinnacles is omitted in order to avoid the reduction of 
the passage (d in Pig. 1404). 

Stair towers. ‘a 

Between those ansle piers there extend the tracery gables one 
the said piers as on mang others, that crown the arched edn 
and rising above the balustrades, which however differ in no es- 
sential respect from those occurring in other places. Only in 
Freiberg the tracery balustrades do not pass behind the rasan 
gables but terminate at them on both sides. This sixteen-fold 
crown formed by the tracery sables with the pinnacles offers a a 
substitute for the eight little side turrets of the early Prench 
Spire, yet we must say that it does not attain the grand effect 
of the latter, even if it already excels it in richness. 4 

We have already mentioned on p 590 stair towers, which are en- 
Closed by the angle turrets forming the transition to the octa- 
gon. These are opposed to the towers of Freibers and Cologne, 4 
where is found a complete separation of both, when the stair - ia 
towers are suited to their purpose and hemee in entirely differ- 
ent form join the angle towers in their lower parts, but are f q 
free from them in their height. Thereby the symmetry is certain— 
ly somewhat désturbed, since only one stair tower is needed, b- r 
but the picturesque effect is essentially increased. iE , a 

On the later magnificent towers of Strasburg and Ulm on the q 
contrary, entirely symmetrical designs are made possible, since 
each of the four angle towers becomes a stair tower. These stand 
entirely separate from the belfry, rise above the upper baludt-_ 
rade and are connected with its floor by bridges. On the Stras- 
burs tower, whose construction up to the apex of the spire is 4a 
determined in its character by the system of steps, evey this 
result is justified, this thoughtful execution, the almost mod-— 
ern design of three superfluous stairs, while in Ulm (according 4 
to the original drawing) the purpose of symmetrical execution a 
at anm cost still is certainly disturbing. The continuous cross — 
bond that such stair towers receive by the steps, gives to them 
ar extraordinary stabilitry and make possible the least thickness. 
of the walls. ; 

Yet we mention the perhaps unigue plan of the stairs of : cue 
toners of Meissen, that are not arranged in a separate hall, 
put are found in the thickness of the wall, though in inclined. 
straight flights along the sides of the square tower, these 


a 
a 


he : Hiakahnets wd  aldtere obes nee 
Midteveye sellame sb iy 
-oldeR ntetsen edt srody stetuyé. eherha 

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Mag BOT gutisejosq eegeetrsud vd srnod et tent torsgs 
b gensentied ead tl .dedy woot gro be fledess el bre tise. 

‘ead. to eost edd wort ¢iferapeear et aniiiledupe eds eat 
Huth $I .eacttibros of Yuthrosoe segnotte od team ged? fae 
paiedettioce .2ailisdtos end To Fauccos no teddy \exveHh beton 
Le -leope gisiemizorgae sd tag echte dted 

aq ae @O Siéuge eit ed nso eietine deve Yo went Savosd on? 

+ hinenabaai encofememth ifama sit beebait tae NOS ylas. beast 
ei Oldstine plsalpotiis2 sobared eds oxen 
“rr Wo Ssalmtetoh tetit ct enilsfedrvos sat tO weet ont 

9 “stsisces 19 ensem yd nokioetih [ethor @ et eg yao tf Bre 
cites etsteqse yd ebam ed ¢o,2e8¢7n00 haaogtagne bas: said 
f #mo@cbnsata serit si? .eedovs gi pada Of Sdele bets 
| ike dT sect fenohyflog sii ot neds st og F 6 
; Liedz00 Bay Io noifootth césse a eexer wedded Sofbeol 
a00C Rad Yo eeltiozg sat yd bewtadtdo ed As ic id a :) sudo 
£ q “eitenso Wd Seetmcs Sattostowg of) oats: ST899@. yo oeiz ge 
y sb, Nay iin oud to soet Soi ak 
naga Weed Be HsneuMes ‘eyanls test sah lfsceas gift 
mo tists 230 essen cc sobre zh 65008 GS Of 3olt pFt 
<a Odi dunords eSeu 2 ; mirecc ni 8 ,vehbeal « 
wi evods to (s a98 15 fs) 
fet beets’ at eterred ofdes dove fo sinogtéeas to Shon ant 
‘annie beovbes edt of basher svtw etowod teens te sede 
. aotvounteaog be Deanedo odd bas 
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. *9o80 [fod sexs aucecac®y to bdy ,Suiliediss eds evede 
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einai senisence doveyt sidey cay efecess sissit ao 
R 10° eno to geixe. edd ey isoes. Yisoswrh doing. Buetg sihie 
betsy 55 SYB. TO dow ce td gos da Ssutot sas ereks oar selied 
a . - 100? Suitosior 3. yd 
‘> -dou Ledgautas ent evods aterm 
wih | fae arsaen Sid seve ederant oféay Yo beodanT 
fi ee SFHet al waits cham: oy 


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oe 4617 
being made visible by ovenings. 
4, Smaller Turrets. 
Little turrets above the western gable. : 
We have already given in Fig, 814 a an example of a little t 
turret, that is borne by buttresses projecting from the bable a 
wall and is corbelled ont from that. If the buttresses are war 
ing, the corbelling is naturally from the face of the gable wall 
and then must be stronser according to conditions. It is to “a 
noted here, that on account of the corbelling, ee at. q 
both sides must be approximately equal. : 
The ground form of such turrets can be the square or any an 
ferred polygon, and indeed the small dimensions aida here 
make the hexagon particularly suitable. 4 
The form of the corbelling is first determined by the souedl ; 
and it may be in a radial direction by means of separate projec- 
ting and superposed courses,or be made by separate corbels cov-- 
ered by slabs or connected bgp arches. The first arrangement i 
less adapted to the square than to the polygonal form. The size 
of the loading further makes a steep direction of the corbelling 
preferable, which can be obtained by the profiles of the a 
as also by separating the projecting courses by others bonded 
in the face of the wall. i 
The corbelling must always commence so deep, that from the ate 
tic floor is an access to the interior by} means of a stair or” 
a ladder, so that an opening car be made through the. sore 
(Fis. 814 a) or above it. 
The mode of treatment of such gable turrets is derived from 4 
that of the great towers with regard to the reduced dimensions — 
and the changed @onstruction. ; a 
Thus we have a belfry crowned by @ spire and with open arches 
on all sides, under this being found a room with closed walls : 
above the corbelling, which gontains the bell cage. The angle - 
piers of the belfry can be strengthened by buttresses. a 
On little chapels the Hable turret sometimes shrinks to two. 
side piers, which directly receive the axles of one or more 
bells. The piers are joined at top by an arch or are covered 
by a protecting roof. 
Turrets above the triumphal arch. 
Instead of gable turrets over the western facade, they some 
times appear above the éable rising above the apse. Finally 


se q , 


) Betoezs I isn eis oo beoslq evs yest seso akdd pl cumilied 
s enc bus ssao0l vs veTigt doit s edil .dows Isdawe rat odd 
nae dtseadd bas dow fedgausixnd sdt svode Ifen sdt ped? 


Geos ,YIodeisel{s ody fo débin odé teom{siot bensao ci tk 
woe ei dads .so1. beitaieg tae13 & Yd eaxod ei detxud too4 
i W) .eflew gostinis Sfod ydeeleie ebte odd sve ylevidns 
ee dennis edt bebasge1 ed of et slqusxe veectt edt eA 
@ af eeontoras: tsaz .negulod te snivtsy .2 to dowdo ant oo 
hides eti (fe dtin aewot zaodiexd to mgiesb sit anctenentd 
_— betows ssyo seldeg yiserad ,aelosanigq efgas .eo 
ez aati - -Stide sods badsrolisg bas eshsitented yx 
Piaksteos0 oels eveiisd ebte baa exewod atsde sweliewe eit 
SYS aS Kod Isgitonizq edd odff extol tiditixe estoxsds go enedw 
4 frnesq visvaeupssi yedT .miot berti(qate at vftsom cels tt 
me tay -(Isici¥ se?) nelosanta to mr0t sit 
a wu reTSWOT TO. estice sHote se. 


§ ca ee we alien Fe 

-Oacse@ t9S to astigge slants 

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is roast: edd zevoo ot toot 2 es gnivise osfs bas eviesay 
es eis otal boow guodiiw esivtuwoo arediésce ak doed basize 
a od ylinsupe1t sis tue eniinssyS nl .nottesilivio Yo bettas 
i? .2toor soois fsbinsiyg bas {[soisoo vo [eoimob vInouroo "TST 
Baib qemu to ,eacot exil evsd yeu eeoetuwa Leatedmt bas fsniesxs 
mob s ai uflenistat doidy SORE .BiT not ae resto dose moxt t23 
‘asta fe esmob doné .snco & so bimsxyo 8 enode ylfenretss bre 
16) ,ofddu1 ,efororog te yldisq 10 ylesidee ebsu ed. sas 
Bovtseggs eenots siege odT -axoied to 10 ausldea telozsa to 
fy ea ‘move sham todtie ef yinoasm selederst edt slidw .yiieois 
b w8elid fo gnitevoo tnitostorg gs 280 Istied 10. tes10oe recoxg 
preend: bio seoit .(1sg00e to beef) iasem to neve to dele Tira) 
‘90 [soinos yd betenins yltneursst o1s enesonsd oid nt 
white ete tedd ,noidsntlont etssebor to etoos aened evigesn 
“teveo ere einic, ssodw so .encteemil to edele sasity yd 
Re ReE ant? | . wetoot asmof 20 Ysen) noes 
PME PO) °2 pettaw Isotmog fs 
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rs to baiveone sit to tanosos a0 eldstivess eas emo 
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hi 


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4818 


the triumphal arch, like a rich turret at Clomar and one at Peet 
Then the wall above the triumphal arch and beneath the turret — 
can be opened into the attic: on the Maria church at neeneneeay 
it is opened to almost the width of the clearstory, so that 
roof turret is borne by a great pointed arch, that is aveteaalll 
entirely over the side aisles by bold abutting walls. - 
As the finest example is to be regarded the truuet mentioned 
on the church of S. Katrina at Colmar, that reproduces in stall 
dimensions the design of Freibers tower with all its magnificen- 
ce, angle pinnacles, tracery gables over arched openings, trace- 
ry balustrades and perforated stone spire. 
The smaller stair towers and side turrets also occurring else- 
where on churches exhibit forms like the principal towers, ‘oveey 
if also mostly in simplified form. They frequently pass into we | 
the form of pimmacles (See Finial). | 
5. Stone spires of towers. 

Simple spires of cut stone. 
Origin and use of stone spires. 7 
Massive and also serving as a roof to cover the interior, they 
extend back in southern countries without wood into the earliest 
period of civilization. In Byzantine art are frequently found 
very commonly domical or conical and pyramidal stone roofs. the 
external and internal surfaces may have like forms, or map dif- 
fer from each other as in Fig. 1408, which internally is a dome 
and externally shows a ovyramid or a cone. Such domes or spires — 
can be made entirely or partly of concrete, rubble, or consist — 
of regular ashlars or of bricks. The regular stones appear ext 
ernally, while the irregular masonry is either made even by ‘ial 
proper mortar,or better has a protectins covering of tiles, st- 
one slabs or even of metal (lead or copper). Those old puildings 
in the Gaucasus are frequently animated by conical or pyramidal | 
massive tower roofs of moderate inclination, that are covered ~ 
by great slabs of limestone, on whose joints are cover stones 
as on Greek or Roman roofs. 

Domical spires. 

In northern countries somple thin stone roofs over closed ro- | 
oms are unsuitable on account of the sweating of the inner an 
in low external temperatures, but this is not in the way of thei 


Br oies: <es0sqeTetab yokislosi to taemezasiae edd déiv een 
bGe Revo eldesive ylertias ote yout reziwsedéo tLind [lew ote 
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! cae aeniness fetusmpacn to sewoe to eksdasvbe oft stoos 
Qe enote stoletedT .sttt wor? yistse to bas votsssnb 
mo) nists sd ovle [fiw bes eomit Ssvesibem Ile ot botenié 
e Tegeodo neve tnd rstgsh ton .ydtaon sts yaad soaie AOR 
pat deo iiedd bas atdt od yom eflew ated? .eedice nsboow 
. yin gon sont .ecengeste tusioitive dtiw tnetrogmias 
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bats fH emaz odt ta teol 9i8 etedT .asontiisiser ebem et ¢2 deecd 
“tio @@? ctaot seag vyisetbtooes doidw ORSI00 Od? To esfues eds 
is. fi Mest Semtcitcaers exodi ef noktonttecavn 232 as {few es ,efo 
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aistes Sovot aeve: 2t eniitne bevavo ef? «20CLitogorq wot e¢t 
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i 2.8 ee Toette sti 10t exivextil hae +Bieasine as 28 eenes & 
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$819 : 
use with the arrangement of isolating interspaces, if then a 
are well built otherwise; they are entirely suitable over open 
rooms beneath like the towers, where they still have over other 
roofs the advantage of vower of monumental treatment, sreater | 
duration and of safety from fire. Therefore stone spires peédo-_ 
inated in all mediaeval times and will also be again erected 4 
now, Since they are worthy, not dearer but even cheaper than 
wooden spires. Their walls may be thin and their trust is quite 
unimportant with sufficient steepness. Since not only domes but | 
also conical roofs and thereby polysonal pyramids are statical-_ 
ly favorable forms of vaults (p. 56 and 604 later), their treat- 
ment permits great freedom and even complex corbellings, as on 4 
the towers of S. Paul at Worms,(Fig. 1409), but make no sreat. 
difficulties. The towers of S. heonard in Frankfort have domic- — 
al roofs and a peculiar spire between a dome, cone and pyramid, 
below which is also found a transition from the square to the 
octagon worthy of consideration, as shown by the foundation ch- 
urch at Treysa in Hesse (pig. 1410), that has come to us only .. 
in ruins. pte 
For about 2/8 of its height,the spire is in the form of a st- 


eep pointed arch, and from thence with a scarcely noticeable b 
preak it is made rectilinear. There are lost at the same height 
the angles of the octagon, which accordingly pass into the eir- 
ele, as well as its construction is there transformed from that 
of the octagonal dome to that of a cone with horizontal rings. q 
The heavy effect of the spire mentioned is nowise based son the 
line of a@ pointed arch, but results from the placing of the an=- 
gles above the front face of the point of the gable. All from a 
its low proportions. This curved outline is even found retained 
on certain Early Gothic great pinnacles of Freiberg minster, in J 
a sense as an entasis, and likewise for its effect as a form as” 
well as for structural reasons is preferable to the concave con= 
tours of spires occurring on certain pate Gothic towers. a 
Pyramidal stone spires. ; 
Generally in the Gothic period disappear the Gomical spires, a 
and the octagonal pyramid ever predominates, but besides it are 
found occasionally the square or hexagonal pyramid and the cone; 
more on the form of the spire and this transition to it was al- 
ready given in the preceding Chapter, but on the thickness of +i 
the wall etc., see the next Chapter. 


oil ‘nent: eds roe sigot Bates edt ystlidats Yo enousst to 
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: tot sei3) etige edt to aottsatloat ert oF aslnoibasated ebed 
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 gedtit foe vebed hegifoct edt otot etertemeg ass ated ade 
} biova obs fadsosixoh .ofqnte eeel ers solena edd te atatos 
‘60s of notttensid tested s s0% eoldtaeog ti siem baa tosteb 
eextge edd to sostiwe edd nedy <iJ3n Iswod sat Yo seaaves 
Dales Aetnositod ot nciteetde yao of? .(€PdP .829) mods revo 
oeet Sa¢ mort ebtes dotdw tad .eenote edd to Sgeke eppildo sdz 
moitsrshienos on geitinpsT esostive geste to nokdoers Hook 
. “p90 ~elderovetou ots abed to ebnti titod serkge salt YIOV 
If) to Gelgns otnoe edd 10% téeddo edd brs sottent lon: tse tm cod 
eenietno tc efient toibile to tsansb edd tot Ktod Sas ,ponote 
tLuorhtib eld soasetontiylfarenos roitentiont ots gntonbes 
sehaela to neivoere edt slidw .wetv Yo tatog ¢teve at 
bse, wisnibic se to sedt moet Sesefugotvelb sd of yleossos 
i Wdpo tot bertete1g od [fiw ebed fsinostrod ylistenes 
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etna beqqsie s ek ansem szelomte ed? .eyen cuckoay 
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For reasons of stability the spire rests on the inner edge 
the wall (Figs. 1406, 1411), whereby the wall is also corbell 
out inside somewhat. The projection of the wall is occupied he 
a passage or by an inclined covering (Figs. 1355, 1355 a). But 
it is equally possible to continue the external surface of the 

spire over the wall, thus cutting off the part ced at the 
right in Fig. 1413. Since the centre of gravity of this part 
of the wall lies toward the outside, it adds little to the sta- © 
bility, and particularly for relatively thick walls may be omit= 
ted or even be objectionable. The remaining part a b of the wall a 
at the left in Pig. 1413 must always be constructed as well | oad 
ded masonry, vertical on the inside or corbelled ont if possttid 
and of not too lisht material. | 
Direction of the bed joints. 
Cut stone spires are built of horizontal rings or courses of 
uniform height, and thus can be arranged according to the usual — 
dimensions of the stone. The bed joints may be horizontal or be 
perpendicular to the surface of the spire (Figs. 1412,°1402 ay, a 
the transmission of the pressure not being influenced thereby. 
Beds perpendicular to the inclination of the spire (Fig. 1412 a) 
have the advantage, that the stones retain their rectangular ed- 
ses, and on the contrary have the defect that with bad mortar q 
the rain can penetrate into the inclined beds, and further the 7 
joints at the angles are less simple. Horizontal beds avoid this 
defect and make it possible for a better transition to the stone 
courses of the tower wall, when the surface of the spire extends: 
over them (Fis. 1413). The only objection to horizontal beds is. 
the oblique shape of the stones, but which aside from the ditt 
jcult erection of steep surfaces requires no consideration. ror 
very flat spires both kinds of beds are unfavorable, one for t 
too great inclination and the other for the acute angles of the 
stones, and both for the danger of sliding inside or outside. 
Reducing the inclination senerallyiincreases the difficulties 
in every point of view, while the erection of slender spires is” 
scarcely to be distinguished from that of an ordinary wall. 1 
Generally horizontal beds will be preferred for cut stone, a 
and men have sought to avoid the acute angles of the stones in 
various ways. The simplest means is a stepped setting of the : 
stones (Fis. 1414), the towers at Ver and Poitiers (Dehio and 
yon Bezold, Plates 277, 278) present examples of this. For the 


phosd S03 ac codes qo gibige: tox seten Solvomes to ezoqthG 
Om aepiga oad bevtupes eved of erseqts ,rsoatnwe nots gate 
p,xengitey ds etewot evobtey ao cx \brangu bewssoss eeleoe to 
ie AKT ,2bS .efg ,bloseg nov % ofded) etetttey \ossesl 
1) guts est to sosiune edg to sgole s yd bevaee seogisg eft 
Be gnol of .o & 6S Tegsete 10 d F es telt r9edsedw (erst 


te aa ei signs eJnoe edt antever 6 o t1sq Lactiqey slt 


é 
-4 ey 


SeRiT yd. crode oA costes besifsat nz to beetent Leoid 
it wove edsniacioss soivsailoni begged etd. to esbednavbs esd 
Pyeeorteciloni tel2 sot yluelwottieg eno slate oft to e20 
o tadd setoor rot eove7T nvedtnoe of beyolams ci sk sozd al 
i eestor gGeets so% .°€> bas °Of meswied to mokdentloni aa eved 
BE Teotitev ton o1n ageve Liewe oft nedw ,eelev to yloo xt 
on Omee ehed ofT .(Olh! .bit) deex sid oc seleotkaogreq sie ted 
: tan to Roitstse00g dé teniese bedosdosq plevitootis saom sd 
g RENTED geote m0 ..8\lhl Soa Vier .2blG odif adasmegnetazs. gd 
petaoe Teatetxe diocta e yd beiteites resid vitgom evad naw een 
jatiadh exe (6fof pit) anottosjoxg ed erewod. doset® yasa 00 
# ems. etntog bebosor to telnbee eeodw .dton elsoe Saiviso yt 
| etttas eay eisvoo dsow elsoe od? .(. Srl .2i®) besvawob bon 
f eotanist ls tH to .eined .o to wewot dtqonm said ao es esetene 
eat .ces te ert9ty 1% Dns cuwotd® .2 ao as ebasd steal dt 
» nod? in 40 dtiw edia Sninedtgnorte toitostoss evteos1 stent 
obiebasixe dedt Saiqe edd ta.geo bilce tea0H ed? Laseitoo 
kas B yd yilsniesxe besiustosisdo ed oso (wm b OF & Edtsom) 
soloeania [saecico & io mot edt Antided slomexe act .seontdeout 
Bie! hin, x (QPat gi) 
Baik wth, - pmiawono enoda 
sai ‘stige eat to mogs of3 to bolnwows saota acmcoo seom edT 


P : 


i 


“e 


i edt ‘Beissoiggs bos mot s sedifedhe ti (amr0W edit) erent 
* roc ‘sepia yltnougett ered? .edvo hrs etedge & to gobtoegse 
_ ‘elegas to nem ,elsmins Yo emtcl osle .esoro enogse & donk edt 
8 70 sn00 6 Yo msot end esded osls dead odf .1n990 eewittenos 
om nods: eoveel to. nofenedxs edd yd egolevweb dolcn a3 hud 
my ae efetat? 10? bise sen Sedu ezatswor edt ot sldsetlage 

| . Bebe ne Me BROT PWOT, to aokss aa 
; 7 | went Gad 
My ‘a7 ( . ; . 


peat Beil tetot edt dedd) ege¢asvbe ett bonistdo ek sedéaut ~ 


: eve x gitooris gedit .dond belitorg yldets 20 welvoitess paver 
pRenemot eo ymote. s yd bsates at so ediz edt to xege edt no 


“sees Jdgte to xia diiw viewet .ts0l diiw tenol} 


i a 
PM . n = ea ny wre Ay eee 


e 


1621 
purpose of removing water more rapidly by washes on the projec— 
ting ring surfaces, afpears to have required the animated notive 
of scales recessed upward, as on various towers at Ferisuex, M 4 
Wassac, Poitiers (Dehio & von pezold, pls. 249, 277). Better is 
the purpose served by a slope of the surface of the rings (Fig, 
1415), whether flat as a b or steeper as a c. So long as a lit- 
tle vertical part c d remains the acute angle is avoided, and 
further is obtained the advantage that the joint lies in a ver- 
tical instead of an inclined surface. As shown by Fig. 1415 a E 
the advantases of this stepped inclination predominate over th- 
ose of the simple one particularly for flat inclinations, and me 
in fact it is employed in southern Fraoce for roofs, that only «a 
have an inclination of between 30° and 45°. For steep spires it 
i.s only of value, when the small steps are not vertical in space, 
but are perpendicular to the wash (Fig. 1416). The beds can then 
be more effectively protected against the penetration of water 4 
by arrangements like Figs. 1417 and 1417a.. On steep german spi- 
res men have mostly been satisfied by a smooth external surface. 
On many French towers the projections (Fis. 1418) are utilized i 
for carving scale work, whose amgular or rounded points are tur- 
ned downward (Fig. 1418 .). The scale work covers the entire s 
surface as on the north tower of S. Denis, or at alternates “ic G 
th plain bands as on S. Etienne and §. Pierre at Gaen. The hips © | 
there receive projectins strengthening ribs with or without orale 
ockets. The upper solid cap of the spire that extends downward 
(mostly 2 to 4 m) can be characterized externally by a special | 
treatment, for example takink the form of a colossal pinnacle. 
(Fig. 1419). 

Stone crowning. 

_ The most common stone crowning of the apex of the spire is a 
round, lenticular or richly profiled knob, that directly rests 
on the apex of the ribs or is raised by a stem; on Romanesque + 
towers (like Worms) it #f£tefthas a form and approaches the int- 
ersection of a sphere and cube. There frequently rises above io g 
the knob a stone cross, also forms of animals, men or angeis : 
Sometimes occur. The knob also takes the form of a cone or a 

bud, for which develops by the extension of leaves the cross 

flower with four, rerely with six or eight arms. Otherwise is 
applicable to the crowkings what was said for finials. 


Projection of crownings. 


E i 
; ary 


-evigeeoxe von e8H Batanors sid Io adtideknsd on: 
jaktioes sit estat ylbese bison caiwssdto ti soote. .eatt 
4 eo els Io noteeotgmt edd nodser Boe stigea edd to 1St08 


Mea ylevitsie: svsd of erawet tes15 10t Iaiwdas grev st 
bBOisos(o1c edd sefosnata tot es omid steal edd ak sexkd 
piemeced esa? bes .eaiqe adv of roite{e1 bext?- ani 070m 
{ teers. atin betuoexe yino ,ebiw am € sant atom asenoltagoss 
@isneoe® .aszatlecd ts dowlio-nersutdetd oft yd awote ee 
| beoets goutsie at as agstesoto ai Hhetdianoo yitosups2zi sas 
a pGee10% sidsdotg edt io taycoos doum ood odast nom soaks 
efou peetasttoseetc) yd hevieceb slitil ei ays bellide « Jed 
¢ | woitaoc teagsel @ to gosmiseoncos est hetoeagoo at ti détw 


saa 


om 


est ss _spottavels Isctitemos: teomi{s ot galed ea .sutog 
oe ¥ | -worditevo.teaisyse yi bawoee 
| oS wdotse act) boiw rd benwstceve yllese ote aantawer 
Weoin itd OCS of OOS desei te neice: nom ,baodstandiv: to 
Bootes eeoi to ease teetsera sit toys eat 139 e19e88 
has tipicw tasioitive eved exotsteds seum eonote tsaqu 
ee OShP .2f9 Yo oniaworo edd v0F .eeed sldstive ¢ Ils 
jgeve GiGeescen tiisod .t % te awoh desel ts Seos{q sd bed 
stottice ad eas Oloow stod tea .e © dood sid to el obiw ond 
> dibin moO of Od taast ts ster) enctensmtbh teeth ysoy arte 
bk eon Y 2 bed serft oft aooiememth relies tod bua . {bed 
ae -1swol dose os 
bod s to i beets edt tad? bexoolievo od elldse Slow ¢% 


4s 


is 


] 
a 


end, (adetier bas msot zit ao enole ton ehaegeb Baty taniare 


a). 
t} 


(Be seteal tnorom painteicevo off) .eaccteaemih stwlozda att wo 
Ppmotssogotg ofxhsupid mi ytiiidste lo teds Jad) ,ok6um ot ylao 
Bio ebth 2 dii« edvo owote s elLtiw .(aaotenents teenil ena 


) te @bte 6 din odvo ecole & yw ortepe “ec Lit O8r to ote 
\ dtiw eeiwexid .ctot to? -o8 tec Lid COS extupex bisow 
Oitepe wo OOF « OO enose omee ete to weitg s e1penei¢ bate 
| biwee, hwo O08 * O8 sasd wa tod (a SL) sdgted sede aeats BE 
emse od¢ aol . (mo 88) tdgted ¢ed¢ eomit S&\2 & yLeoteoa 


hae -tts eft af teyb so antssy to mrot eat at 
> ots aicides sedd ,ddgil ood ei Zaianor ent bo die 


J ee 4 uy * ' \ 


ia a Ay 2 uh ae 5 p a 
~5 6s ee ey UE er 
, ae Pg ire aap nS 
ie) ray tA nt nw 1 


$ ods to enctenesf£b edt no ebhasqeh noksonatanoo eth, 


Bigtb @ act? tostts booy s evsd oais exton tus beiosteh dads | 


bates yd Sentatisvo ed yam S25 Yo xstivery oltlosqe s dity 


 Rvbed UL Ieottioegs eeiad yao bair oct tadd benisiqne ti: 


422 | 
The projection of the crowning was not excessive in the bet 
time, since it otherwise would easily injure the aspiring cha 
acter of the spire and weaken the impression of the whole. As 
its construction depends on the dimensions of the ashlars,. it ¢3 
is very natural for great towers to have relatively small crowns. 
First in the late time as for pinnacles the projection isvplaced 
more in a fixed relation to the spire, and thus became colossal 
crossflowers more than 3 m wide, only executed with great labor, 
as shown by the Liebfranen church at. Esslingen. Recently faults 
are frequently committed in crossings and in statues placed high, 
Since men take too much account of the probable. foreshortening, — 
but a skilled eye is little deceived by foreshortening, unless _ 
with it is connected the concealment of a larger portion, so t 4 
that detached art works also have a good effect from a distant — 
point, as being in almost geometrical elevation. 
Security against overthrow. 
Crownings are easily overturned by wind (for safety on account. 
of vibrations, men reckon at least 200 to 250 kil wind wind pr-9 
easure per square mof the sreatest area of cross section). The 
upper stones must therefore have sufficient weight and before 
all a suitable base. For the crownins of Fis. 1420 would the 4 
bed be placed at least down at f f, but if necessary even at a. 
the middle of the knob ¢ e. But both would only be sufficient 4 
with very great dimensions (here at least 60 to 90 cm width of © 
bed), and for smaller dimensions the first bed f f must lie eve 
en much lower. 4 
It would easily be overlooked that the stability of a body a 


against wind depends not alone on its form and weight, but also | 
on its absolute dimensions. (The overturning moment increases . 
only in cubic, but that of stability in biquadric proportion to 
the linear dimensions). While a stone cube with a side of 5 om 4 
with a specific gravity of 2.4 may be overturned by a wind pres-_ 
sure of 120 kil per square m, a stone cube with a side of 50 om 
would require 1200 kil ver sq. m for this. Likewise with 200 kil 
wind pressure a prism of the same stone 100 * 100 em must have 
12 times that height (12 m), for a base 20 * 20 cm it could have — 
scarcely 2 1/2 times that height (48 em). In the same manner is @ 
it explained, that the wind may raise specifically heavy bodies — 
in the form of grains or dust in the air. ie 

If the crowning is tico light, then ashlars are drilled vertical 


ay aoe 
i cus 10 18d 8 ob ded ae aed sore ne bes vilsoidasy 
hae Bi (18d not oft. tot dtsede es sedésl edd .ee89d YO 
bags sot xete yincesm btice eds dtsensd bled et bas. sano 
pe mo ete{a s ,1sttoo edt’ .(d gs IShh .8r8) vox 2 Ww seo 
nddgis & dite. benidmoo yilevens: ese ehousegedé ylénsosz 
pPifoe od! .o1iga edd shient 1 Sbieivo,awob sagt dokdw 
om 50.9 OG ct CS .to dtbhiw [anastai sd¢ of awob gece ont to 
oo {sottste bas Leottoatg t0%t eldseivbs ylisuen si 
seiGs 10% yuaeesosa ton ef istasism dogs 
Bs . sapgataworg soxt 

ti polis ot xeon af tt .bees sone et aed aoak sot oodk 
O70 8 Seinzot {sion sdgaomm to anode Yo dond edt eveds bued 
Z S 8 @lomexs 10% .aainKotD oori edto 10 Ise snaviedsasy 
botevis Boisvosioi¢ s yd fShl .ok8 oF Enibrosos mtct & sysd yeu 
hired Gi beoel> o e1sd Sainetiits bevire beizey dite asd eeoro 
oa tdgvor s 46 domi edt evods dazid sbsm ei JI .eelfdas ap0t 
| Svods eantdeslt best 2 oale yd yilentt osle baa s goites 
a Sal .bi% to show eft ot 28d o1gHpe oid betetwe ak dond 
3 al Giotinn asides: shen et garbaed ot sonadstees aff yderedéd 
O Zalasttice aettups2 wsd odt aeeeoto s68ehtel 30% eanoiioorks 
© don ett ao teot doidw ,(SSb -2i7) motdod te gsesad Bb 10 S 
feLtot¥ sovth) .EShf .af8 oi es twode ti no swob Sbastea vedted 
46 eds egoiaworo soit oo seddant .(8Sa.q VI .foV loud-sf 
-@%9wosy soboor no esa ,omid vrilisae prev epi berigoce 

esigas. to gnomdoigas ,eezeeceq .ctawot to sovige bedsrot«e 
fg eves yaa ti a0 <fgegue ylestiae atesss yeu estge sate > 
to ofbbin sds ds cela S08 eefass edd no egatdinom entosdd 
— yd bedotwes ost eobieed bus .(euohael ,geataedD) eobie 
-e908ttye. ed? ieitow 

-siiie bas ateri0d 
Yo Picatice edt yd Bevisost ei noitemina svifostte as tS 


7" 


s 


paoite tod .sis sdé to eqecee odd to sauooos no xsgs edd teen 
80 VWoserls atdizies ineretith ts eveduseis esoalg bait oele 
s23aineqo 10 exsarob bobbs es slyte noitienest sat to exexod 
fotodo Mepeticeid odd yd betaseesg eit Dnid eidit to elfguexe ne. 


fe reams Seoidin tyo:0 yedd oes -tehasle YIsv sbem $16 east, 
28) éesiga eit fo eeostave edt of etile salognstoss 
dasa de tod .obsm yfltese viey ere yout -(emiedd 12008 
Ati ad y ‘ 


p eldsticot ete isdd ,anoitetotieg asotsuga to slonie yd otice 


enedd Biswos dosez? oO .s ASBS hae bSef .e3i% of ewr08 de, 


23 
vertically and an oron bar a a bar or tube of coppers 
or brass, the latter as sheath for the iron bar) is passed thr. | 
ough, and is held beneath the solid masonry apex for this purp- 
ose by a key (Fig. 1421 at b), the cotter, a plate or a weight. 
Recently thesesrods are senerally combined with a lightning rod, 
which runs down outsidé or inside the spire. The solid masonry 
of the apex down to the internal width of 25 te 50 cm or more . 
is usually advisable for practical and statical reasons, but : 
much material is not necessary for this. : 

Tron crownings. a 
When the iron bar is once used, it is next to allow it to ex- 4 
tend above the knob of stone or wrousht metal, forming a cross, 
weathervane, star or other iron crowning. For example a cross 
may have a form according to Fig. 1421 by a projecting riveted — 
cross bar with varied curved stiffening bars c placed in the q 
four angles. It is made tight above the knob by a wrought proj- 
ection a and also finally by also a lead flashing. Above the a 
knob is twisted the square bar in the mode of Fis. 1421 a, end a 
thereby the resistance to bending is made rather uniform in all 
directions. For larger crosses the bar requires stiffening by 4 
2 or 4 braces at bottom (Fig. 1422), which rest on the knob or 
better extend down on it about as in Fig. 1423. (After Viollet- 
le-Duc, Vol. IV, p.428). Further on iron crownings that already — 
accurred in a very early time, see on wooden towers. a 
Perforated spires of towers, passages, enrichment of angles, et 
etoPhe spire may remain entirely sm@oth, or it may have strengs 
thening mouldings on the angles and also at the middle of the 
sides (Chartres, Vendome), and besides bac enriched by scale 
worken the surfaces. ) 
Dormers and slits. ie. 
But an effective animation is received by the surfaces of the 
spire by sinsle or numerous perforations, that are desirable up 
near the apex on account of the escape of the air, but which a i 
also find places elsewhere at differenh heights already on the 
towers of the transition style are added dormers or openings. 
an example of this kind is presented by the Liebfrauen chorch a 
at Worms in Figs. 1424 and 1424 a. On French towers these. open- 
ings are made very slender. also they occur without caps as long 
rectangular slits in the surfaces of the spires (S. Denis, Sois- 
sons, Rheims). They are very easily made, but at too sreat a heig 


7 
ie 


w oidt (assy tie ‘ponte gldebees vitesse. tou S28 
eesenstes daft tesisognt ak fous, oot 489 

sethotyroy, — 

i oO to eyainego sseqgs tetsuiss ezom boe sotete’ 
S. eid gt 10 dale onote sates hetasent-as to: Fao tuo 845 
and pioss syods eooastakh resas1e fs oil yeu youT VINCSEH 
@ fo e0etsue edd séetotreq pedi ered .meed ts’ enoslhs®..2 ao 
ed P ateestoeh anoteasmib ak ebaed efeoa odt noerdde exige 
3s. god ge yifenti? bug ,itotesterp ,Ifotento .ffotxea es 
onl yous ssef. io siswot off oO .eSiotert antdetntatd reve 
HS 1@Ot erodes woot sism bas isdto dora svods ezclo elictonts 
‘ra ‘eas atifa boa eltotyicg sdi vam ylf{etonep .etlie 19h 
Bi A, sedngsusaz0 eosiana doky atin yleteasstia 


iF 
i ai 


y ‘| 


oa dae ; «YTSOSt? LO Vxt04 
# me) enotlivn ed bebivib evrohntx dtod ,yseosty to eayot. [1k 
A Posse Gort avin move hasiiad ai bletttotl ts r9swod saleeord 
| e8807 bua elictyiog bentdmos ca [fou es} wodd sevo seidek 
(gees meoeo foes dosorgas yord ydsvert sadd of .Sae¢ golevob 
Seats Maens ,eostine saline ost seve Postzce yllentt bes yleeo 
sido sacit <Stige ett to ineugoleved dofe bas ysis elowesdxe base 
if bas eatous GeGTEd Yeuthd} edd to esoutvorq ads nk eanoce vite 
“ehignhih 0 tewot etd oo elqrexe tost19q Jeom eck abort beeh 
ae tedeotw @o% bsactinen ed yer esiquexs doke weito eb 
meno eq etige seodu ,sshoties® ¢ge igisdo nesertdekd .g100 
if ent —u7onT To ibang .yeqe ofc ween 258e8eq 8 gd hedoiass 
J seless ta wtesig odd .ase¢te to [sibedise eat so tence 
te 2 Ya Jsitbadsec sdt to sutqa bototset ed? .eokane ta Las 
feuen .Sos0loD te sexige dole ylusluottyveq edd hoe ,eanst¥ ve 
ve Sotdw ,ehaiwes5 of ev of cwob caso yloo ted .elU bos pid 
 O. meee wuea of Dae ih aaiohaade sod emit tao [ltt bentswery 


bs at 


4m 


4 


Se edi gointeosos etuqgeis dove yhserbhs ef evedt 
giles ei Si ySsotis 1 . Joon betetotteq 6 Yo ogteeb ont 
ied ‘sedis etwiouste bovoleveh s dtiw ob of eten oved ew tedé 
Beete to tayoooe sc nofdourssnoo wort beyalevel sxel s atin 
C foots. ods soadt ,yer toetireg esor 6 nt viahatieo ,toette 
eas oat Be eotf ted? Shyltoatag oft hac Oe imvolaw O16 protien 
r) wet yeetar eetwow af tud ,edimedixe of heiress beehai at 
SBE exige botesotieq edt ,enora towot sredios? ess 2 


Batled oct oveds Iicd teqou edt amzot tt ud ,2oog) @ 


MeN go i : aX | Ne 
‘ rae UY » 2 J 4 


hy aa eoualy 


ty a ;. ; a ‘ ’ bs y ie 


q 

a 

bs 

{aa 

A 

; 

fj 

“J 

le 

a 

4 

aL 

- 

es ae 
> “4 
er) 
at 


AO24 
are not strictly favorable, since with very thin walls ba 
eak too much in important ring stresses. 


Polyfoils. “ 
Bicher and more animated appear openings of central forn, that 


are cut out of an inserted tarsge stone slab, or in the coursed _ 
masonry. They may lie at sreater distances above each other as 
on S. Etienne at Caen, where they perforate the surface of the _ 
Spire ebiween the scale bands in dimensions decreasing upward q 
as sexfoil, cingfoil, quatrefoil, and finally at top as three 
ever diminishing trefoils. On the towers of Seez they lie as 4 
Cingfoils close above each other and make room above for slen- 
der silts. fenerally may the polyfoils and slits are connected 
alternately with rich surface ornaments. | 
Forms of tracery. ™ 
All forms of tracery, both windows divided by mullions (on the 
crossing tower at Lichfield in England even with rich tracery 4 
gables over them,)as well as combined polyfoils and roses could 
develop here, so that thereby they approach each other more cl- 7 
osely and finally extend over the entire surface, their original 
and extremely airy and rich development of the spire, that chi- 
efly occurs in the provinces of the former German empire and in 
deed finds its most perfect example on the tower of Freibers minster 
As other rich examples may be mentioned the minster of Stras- 
burg, Liebfrauen church at Esslingen, whose spire was charmingly 
enriched by a passase near the apex, church of Thorn, the little 
tower on the eaxneavan of Meissen, the minster at Basle, cathed- 
ral at Burgos, the restored spire of the cathedral of &. Stephen | 
at Vienna, and the particularly rich spires at Cologne, Regens- 4 
burg and Ulm, that only came down to us in drawings, which have — 
remained till our time for completion, and in part still so con- 
tinue. 


There is adready much dispute concerning the contradiction in 
the design of a perforated roof. If already it is not a lie, ¢ 
that we have here to do with a developed structure rather than a 
with a form developed from construction on account of its formal — 
effect, certainly in a more perfect way, then the current appli-- 
cations are unfounded, and the princip#® that lies at the basis — 
is indeed carried to extremity, but is nowise false. For first 
as the Freiberg tower shows, the perforated spire is not at all ~ 


a roof, but it forms the upper hall above the belfry only enclo 


sal tha He . i “1 hala ne ee nae 
; n bis » al res rhea wer os hd aa bitin me ie 
fi 28 tec aw ; % My a ros , 
oe Wal Ree, a ie Sate 
ve i ees "Le | a. 
ye , 
avd? fos eetorve ed Mend Gelvaos ateig ‘aehoste eyes F uw 


ae “4g | (han | | -pelveoztes vd betebbaoe ei ‘wetsent 
thee ies bebaotnt seven ssn lad tet grediea@ at ven? 31 
} sedy oe od vitesse blvow 6enee fadd ai sf do een 6 SOK 
ngadd ate G exev Bectatdoo nheted: effed ode brs esso Lied oat 
box) beol yo Berevoe sbssod eryuol isiv evods toon ¢ 
a inate (YS Lerbedsso dt to cewot neoctuoe cis ai ease ods ee 
bee ‘etede setisl of¢ nt (e0t °G e3T .fOV .opd-clefeli{ott} 
Nevers 990 Botots tee78 8 off dowosdd hot eimbs yfeavt si xesén 
gai 50 Seni ttiw ekaineqo hedots ett antaofe eonle exolexoadt 
“at etwoce C245 Ge ett .2soultieque smeoed egso Ife¢ Gad te 
we fe od $eue ti ic dotisrotise & ends Doe ,toor edd of braves 
em effet 8 tuods «i ceti aa ode to moltentte edt viseibcosok 
foidy ‘towed edt Yo tolvetni edt ci tarot at gakdion 86.16) 8 
se s bree Woifs ot beititeut yitwd <i 3: nies x¢ hav ot ee: ec aBe 
¢ ed ‘teve Betutat ef gaidver goediert al tena tob .eaneti ce 
cae an vast +eteey Preevods & tied vives to korsaerch edt ya 
) | Besorotreg @ ati berwhsee oest extor to eveno) ect oved 
Matar et O4F abiseeices aeve foe to agizveb oni otoleredt 
- conn ett eed [fits O6l6 t¢edi ,ooneoltliazsa téestinind edt Yo 
| © nwoto SHS meee ted sede Aidt tdvoh vLinso -ILty Sno on teser 
t diiw Seedyid end ef sohmefce #fg + ee feo, owe .gagetete ef: 
gon (sealbling end no teal edt 25 noktioois do 62388 edt of Beze 
weigvods od of citaveres Bi @t bes ,deef ont of o8fe 3} hbisede 
ed fenm sale gaicvon sedw tet seriats ed yine Elrods di tedé 


u Ni 
| 


g Tove yeddans olgeng eit einemenro enofe nwot> oft ~aaiton l 
a tine | ~siltese od bite x Roisevoo ytanibso ex? 
& beterodces edt of seilvosy eonetitirses ods to tostis edt 
Biisao’ Mt awoltaiini nzebow 2td ni teol yLentine 2: ertee ero 
ot Tatsetes seitvel edt Lsgmen of Bebi to totacdwos « ef ¢f 
B ytiieer at at Sonstes Yweve seh of gylowot vleaisue waco! o 
ee qmel oui inso s etiuges of even eno ti seit ,eale pnt 
too Qf heshal .feds06 & Yo Kétwenda bos axok ai o¥sd o8 
| tarot ezody <tloett of eatge dott vreo 2 of heetsx od hinao 
ull ek tad \fLatretan sid Yo emuden att word begolevel seve 
‘Oe tate ve Riistoeqee has Petutte Y cleat const et6 atqmetiu 
hooot xt fstiediso ent To sends Iextaeg oid ao emiga 
e83 eniga enods bin Setnhaiys att Yo boitonttenco sap. 


a ar 


had ck Vigediees ens ot anit 


ib dotey mort .to08 febioe edt gf wool? anode encod webie. 


ae 


ab25 , 
by eight slender piers connected by arches and thus open on all 
sides, whose stone floor is the actual roof, from which the ra-4 


inwater is conducted by gargoyles. a 


If they in Freiberg that hall was never intended for a belfry, 
yet a use of it in that sense would easily be possible, when ¢ 4 
the bell cage and the bells thetein contained were protected vy 
a roof above with louvre boards covered by lead fixed around it, 
as the case. in the southern tower of the cathedral of Paris, a 
(Viollet-le-Duc, Vol. IT, p. 192), in the latter where: the oii 
water is freely admitted through the 8 great arched openings. q 
Therefore since closing the arched openings with that coveetinl 
of the bell cage became superfluous, the same case occurs in ¢r } 
regard to the roof, and thus a perforation of it must be allowabl 

Accordingly the situation of the matter is about as follows. 
So far as nothing is found in the interior of the tower, which 
can be injured by rain, it is fully justified to allow it tres tm 
entrance. But that in Freiberg nothing is injured must be proved! 
by the duration of nearly half a thousand years. Just as well 4 
have the towers of Notre Dame endured with a perforated spire. 

Therefore the design of such even represents the development _ 
of the highest magnificence, that also still has its rights. at 4 
least no one will easily doubt this, that has seen the crown of 
the Breisgau. But just as this splendor is the highest with ives 
gard to the date of erection as the last on the building, so +4 
Should it also be the last, and it is generally to be thought, 
that it should only be striven for when nothing else must be . 
lacking. The crown alone ornaments the purple mantheg over chien 
the ordinary covering would be puerile. : 

The effect of the magnificence peculiar to the perforated st- 
one Spire is entirely lost in its modern imitations in cast iron 
It is a confusion of idea to compel the latter material to take 
a form entirely foreign to it. Every attempt is in reality noth- 
ing else, than if one were to require a cast iron lamp post arm 
to have the form and strength of a corbel. Indeed no objection — 
could be raised to a cast iron spire in itself, whose forms we 
even developed from the nature of the material, but so far suc 
attempts are lamentable failures, and especially as shown by & 
spire on the central tower of the cathedral in Rogen. ; 

The construction of the perforated stone spire differs accor 


ding to the dimensions. 


ch) ileus taliras , ee Ce 


Bee. | FP iisites «5 4h <bnonebhenid kh eaieelies 

mee atts sdt Gatacwans diwteq doidw ,esotenemth aelieme al 

Deoslg on exe ciel seeéit .débiw 1t dele olgute s to noRadoo 

e ont @8 otanietis etutot disd edd isdt ,sedto dose eyods | 

edt Heaimteseh ef ydered? .(s CSht bas CSAL weit af 4) 

ive edd io eolgas edt Suiynsqmooca zoostise alalg et to 

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% # (Bas Py toiog 

. oF cht Bit a swede ce od godi ites seso teclguke sit 

Pe oias ox «eds ai yreoeid ent egnatts bas eiensg tslegserbdsup 

ape S70 Onsiove aii Isuos Jsods bluode Leneg dose to tdaied 

oat Agneg teowol edd decd on yistemizeiggs eflouag Sle ovis oF 

et ) ir sStenoe ylasen- 

pat ativess yroosit ot to dasutsors edd ot modest? tstse%2 

ote Somewolle odd Sas dele to mzot asirznschenp edt gatmobasds 

aie te yieosis sd3 to eied sdt fuo yitosrth dotde erate, fed 

paeatel oi medveve omse edi of anibsoooA «(SSS .8:5) esfaas 

oe ed yeu acbatoo oft to eshte etsiaqes sit enotens 

| edt teds Goiviinoo oft déiw easwfs ,dihin at escetg Lersyes 

-belzos tdzist tse yresest edt ay emsed odd tego etatot 

bods t0 S108e9a0 & exttooo dows Iednosired s ates sisdt dod 

el edt ad Bafonbote yeved?: .ofaaa edt bebaas eeseig etstagee 

ade | oTSAS9n yood ,hiewsuo betosaéhbsiggedi odd tad 

Rae, bas digiew edd wort atfueot sotdel edd od eogsdstoerna 

B Stood to eno ts tedtio .ediz gnitosiorg etd Yo aeeat? ite 

sedis edd io ted? of ewogoleas yluesx ct moktvonsdenoo snode 

* ¢,S¥isoet Ose tedio dose no saex edt to 8sosig sisieqes eat 

: dis Sissy edt es ,suiqe edt to ellen sds: to adele betsrotteg 

euiod felq ai sioteiesdT -edaoudzsemoo edd to yinosem end te 

£ 28i% ai neviy sqade sdé ¢vods szeo taolgmie edt at evies 

“Bookensaib aisct yd saeyvesg otige eft to edia edt es deny 

Bigatbned yas tacverq ellsn edt ob o@ ,elisn sit to soitoeltesb 

92 bas Soasteiver eid? sesetcai cf .terto oss biewod edix-edd 

yOOt yenotasemiS rsdtel at soltoeaaco yakaoste s 30k ¥lieve 

d yd addgion olesieo de hebkvib sq gegw enoteivih riscsid eter 

1eett as eif dolce 20580 onode 19 edsie bacl Istrastaod 

ba" renee ae -$f Dawows ebasd writ grok bos edie edt 

ebte Isaogstoo us to dtaq towol add adgecetusy Sbt ,oiG. 

= 608 @ dog of isqgowg edit. sid ovedw ,saige ausdies® sap | 
ai esd etedoora sit anes dofdw oo.9 eenke edd. eLinin 

sa nA ae Lee te) A ea m 7 1. am te UA a) nh fae”, 


Conus i@onstpuctioniof ths surfaces. 
: Tn smaller dimensions, which permit composing the side of th 
octagon of a single slab ir width, théses slabs are so placed — 
above each other, that the butt joints alternate at the angles 
(¢ in Figs. 1425 and 1425 a). Thereby is determined the width — 
of the plain surfaces accompanying the angles of the spire oe 
. the need of leaving to the slab the necessary thickness at the. ‘ 
joint f. if a 

The simplest case would then be as shown by Pig. 1425, to ronil 
guadransular panels and arrange the tracery in then, so that the 
heisht of each panel should about equal its average breadth, or 
to give all panels approximately so that the lowest panel is n | 
nearly square. a 

Greater freedom in the treatment of the tracery results from a 
abandoning the quadrangnlar form of slab and the allowance of a 
bed joints which directly cut the bars of the tracery at right 
angles (Fis. 1426). According to the same system in larger dim- 
ensions the separate sides of the octagon may be composed of ” 
several pieces in width, alwans with the condition that the. - 
joints cut the bars of the tracery at right angles. oe 

But there as in a horizontal arch occurs a pressure of the s a 
separate pieces toward the angle, thereby producing in the late a 
ter the éhristedtrected outward, they weaken. a 

Anresistance to the latter results from the weight and the a 
stiffness of the projecting ribs, either at one or both sides, 
whose construction is nearly analogous to that of the ribs; oa 
the separate pieces of them rest on each other and receive the © 4 
perforated slabs of the walls of the spire, as the vault ribs. 
at the masonry of the compartments. Therefore in plan they _ 
ceive in the simplest case about the shape siven in Fig. 1427. . 

Just as the ribs of the spire prewent by their dimensions shed 
deflection of the walls, so do the walls prevent any bending of 
the ribs toward each other. To increase this resistance and sen-_ 
erally for a stronger connection in larger dimensions, the ena 
rate tracery divisions must pe divided at certain heights by h i 
horizontal long slabs or stone beams, whica lie as ties betmeen m 
the ribs and form firm bands around it. i 

Big. 1428 represents the lower part of an octagonal side of 
the Freibers spire, where the ribs proper do not project outsid 
while the piece v on which rest the crockets has little struct 


emico: eno yinc dtiw he e1s edit seodt bus jiuevobcen 
ae -enkqg monk ofsnie yd botosanes axe mi toad 
. 9 one to Fetecos edts ed2 wokaivih tose to tig ben ‘ed? Tot. 

PMDEEW Robtted: Wwedto Yoke no bus Sune) a6 tee nenote evow 
yt ont te male ede sade of adele YreoK4t efersqee es hetioa 
¢} 2 BES ei taicl edt to ¢aomegasire eft ewode bonmseonoo sd 
esha meds af Cale ytensid edt Atiw woltoennos tediant & 
0 «1 besten vatot ed? effe} hokdw to sdgled oft Ya ye tebeod 
hind eeois eS @eoetg naol eft bkel cent eta a exebsed et3 
“belsuot ai semitemoe bne elbble edt ta eas cemitsmon ef 
feng Ott YO betooance atens ote \x te es sods sobie died ts 
Yb worervés tere te Berrot at baod & tedd o8 \nooreds satel 
J ‘RB WO betwane o6 azo eo neaenxeq esoiw ,fdnted ni yisoane 
Re Geoke ae .iakot bed edt ak evoody bys eegaot dtiw soit 
SMaHES, steve? vi yleteotyeoo zo ,e BEST .2Eo uE aoksose ecoxs 
Oh ett eotiqea axedises® eds to anoietviih gatbesoone efd al 

| edt Of dpword? buetxe t atatot hae edt bos \betttwo ers - 
Exe adia ou% d?iw betoennoe ota ciane aod? dotdy sboaed fatros 


-euebaed cx bh baw ¢ seoetq ocd 
i asets en, ai aottouitenos eiat to medaye isilpoeg ast 


ae -edit sot asad anoitesjiorg yd bedsotbak orow 
p eveds eongoilcO ge etewet eft to etniveh Lemke bao) ead gore 

Pies edie efit to: sottonttesoo Jnetetenceo se ) tloser of 27250 
yeredmom blod yd ‘heteothnt ose etneq ddod! tend ast oF ot 
aa Sdele sit hetiseni evs dotdy at .i1tewemext eB mot endd 
- seg edt 20 eonensnieg: edt nedy yeu eidd yA Avtoosst at bet 
mpaked Teiito foes revo dotyl eeeiwes ord edd wbeonborg ed-edd 
basct to moiventes{s atdt dtis: 10 latutot base’ plietestedtiis 
ionhe sésic yisoeis ost atte aoftosaaos esk yd beorberg 
=) Jf idsened Boe 


a ~-edia of8% to Seemgofeves 
iphivata ot ecsig Ieitasees ne done svad doiny edie off 


u 93 a0 bavot cale oxs ,etige emote beta10treq edd to noiz 
oftosnnos sigos ete nedtgosise of sebso ni esaige beterot 
4 beshai bus sedtis nodd ens yeis Bose .eoktoe ons Ulteits 
wbopetesdt ,coeis0o atensyee, sds So exsliee end ho bearot 
yk gieat aXiL ,2ozec 1818" nt to .coit Yo eeenioigs yetserp se 
POF Betiestts ors pods (ESSE .piF) ovtoe prsdtew® edd goa, 
ic bys yes p> eprebsod Senna Re dat iui bas, aid: 

ae 


- em ta 3 


pe Bud Isvaosisot dors eonte .exice ausdisa® edt at besse . 


| he os. . ‘igi. . ; ‘bs v 


1627 ? | 

importance and those ribs are set with only one tonsue and f 
ther are connected by single iron pins. 

For the height of each division the ribs consist of two or 


more stones set on end 3nd on each other, between which are in 
serted the separate tracery slabs, so that the plan at the hei- 
ght concerned shows the arrangement of the joint in Pig. 1404, — 
A further connection with the tracery slab is then made by a 2 
header a, at the height of which falls the joint marked f. on a 
the headers a are then Laid the long pieces b, whose butt jotaae 
ts sometimes are at the middle and sometimes in doubled ivopenae 
at both sides about as at x, are again connected by the piece re 
lying thereon, so that a bond is formed at each division of then 
tracery in height, whose permanence can be ensured by a connec- 
tion with tongue and groove in the bed joint, as shown by the a 
eross section in Fig. 1428 a, or completely by dowels. i 

In the succeeding divisions of the Preiberg spire the headers 
a are omitted, and the ond joints f extend through to the hori= | 
zontal band, which then again are connected with the ribs by a 
the pieces b and d as headers. “ 

The peculiar system of this construction is not clearly expr 
essed in the Freiberg svire, since each horizontal band is no 
more indicated by projections than the ribs. . 

From the original drawings of the towers at Cologne, there 8 
pears to result a consistent construction of the ribs and ban 
in so far that both parts are indicated by bold members, and t © 
thus form a framework, in which are inserted the slabs perfora 
ted in tracery. By this may then the permanence of the band “7 
ther be produced, the two courses lying over each other being — 
alternately end joints, or with this alternation of joints is a 
produced by its connection with the tracery slabs lying above 
and beneath it. | oi 


Development of the ribs. 
The ribs, which have such an essential place in the construc 


tion of the perforated stone spite, are also found on the unpe 
forated spires in order to strengthen the angle connections aud 
chiefly the angles, and they are then either and indeed best - a 
formed on the ashlars of the separate courses, thus requiring 
2 greater thickness of them, or in rarer cases, like the piece 
r on the Preibers spire (Fig. 1428), they are attached to the 
hip and fastened there by separate headers. 


mag dh Ath le nl ’ ut Bei) VN ad hig ae, 
yaa re | citi bails, 


iil OMe ts oe ae 
Ey. Aine he ¥e : Ano ats 
@ biuow sets .ofexsoi end baatszs bites eisheed adz n0% 
te | t glfenisixo ton ovow yodt Ti .feonof 1stbetd 8 ot itost 
pds 08 .eeldey to sexeys bas eoloennio sat axel (eeoalo redto 
iS evisercoeh atedé sot exigs sit od medt Yo qelensis edt 
5 aed exige siodisrt edd gO wbeakutsteb as bengses of oF 2k 
atgem ybeorls es eslana seed diiw esoeta emse ot at eben 
<deasgpae Hori yo stige’ etd oF Sbhactact eqew tose bas .evods 
Pet qfied « es ‘hshyshee sd ot yimo ci noltvonitenos edt gat 
infaiieses £30 esacwoo etd To eieldee add oi asitd batttno ont 
it beristets ed o¢ sainedil si esige oft to ofhas sat ot nolsas 
ipBetigqgs ciedoox sis to enissqe bre sate est of Lego prove 
oo, nso s9isien ..s.i ,es0lencio gntntoonco biee een te 
ig@ @f% to asolenonth ofd of oxte ton tedtign edt Be nottafer 2 
pymaet eldssingooo1 yltess bus ssefo e betisess et [is erste? 
€ ) emtol sdufoy bus sablo say benord efdd no ybseate feat 
iit Ao Senos edd io eefotede Larigizo eft te ono 00 Sonsteitstg 
. itin dots ae yd beosiges eve gens .astEaia Syndesaie 
-coldas yrooe t edd po exnoao osle do 
f -tofiote sisibemteink boa eeyseeed 
Odd setlidw (ASS! .bi%) esice edé of Honego exsMsob ene 
geiiew obte. bas tnort [eotttev edt tiocaue ot satae ade % 
e* stubot meve .sitsil casv nsilideta edd esorhen bao! sterebow & 
eq ecosd sesqgos baod sii nettite of Cotsen aefto bis suet 
RIT) eobsrtented betstotisg did tn esolnroo katiostoty ho Beosla 
ead’ syods eeldss tol gotmrot baost yfgute sis vedt ce (Oear 
W260 eitow nisizes a0 .evewot oondyall edt no suige SHt to ead 
| tieviessixe daom ,betseqes ylinsnos 1? sels eve emts rvetel ang 
RSA to [srbedtes sft to tewod & to Sotweth Leathe. ond no 
ITS spenleii yous ozige sid Yo eefgns edt ovode medd saetin . sand 
me eslosnniq sit to esead edt wolsd sand .20loennig yd benvove 
Oe \e0eeertted aaty{? ed ovige sad to edin eds c¢iw bstosracs 
pe ebsiteuisd teorsen edt to anifledroo end woled. Nie, olege | 
bas sautouise otitne edd stsniaoh yodt mot & sone sl .medt 
aes @ sdi to snti oeibmsoes sit to toettYe edd cailemiusn give 
m6 to agteeb eis eiivess elgtoniye fsvatourte smee sit mor8 
Ssiadsee teqoig 6 ve ewohnin qd bhensgo yiodée sdieibsaistar 
he tooce 2uoleivibh ond ovat bevervaces ef ti wWersdy .etiqe 
edd Yo'ellen [sottsev edt 46 reontotds ‘sit -OShr J 58 
te Liew wowol oft to dead gedd tedeety od oso ‘Roitsoy avet 
at hiked to seutds edd Satees oe soittwe: Sagm bag contin. 
Y waa bit 
; ae 


in me 


q 
a 
“ 


em 


ag2s 
From the headers could extend the crockets, mhich would only 
require a greater length, if they were not originally found at 
other places, like the vinnacles and apexes of gables, so that 
the transfer of them to the spire for their decorative effect a 
is to be assumed as determined. On the Freibers spire then are. | 
made in the same pieces with these angles as already mentioned | 
above, and later were fastende to the spire by iron clamps. 
Yet this construction is only toa be regarded’ as a help in need, — 
the cutting them in the ashlars of the courses or a deeper ins- 
ertion in the angle of the spire is likewise to be preferred in 
every case. To the size and spacing of the crockets applies wh 
at was said concerning vinnalces, i.e., neither can be assumed 
2 relation o@ the number nor size bo the dimensions of the spire. 
Before all is required 21 clear and easily recognizable forn, so 
that already on this ground the older and volute forms deserve 4 
preference. On one of the original sketches of the tower of the — 
Strasburg minster, they are replaced by an arch with cusp, qhi~ 
ch also occurs on the tracery gables. a 
Passages and intermediate stories. 
The dormers opened in the spire (Fig. 1424) utilize the wall — 
of the spire to support the vebtical front and side walls; such 
a moderate load reduces the stabilitm very little. Never injur-— a 
ious and often useful to stiffen the bond appear those passages 4 
placed on projecting cornices with perforated balustrades (Fig fa 
1430), as they are simply found forming four gables above the 
base of the spire on she Marburg towers. On certain works of 
the later time are then frequently repeated, most extensively 
on the original drawing of a tower of the cathedral of Regens-. 
burg, where then above the angles of the spire they have piers 
crowned by pinnacles, that below the bases of the pinnacles are. | 
connected with the ribs of the spire by flying buttresses, that : 
again join below the corbelling of the nearest balustrade above . 
them. In such a form they dominate the entire structure and ne~ | 
arly neutralize the effect of the ascending line of the spire. | 
Brom the same structural principle results the design of an C 
intermediate story opened by windows at a proper heisht of the q 
spire, whereby it is sevarated into tro divisions, about as ia 9 
Pigs. 1429. The thickness of the vertical walls of the intermed- — 
iate portion can be greater than that of the lower wall of the a 
spire, and must suffice to resist the thrust of the upper parte 


- ah fe bya ime) ip 


} on? . (RLS 14) Lhe eetaxdilinps buod edd af suneestg 
pr eS0ttib yom enoisceg ont od Yo ellaw odd to 
Gy 22 .@efgas edd so veloanaig bas estes2 
, od to ebem moidaokiqgs betitige gecn bas Jeobuets est 
erste Yo sows dégoq eds yYdsawode et esige ond to tewog goitso 
pet ae ays [few o8 et efdd to notsonvtenoo od? .16dentm cued 
) +fOV. .eusncisois) oud-sf-sellok¥ yd yluedesm oe betneassge7 
Botéqiusesb beisd 2 of Yiseym Jimil eased {fede T tsd# . (ees. .4 
eee -setsys odd to 
ko q@ tenod siete « (feat ~Bi3) esed edd to tipied edt ta 10% 
-sts Leven enodw ,etiqe eft tc aefgne xta odt ico tu0t wort estos 
2 oO mont eqete ed# aningaoo yino dofdw baa ,&h efgaen off 38 ebha 
bow .tenod ttete Baoooe 6 beqoleveh aed? uf tetit ed? mosh .b 
tenes eat to tusq towol edt to sacs ao baste t bee & exelg 


-f aewod atete baosee sid? -& fermen edt ao beoaiaq gated seig 
8 t9nnem exmsza ode ak etxoaque bas ,f of & mot? Baeta oct anis 
#ob off wvollct ayet2 eft to oaswoo edt tant on ,eere palbeeooue 
} et: ‘g0e0 no begoleveb wos ets esed? .[GhE .RiG ai Lanritaqe bot 
8 a en0 dotdw ed .tetite dose aevo atowot alste doud tc xte 
eds bavoss yribeis tists 5 doidw wort gatbasi » te tigies edt 


ate .ytinelitie: on etlneren Ilsy Pasbeduenserl wolst 


oo taort edt ,tenod off to eliaw ect. xno teet d base y slid, 


aioe @ads gatowore tetanus ef hbio s aecdosex waitge ed? to ertaes 


ete otige ods to efise ext exevot tisie idgie sgods ngewt es 
"Ss aE ; ~-"TSestt ys Bbetecooeb yitot« 
Af bissews? qmsv nedto ei eifge edi to dix sdt to Saktbeol done 

fy edt yd beezet9xe ei wtot sedtons at bas ,(000 .q) yileoksesa 
ising Oo ers efrogqes seoiw ,eelosanig ofas etedoorw edd he ehnado 
618 Isinit bno ybod est elidu .empos odd to orsides odd oc 
emo Tewot sisde 5 yd nwode ei elyusxe sh .escoig eteteass Yo 


ee 


Soasilpoey @ eeouboug eidd goY .istenia guudeawte to ebie divoz 


0 


re | 


Bi sonetseggs yotoe 


ie on seortigqa soind 

fd atsens eee awolfot aaowioiad ar esigie to mokttoede ad? 
ftsteb bee agizeh aclquke eotiuoss vino bas esigioatag omss 
p aaso8 ed gesige soode duo oxtf ys eistot bed edt exedé das 
ike ebed beinosized to¥ .{stnestaod sd to aoktantfont edt 
ssosiise beqqede & 10 egede Letoeqa te edoia bose 


‘na non soisentfoni qsote edt bae adgted edd Yo tanoo 
noied eloitqgeorsq nleosece at nares: a to débiw Ifawe 
a | 0g 


7 
> a ee ei): 
ots AE ; i ‘ f ’ eee nt 
~ Soe ee weg (a ah i 
« ‘ i ’ 7 Cy a 
at ths a we - ae a; ar seo Chee \ ry " 4 at ue vine ve r) » 


Below the vertical wall results no difficulty. Since here tii , 
pressure in the bond equilibrates 41 (p. 614). The thickness 
of the walls of the two portions may differ. J 
Stairs and pinnacles on the angles, a 

The grandest and most spirited application made of the supp- 
orting power of the spire is shown-by the north tower of Stras- 
burg minster. The construction of this is so well kn@wn an is : 
represented so masterly by Viollet-le-Duc (Dictionary, Vol. V, 


p. 439), that I shall here limit myself to a bried description 
of the system. ; 


For at the height of the base (Fig. 1431) a stair tower proj- 
ects from four of the six angles of the spire, whose newel sta- 
nds at the angle a, and which only contains the steps from c toad 
ad. From the first is then developed a second stair tower, whose — 
piers e and f stand on those of the lower part of the tower, a 
while g and h rest on the walls of the tower, the front corner _ 
pier being placed on the newel a. This second stair tower cont- 
ains the steps from d to i, and supports in the same manner a q 
succeeding one, so that the course of the steps follows the dot-— 
ted spiral in Fig. 1431. There are now developed on eath angle 
six of such stair towers over each other, by which one reaches : 
the height of a landing from which a stair winding around the a 
centre of the spire reaches a middle turret crowning the spire. 
Between those eight stair towers the walls of the spire are 
richly decorated by trasery. 

Such loading of the rib of the spire is often very favorable 
statically (p. 609), and in another form is expressed by the 
change of the crockets into pinnacles, whose supports are cut 
on the ashlars of the svire, while the body and finial are made 
of separate pieces. An example is shown by a stair tower on the 
south side of Strasburg minster. Yet this produces a peculiar 
Spiny appearance. 

Brick spires. 

The erection of sipres in brickwork follows substantially the @ 
Same principles and only requires simpler design and details, 7 
and there the bed joints may like cut stone spires be normal to | 
the inclination of be horizontal. Yet horizontad beds either de- 
mand bricks of special shape or a stepped surface. Still on ac- 
count of the height and the steep inclination, the resulting 
small width of the steps is scarcely perceptible from below. 


sti ) vigute. veom ns fpeet qoarine ait 6 nottatnenses0 | 
aa Ke ,atofos trerettib Yo exoiad to shen ntedteg a ye 


bit pom Biloe Yo od iitw sottaniwrtes odd eetiae euote ai Bh 
i m os 


satiev y geo beef s wd xiao wifsait 19 .stteo Bars to tasme 
~opend ei totdw (eéaiet edd bas for nowk odd to sead ood 
et ps -evot sedofa you to 
) eetice ecota to dads of sadinite yleabine wsonaw’s gt 


pane yebyade tasrsttib to sgninsqe osed: bexr0t ad oats yan 


Bee musmsob oil bearct ehoinsgo seods neft .esile efgnte Bni 
ths Bee fatocnt sos dtiw yoo aetiel eds teq \SEDMP sED at ex 
Wieezog aeien aotéenilond edt oF leaton’avniol to aoitieog sit 
& skuinogo etom suds \eeceds Lanogviod so aslvorko afeieo 
Re tites setic ylieseden exe tedd .(woled Sebf .yt) ersoesd 
foin Sas to noiseigiieg eiefqu0co A .eeontave sutel yqusoo bre 
‘Swot i etuec yroosesd begeda [atooge dtin saote to ono ofl extgea 
Alive sod eae to edingil edt besoxs too esob asve 
-oldseivis Jom 
) oats St eieiszetem Aoted hooey Yo ywillideted eft ellardeasd 
Nast kvusbes OF besogxe onelg-« ni eacttasinil alsices of tet 
bie yeareteh Istnemenio cot hiove devo ono ,setgob fede @ ious 
‘ed “ot atiew oie a fied yfeo to eusedoid? a-to eas edt dite 
avn aon setewo?d togteal to fxbq¢ seqgqy off to} 20 weniqs tofieme 
Senedniie. bred feeals goed) Lokietem seed oft. aaefou Intecao’ od 
| by ete (fnen06 deta ¥ldeselos) tatiew lotuqratsr oféaifey bre 
lotsd fo Biel teed ef3 cesorone wilaftnrastedce nse Relteciz hood 
edhd ts Heuct ewld belieo-oe efi xd roviz of Dootq otis s0% 
Penos ets elfew ohodw .xtotnso dt PL eds Suede soak yaigeb 
Ialed sestolk ot ,eiotid beealy dosld bas how yoteenstetice diiev 
, @ Leniyite eda elitw .d¢esk ni gedonot {stevee +63 Beboateso 
me Oefe bos belinoxrn yibsad potsel{O .vetial ett co theaen neo 


he ; ; . 
Poeteh « sh .ivtees astt? euokautot etoe sd ysm e8oaes viad 
4 


een yoiteieor eiotrd tedeo so gairsiy booy 102 otudiiedce 
oeis dotds euaéton bidgesog ta0d edt To patisoo a evade’ Yer 
048. a6 Bewot ei bos ,yinoeow eiddet to sexsige snote 26 exue 
4 semtodnedocd eds bas OFDD .ytd ai betaszeiges sayeif ts ve 


Wes tte a: dteened s¥oiad “ettos on? eastwaetito eoate’ (xe 
to teed ect atekesoo cist af bra ,seosig hedubab to be 


a 
} ft s) RA ‘ \ f } 
; pu ke oh : ) . ‘ ‘ Uy) al 


BB ,oseds soe cocks Suo to, ed sedtte [iim gatewor edd tas 


Hed vaelor setts beoslqer od teva vstcom of? .tcotdnesh te! 


ee tatiet pecs! 8 Bs eacunedte) dolar. eeLaB00 


ee en y ™ 
ee - 


ae aa) et ; Pea, ae! AY Oe a Fy ii ee :) hn ae ery ‘i tae 


AG30 

Ornamentation of the surface results most simply and suitab 
by a pattern made of bricks of different. colors. 

As in stone spires the termination will be of solid masonry, 
and the crowning will either be of cut stone set there, an orn 
ament of terra cotta, or finally only by a lead cap covering t 
the base of the iron rod and the joints, which is then capabbe 
of any richer forn. 

In a manner entirely similar to that of stone Spires, there 
may also be formed here openings of different shapes, Birst be 
ing simple slits, then those openings formed like dormers about 
as in Fis. 1432, yet the latter only with horizontal ‘joints. 
The position of joints normal to the inclination makes possible 
certain circular or polygonal shapes, thus more openings like 
tracery (Fig. 1432 below), that are naturally often enlarged asa 
and occupy large surfaces. A complete perforation of the brick 
Spire like one of stone with special shaped tracery parts how- : 
ever does not exceed the limits of possibility, but still is : 
not advisable. 


itn 
a 
a 


Generally the durability of good brick materials is also sub- 
ject to certain limitations in a place exposed to weather in 5 4 
such a h#ghhidegree. One must avoid too ornamental details, ates a 
with the use of a thickness of only half a brick walls for the 
smaller spires or for the upper part of larger towers, men must | 
be careful unless the best material (best glazed hard linkers) _ 
and reliable waterproof mortar (tolerably rich cement) are used Ja 
Good glazing can substantially increase the durabilitn of brieken 
for which proof is given by the so-called blue tower at Ltbeck : 
dating from about the 15 th century, whose walls are constructed 
with alternating red and biack glazed bricks, the former being 7 
corroded for several inches in depth, while the original surfa- 
ces remain on the latter. Glazing badly crumbled and with many a 
hair cracks may be more injurious than useful. As a defective 
substitute for good glazing or other bricks resisting weather :. 
may serve a coating of the best possible mortar, which also coe a 
curs on stone spires of rubble masonry, and is found on the tow- 
er at Treysa represented in Fig. 1410 and the Eschenheimer tower 
at Frankfort. The mortar must be replaced after injury by weath- 
er, since otherwise the softer bricks beneath it will be attack-_ 
ed at injured places, and in this consists the defect of the a 
coating, which otherwiss as a coating is inferior in style to 


c — bezinpss Sts seus eat to noitonatendo sid 20% 
| sisal ,elgze sevédo oft to ¢tucooce no ghsewle asqada Lalo 
pebds tuf .tedeen Snttootorg © dtin hedataret sd aend 
4 edz. to gninentyassée sidattesh prev ont of elteid cud ae 
“B aedded ak o1rctervods bas yetiqge sd¢t to eléatins dhio*i cere 
agar eli cc gnibtooss rmoesn Pebaod ak sottestow heb 
$s 40 Sninedtgwesse Lentetnt edt fae aatd dt te baod bao 
a 7108 Mesosceiuevbs giev ei elimeoedct to anillit fannesat be 
ad aso edia tuottin sofas, seaseéis oft colvatasasar 79 
on Huet?) .eanete to wetied wo sitoo artist to résioote divin 
ft fas bentvoes ellen to eeoutokds ,esessis2 2 
et00t (pidceasm Yo eseua 
seetiaqg Isolnod 
otds ond aefite doses ganinas duoggra ot botiesh od ¢i 3E 
| fed? Cony weld af 88 notensd detaet of efdsan sediom al 
de 1a motitog sogqn ott Ra fytiso setie Poswer [let Liliw winogaa 
| megan edd sede oe eldeish shen ed ylno bluco gk YL Zid 
jae bat? nao siogqs2e yo enif ont tert oc .fiios ebem ed aged 
Si biel od beol gaath 6 dows 10 (OFS! of) Ff oidtin soBkg 
Sia benno: @d/ aso dyocqne ic ontt qeate ylonihnogesisco 8) sane 
mee giity | La . o(QESL QL) ake 
By odd eels exod ,mxot L[eofaca To Icot 2 tot sainsedvoe ef 3] 
Bimein ,sedto dose tebstd 1 List bloow sett atwite edd to ett 
B) & 20 mot sit ak isdto dose gentsge cevieemed? trogaque youd 
Raia 6 eobdor, brawat Roteessq egavean adt .(GSl .8k4) aoka 
 epmoge add. cessed ait ,sotsers eft ef dotdw .notesosomes 

. pie RpofLesotquco tenths iguos tea. aofevesgq@oo yah 

y to ebali ond peers ed of ota saoo odd ot esotesed? 
a waaemqmoo bois s .f -~eosiase gaitevoo sdf af goleasuqueo 


oe 


f ig 


Bid ef wenose sdé to dayton edt to toatie sft yd dedd.. basy 
ui-qileabsrs osis ysetedt bas ,enote of enote word. bedtin 
lentbytinncl bemrst od ven Ji chaewoeob svode aott se 
a pa i Sealer nvc ssi to sonenital eft sasbas on00: 6 tog, shot 
siboltgaol edd ¢add .yoeayoos tostoktiwa déiw bompeep 


io dcoedtib e exe) Bluow at Yt E tot af Lae edt 


es 


ve Coat t 
- ay 
: f a * 
* ea rae © ae a 4 » yr Ay As BPA ee Seah i iS ae 


badass to sibbio eda 4¢ awob reeeag eebie edd mt oote, 


t 5 -* hi . aa 
4 


ora. 


¢ Huengu sotieicimib yliewbesy bae woled desguoade eb dedd, 
b Bedventb noieasiquoo expiide as \$ yxoqs edt ts .0 esmoned 


ae 4 : : ‘ 
=e. Me 

as 4, 
, " 


3% i 


4631 


the appearance of the proper material, but is not to be rej 


so long as it does not imitate, a different material. 
For the construction of the angles are required bricks of spe- 
cial shapes already on account of the obsuse angle, which can a 
then be furnished with 2 projecting member. But this contribu 
es but little to the very desirable strengthening of the hips — 
with theithiniwabls of the spire, and therefore is better a bon- 
ded projection in bonded masonry according to Pig. 1433. A str- 
ong bond at the hips and the internal strengthening or at least 
an internal filling of the angle is very advantageous. Bor rich- — 
er ornamentation the grbscor angles without ribs can be combined 
with crockets of terra cotta or better of stone.(Pis. 1434). | 
6. Stresses, thickness of walls required and th- 
rusts of masonry roofs. a 
Conical spires. . 
If it be desired to support against each other two thin walls 
in mortar unable to resist tension as in Fis. 1435, then the m a 
masonry, will fall inward after carrying the uppor portion uph © 
high. If it could only be made durable so that the upper angle ) 
can be made solid, so that the line of support can find its q 
place within it (Fig. 1436), or such a great load be laid on it, 
thab 2 correspondingly steep line of support can be formed the- 
rein (Fig. 1437). a 
It is otherwise for a roof of conical form, here also the pa- © 
rts of the struts that would fall ir hinder each other, when 
they support themselves against each other in the form of.a 
ring (Fig. 1438). The masses pressing inward produce a ring 
compression, which is the sreater, the fiatterrtheeccone. 


AG 


Ring compression and longitudinal compression. 

Therefore in the cone are to be distinguished two kinds of 4 
compression in the covering surfacez-- 1, a ring compression tq 
that is strongest below and gradually diminishes upward till it 
becomes 0 at the apex; 2, an oblique compression directed down- 
ward, that by the effect of the weisht of the stones is trans- 
mitted from stone to stone, and thereby also gradually -increas- a 
es from above downward; it may be termed longitudinal compress- 
ion. Zor a cone under the influence of its own weight it may be — 
assumed with sufficient accuracy, that the longiludinal compres- 
sion in the sides passes down at the middle of the thickness of q 
the wall, for if it would take a different direction, then the 


all st hil 
oe 


‘ 
my 
owe 


Ma mE bevzeiques tenok (1s Adin convo at ced tfuev Lepkaoe 
ia (22 .g) Sats @ To moksoetts 
Bere) sy | tk mo tanzds bos tremtués @4% co beod * 
ape Leifsn sdt,uo ettge Leofnoo edt to sokeeetg@oo ont 
etbos tgaos sis tent ei dT -acivenoses aids ssiag sigake 
@ bacon tartovos eat Ito gpoktentloss sad of boalvos golerss 
Map @ort seies ei signeiat wovige * ,ti Sait of .enco said 
i esi gh.,.fPF OE .bka) Batvevoo ods To sesd ent of 
a BI 0 wort bone .0 tdatew batsowoo evi beilgqe ef © ya 


as 


ive Mou @ awerd Bk 4 movr asd? ,6n0o eis ic ootvaniiont spd 
eg bn gottoerib. ai favot ei tdguen € ootacesgaco sét Bas .f 
bd B .noitenpe edt yd bavot si ak @lomie yLieun® shasta 
ar dads o@ ,em0D. As 19 gold fecifonr to S 
iis Ke , sleqoie.to dienel yo Sebivif tagied = 
Meerene oO yleoptide Satses c.nciezergmoo aids to Sestent 
dé eae) Pinorogmco esi dtin ne a ot dJneiaeyace sxe 
meemencs sao ebeo! tnscoquoo Lecisiery off «(Bit aay te mot 
Ga Oa% to cott1ws sathaogessi99 [ 
man sen. seniase tesinds sdt emrot ¢ tnaesoqmon MAN B49 odg 
ae molitod ¢@) seox0t to ce std yo Srook sf, bos 
Botton? Becoiinen ybseris eas mort vigaie even tay ‘a0, Lack 
PHsevenl .ohstiazss nes siueusigs1 ea2sd scodw ,@ AO sen} 


¥ = 
Ey 
t.- 
ce 
— 


ETS 


es 

im 

€D 

te he 
3 

, 

na 

ta 


s 


‘¥ i eeinolvsvos edi ost beseiwolso od usm ead $1 Letvath 
Pe 1° ; fe 
i eit »(==- = BE go) & tos 9 #8 
; ff 


kort ‘Senet tnvorlo' est?na 6 ed3 ¢e eifatheas esoe NH teerd?. ot7 
esi to ¢dptew edt hotovhtedue at 3 10) cotinwpe yetbasery edt 
Sapaehias Bisuadt ile Yo mus eit healaida cl med#? .enoo asitue 
sa fewtdd eit ctetdio o% houtzes ed ¢i tI .eeGexetayorts edd 
¢ tiede qoenhotetmnesic ens. to ry silgaexe® 102 .coktaoq seliana 
om DE ienbe sa% to tdatew edt to SI\e elas sinarod gatloonnd 
end? eds (O¢t .g2¢) eonotetawcite ed¢ to ewottiog Iloma doe 
wow: -e¢ LLtw fosiivaet «xtodt sedé ou odwence egrovid Litve 
dol edt to déyres eit. oF goltroge na ni) woe shed? code teligue 

item tas el eonetottih edd tad. :fece es to Stpoel edd. of 
ee BNE. t teods of shdgseteuario eas GENE 242 paltane 
& 94 t\P sod .¢n00 tee. 8 Soods of coconptagolite, a\t 
mer S\r eoF ae ens Tr tooda of. @\8 tet, Pian 


v4 . f ALD ia -* wif 4 Ea, 


b S¥etuevde ne gut gdendifinos ot ados nokeaerancs aolt 


a @otl ont avach si 0 sort bose .yilecticey 2 tdptew odd. 


Mh Betetitedrcea at exott 10 Sk va bebivth «dh tenadce L[atod 


“tp - j x 
' Psy 
me 
ni dt A vee 
a | i re 


432 
ring compression acts to equilibrate it, an advantage shat t 
conical vault has in common with all domes compressed in the 
direction of a ring (p. 55). 
boad on the abutment and thrust on it. i: 
The compression of the conical spire on the walls becomes very 
Simple under this assumotion. It is just the longitudianl conn 
ression acting in the inclination of the covering around the en- 
tire cone. To find it, 1 narrow triangle is taken from the apex 
to the aes of the covering (Fig. 1439). At its centre of gravi- 
ty O is applied its comouted weight G, and from 0 is laid off q 
the weight G vertically, and from 0 is drawn the line S with 4 | 
the inclination of the cone, then from A i8 drawn a hordvon tal 
H, and the compression S sought is found in direction and pag 
nitude. Equally simplg is it found by the equation, S = -----. ~ 
(Here @ is the angle of inclination of the cone, so that on ae 
= height divided by lensth of slope). 4 
Instead of this compression S acting obliquely on the abutment, 
it is more convenient to calculate with its components (see bots 
tom of the Fig.). The vertical component loads the abutment and — | 
equals the weight G of the corresponding portion of the cone; 
the horigontal component H forms the thrust against the. ee 
and is found by the parellelosram of forces (at bottom of dram- 
ing), or yet more simply from the already mentioned triangle of 4 
forces 0 A B, whose base represents its magnitude. Instead of 
drawings it, ae may be sepia ha te from the squation:-- 
= 6 cot @, (or H = ==). 


The thrust H acts radtally at ay entire circumference’ if in | 


the preceding equation for G is substituted the weight of the 

entire cone, then is obtained the sum of all thrusts acting at 
the circumference. If it be desired to obtain the thrust for a | 
smaller portion, for example ap of the circumference, then this 


total thrust is divided by 12, or there is substituted in the 


preceding formula only t/12 of the weight of the cone. Also for 
such small portions of the circumference (Fig. 1440) the thrusts 
still diverge somewhat, so that their resultant will be somewhat — 
smaller than their sum (in proportion to the length of the chord 
to the length of the are); but the difference is but smali, am- | 
counting for 1/12 the circumference to about 1 1/2 per cent, for 
1/6 circumference to about 5 per cent, for 1/4 to about 10 per a 
cent, for 1/8 to about 17 1/2, and for 1/2 to 86 1/2 per cent. 7 


Bre ; at a 

20; loxe xidé ok heoubet 6 ends rao ateasdt betuqnoa of? 
ed ano {few eft to eagiigog opisl ylynthacqsort9o eft 
a ne ‘Orol etavpe 8 TOq .tedtoyze? betooanos yltnetottine ae 
tin peobard aetistebtencos oi tetemiseg odd #\E nexet ed neo 


De ainisys T7109 oxica bavot dgin tenot [snopstoo asa aot (elas 
pL edt eokees {fsw et to soetg & allew seivotto 103 bas .8\t 
Secw (aetemixveg ois to m sesnkf ws cele to ,egnkreqo wobatw rey 
> vdt eatwros sc e@lee xltashbavds beer ei noltalwofso ent yd 
, piety etal tot as emse ofd yitoaxe al taemtuds eds to. nottafso 
Spyies woutqe odt to etduled taer9ettib cof atenad? 

De itiotss edt atigied gacvetiib to esviqge yysed ytleups yo% 


Wek Slguexs tol as ,eddzied ocd oF nottas stasupi at ¢aods 


N2oO\l ei sentds odd .J od € to sdbied s wt ptigtsw sat 
it s\t bi ti .f of f rot =i gy ef t£ ,f of S$ 10% eaten 
Ribeauis oat (°Cb to nottanifort) fahbted odt thed 10% ,i da Loy 
Bes io —féafow ond. ot [supe 
By hase tdziew lespe to eevige to wotsézogexs adt eetwredsO 
¥ Weetede ,cilsw to ezsudcidsd Ieupe io seodd dud (bereqmoo 
a mivcexe teocle tedd of .nemo dgic asdt eestfdgten serige 
ted sfdnob to Slotyact .blotzie te razige tot exuseo tacts 
Pe Beesctoni gideton sauzdi ent ,rowel toy 916 youd th teakt 
ye -((0d'.q mo ofdst to ampioo tesl 
ike: ynoaoce to daveoos so dad? ,shulecoo sno yeu beet ost 
edad .2otielt eorige etam of sldexeterg od OLvow gt Eetsedt 
| Siige did edt Yo tdziey tesset> ont tant set .oe don ek 
fe e06fy eldevovet yrev 8 no eet bas ,6kb9 te0nk ef¥ nO ednet 
OB .ystiliccte sevsexk « ¢t of ehnol {lew bettetses est 
ibe £5if weit ail tasasuds edd to batdor esotet sad to nos 
byifese stom 21s estigqe [Let «svosse¥ .eids atneestgey geod 
Stidors fostie sldsioltsrg stom ai)edt mort obras yleatine , bed 
Meagaaae yldgosxe teomfe Toot L[sotnoo mo sted biae et sent 
i'd «(wolsd see) setiga Ishimsryg to fenzdé fe og 
obi -egnia moteaet yd tawadd off petadicutuet 

ms, ace fofenss s yd bevieoes sd yeu en00 edd to Segudd oo? 
eene= = 2 pofencs © storie .[fen att to viilidste sit to bast 
bai * oat to deren (stod odd ei 2 .eSisverg , a Sees = § 10 


rr eostsve oft to @ wpe f to tdgten edd e o ,ilse 
ed 2 


vB 


‘adie Soldex sii aia bas .wotssrifeat to ofgns sad et 2 
ig b danas eit 16 ebudicpsem eds meee Lk ed. sho/eied vt og 


ae | 
rg ss 


Bate a 


ai Bs eee & Bates hs patie A a ee ‘9 Crates Ce ee 
o ' aaa ay *! WAS ys a a a i Mi ie yo vit hie } iM wa 3 le ae Bey ; 
hn by PE ae BOF a i Oo) ea en A ed 
a ‘ ae ee a} ; ee A ee } 


fe el? tenudt oft .f ot | ce epi nottod sit of ed tiger 


4033 
The computed thrasits can thus be reduced in this proportion, 


the correspondingly large portions of the wall can be regarded 
as sufficiently connected together. gor @ square tower as a Pu 
can be taken 1/4 the perimeter in consideration €indeed with ie 
angle) for an octagonal tower with round spire correspondingly — a 
1/8, and for circular walls a piece of the wall between the teas 
ger window openings, or also a linear m of the perimeter, where- 
by the calculation is indeed abundantly safe. Otherwise the” eae 
culation of the abutment is exactly the same as for vaults (p.1i4 
Thrusts for different heights of the spire. 4 
For equally heavy spires of different heights the thrust is a 
about in inverse ration to the heighis, as for example if the = 
height be to the bottom width as 4 to 1, the thmust is 1/8 of 
the weight; for a height of 3 to 1, the thrust is 1/6 of the 
weight: for 2 to 1, it is 1/4, but for 1 to 1, it is 1/2 the 

weight, for half the heisht (inclination of 45°) the thrust is 
equal to the weight. ‘ er 
Otherwise the proportion of spires of equal weight be not om 
compared, but those of equal thickness of walls, whereby the low 
Spires weigh'\less than high ones, so that almost exactly the sa 
thrust occurs for spires of sizfold, fourfold or double hesgnewel 
first if they are yet lower, the thrust notably increases (see 
last column of Table on p. 607). | 
From this may one conclude, that on account of economy of mas 2 

terial it would be preferable to make spires flatter, but this 
is not so, for just the greater weight of the high spire that a 
rests on the inner edge, and thus on a very favorable place on d 
the resisting wall, lenis to it a greater stability. A compari- 
son of the forces actinés of the abutment in Figs. 1441 and 1441 
best represents this. Moreover tall spires are more easily erec- 
ted, entirely aside from their more preferable effect architect 
What is said here on 2tonical roof almost exactly applies als 
to the thrust of pyramidal spires (see below). 
Neutralizing the thrust by tension rings. 
The thrust of the cons may be received by a tension ring nbs 
tead of the stability of thé wall, where a tension 2 = ==-s=== 
= ot a 2-sin a 

or % = ------- , prevails. G is the total weight of the 

wats. 9 ta se weisht of 1 sq. m of the surface of the covering, . 
3 is the angle of inclination, and r is the radius of the base. 
et there be obtained the magnitude of the thrust and of the 


‘ 7" ‘ 
1 ae 
at f ' ut 


a 


lotsd to etiqea feoinco s ut eesd edd te gates ct wotenet 
‘heey B .bS toq LEX OOBL gatdsiew bas Aotdt wo 48 ysaos 
“eMt RB dtiw .sesemsth ebkatuc » 8.8 e10oteseds bas ebizal 
, - sebletwo a 88.88 base ehient o tS sonmed ,tidxyied 
1s mo23 woliod edt to softossidua ve. af sdgter off 
ey 6 * . = 9 {08 s@acces eidt Soe ,enoo edt to emu 
tances stot ode ~fif 000,%6 * ong? (ts * ~ x She Sp x ak 
ponies setedmun uses of ££x 000,85 © = * 000.38 © g 200 5 © F 
pats fi b | et pe. eane? em OS tuodse oF Fe erne : eonetelauortio edt 
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4934 
tension in a ring at the base, for a conical spire of brick m 


sonry 25 em thick and wsighing 1800 kil per cu. m, with 6.0 m 
inside and therefore 6.5 m outside diameter, with 8 1/2 fold h ~ 
height, hence 21 m inside and 22.75 m outside. 
The weight is by subtraction of the hollow from the solid can 
ume of the cone, and this amounts to; G = ri 6.5 2p xe x 22,7500 
a 6° x7 ~ x 21) 1800 = 97,000 kil. The total thrust #  — 
H = G cot a = 97,000 x - = 14,000 kil in round numbers. Since — 
the circumference amounts to about 20 m, there is 700 kil thrust 
per linear m. The tension in the ring = Z * pebble = tate 
2,200 kil in round numbers. But this is a ionpscdaae nes tinge 
don, that may already be received by an iron ring of 3 sq. cm int 
eross section. Instead of it this small tension might pe neutr- 
alized by a circle of stone slabs or ashlars interlocked or shea 
amped together at the lower part of the spire or upper part ot | 
the wall, and also the simple indenting and resistance of the 
masonry to tension will mostly suffice for it. If the masonry 
has a tensile resistances of only 1/2 kil per sq. em, 1/2 sq. oa 
cross section of the wall ring, thus an enclosing wall of a tae 
courses 2 or 8 bricks thick suffices to neutralize the entire 
thrust of the spire. gut since a greater height of the wall may 
have an effect, the tensile stress almost disappears. Thus when | 
one counts on a certain and even so small tensile resistance of 
the masonry, that certainly on account of any vertical cracks -% 
in unequal settlement has a certain consideration, theg the t- = 
fect of thrust of steep tower spires on walls need notre cons- 
idered at all. fl 
Calculation of longitudinal and ring stresses. 
To compute the longitudinal stresses in the cone at any. point, 
one conceives a horizontal plane cutting aCROsS the cone, and Pe 
employs the formula already given:- S = -:--- o. where @ = nesgnt 
of the entire upper part of the cone cut tt or may represent — 
a triangle of this, while S correspondingly denotes the longit~ 
udinal compression at the entire circumference or at the base of 
of the triangle considered. | 
The ring stress is obtained by the formula:- UJ = =---=5- « 
If one conceives that a ring is cut from the cone by Ke) , pal 
allel horizontal planes, and its weight is computed, which is — 
introduced as ¢ in this formula, this sives the ring stress 0 
curring in the ring cut out. If the sum of all ring stresses a 


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9835 oe 
acting from tep to bottom is to be obtained, this is only th 
entire weight G of the cone,that is to be substituted for g: t 
then is obtained exactly the same value that occurs below as — 
tensile stress in a tension ring to neutralize the thrust. 


For cones of uniform weight of the covering (q for 1 sq. m 


area), the longitudinal compression and ring tension as well 


as the thrust are also found by the formulas:- 
2 P 
q ag ; r 
2h mie 2 sin a 


S 
s 
Here s * longitudinal compression per m of circumference, a <8 
ring stress per m length of covering in vertical section, and 4 
> = thrust per m of circumference. Then r and h are radius and 
height of the cone from the point of the covering considered. 
Iti is to be noted, that cones with equal thickness of wall igi 8 
not synonomous with cones of equal weight of wall, but that : 
the aifference is small, if all dimensions are referred to a — 
mathematical conical surface lying in the middle thickness 6f a 
the wall. The preceding formula makes possible a comparison of. 
the longitudinal and ring stresses, which are equally great soem 
each point for a cone of 45° inclination, and otherwise increase 
in proportion to the height. For flatter cones the ring steonane 
exceeds the longitudinal compression, but coversely for steeper 
cones the ring stress is much the smaller. The succeeding Table 
gives the relation of Longitudinal and ring stresses for differ- 
ent inclinations. e 
Stresses in conical roofs of masonry. 

(See Table on p. 697). 

Example. q great tower spire is 12 m wide be = 6 m) and 48 n 
high, of cut stone weighing 2400 kil per cu. @, for a wall 40 
om thick has a weight of q = 2400 * 0.40 + 960 kil per sq. @ ot 2 
surface, and thus accoriing to the Table exerts at base a Longin 
tudinal compression per m of circumference of re x 960 * 6 
= 23,400 kil. Hence 1 sq.em would be stressed peisres = about 6 
kil. Gonversely, the ring stress at the base would be only * 
#960 x 6 = 720 kil per lin. m of inclined surface, thus per 
sq. 6m 2t-only 38° -<>~ * 0.18 kil stress. The same stresses in 


4000 
poth directions would also result for greater or lesser thick= 


ness of the wall. 
Required thickness of wall of spire. 
Since the stress in the material is independent of the thick- 


ll at. 
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98 36 

thickness of the wall, one would then be able to build a cone 
loaded only by its own weight as thin as desired. By unforesee 
oblique loads, but especially by the wind pressure, that may m 
materially and substantialln displace the stresses (chiefly in 
the direction of a ring, which prescribes certain limits. Under — 
the effect of wind, the ring stresses no longer retain the neon 
urately course, but at the windward side and opposite this on 
the external surface and on intermediate points are moved near- 
er the internal surface, whereby sreater angle pressure as well 
as tensile stresses may be produced, indeed most easily on spi- 
res with very small ring compression (slender spires and domic- 
al curved spires are opvosed to the wind pressure rather at a | 
disadvantage). When the masonry is only rather more secure by 
strength of mortar or by indenting, any danger from wind almost — 
entirely disappears. In general may one assume, that a thickness 
of the wall of from 1/24 to 1/30 of the width for light material 
and of 1/30 to 1/36 of the width for heavy and strong material 
suffices, but that one can go yet farther for particularly good 
construction, especially if at certain distances in height are 
puilt internally projecting and strengthening rings. ig 

The thickness of the wall can be made uniform up to the apex 4g 
or be diminished upward. Brick towers can be made 1/2 brick th 4 
ick for & lower diameter of 3 or 4 m up to 1 brick for 7 diame- 
ter. If the spire must be less than 1 brick thick, then itis | 
most advisable to carry this thickness to the apex, because the 
lesser thickness in the upper part reduces the weight little, 
but therefore requires more careful construction. For somewhat 
Sreater widths the change to 1 1/2 bricks may be by internal 
projections of rings and ribs. The conical spires of brick on 
medigzeval towers mostly have a thickness of 1 brick. 


Overthrow by wind. 

The danger of the overthrow of masonry spires by wind is not 
Sreat’? it occurs with 200 kil wind pressure per sq. @ of the . 
fall cross section for brick towers 1/2 brick thick, or corres- — j 
pondingly heavy towers of cut stone with 5 to 6 fold height, f ye 
for spires 1 brick thick the danger of overthrow no longer comes” 4 
into consideration. On the location of the kern of the compres— 7 
sion and of angular comvression by wind, see farther below (p. 627). 
Circular compression. - 

The stability of the spire is best ensured, if the thickness 


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4037 | 
of its walls be made so great, that a circle can be describe 
in the ground plan, whereby this ring-shaped transfer of the 
compression is,made possible as in the cone. Therefore for the 4 
octagon a thickness of the walls of at least 1/24 of the clear. 
width is necessary, but it is better to take 1/20, so that the 
circle may remain at a distance from the angles. Yost easily + _ 
the circle cuts inside at the angles a, and therefore for other 
reasons an internal strengthening b, c or d is very advantageous, 
Since it makes possible a ring- ‘Shaped transmission of the comp= 
ression with walls of 1/24 or even 1/30 of the clear width. 

Polygonal compression. 

If the walls are so thin that a circle can no longer be drama 
within them, durability is not thereby excluded; for sesmental — 
arched lines of support can be drawn within the sides (Fig, 1463) 
which intersect at the angles in @ point P, there producing a 4 
resultant — directed outnard. While thus the masonry of the six 
des presses inward by its gravity, the angles of the spire seek — 
to press outward. The latter can be equilibrated by sufficient — 
weight 9 of the hips or ribs, that presses inward with a force 
= @ cot a (see further below under wind pressure). Ef the a 
of the hip including the strips of masonry connected therewith 
at both sides does not suffice for this counter pressure. 


Stresses at top anil bottom. ae 
There finally remains also the possibility, that the hatched | 
portion © D in Fig. 1444 is thereby preserved from falling, that 
it acts like a straight ascending arch, which at the bottom 6 S| 
and the upper point D naturally produce great end pressures (re- ; 
action compressions). It is therefore a condition, that the upper 
part of the spire at a sreater height downward can be considered 
as a firmly connected loading body. garther below the shorter . 
Slips & F (Fig. 1444) may again act in the same manner. p. 
Since the different possibilities of action reciprocally ince 
rease each other, the octagonal spire appears as a statically 
favorafle form, so that it can be constructed in aporoximately 
is small thickness as the cone. Even thickness of the walls un- 
der 1/24 or that of the strengthening angles under 1/30, aside ‘ 
from wind pressure may still be permanent, particularly of a ~~ 
very small tensile resistance of the masonry must come in question. 
Most easily could an injury occur by a settlement of the mas- 


Omry\under the middle of each side and as a result of this a b a: 


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4838 4 
breaking down of the hatched portion in Pig. 1445, which thereby 
loses its connection with the other parts of the Spire and with 
the lacking ring compression might fall in without endangering 
the rest of the spire. But even this would be possible with gre 
eater pressures and would be hindered by good indentation. 

Wall cfushed inward by the wind. i 
The wind pressure tenis to crush the wall in, and it would th- 
erefore be opposed as above by a line of sufport (Fis. 1443), 
and this again produces at the angles a force & directed outmard, 
which must be neutralized by the load on the hip. The weight of 
the hip itself, even with the strengthening outside and inside 4 
is alone mostly too small for this, so that it is desirable to | 
transfer to them the load of the wall surfaces by arches with a 
or without openings in them (Fig. 1446), but which must not be a 
too flat on account of the effect of the thrust, The same fe 
ose can be fulfilled by variously shaped openings (Fig. 1447), 
which at the same time reduce the surface affected by the wind 
pressure. The openings 3re also statically not without importance. 
Just on slender spires, which have but a small rings compress- 
ion, is most easily possible in the lower parts a crushing of a 
the walls inward by the wind. Then in order to resist the forc~ 
E pressing outward (Fig. 1443), there often does not suffice 
Ee weight of the hip even by the addition of the weight of the 
walls, so that sreater stiffness against bulging must be given q 
by projection of the ribs externally and internally, so thatin 2 
a diagonal section may be formed a line of support as in Pig. | 
1448. This line of support can then increase the thrust slight- 
ly at the base of the svire (which does not injure the abutment, 
Since this occurs only on the windward side), further requires . | 
the line-of support, so that the upper part of the spire acts 
as a connected and loading mass, and hence a reduction of the 
thickness of the walls above is not favorable. q 
For walls much tbo thin this also is not sufficient, for the 
stress from the wind is néarly in inverse quadratic proportion 3 
to the thickness of the walls, and there are only two expedients; — 
the féexure stress in the wall or the projection of strengthen- 4 
ing rings in the intermediate ribs. q 
Resistance of the walls to bending. 
The bending stress assumes the existence of a certain tensile 
resistance of the masonry. It is well possible to count on that 


Per tr lS 
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a -epnie salnettite 
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4 
. 


439 | 
that in this case for carefully executed masonry without crack 
or strons pressures, in a moderate degree, for the tension oc " 
urs in a horizontal direction, where besides the resistance of 4 ; 
the mortar the friction of the indented and load stones oppose 
while For tension in a vertical sense the mortar in the bed joa 
ints comes in question. But if one desires to arranse so that ‘ 
tension shall not need to be relied on at all or only in the a 
heaviest storm, then for thin walls as an extremely effective ‘ 
means of stiffening is the use to be recommended of. compression 
rings most simply projecting inside (Pig. 1449). 

Stiffening rings. x 

These are spaced eight to twelve times the thickness of the 4 
walls, 20 to 50 cm thick in the direction of the height and with 
a horizontal width of 1/15 to 1/18 the width of the tower at ¢ 4 
the place considered, if the ring is found inside: but 1/12 to — 
1/15 if it remains internally octagonal. (In this thickness is . 
included the thickness of the wall). The thin wall acts under _ 
the effect of the wind and also of its own weight between the 
rings above and below like an ascending straight arch. For very — : 
large spires it may be further required to arrange one or two q 
middle strengthening ribs extending downward on each side surf- 
ace in addition to the angle ribs (Fig. 1449), to which is siy- _ 
én somewhat smaller dimensions than those of the rings. a 

Thickness of the walls. 

Tf the walls of the svire have been divided by such ribs and 
rings into panels, whos? dimensions at most are 8 to 10 times 
the thickness of the walls, then can the latter be restricted 
to 1/24 and even to 1/36 of the width of the tower, while other-— 
wise they should not be made lass than 1/16 to 1/20 of the width, 
especially when the hips also remain witkout ribs. 3 : 

Of the 6bdest examples may be mentioned: the unperforated P= 
ire of the Lhiebfrauen church at Worms (Figs. 1411, Gait a3. who- 
se walls are 1/19 of the width (abutment walls beneath are of § 
rubble 1/4 to 1/5 the width and are moderately opened), the ei 
forsted spire of Freiberg tower (Figs. 1406, 1428), whose walls 
are 43 om thick for about 11 m width and must be termed quite 
bold, since the hips project but little, and the rings or — 
between the traceries got at all. In a strong wind the Freiberg — 
Spire is exposed to strons stresses, which would not be the case 
with strong rings, even with thinner walls. Also the high and 


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narrow piers of the belfry are adele 1/6 of the clear wid 
and are to be termed very bold abutments. 

Galculation of the thrust. _ 

The thrust of polygonal spires is again calculated ‘on the for- 
mala; H = @ cot a. wa 
If then G = the entire weight of the spire, then H = the a 
responding thrust at the entire circumference of the base; con- 
versely if G = weight of one side of of a angle (thus = 1/8 the 
weight of the spire for the octagon), then results only the thr- 
ust belonging to this part. As the angle a is to be taken ie 

ding to circumstances the inclination of the side surface or t 
that of the hip, which is somewhat flatter, or a value lying 
between the two is to be used. If the weight of the spire is | 
mostly carried down by the hip, then must the angle a correspond 
about to the inclination of the hip; since this is the most un- . 
favorable case for the amgnitude of the thrust, thus it is well 
to calculate with it for safety. If one also makes the somewhat _ 
too unfavorable assumption that the thrusts occurring for an q 
eighth of the spire act with their full amount in the direction © 
of the diagonal, then has been taken an assumption as a basis 
by which the abutment piers will not be too weak. 


+f 


Naturally the aputment pier or tower wall must be sufficient- _ 
ly strong, that it may resist also the wind pressure striking 4 
it and the sfire. If the angle piers of the tower are connected 
together at certain heights by masonry, it is unnecessary to = 
vestigate the stability of the separate piers, but that of the 


¥ ® 4 
a 
ee 


entire mass;(thus of the entire hollow prism of the tower), who- 
se stability against wind is considerable larger {p 646). Other= : 
wise the calculation of the abutment is completed aie as for. e 
that of the vaults. : : 
Calculation of the longitudinal compression. | ) 
The longitudinal compression in the coverings surface and ribs 
acting downward is calculated by the formula:- S$ = hve a 4 
In regard to the values of G and a the same is true, ie was q 
just stated concerning the thrust. Whether the horizontal com- 
pression constantly increasins downward acts more in. the sides 4 
or is transferred to the hips depends on the construction of « 
the spire as shown (p 609 above). 
Calculation of the ring compression. ; a 
The ring compression, if the weight of the spire (or the lenge 


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longitudinal compression) is pretty uniformly distributed over 
the perimeter, is transmitted in about a circular form, but : 
the weight on the contrary is exclusively carried down in th r 
hips, as for mani perforated spires, then is formed a compre . 
ion polygon, whose angles lie at the hips. por intermediate ca- 
ses results a polygon with sides somewhat curved outward. ‘ 

In the first avese t for ie G coupr caatee circle the compressio 


i. ao ean a” Men amare Ries svar 


For the conngessiog me 5 Es 4 
im = i had thin . 

Here g§ = eight ye sing | ring cut out from the spire, a is aga: 
the angle of inclination, which in the first case is betwwen 
that of the side and that of the hip, and in the second case 
to be taken that of the hip. n = number of sides of the polygo 
thus = 8 for the octagon. # = angle at the centre for one side 
of the polygon, thus = 22 1/2 for the octagon, and consequentl 
sin. # 0.3827. Then formula 2 fee become for an octagonal s 
28. Ug" 20.9827 | “aia 

If there be inserted in formula or a the angle of inclin 
tion a, of the side and in formula 2 a the inclination a, of 
the hip, then will be obtained the upper and lower limiting va 
ues for the ring compression in the octagonal spire (see Tabl 
For a spire without ovenings the compression U acts in the 
entire height of the ring considered, which may be assumed 1 
high in calculating example 1. | 
Stresses in perforated spires. 

for perforated spires the height of the rings toibe consider 
ed is arrarged according to the kind of openings, as in the ha 
ched surface in Fig. 1450. Since where the width of the ring i 
narrowed as at a b, the ring compression must be transmitted — 
through this small cross section. It is similar for a spire eI 
tirely divided into hib ribs and bands is in Pigs. 1451. For & 
is found by formula 2 the ring compression, that the bands ? 
‘eive lengthwise, when the weight ¢ is inserted for a horizon 
piece of the spire from centre to centre of the rows of pane 
Such a spire is a comvletely developed framework in space wi 
members all compressed. The ring pressure or correct polygon 
compression is received by the series of bands, and the long: 
udinal compression bg the hip ribs, to which the bands trans: 


fer their own weight ani that of the panels resting on them. 


ay 
7.3 ee 


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x42 


To calculate the magnitude of Abe FOREEARAS ERS compression « 


ordingly in the formulaz- S = ab Bare aré to be inserted fori 
the weight of an eighth of the Soins and for a the angle of 
clination of the hip. Under such assumptions is found Saenaill 
HE = G cot a = horizontal thrust acting at each angle on the 
wall of the tower. os | | 
The band best consists of one long stone with sufficient re 
istance to bending, so 2s not to break. But if it must consée F 
of several pieces, then can it easily exert a thrust on the an- 
gle piers like a straight arch, whilh tends to bend them outwa 
it is then advisable to arrange the tracery in the panels so if 
that it supports the middle of the band. For very wide panels 
can be added even intermediate ribs carried down for thin aule 
ose. The tracery in the panels serves in just the same manner 
for resisting the wind as the X-braces of the wooden spire, to 
which these perforated stone spires in general are very neon 
allied. (See below). 
Gomparison of stresses and thrusts a spires of ditterent 
heights. | 
To give a clear view of the stresses and thrusts of polygona: 
spires of different heights, there is established the followin 
Table; the first flat roofs are scarcely erected, but are adde 
for comparison. Generally the stresses vary little from those — 
of conical spires of equal height. : 
Stresses in cctagonal stone pyramids. 

(See Table on p. 612). 
-@ is the total weight of the spire above the point considere 
Example. A brick spire 25 em thick is octagonal with 6 m in 
ernal and 6.5 m external width, with a fourfold height of 26 m@ 
outside and 24 m inside. A cu. m of brickwork weighs 1800 kil 
the magnitudes of the stresses and thrusts are to be calculate 
Volume of a solid octagonal pyramid = 0.829 Be abathe existing 
hollow afxiie pyramid has a volume accordingly with a differe 
from the solid of ; 0.829 (6. 5° x -- --.6% » 82) = 65 iongiam i 
round numpers, so that this weighs 65 * 1800 = 117,000. kibass 
and 1/8 of this weighs 14,625 kil. According to the preceding — 
Table the longitudinal compression at most = 1.009 -, here = — 
14,757 kil, or at least = 1.008 r = 14,720 kil. This is a 
uted over 1/8 of the base, which is an area of 2 x 0.829(6.5 eee 
= 0.647 sq m or 6470 sq. em and for uniform distribution = gee 


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| | fen 0Br = 0008 * 20.6 neovtsd aekl cotenstamog yak« ont ele 
{gaveoges Balt ef? fo eottoee: esoro edT . Lik HOE @ OOCe = BELO 
: txe ont moO ope teg efetxs ends bas .wo .pe OCO8S so mw wpe B\t 
- etivp ton evit ,ff4 OF0.0 of 830,0 to aokecerqmoo (Leone yilon 
: gied erttae edt 106% soleeesquos gait ec? «me .pe seq ing or\tr 
is ftw BYES = 000, Sf * SE.0 of etavome teom ts. bimatyg’ edt to 
vehi ead oft to Raina of coisnet edt od bineow teeape ag sevt 
‘Naa .: Ves 7 steundé edt vet 
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i O98 sebou nismet yfdsderg binwow ti tod ,fid ANGE © asa ar x 
too evods ces) ti ovisoer of eotiter teum sinentuds off bas 


a -@n032ylog seato te gesaige 
t Scene de) awese nadto son ob aobstaeg Sane qopexed odT 
sa00 eds no tod .(dwse to elguaxs ns inegerq sedomgdo yietesson 
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st AG tedefqnoont cxs eseceite 2ol1 tastroqat edd soate .beaser 
ee S hagsal- Pentege cipecesg bain odd axsooqe eldsiovstas ylreiust 
) ee8ait guinettive es dove ,bencténem etnetbecxe edt .seosince 
ae eve wettel odd .edia olbbia edt bor agid edt gntnatiiysorte 
se nedt blveo atot bedote mi neve bus xetuey sed of gatbrotes yi 
as t to vogeondotss tse) yI9v sult hath nah edt sopber of SYTSE 
e be oa , . ebexolgue od oF 
*e i, ~2en06 feet bevaro dsiw vomig? | 
eenrotioee. a80T9 TretEtIEb to N@iLidieres 
} > tididxs: tad setoot oncie. bauot 0 lenodyled | 
ad. fe fasts se b. Shadi eontl tusteste to Seetent ooidevele ai 
By createed: #eurdt setae: cele tod peers ast, stan | 


7 ad : F Ds ? 
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ATA DAY ioe AS Te RD ae eG) hs ee em he LA yea Bt 
RSENS Me Rees i NAD EAN Res SE a 


£843 os 
about 2.3 kil per sq. om, but would be considerably nore with 
perforations or unéqual distribution. (Strictly taken it is no 
the area of the plan, but that of a section perpendicular to t 
the rib, that must be taken in the calculation, but this makes 
@ scarcely noticeable difference formstecep spires). 
To find the greatest ving compression, there is considered 
ring 1 m high, whose volume is the difference between the sol 
and hollow pyramids being shortened about 1m is calculated at 
about 5 cu. m, which thus weighs 9000 kil. According to the , 
ble the ring compression lies between 0.02 * 9000 = 180 kil a 
0.22 x 9000 6 198 kil. The cross section of the ring is about 
1/4 sq. mor 2500 sq. om, and thus exists per sq. om the extr 
mely small compression of 0.072 to 0.079 kil, thus not quite 
1/10 kil per sq. em. Tho ring compression for the entire heig 
of the pyramid at most amounts to 0.22 * 117,000 = 2574 kil, an 
just as great would be the tension in a ring of the base to re 
ist the thrust. : 
The thrust is computed for each angle to be at most = 0.135 
* 14,625 = 1974 kil, but it would probably remain under 1900 
and the abutments must suffice to receive it (see above coni 
spires and vaults. 
| Hexagonal and square spires. 
The data and formulas for octagonal spires apply likewsoe 
spires of other polygons. 
The hexagon and pentagon do not often occur (at Pressburs ‘HO 
monastery churches present an example of eamh), but on the con 
trary square spires are not rare in the early time. The less 
the number of sides, sc much the more are the difficulties ane 
reased, since the important ring stresses are incomplete. fart 
icularly unfavorable apvears the wind pressure against large 
surfaces. The expedients mentioned, such as stiffening rings; 
strengthening the hips and the middle ribs, the latter eventual 
ly extending to the vertex and even “in arched form could there 
serve to reduce the otherwise very great thicknesses of the wa 
to be employed. 
Spires with curved sides, domes. 
Possibility of different cross sections. 
Polysonal or round stone roofs, that exhibit concave contou 
in elevation instead of straight lines (Fig. 1452, left), have 
sreater ring compression but also greater thrust (compare force 


oeesematl Is y xevat e Na sises00 Seer ibe io if bad t 
angt anit am neve’ yeu dotde .beovbes ef notezetgkon holt edd 
Dylgatbrooce ci trontude odé no tanudt oft yfeatbrooos bas ,cote 
‘sigs eveonco od? «(Sef .8i9 ak T bas FIT eoore? sesqncs) cael 
ole etca esd gokeeszqm0o gnix iesse78-sdt Yo Tovo0os 26 
) etta: “Rewac. sit yfontevaoo bas .gatbeol [eotaseumyenn Sekaet 
hic inee ebas h tk eutf ,tneutuds sds mo sensds rsllend 6 Bitez2 
nq Bov70ceo ond 6d to dokde beonssennoure Saiterxe 
, 7 ) +S@BO avg f 
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ifOo oiads esed ceis sasusods add a6 Stapasig oft to note 
BEd . pit af sensds odt owtt bas ,teegnet tewol odd cttw 
ek Fa9ter Tis odd ta showde gals ed? . 25ST nt nad? seteety od 
q etiup et $2 peastevsve eft Yo ertuoo oft ao shueqeb 23 
Oaeiw D021 Sue SCRE .agiG te awtor odd at esate biiod of 
} ton woe faum sctitco ott  tdgied was t8 uwtttivoo noiened 
4 eteaen wot dosovqqs ecenos hes brewico odwiaevere « ynoste 
Ss Fite yatextnoo edt ao S8Er . pit eALL dated .teotetey 
eonte tud .d & SoNsiath eldsreflenom ef sacks noteasé 
. fo sektoe howe ,ythoaee at efdtaagq ee dovm es bebiove 
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Haein od? ofide ,eoezssm to stesw 6 vo sinetbegne Isteage ya 
e949 28 obi tdyit ses) owob outs & mood of Bergeron? et 
a E% O40 fads bomrot oz 5d yaw aomot «taensoteg @ebhag od St ase 
bitoe QUBSE . git Han 32 -G 02) O ed onedwyteve {fade esoxta 
- » ae ~OOfere4ghoe nets eved, betseted¢e ad of 
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co’ 


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¢ YG) Ouabevory bigeie & widel of Iraisoqmt et Fi Bae node 
a rad “babo! ‘ed o¢ ef eects Raia edd ie ebut tages eds doifw to 
a. Mx (eter spit) s4pnfod Yas #5 emob 

va 0 e489 ‘pedsd seotte gobs oft dard noitdwress de ‘daw 

Y mieetigs otedurteve solsseigmog Ieathvtigaot edt teat. 
6 Sette ae @ te ,bisnnwed dnegues eh3 to molsoeath eft ai see 
fa baa bret esnslq {eiaosizod yd Ho tue es Sealmsxs eo 
4 a } feognes ett To ‘nottenifont ear Bett ip ie had ton. 
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: “cr 


AO44 


I and Il of Fig. 1452); conversely for a convex external outl 
the ring compression is reduced, which may even become ring 
sion, and accordingly the thrust on the abutment is according] 
less (compare forces IIT and I in Fis. 1452). The concave spir 
on account of the greater rins compression has more ability t 
resist unsymmetrical loading, and conversely the convex spire 
exerts a smaller thrust on the abutment. Thus it depends on. 
existing circumstances, which of the tno deserves ytotsoeaaay 
a given case. | 
Even ogee spires may be erected (Figs. 1453, 1454). The ase 
tion of the pressure on the abutment also here again coincides 
with the lower tangent, and thus the thrust in Fig. 1453 widee 
be greater than in 1454. The ring stress at the different heig 
hts depends on the course of the curvature; it is quite possi 
to build spires in the forms of Pigs. 1458 and 1454 without ri 
tension occurring at any height, the outline must show not too 
strong a curvature outward and nowhere approach too nearly the 
vertical. Forms like Fig. 1455 on the contrary will have ring 
tension along the consilerable distance a b, but since this is 
avoided as much as possible in masonry, such spires or domes & 
are opposed to the requirements of masonry constructions only 
by special expedients or a waste of masses, while the interior 
is increased to form a true dome (see right side Bf Pig. 1455) 
can it be made permanent. Domes may be so formed that the ring 
stress shall everywhere be 0 (see p. 55 and Fig. 126), yet dom 
to be preferred have ring compression. 
Galeulation of thrust and ring stress of any domes. 
Since then ring tension in masonry is avoided as much as pos 
sible, the calculation readily gives an account of ring compre 
sdon, and it is important to learn a simple procedure by means 
of which the magnitude of the ring stress is to be found in any 


dome at any height (Fig. 1456). 


ses in the direction of the tangent downward, at the point to 
pe examined is cut out by horizontal planes I-I* and TI-I1I’ 
not too high ring. The inclination of the tangent at.the height 
I-f is termed a,, that 2t the height TI-II being ap, and just 
‘as for the cone (p. 605) the thrust in the entire circumfere 


at the height I-I is; 4, = Gycot a,, and at the height Ti-iT 


his ae heh) am bt jeocdd edt re ego gh 
. too 0 * o® Gg bus ,H neontod esnerettEs eat Lda a ae 
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bosiopse n $e -etpooo motkme’ ulle ,svitapes ei ¢i edn bie? fi. 
mip eféfuated eit ed bawol ylicee at eeotte pois edd Yo i 
nev spmod edt to eetiivo yae sot exci ot ecottelor sxeit i 
dB Vet so tvo beam? Hserd & exsecqe gatx edd aidiiy cede ‘a 
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ten eemoh duis sot bas ,ekds ewods Iutoase. oot o0 gor ‘ 
ihe: twodétw dyid @ t syata molgetteed trodésin tee spo 
| ; : sbexinpes yiiscen yosanoos 
loisaler onan edt vlqce suele Ieooyyieg otis eemoh 10% 
oat | 7 ee. edd bas Beokiaiusy efsti{ ed? to moltacebtenoos one 
‘ ¥ Breas: got femrds fetaocaiacd off shetsont yheerle coksaatio 
: iigion isto? . eft ef 2 aedn .e too © * B skege vi Sogesemnatin - a 
ons . awode seut ee bavot ef ecorte geic ed? bae ~emob ens to , i 
NBAie of gnibtoooe ouVede sud ,etened? ont ‘to pi eocere tiie 
Ha Ned Bret te * 0 fos, bs = U muonted eoff cbhetingem ati setae 
hom en? Sfad at}, Soe  ebactat eit 6 uebie te sede onf BF. 
gade Avome ti ef eidt (fe yf «lobie eno tet etiaeo ons te ) 
Le estes abin eaweh bea echimexyqg ,tedoo yrnoeem Yo aokssluoiso © ee 
i: Nitiameaaam feelqoia eds ot epneled eoltiosta tot yoatoobs | 
a ce ~eisnos to eetige rabook .\ 
* Piahes: n+ ‘ yetewo? yanoses to serige asbook, 
ot: Ser 9 S44 Jedt ovods deroivasa aeid{eoriith bee agosish edt 
Byai Yeu AtoOwsoiad of esuide yiocean io notvowstenoo sedi atie 68 
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| Mew 86 .oviian et diowlotis siede soctaet nb. leten to eatety 
buf eft teices of elds ef onote Fle ton feds doet 49 es 
a s aac esige edd to woiticog beeooxe odd af gatredtace to ° 
hn ne bdo sheinevbs ofd tod ,daseasg odd af sunitnos ys sao 
on 28 efbbia edd ot eexige aebocw sii ot tetleosg ace test 
, be senaened xoites ek th dod .esa@t? asebow ni efatxe asanol 
. bias p Boos yisnsiortisa io sgote detwast tedé estetanoo af 
: oe dd yxticod edt to allew eff sfsu bloor 19m sedw usye. 
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aia aeapent ~— 6 vino ak efdteece tevero ef pasts) Re 
ae \ | > \bohteetiour ay, Bye 
evo inenopaie nabtast tend agee8 to aenicavhle da * ee 
ts we Riad hee aaah oni h cabal cfs 70% @bni) a 3g 


i yy t } 
wen ' 7 a ms ty . ~ el 
My = fae ae a a! J : b aia } — 7 ‘i a Le \ ’ Ab Ma te ; iy. i Py A 
sa) vat ite a 8 i‘ ? iah ahi »s ‘y fs A) " 7 oh bey AR on. y J 
PAP ete UA oe Te er. Oe eye es, Te Joes Ae i i: 


ose 


~~) ri 


ag45 


Hp = Gecot ag. The thrust Hg produced by the joining of the 
is the difference between Hy and Ho; Hy 


= Gy cot a4. > Gacot me, 
So long as this Hy remains positive, ring compression exists, 
but when it is negative, rifig tension occurs. gut the magnitude 
of the ring stress is easily found by the formular=- U = ma 4 a 
These relations are true for any outline of the dome, even 
when within the ring apvears a break turned out or in. The lowall 
the ring is taken, the more accurate is the result, yet one need 
not be too careful about this, and for high domes may generally — 
cut out without hesitation rings 1 a high without injury to tne 
 aceuracy usually requirsd. , 4 
For domes with polygonal plans apply the same relations with 4 
the consideration of the little variations and the angle of in- 
clination already treated. The horizontal thrust for the entire 
circumstance is again H = G cot a, when G is the total weight 
of the dome, and the ring stress is found as just shown by the 
difference Ha of the thrusts, but where according to cireumst-. — 
ances its magnitude lies between 0 = —% and 0.“ eens o> ta 
is the number of sides of the polygon, and # is nel? pg ian 
at the centre for one side). By all this is it shown that the 
Calculation of masonry cones, pyramids and domes with sufficient 
accuracy for practice belongs to the simplest problems. 
7. Wooden spires of towers. 
Wooden spires of masonry towers. ie 
The defects and difficulties mentioned above that are connect-_ 
ed with the construction of masonry spires in brickwork may have 
led to the so frequently occurring wooden spires covered with 
Slates or metal,in regions where brickwork is native, as well 
as the fact that not all stone is able to resist the injuries os 
of weathering in the exvosed position of the spires. Both reas- a 
ons may continue in the present, but the advantage of economy, : 
that was peculiar to the wooden spires in the middle ages, no 
longer exists in modern times, but it is rather the contrary 
in countries that furnish stone of sufficiently sood quality, 
even when men would make the walls of the belfry thimer with 
regard to the entire removal of all thrust by the wooden spire, 
that is however possible in only a slight degree (p. 627). 
Inclination. 
The advantases of seeo inclination mentioned above also cont- 
inue for the wooden spire in more than one respect, and therefo oe 


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i 

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= 


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2 Ngal..2peT)icusedets qd boos lget oted ab iatnopte 
4 Alan io esitee st, (een dtd) apafane $e sels ee 


4b46 : 
they have the same proportions as the stone spireal and aul 
in the later periods of the middle ages there were favored 
most too slender forms for wooden spires. Therefore we ment 
the spire of the church in Wetter dating from the first part. 
the 16 th century, which shows the proportions of 1: 8 172. 
Requirements for the woodwork, 
In the construction of wooden spires, three points are chie 
ly to be kept in mind. 
1. The arrangement of immovable base and neutralization of 
the thrust of the rafters. 
2. Security against overturning. 
3. Stiffening the wooden walls against any bending, turning 
etc.. The fastenings of the woodwork that must fulfil these 
different requirements way be stated, assuming an octagonal 
sround form. 
ae In the direction of the diagonal of the octagon. 
b. In the direction of a cross inscribed in the octagon. Fig. 1 
c. In the direction of the sides of the polygon. 


Base of the spire. 

If we first take the direction gor the base, there rensiaal a 
for a a framework of timbers running diagonally to receive onl 
rafters and struts (Fig. 1457). At most two diagonal timbers 
may extend through and be halved together at the middle, andt — 
the others must be placed against cross beams, and for-strength- 
ening it is best to place two timbers beside each other for the | 
continuous diagonals. The jack beams must be connected to resist 
tension to receive the thrust of the rafters. a 
_ Bor b results the layer of timbers shown in Fis. 1458. : 
For c then by avoiding all through timbers occurs an immovable 
series composed of wall plates halved at the angles (Fig. 1459), : 
on which are fixed the beams to receive the rafters and struts. 
Ifssuch an octagonal series lies on the walls of the square tow 
er (Fis. 1459, right), then the wall plates at the four corners 
may be supported by corbelled masonry or brackets, but this is 
generally unnecessary and a free bearing of the short timbers 
is permissible. i 
If we now consider the thrust of the rafters and struts as a a 
analogous to the thrust of the vault, the resistance of ~the ab- — 
utments is here replaced by tiebeams (Figs. 1457, 1458), or by | 
a series of anchors (Fis. 1459).The series of wall plates is 


ie fay: 
of 
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Ail san eee eOItgs. sat, Has yt me) 
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aa “ ,ytnoesr edd ov Sntsofions ne yiseeooen ti so FARion 
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Ny 


2847 
also very useful as a basis for the tension framework. (Fig. 
1457). If the thrust of the rafters is certainly neutralized, 
at mose can come in juestion still merely a Sliding of .the en-_ 
tire base (by wind), which is made almost impossible by the 4 
friction of the wood on the masonry, even if no anchoring exis- 
ts, but on the contrary it is not excluded that with mortar st 
ill soft, a violent storm may slide the upper courses of mason— 
ry and the spire. ; a 

fo ensure the spire asainst overturning must serve its own 
weisht or if necessary an anchoring to the masonry. 1 
fo prevent the hip and jack rafters from bending, and general- 4 
ly to make impossible any moving and crushins of the sides of 4 
the spire, struts and purlins must be inserted, which may again Pe 
lie in one of the three directions (Pigs 1457 to 1459). 
Diagonal bracing. 7 
The bracing corresponding to Fig. 1457 first consists of 4 in 7 
braces placed over the diagonals (Fig. 1460), each of which is 
halved on an opposite rafter. These X-braces are so arranged as 
to cross each other at the middle, and they are repeated two or 
three times in the height of the spire. Above the last crossing — 4 
then the stem of the spire, that is joined by the angle rafters 4 : 
with mortise and tenon, like the ribs of a vault at the keystone. 
The stem of the spire then rises above the junction of the raft- 
ers and bears the cross crowning the spire. Further the X-braces 
are also often replaced by collar beams and sgirts. For sreat gs 
Spires, the angle rafters can also be strengthened by parallel 
struts directly under them or separated by a space, into which 
the X-braces are also halved. 
Stiffening by crossed beams. 
The second direction of the connection is such that the braces 
jast described do not lie in the diagonal planes, but in the p 
planes of the cross (Fis. 1458). Instead of these there may be 
placed at certain divisions of the height of the spire (3 to 5 
m) timbers crossed as in Fis. 1458, so that the separate beams 
Strike the angle rafters. Por more secure support of the caver 
and for better stiffening are then added braces (Fis. 1462). : 4 
The second layer of beams strike she angle rafters at the re 


ints a and a’, the thiri at the points b and b’. The point a is 
supported by the strut s, which is halved to the brace x, so & 
that it later secures also the point p of the same timber. On . 


j ows off bial eve felletss eaods of a s enedmk? 080 
a rotsac 6ct .*y baw gy misky edt seod otayge dotas A*Y aad 
paid etodeit of? to guttelepes roisovitence edt evierer 
iby betceqet ef dokdw .ecesd «o 10 t4eq #20 Raiteisnos 
iB Pos tooreltib « eedisosety erige sti Yo Rakmorsad ent 
aes» seanteh to ylotem hesogaco noitovetesoo Io setae 
th begsde-vecis edd to eseadutd sit xaca oils disened agold 
ee Ystisd tedd vietidezos eaols of ete (Sei .8i8 a9t%ts) gaow 
6% awod fetsiso etige odd to meta sf? ment assuied omalo of 
ees seeuoce th bled endt See .eoetg pnid eat bomsed o2ia) 
= ees ,gehte odd to eersig edt. aot paisacd 
Wmebra sis to ookiosxtbh edd at eell gniossd batdd sit 
Sooes koaiuieted esonsteth nistieo ge Jacd elds ak etete 
@igtes ai cooneielb te ,cusiian edd to anoiememth saz od 
Baeegosizton hoaict esa otads (Sent .2f8) o & so & of Bat 
hse: wo ,8 ge eelans sds ako, cade , 
bie end ab toitentetic .6 .o esoaid-I $ yd Hetaogage dose ose 
bapslg Ste eeorrd~X eft dadct .Ssb! : 
Mueae ces One ,2cide edt to Lisy edd te enelq sit ot fells 
Sae-.eteties edi io achbe ussci sd oblest eel! aostame 
tei o wawof edd to vect ..e.i ,biswel ggoto dose to Iiet ed 
_ WH sxbl adexedé aaiirsin aecro sit to ¢atk odd yds botets 
22) acottas efyna oct of¢volh of futery si bt oteg sudweitd 


ah 
iy 4 e351 


ade # ¢¢ “otee od? wout botataged ei semed eds ‘enedw (COR. 


= 

a 
E 
i 
ta 
ee 
TA 
3 
& 
Led 
~W 
<j 

5 
is 
ew, 
Ca. 


pa 


ts 


seb Penk sotvourtesoo cdf .s seit yt stediego? Seteenaco has 
Re edt vatust: eeant eff tebes shasta red? seostd=X edt Be hed 
je ne yd Bas paged let ¢oat ea¥ Yo txqgeve ode tod afxig omesed 
| atin esjeoeag (852! pie al e} ebietuo sek? ete to noteags 
@ stents faavetct ef? neexvted es taulh _,bea70T ed gas eoahetiaa 
pute Sue Bese .cenaesay fsaretal teixe etiqe ed? to elfenw edé 
sp tevtetni Ifaue yvx0ev 5s dtiw to dtecned yitoetih beosicq: ere 
gta KReertod sif neorts Sea ataty oft sed? ~osst tex gid, on% 
oe adteg {is do eanoiiesaaon ghotia elisinoisasg sonsonq ends 
Pbeewst gutbneds yas blova of sxeo fortss ed 8% xintataeo at 
a ve Scetted qi eds to eiuxel) yd tedtio ,eiedmts efgme ocd 
a ‘eased $o tevael sattnogeotics & yd tO ,aifed to avid 39 
a eds SO gnoces od eaivirsdito eonte ed ode to eeicea dose 
Wala cs's , -ohom od: eloneupeth tibw 
Bh e4iine ne Gvig of ee 10% oved patidost ci s06q3., 
“ohiahd ton ovoleteds evs doidr 2noitestée noo ies 2 


ern: 


a 


+ 


4648 
the timbers a a to those parallel are laid the two timbers ff 
(or £”), which again bear the girts g and g”. The latter thea am 
receive the construction consisting of the timbers b b and ae 
consisting of a part of a brace, which is repeated upward until 
the narrowing of the spire prescribes a different and simpler a 
System of construction composed merely of girts. F 

Close beneath the apex the timbers of the cross-shaped frame- 
work (after Fig. 1458) are so close together, that they Serve 
to clamp between them the stem of the spire carried down far , 
(also termed the king piece, and thus hold it secure. 

Bracing in the planes of the sides. a 

The third bracing lies in the direction of the sides and con- 
Sists in this, that at certain distances determined according a 
to the dimensions of the rafters, at distances in height amount 
ing to 3 or 4 m (Fis. 1462), there are formed horizontal bands 
consisting of 8 pieces, that join the angles at a, b, etc., and 
are each supported by 4 X-braces c, d, alternating in the sides. 
It is evident from Fig. 1462, that the X-braces are placed pare 
allel to the plane of the wall of the spire, and its external a 
surface lies inside the inner edges of the rafters, and that t 2 
the fall of each cross inward, i.e., that of the lower c is re- 
sisted by the girt of the cross starting thereon like d. 

Likewise here is it useful to double the angle rafters (Fig. 
1463) where the inner is separated from the outer by a space a 
and connected together by ties z. The construction just descri- 
bed of the X-braces then stands under the inner struts. The ties 
become girts for the suvport of the jack rafters, and by an ex- 4 
tension of the ties outside (a in Fig. 1463) passages with bal- a 
ustrades can be formed, just as between the internal struts i 
the walls of the spire exist internal passages. When the struts. 
are placed directly bensath or with a very small interval under — 
the hip rafters, then the girts and cross lie between thea, al 
thus produce particularly strong connections ob all parts. There 
is certainly to be taken care to avoid any bending inward of ¢ 
the angle timbers, either by flexure of the hip rafters by means 
of ties or bolts, or by a corresponding layer of teams above » - 
each series of girts, since otherwise the ascent of the spire 
will frequently be made. 

Space is lacking here for us to give an entire development of a. 


certain constructions, which are therefore not given at length. 9 


\ eee 4%, ie i | 

ri f a ee, 
OF 
i 


ie 


Pog 
Cyt 
i" 


ig | : P : ’ ; ‘ a ba r 
ett to besteai ‘saves gemktsuce exe eteuy’ ‘etqusds 360. desk 
dotdw .(PO8E .RtG) sot oud (O8ar ght) arueee Lenore. 


#) pbtaecye & to mutenat & aa erics 642 Io tang terol od 
4t6 ods ocis seve to heeacte edt to gatosda tetee gs tok 


ei tee 
: eC ave 


atts 


aed bos oft asdu oldsekuc yirsivoltusd ots yert .pooadd 
; G ge tewot devon edd? no es etentatia etice eft Yo 265 
Bed ico Yeo ti etedmit off bo enolsvoennso eid gatageonod 

f out. epatvied iwo yigqeel blova of agriasore ext te tadt bet 
a P O6S Bo steq & sect yino ted .enaie eno ai eff ton ob eved 

s MB FoeLotq ot hewolls ona eredmit ais to ebee ad? .enoke ~ Tey 


oe 


a RG 
7 


PB@txelexrg ci ti ,elétescamt ef ef dt ovrotx ,etinweqd eoaqge if as 
psetent & B88bt ae GOhf ,enit ai bos nesotqcosd yalytad edt a 


Ag , : ) ee 


Bi 8. Fe noted Defsennoo Laren 


Weeds eal bextot eunt sitige oat to dsowemes? ashoonw sat i 
Sl iaces doitdw .ediei wo Saidteede boltem xd shietyo ed4¢ ae ‘ae 
a “4 mA 
1 : e230 fTSvOo t; 


Me hres °° .teot ed? to gatrevod Ly 
meume esd to noitsacosh » baniasdo ef setele to can end ve vi 


meeneer feel gud ,aiclos tacueliib lo. sedele déiw envedteq yd | } 

td ent 20 Belgas ood antanese .keivel to ehom, otf wd vino yh | a. 
9 m6 baivevoo ont to &ctegqsizeve ya Seowbowg. vlawke teom |r a 
be: te sos Sat to noivaisey s ys Isitec .yedto ef? bagyadebba | et 
Berens of¢ to sbie doce mo tadd cu doode .agostnee odd batas ie 
50, doses? sav sedtic 2f fait ,esisiz to now e¥etsese eg shred ie 
edd 308 .( GCL .xiT) ecavetous ede aatteves to show nemvsd | mts 


phoned det basi to euiste rorl.efines: solome sit rot ytionose 
} penatae edd 6 sedudiaigos yllaiigeces doith ,eetele sit sovo 
mbast yo ba¢osme ems medd 2i giselwvotiqaq pelodw odd to 
sktssnene07: fenreizs sas cele bae ytilidsmd .<teblea nt sts 
(Beesce esods ,anissycoo beel s yd fsoansdes ek suige odd. to 
. guem acicoisostth enpifde ns ci biel sie to  vifedaosivod 
ia bed, rigddsg s wrolk ydewsdd bae exsewod 
“ ee ~etiqe edt To rede'odt gaftawoto baw geicoved 
etic edd to mete adt to antina hsiokog edd lo seed edt GA 
tent ie ,V Ssieeent as to mict edd at-siad soak bsoslg O76 
YG Steud bosedest. ors Has hoor odé 20 awob bates aeconst¢ 


(33 eal tt *BSas ISvO nists evan azar neat “ clone 0 by 


4629 
For example there are sometimes found instead of the eight i 
ernal struts (Pig. 1463) but four (Fig. 1464), which rise as 


the lower part of the svire as a frustum of a pyramid, and se 


for a safer placing of the crossed or even also the diagonal b 
braces. They are particularly suitable when wide and narnos. ail 
des of the spire alternate as on the south tower at Jerichou. 5 
Goncerning the connections of the timbers it may only be sta- 
ted, that at the crossings to avoid deeply cut halving, the ¢ 
bers do not lie in one vlane, but only lose a part of the Jimeni 
sions. The ends of the timbers are allowed to project, where 
Space permits; where this is impossible, it is preferred to usé 
the halving represented in Pigs. 1465 and 1465 a instead of the 
usual concealed tenon. | 
The wooden framework of the spire thus formed is then covere 
on the outside by nailed sheathins on laths, which receives bhe 
covering. : 
Covering of the roof. ai 
By the use of slates is obtained a decoration of the surfaces 
by patterns with slates of different colors, but less effective- 
ly only by the mode of laying. Securing the angles of the hips q 
is most simply produced by overlapping of the covering on one: 
side beyond the other, better by a variation of the mode of coy- t 
erins the surfaces, about so that on each side of the angle ex- 
tends a separate row of slates, that is either the French or 
German mode of covering the surfaces (Fig. 1395). But the best 
security for the angles results from strips of lead fastened o. 
over the slates, which essentially contributes to the animation 
of the whole, particularly if them are ornamented by lead crock 
ets in relief. Durability and also the external ornamentation 
of the spire is enhanced by a lead covering, whose sheets run — 
horizontally, or are laid in an oblique direction on many Frene 
towers and thereby form a pattern. 
Covering and crowning the stem of the spire. 
At the base of the pointed endins of the stem of the spire a 
are placed iron bars in the form of an inserted V, so that the 
branches extend down on the wood and are fastened there by nails 
or better by iron rings placed around over them. (Fig. 1666). 4 
These rods there form the vertical branch of the crown. -For lar-— 
ger dimensions four iron bars are fastened on the stem of the 
spire, which are then clamped around this directly placed ver 


Pas. sineohar yo cE ashe betesgnco bus bos pity es 
Bi Fanosce ho eaige edt to xege ed cegats bas stevia yd 
ne asidsinswey iszs0l on eeostive odd to eootenomrh [lene A 
z ged tato;, eds sism ov cele bas ,eedtale eisieges to koko ee 
| aig sy - -%89G09 10 baei yo Beaevee ef ,td3it. sock bas ead 
per qeoad selooivnei s yd bevaokaxed ef gnirevoo Laetem eid? 
is ics beeabat ef.bee teqgoo 10 beel. to, satwedil et is 
2 (dona eid? .(d0bf .8i%) d Saas eevisd owt to etetenao df Ga 
§ nokiosior téac0an @ szeban teed whos aorl sdd od bedostits a 


Hes 


Pi@EI GSO tostts sic to ecofsdgrt on? .(ddLF. ay ako) omes Ey 
isamediss edt booyed extce sat to Nad end satbnedxe yd boo = 


y 
ed eloiw ett to nottetoowento sd¢ Poe btusves edt to xece f 


{Lew Be cosi sdi Io .Sniusvoo basi etd to ¢nemtsead sadois a 
en -GE0U edd Io Agtownmotk eft. to Re 
‘oh @ Of heel eds ito saibue tid yeséo Oaof ef oted Intofled «eV 4 
2 petot Bota yiaclimic savese yam dort odd dotdw to ensom ve Ne 
‘e fomertxs O6 dove ak yfstom tg ,(S00L of SOO! vanrd) esote at ie 
en. ae zee et tk ,tstew ex2 pedi sent lo ehom eliaereesonesds ) \ 
Beqe te6¢r0 eeode ,sccttostouw citeraitg bae Lapkredge eta ‘ 

4 oS8OR¢E .2fE) hbeol to seedc Fevedbies s yd beeolks ota a: 
‘abi SO @evcel yo xsinwors-todoic efdfeacg setam gediest ¢1 - a «: 
no BS Do Snicalg edt yd .seKElizeocds oft Yo elvve ed? cotte a 
BHP Petebfor ote doiue of (89aP . eee) dona et? @e¥o6s geo heal a 
| beet ‘fox tro-ete sevseel od? .avore edt to geveel etasecen BL 
im tertiles sieds of goths Osos ¢ned went bas ,begoiereh 2a ete “e 
ne. ato ed Seixedif{ xvas exiva ont to mete off To gpaekaeves noes a 
De eRET) seicaon oft of bewekloa atodoow ys Cond eft wofed be 
PO) aob Beiacso od med asaertooto odd To tuomeastoe ont  bedaete eh a , 
ha -etige edt To eqid edt to apniadewes beel oft ‘a 
2 Veganit eft «o deat « yo Bettettss oa sucinawoso sofiises \ fia 
Eent go eaige sit to Sete edt st])edy ,seweltzects to mot bed a 
tained) ods yd oham gyaitevoo edt diaared shee ¢& ao bextt box By 


DELite et xcttei edd elut © an teY .( 8842 Vgkt at £9 gonr 
“Vn ‘4 -2e019 eff yd bebeoo a 
ad) © 1p doweds sen has se0rd | 
, daedoin eds to eldsgee al esoum edt to dicwnodh ed? os fa 
PP toi notesosce! edt of yifeitsesse eetudint sos, bas noltstoss 
“ )S80to off Sadi ,etotiag todto [fs ototed egon oF Lode 
MO0S 6 THEO Yilatonoy seam bas .ées0 voren Bae ripcore xfort 
“ah oiven Ldaoe saoupet? ysev odt alidt of NTS RAD +xege ag We 
\ a) ee ' . 


of: a" a) ' i 
" ree Ris ll a Te en ea 


4850 | 
vertical iron rod and connected with it by indents as well as) 
by rivets and rings. The apex of the spire on account of the — 
small dimensions of the surfaces no longer permitting the pla- 
cing of separate slates, and also to make the joint between sla- 
tes and iron tight, is covered by lead or copper. 

This metal covering is terminated by a lenticular knob, whic 


attached to the iron rod, best under a wrought projection on the 
same (c in Fis. 1466). The lighthess of the effect can be enhan- 
ced by extendins the roi of the spire beyond the mathematical q 
apex of the pyramid, and the ornamentation of the whole by ar = 
richer treatment of the lead covering, of the knob as well as 
of the ironwork of the cross. 

Very helpful here is the easy hammergng of the lead in relief, 


ei jou 


by means of which the knob may assume Similarly rich forms as 
in stone (Figs. 1093 to 1095), or merely in such an extremely : 
characteristic mode of treatipg the metal, it is best by separ- 
ate spherical and prismatic projections, whose outer openings q 
are closed by a soldered sheet of lead (Rig. 1467). 

Tt further makes possible richer crowning by leaves or buds 


after the style of the crossflower, by the placing of a second 


lead cap above the knob (Fig. 1468) to which are soldered the ~~ 


separate leaves of the crown. The leaves are cut from lead she- 
ets as developed, and then bent according to their relief. The 4 
lead covering of the stom of the spire may likewise be ornament— 
ed below the knob by crockets soldered to the angles (Fig. 1478). 
As stated, the ornament of the crockets can be carried down on ef 
the lead coverings of the hips of the spire. 4 
Smaller crownings are satisfied by a knob or the first deseri- 
bed form of crossflower, where the stem of the spire os the iron. 
rod fixed on it ends beneath the covering made by the terminal a 
knob (k in Fig. 1468). Yet as a rule the latter is still far ex- 
ceeded by the cross. : 4 
Cross and weathercock. 

Also the ironwork of the cross is capable of the richest orna= 
mentation and contributes essentially to the impression of the 
whole. We note before all other matters, that the cross is ent= 
irely wrought and never cast, and must generally bear a cock 0 
its apex. Gontrary to this the very frequent combination on old 


a pire 1 
. Fgue $e of tevem Bt esi crust bos got edt 10 detow Ba 
ox a Senit s at etaienoo e209 edt to goftataemeato eat ,, a * 
Bt esa ebasd elpne edt to tuemteots beitay od? ok yebae ast a. 
i$ to Woltibdbs edt ni sdgtod tetse ty sot. oa eBata ont foe ay 
2 40 ee0%0 eft Yo tool edt oF hetevis effotee sort «vot 
y esate (CBRt .gtt) Hrontdo iE yettoetorg Sas ayeka work yd 
) Betooacos 61s 16 antod wewolt go lsel otek beyrot nteye ote 
| ) Liores éiguouw dtiv Batastnoe neite ora atewd? ffewe ,wodt ie 
, ’ (meOd yliaeoot sad hor covi of .aeoto edt tuodiiw enais aa 
Bs ess Oaie es ,bor gututdgif’s to acltthbe edt sot bew kl isu 


y 


Pap 


oA 
hg 


Deen ee fo - »eorige ‘he 


ey ‘ ; +239H70T © Ey: 
ontge oat to ssosizue astgo edt of yrseRsoen easooa eA? Bs 
if $ ones ed? te doltiw ~temrob T5 Mans anayTs boi séqst sdf est 
re seghocadl edt to noitamine ont o¢ atudtedacoe ylletéastedre 
99 m0 Baivostors etoot olds: elisil asot seeds sgesis teslomke 
8) bsel a9 evele yd betevoc ylevrine ei dvowboow ecode .efsd 
gsoront ylieitussadue ef hood sides ead to deetie od? . (OVAL: 
edi. efded eig to xeqs edt baoyed zeady sedt daisy ofbbku s vd 
‘owl has fsutoe to gutosig sit yd 10 .pitge oft Yo asta ats ik 
me esis to ont codu .sem10cbh eft to ton: eloe edd mot yllanes Pek, 
Inads i “rer e213) da0%t adi sevo iting ,01g nokyleg sid te esb | ; 
wetige dse12 eit to tno woth sedd .aterret sfttkl doterot a 
© etics eit yd bemtot ef batd efdt to slanmsxe betserd ylosiip , 
eletis Stididxs eshte is0% mo Jadd .2p2s79 of doteds nye? sid . ie 
mis” a eS\BP .Si8 oF tl teods sitsrrss belleduao Sanotsxed 
me edih -zetsete esaiberietni baa eeyseesd 
| vt6 fstnosiiod heatot sd ysa eoatge seboow no setwetid ees 
leibowresni O5 Yo TO eebsessq Lentedxe yd tedtis stigs ost to 
& eH? -noiteniiors edt goitgoriedot eSiew (seitrev dtim yuote LY 
| fq@ eis to irsq iswol sft Ic sost edt a19v0 bsoelg exe x9d 
} teqae eas seis ce .bseaeoe7 ots offs to ~bisedvo betost org 
ed? revo! sis to earl ont at elfs} stige eft% to scat 
peatete yd hettogque eused saitestoio :d bemtot egg eshseceq 
"eas to goitostotq bertesh edd of Satbr00De Foo aaibasize 
bedi ‘Beniseance bas easaeapjedt to roolt dz anfyfisosr ,ebsad Can 
q sat Tevewos ysiscw ,eslosayig sata /‘dobdw svods teqeteq Bo eh Se 
pMeggn odd to atestss edt svods betoenn0g ed ¢enm ei ae 
poe * to ,vtode steibemsetnt off .(f08f .e8) entga odd 
aivIsg & derotst ssoladd ts omsd paper: m Aenea Bt 


oni 


NIA}, , : “a i Ti Sih 
.& ‘\ ‘), ‘- ; ‘ , 7 p 
» rial > sh iawn ‘a ofe a a, | ie = .s iit 7 


4651 


works of the cross and weathercock is never to be employed. — 


The ornamentation of the cross consists in a finer forging o: 
its ends, in the varied treatment of the angle bands that conn 
ect the arms, &n@ for greater height in the addition of two or’ 
four iron scrolls rivetsd to the foot of the cross or fastened 
by iron rings and projecting Lar outward (Pig. 1469), whose ends 
are again forged into loaf or flower forms or are connected with 
them. Small towers are often contented with wrought seroll crow 
nings without the cross. The iron rod has recently been asuavipene 
utilized for the addition of a lightning rod, as also for stone 


spires. 


Dormers. 

The access necessary to the outer surfaces of the spire requi- 
res the repeated arrangement of dormers, which at the same time | 
substantially contribute to the animation of the tower. In the — 
simplest shape these form little gable roofs projecting on cor- 
bels, whose woodwork is entirely covered by slate or lead (Fig. 
1470). The effect of this sable hood is substantially increased — | 
by a middle part that réses beyond the apex of the gable like i 
the stem of the spire, or by the placing of actual spires which 
usually form the sole roof of the dormer, when two or three si- 
des of the polygon projected over its front (Fig. 1471), thereby 
forming little turrets, that grow out of the sreat spire. A’ pec- 
uliarly treated example of this kind is formed by the spire of 
the Teyn church in Pragne, that on four sides exhibits little 
hexagonal corbelled turrets about like Fis. 1472. ©. . 
Passages and intermediate stories. : = 
Likewise on wooden spires may be formed horizontal divisions a. 
of the spire either by external passages or by an intermediate — 
story with vertical walls interrupting the inclination.- The lat- 
ter are placed over the face of the lower part of the spire, are 
projected outward, or also are recessed, so that the upper sur- 
face of the spire falls in the line of the lower. The external 
passages are formed b: vcrojecting beams supported by plates and 
extending out according to the desired projection of the balus— 
trade, receiving the floor of thexpassage and sometimes bearing 
a parapet above which rise pimnacles, whereby however tne pinn- 
acles must be connected above the rafters of the upper wall of 
the spire (Fig. 1463). The intermediate story, of which the 
towersof Notre Dame at Shalons furnish a particularly rick exa 


se y, 


7 “fF 
seis to nottovrsenos éacd wort tones Oui Cheat A 
or deed aistiey signs bsideoh dtim 483 9 ao becoly 
Be ha pet: . -esenee to shoot efgate | 

i. emtot toto miséaso ot ebsel dedéaut mottowatenos book 
do Seeds ,Bio0! gnenkhs0 of ene te vizeen et0n es 
Besinil stot tev .edvow talpos stom o¢ telluoeq ef 49 
g yiierevii teers of deel yess Ss ulias tot heyolqms sd osfs 
Bipemisegxs | istsl edd asvo sonststaig eveeeeb seas yas at om 
af @Wol seupe ec din stige to miot faoiqug edd to Sntateset 
a gnoisd event .yuonoos Sakiinaer s eldieeog dakwves a 
meboow asin wove bac snote soku-etoor sideg ytsnothio ed? .f | oe 
| ae oF moitosaienco boow edd gatwolis yettal adt ,eelded 
ot pe sd uso isdissx eit most nottoetora rot dokdn 
r pytisiosaeocexss ids: est to xeqe tnort edt to toor sft To 
to exemzch edd odif yettel odd fas tevant toor & yd Fectt ent 
teas. 20 mottoaut edt svods Sotety teoq datd s yd lenkae edd a 
¢ AD00TeNFLOR TO BeoTO 34% Batvieses bas eses Ae 

etoor eicses nads sousoo stom pe “38 etoor seed? .& 
SetOet Snsisliit yd oycdw .AVSI .8i9 ct owoda mit edd gi yl ‘ 
Wie Stanef botteeS yas bsuietdo od vem senst&ne od¢ to enct ) ni 
Beencs sc ofis yam stoor dove te? .nely SI18s038 £00 ASsTSs 
Diisevn eebie edi to edjguel edt ydewsdw .asla Feaodylon & ao Ma 
Bt bentloai eels et eno nes! weybia esd ihe: oft entmsed ° |) im 
BS HS 26 Yoor to wiot eaisaseoo ySinevpet? of skid Htsgot a 
sit ~Bpeen to vosf mort bestinwo aries edt sosloet Jeon Jadd ms 
POs gevis ec yen detz5t toor © to notithbbs oft. xd pentisaoe Bh 
pe ettdtars bYhS .ai0 .deqit de bebastal nolesesqnt edd sion» : 
kw Subequed>) ni iswot edd movt Saty etid te slymaxs sedctr ee 


ans 
il 


eh 
— 
an 


a -F & 


- > 
: 


ae 


% 


Sooo, 
A 
:: 


a 


ra 
Ae 


=) ~ ™ 
joe bch = g CNS 


lt Guat *, 


a 
; 


—— 


\ ad 


ib 
, 


a || 
ae 
Te 
iy 


a 
rf 
oe -29eeers tod sit wv .etersisd efsae we 

din. befosanos yiteou ota dont eide: sattoseistnat edt .§ BS 


as Semtionce osls ,slbbim sit revo foosia sdearad Wd ty toot 
a efbbie Pegsvele yiunocwse s diinw ylfsett to sitge gebasis s 
“ bed gods dofaiw tenisks .Sraerediaew Bas esos edd aniaesd ° 
ay -erstteq gis 
eats tine TooH 
eat vais ,etowos slisil boosavebry sts etsaagt too yd 
@betreggue ois .ilew eldiciv s to yrmeean ao beoely pated | 
\steagh mott too oft to sostave oft sebay nottousdages 98 . 
i) egbix edd ebfates baste of efat 2 a8 onfasogge | voekr net 
: oo to [snokexen .ersupe ed bans a ere ar ho 


aL) 


= 


4852 | 
example, easily result from that construction of the spire men- 
tioned on p 616 with doubled angle rafters (Fig. 1477). 

Simple roofs of sé%ers. . 

Hood construction further leads to certain other forms of “ ; 
ers more nearly correspondins to ordinary roofs, whese charact-_ 
er is peculiar to more secular works, yet for limited means may 
also be employed for churches; tkey lead to sreat diversity <a 
in any case deserve preference over the later experiments, the 
retaining of the fhypical form of spire with a squat low shape, 
making possible a resulting economy. There belong here:-- 

1. The ordinary gable roofs with stone and even with wooden | 
gables, the latter allowing the wood construction to bewseen, . 
which for protection from the weather can be slated. The middle 
of the roof or the front apex of the sablearedespecially marked, ; 
the first by a roof turret and the latter like the dormers of 
the spire, by a king post rising above the junction of the raf- q 
ters and receiving the cross or weathercock . q 

2. These roofs are almost more common than gable roofs, chief- 
ly in the form shown in Pig. 1474, where by different inclinat- 
ions of the suffaces may be obtained any desired length of ridge 
even on a square plan. But such roofs may also be constructed © : 
on a polygonal plan, whereby the lengths of the sides mostly de- 
termine the length of the ridge. When one is also inclined to 
-pegard this so frequently occurring form of roof as an expedient, 
that must replace the svire omitted from lack of means, then s 4 
sometimes by the addition of a roof turret may be given to the 
waole the impression intended at first. Fig. 1474 exhibits ar 
richer example of this kind from the tower in Champagne with a : 
angle turrets. over the buttresses. 
, 3. The intersecting gable roofs are mostly connected with a 
roof with’ turrets placed over the middle, also sometimes with 
a slender spire or finally with a strongly elevated middle post — 
bearing the cross and weathervané, against which abut the four 


hip rafters. 
Roof turrets. “f. 
By roof turrets are understood little towers, that instead of 
being placed on masonry or a visible wall, are supported by aa | 
en construction under the surface of the roof from which they a 
rise, appearing as a rule to stand astride the ridge (Fig. 1475) 


Its ground form may be square, hexagonal or octagonal. In sect- 


‘ 5 


' oo 


ag 


feax0% B yd botesages ei) fotsss one ‘to exige ed¢ gedtie 10% 


er ae) eliew Lepidsoy din éf dteened yrote edd moa? sods 
b to. ] W@tsi sav at bagntdacs yLioeri> coms, edasg slesr ett 10 


‘9 aye | 


, ‘betes? ek ti cetst yldotate tert of COVED +Rht) settee? 
fiemed se7010 ost bos .toor odd desotds yatbaotxe eatge & 28 
pe dang cor) eid te soitestiencq eat vd beteotbak ylao,. el yo 
Wad Demo? ei bait tosi edt to elowsxo. sf »hoksaroosb. sag 


a esoere sex doidw ,etssl Yo laubedvao edt to. tenaws, Boor 


E febos Balfeoxecs ne as bebiages ad of el bas o G-el-dellol¥ 
> ont @odit exettib i] .{ st .q .V¥ -Sov »doid) soaqeet. yseve 
wee Sdoicy cud eveliensit isdé baksesd segotq odd tent of 


3 


Ib eit Ween toot sid evods socis yliseg tasel ts evelq pacese 


Se Gevisicness of [iow tonaao terint toot edd, to ddgtew 
ares Seo at cedd ,nxeig $aieeoro eft 40 elisu astivo ene 08 
fe Lellers. do anddaiber gool ano boorla .sd, yeu. th) Feete O08 
@ eldiercs Ss pmsed yvoem es seve Sdbtew etki staodiatelh teag 
y essoc06 6 {few se yd sasod ed seve yeu steasps toos tderi 
axed 
Rpteats gig so betsle yleiiins. ene eivt a 83 stexset i009 


» evous Batete suigqa sii to mate sat to gbno ond a 7 baa ee 


mm sids to sicnsxe oA..bseh td bstavoo eas oldag ro exige 


amor OEE .ot8 ot ovcde at indie ak siss 42 fotrdo ond 
Snge ot bos .besl to gnitevoo etivas a8 dtin tigesa emgor 
mite Pedt of toitotat jon eomgoiliiabsa 6 beatetda, ed aso 1% 


al 6 
meew eB weasel gs of Ji bafeasgius seve ,noivonidasoes. sgesa boege 


Vesd pobitedselquaze bibnolge yiseifuosy eh .eeenblodefd 


tic bef. oF o#ls eve ,eiaeS ni dexted Soot wen bonokstaen yfego 


Py 


“af 


‘oe eesitlge meboow ai esezende 8 


a 


oa 


cease 


) dorsis sotastneo at ZF Sea dt By oft o¢ satgnofsd sends, bsnao 


prepares to fethotteo ett bas sabolod ai setirosilf sat t6 


bern of boilfis vinsen of ylisoitate s18 eeaige asbook 

pseoe od ovis yau teddai edt tot heswbeh eslumiod eff Saar 
peas ttit feitneses ch .otod sulsy thedt atetec bas Betaeio 
An So sonstetest sflbaned odd tedd yeidd ak ogee ed oF giao 
) eds ob bateetinge yireloocitssg ef doide .besilits ed nao 
bos odd si dauidd oft gaiaifestssa yliese Yo yt itig 


tot bedede esv dedu io atiditeqe? e to Sasteqd « 
yxe aedéau> to bast ass, etod oviee | baer 18. 


_ 7 ellen taeptude to bis edt dpodtle 


AM 


ee rr “4 | : ‘ | a) ca ne rn Nit ke i \nihe 2 ag 


ind forietuscivers oc OF eiteide ete coifoustancs iy ee i, 


7253 a 
sectional construction are chiefly to be distinguished two kinds 
For either the spire of the turret is separated by a formel ‘cor- 
nice from the story beneath it with vertical walls (Pig. 1478), 
or its angle parts are directly continued in the rafters of the 
spire (Fig. 1479), so that strictly taken it is treated merely 
as a spire extending through the roof, and the proper tower st-— 
ory is only indicated by the penetration of the lower part and — 
the decoration. An examvle of the last kind is formed by the:s 4 
roof turret of the cathedral of Paris, which was erected by 4 
Viollet-le-Duc and is to be regarded as an unexcelled model ip q 
every respect (Dict. Vol. V, p. 454). It differs from the’ others 
in that the proper bracing that transfers the weight to the cr- | 
ossing piers at least partly rises above the roof. When the P| 
weight of the roof turret cannot well be transferred by tassel 
to the outer walls or the crossing piers, then in case it is not 
too sreat, it may be placed on long radiating or parallel sills, 
that distribute its weight over as many beams as possible. very | 
light roof turrets may even be borne by a well supported collar 
bean. ‘ . 

Root turrets as a rule are entirely slated on the simpler nor 
ks, and only the ends of the stem of the spire rising above the 
Spire or gable are covered by ead. An example of this kind rom 
the church S. Maria in Marburg is shown in Fis. 1476. Richer f a 
forms result with an entire covering of lead, and in such mann= 
er can be attained a masnificence not inferior to that of devel- 
oped stone construction, even surpassing it in at least a visi- — 
ble boldness. As peculiarly splendid examplesbeSides the previ- 
ously mentioned new roof turret in Paris, are also to be menti- 
oned thuse belonging to the 14 th and 15 th centuries church 
of the Minorites in Cologne and the cathedral of Amiens. 

8. Stresses in wooden spires. 4 

Wooden spires are statically so nearly allied to stone spires, 
that the formulas deduced for the latter may also be scarcely 
changed and retain their value here. An essential gifference is 
only to be seen in this, that the tensile resistance of the wood | 
can be utilized, which is particularly manifested in the possi- = 
bility of easily neutralizing the thrust in the ends of rafters i | 
without the aid of abutment walls. a? 

Instead of a repetition of what was stated for stone spires, 
an example may serve here instead of further explanations. 


| Jette 26 srolanenti: oat Ce 
“a aire sebbnteat sede hetaivolyo od of 94a etate we be 
snot eece bas ,goatase eth to m& «pe seq Lit O82 edgier anh | 
6 beuveser) eshte to tdgisd al m OF cotuaaem esed to Atbiw m Bb: 


eas. -,fnokttaaifont eat 
vnliag 82.8 socusson ohin m Of noyesoe os to ebte off eonts 


98 66 = Ob * 21,8 * = be sets me eed stiqe eff to eoetawe 7 
yah fix 000.0% * OS * CE to tdgker a of ebsogezetreo dotiws 
ae > efti O00 05 adgiow esiges setiine edi stadt of ,enetens : 


ae 


to. ootiextiertocer 


Metemtieg exitas ed¢ %@ tented oAF —efttogque edt Je tenadt 
al ebte $a% 20 nolttasntfoui te « eipae off (016 og) eh Boas 


(Oe Or ae por 2 
pecs xltaetotitue 2eti ok dod 19d ~°6,38 eb gid eft Fo > RVeP 


4 op, 2 
& f00 o> = gewatd feaitct etfs tadt ce 61.0 © « too eoete oF 


2 ont sehfaed tent bemuces od {fiw 87 .iid 002 Of = GOO, 0G & 


i og. eude ,<ebte fowe ai erestas rossi, © ets etodd  ,avedtes oda 

ie ‘ihadee “9 Sali & gO e@ieen tcoftdhn to sose .ife at setter $6 a 
pase (‘Risens. Do teurit 6 sed wathsol nistinw dtiw weteal ode rh, 
hee fhie ed? Yo tose ,enofs esizas eri ts emeo tenany ond YE a 


le } ay 

‘kadai egtwdtgcel ca2ortts olftenet « oved Silwow TERT .egEo af a: 

B ed: Bitow S36 .git ai emeod Pegeds-euzcao eds ot) .ff£ o08F a 

x boow SO seiteca.ezcto oft to mo .pc f sontis .femse odd Be ae 
= a Siueest Linoy e1éhd ,ohotensd -fid TUOCR Ne Pewee ELS os (my 
pafase 6 evs? ,enedmen bavos ci wo .pe YP * et ka ro coftiooe a 
a ed Sivor eoticgn t9ettei? sot j;ectiine blvow oo & * Be 


euigqg tsqoeety «oi sealfeme neve bos ,zscils¥ teteedk gadwesoe 
» 


meh @ee0f ec szmscdsit odt to seoisnewibh edt tedt tnebive’ er | a 


Vebae eds to yaotuoters? eldeifesr yLlineloitive s sad? ins 
t to etiqs cl .umsodois efs do egaiagore hus etate;, edd te vi es 


peiwaedio z0% .fetocinen od ton tave sniog eid? s2ootot {flame . oy. 


gem yd eietie: oft to tenud? edd i9tensdd emsedeis odd seve on 


all) 


ipye) 08; betitceh si tf doidw ,vyisoeen end of noitoin? atedé ¥e 
vieser of se%ao yosn od dgvone goorwts ota elfer odg dgrodeta) 
a ~tamede edt 9” 
ayade @dt to moitesitfatioven edt eysets et eidtegimieg stom | 


kt ti nove ,(@e2? .yit) eotats Iter belduch Yo settee ays 


@ etdt oi gotened oct .wadt sevo bawot ef A700 nemexk eeoro £8 Ty 


~:el ta ,~908 5 Be ar ogoe te. 
er,@ x 050 ” Pe ad 


b | ov Sf eee ee ee ee ee a ae ee ee im 
107 of { £ 6 ac. o x Br At 5 8 x § ® Pe Bay Ae f 
esely pees oat te eno daut beauerce i 3 eeoheaeen ee 
‘ bo f . Ww: ; 1 ia 4“ } ’ 
¥ i M ’ , ‘ : 


“76 an ; b " Me ime ‘ . 4 wkd at 
+ ee ae ae are 7 ee ae as ee Pe) a 


4454 | 
Example. The dimensions of the timbers of a great spire cover 
ed by slate are to be calculated, that ineluding all a 
parts weighs 120 kil per sq. m of its surface, and that for 
m width of base measures 40 m in height of side (measured on 
the inclination). ly 
Since the side of an octagon 10 m wide measures 4.15 m, wal 
surface of the spire has an area of - * 4.15 x 40 = 83 sq. mil ye 
which corresponds to a weight of 83 * 120 = 10,000 kil in round 
numbers, so that the entire spire weighs 80,000 kil. 
Neutralization of the thrust. i 2 
Thrust at the supports. The thrust at the entire perimeter i 
G cot a. (p. 610). The angle a of inclination of the side is 
82.9°, of the hip is 82.38°; for both it is sufficiently accura 
to place cot a = 0.13, so that the total thrust = G cot a = 0, 
* 80,000 = 10,400 kil. Tt will be assumed that besides the eig 
hip rafters, there are 3 jack rafters in each side, thus being 
32 rafter is all, each of which rests on a tiebeam and each o 
the latter with uniform loading has a thrust of ----- = 325 kil. 
If the thrust came at the angles alone, each of the otene beams 
in Fig. 1457 would have a tensile stress lengthwise of aa = a 
1300 kil. (In the cross-shaped beams in Fig. 1458 would be athe dl 
ut the same). Since 1 sq. om of the cross section of wood may 
be ie haha? Sy tant 80 kil tension, there would result a eros 
section of gee = 17 sq. cm in round numbers, thus a small str 
4 * 4 em would suffice; for flatter spires would be required s 
somewhat greater values, and even smaller for steeper spires. 
is evident that the dimensions of the tiebeams are less import— 
and than a sufficiently reliable fastening of the ends, especi 
ly at the joints and crossings of the tiebeams. In spite of the 
small forces, this point must not be neglected, for otherwise 
even the tiebeams transfer the thrust of the rafters by means 
‘of their friction to ths masonry, which it is desired to avoid. 
{Although the walls are strong enough in many cases to reeeive 
the thrust. 
More permissible is always the neutralization of the thrust 
by a series of doubled wall plates (Fig. 1459), even if a tie 
or cross @dramework is found over them. The tension in this ser: 
ies according to p. 605, ree isz- 
G cot a 060 * 6,18 
Ne Ee telah BREN Eg 2 he = anne === = 1700 kil in round number 


8x 2% sin 224° ae 
If for safety it is*assumed that one of the wall plates, inde 


A 
ve re 


‘ai 


a mn sdiliad in ¢ ro ,, ." F . ; ee by | 4 ’ r 
48 ya (i a jie ovteoon hah 738 titeetoritwe ef (|, remnt eft | I, 
fel ue eae } yao vee aan te goltooe Baots ‘a aknpes ek aa 


9 pie aca aera 
i SR Ea 


fq {lew orig 08 tegen ni tt soote dnGsao => ¥ Bite | 
‘a Se ad sine xtitusee tke? hoitoes exors Lotedete of F162 ae 
ed kek Ae © Eelinenes yo nedt egos henetert otuasem @ ak vino ets oH 
poe seus: re gottee ‘ows edt at @esdt? edi to aokiteoq edt ti bee ae 
Souw'e eae | te socesotaes ‘eds yoltet .bersede ed of son gaol yi se, 
Fee aa Weise of yiao #4 eengit edt to aoitoedth edt mt ageda iis a 
oe M3 == “leo etelg ods Yo: dtbheotd ao St itiw wong he hee 
he BE of EF ,.0.% ,saTdit to dégael mo 9a = : 3 oe 
Be gtpon rons »~bottapet ed binow sinaigq ond odd end geowted 
ae ttedt of biwon zatq neboew dpwotds edd syaeteroto 
; -Qniw vd aocnivevo tanters viotsea Pa 
5 Misia v esd ded? Bewdces of 22 21 . bate xo: enioxwtsev© ) 
‘w Of solsoee [asitiey eslupeeiat eat no Stuasot¢g ir ' 
TIES edt TH wollot flvor sala 4 nad ukd m OF tyede 
on? aed? “@2ee%s 16 of Taupe eto ~- * o x Of MW tienes 
batw ia. 40% 0.8 = 60008 ot hirer dotdw t iccuie Cones 
oe eis Yo mottos eupif{is eft ti a pe te¢ Lif OSGi = oF 
mhe TOR. O Wigo O¢ Eiaow toetie sti .foxrgbianos etewW ebte of% 
: . sot ¢inees vino biwow gatourisevo nedé Boa foun es . 
ee p ermanes Saotw eepixan eff eoniS .c¢ .pe seq {rk OLS %G saHe 
node: ws .be se¢ fie 908 suede of ctaroms scodeh 112 bewne 
|B efe 0 rottodons ¢dypife « (litte Gud ,eolilive Sivcow ystiidese 
-etdt .bebaciancoe: ed aan Vicokem edt of etee¢tar qbd 


a piles ~Ssewod setdgis tot rrseeecen o¢ yints 
ood ysmr e1odens edt to eudfewewth ode wod wode ot gebao at 
e ynizevoe Ietem dete ertgs ehat tsdt ceed edt sot betalue! 
m2 i seq ££24 08 yieo sigiew Yrorboow tdgil vfomertxe 
) bute 8 ¢elteey tune 8t ted? has ,edodtseit eet (lee 
yen ot .aottoom favittey [Ilut edd no wm ype cee fix oof 
p kevet xa esoneas (few ows oft ylao tadd bemvees sedtarh 
b atoe ‘fTede \ti word snatvero a €,.8 tyvode Re fovig ext 
at? gaivsnpe vv edt ,todors eno wt enerte elienct 
om tap Pine eb epetaesom galtaxwiters 
ane W ; etniek “gt * OOe * & & OOOOS * BLO *) ® B. 
apni dose nee «PEA OOGNT ed of betugmoo af F sore’ 
yo owed thon vo spe seq f14 O00r Yo trot] w dite 


i: acgnles awoh a doen 4 ad ym son aint te 


. 


Ae ae peace 
‘ ar 


HA55 


the inner, is sufficiently Sika PL to receive this tension, t 


is reguired a cross section of aT *) BROS es: Omg thus dimension 
of: 5. x k's em.But since it is usual to give wall plates a four- 
fold to eightfol cross section, full seeurity exists, if they 
are only in a measure fastened together by tenoning or halving, 
and if the position of the fibres in the two series is suffoci- 
ently long not to be sheared, Taking the resistance of the wood — 
to shear in the direction of the fibres at only 10 or even 5 q 
kil, then with 12 om breadth of the plate only os"o-o5 = 14 om 
to Eh ag = 28 em length of fibres, i.e., 14 to 28 em distance Ss 
between the the two planks would be required. Besides at the or 
crossings the through wooden pins would do their work. : 
Safety against overturn by wind. a 
Overturning by wind. Tf it be assumed that the wind acts with | 
full pressure on the triangular vertical section 10 m wide and: 4 
about 40 m denishk Amex shen: would follow if the overturning m q 
moment W,* 10 * +5 * yr were equal to or greater than the resis- — 
tance moment ; which wéuld be 80000 * 5.0 for a wind pressure 
w, * 150 kil per sq. m. If the oblique action of the wind on +t 
the side were considerei, its effect would be only 0.707 times ; 
as much, and then overturning would only result for a wind pres= _ 
sure of 210 kil per sq. m. Since the maxigum wind pressure obs- 4 
erved i11: Europe amounts to about 200 kil per sq. m, then the s 
stability would suffice, but still a slight anchoring of the 8 
hip rafters to the masonry can be recommended. This would eptt- 
ainly be necessary for lighter towers. 4 
In order to show how the dimensions of the anchors may be oni~ 9 
culated for the case, that this spire with metal covering and y 
extremely light woodwork weighs only 60 kil per sq. m, obhaS40000- 
Ktliferrtheathoebejiand that it must resist a wind pressure of a 
200 kil per sq. m on thse full vertical section. It may then be 
further assumed that only the two wall anchors farthest from ¢ 
the pivot edge, about 9.5 m distant from it, shall act. If Z = 
tensile stress in one anchor, then by equating resisting and 
overturning moments: - 
2 2°* 9.5 * 40000) * 5 = 2060 ®) 10 * @A-—--e 
Hence Z is computed to be 17500 kil, i.e., each vertical rod 
with a stress of 1000 kil per sq. cm must have a cross section 
of 17.5 sq. cm, and be carried down so deeply that its lower p 


plate shall be loaded with 17500 kil or 7 to 10 cu m of masonry — 


‘hee ben 96 bileoo anodonn eds ,enit bacoee eft. si it cove ,tet 
“to 181 et b feo7y tone tuooo moblen Ifte yilersonen igoanget fade 
iy. Lod ffeor exsts oeeatR dour Ro eesiqn conte gaiatnt reve: 
s antcodece eds i retsogul wow rode tave ofgmaxe ode sey 
‘qifsven taw tt aegs elbbin od al .seneo oiadaeo af eo 
‘Bao sredmit besosanoo yLpaibnoczert09 od goibneixze ye 
i ae My 3 eatetlet ai noieserqaoo 
—gmoo & etotias o4% to digeet oniéne oft at tiinaibos tycol estos 
pete: te Gose ot ~1t2 000, t6 * essay “ eiea end? pat: Holenery 
Ie wie 8 ov YL. 10 ,Lid 0058 Bode egenove kivor siettes ge 
| Cor or Gone so 6d binow exeds ,aolesergneo edt evieses emote 
z ce to fo, .p2a ONE bowinpes od bivow aoiteretqnoo Liv oo dtir 
| ) 262, to eotheupesaoo ot gniivond Yo sepneh eft) to trvoons oo me 
D anquoo on: to sesetonl ef? xd vilaloocee dae ,otgnet eovt teeny 
Pi A> -eetesseoea ote eaotenomid sersal ,beiw ods xd acters 
tise ost $i ,bote mord twoow bivow eaoute ejdatowetan thom ag? 
eet) eds no beteos tdnlen ocxitae g¢f fra [let of ybser eton 4 
os To dose .exbe tovig odd ta strog efpas to wtetias gte 
Deonewolle oe div avdd ban .Li8 0Q0,0h seegque coeds. Jaum axed 
a ao 08 R «SE fueds ad cto gd .ge 888 éutuoet iinow ¢@i Ifa GB to 
es od vies Bbivos gaildoud ttutte seqous cath .aoktooe asorp me 
pes diin tud ,etsisn ows does aeenied tignel, oo1 ens ab oeloke 
BD kccae od ,{m & o¢ GS) Saaqs 14% 008 toe atctin bes eseémit optel 
ied Bipow aidt yotareoces encleaionos jnoiisesp mk emoo yloorser 
_ bes toeai ec of of sotdw ae eek o ao gevip sinmsot edt yo sorte 
Er ghoee 8 =e sort sdyvetm set) 900,005 = ¢ baa, Of “8 «;boow «0% 
outer doce to beesent norhge deers foua 10% . (000 ,000,.S * 
aden epist yletsiebom yino beyoiqme ed ifew sdgie srotter gid 
EraLvesec edt . (S30) .elt} Adaonacebsu tucie sentos gaorta & dein 
bis ene of frayet ditw heowhex tedwomoa sd biuose encieaemih bes 
Dives caetige besodons scot yllaeioeqee ated led toat teaito edt Yo 
i \patseed odd oiam of tneloliiue as bebisget ed bivoo a#i sede. 
‘Sag BE. * OS inoda shin a Of of & setige set (atuate bas esettes 
) eebinx ma 6 of } x02 tT 8&8 * BL ot ,08 x or ,obiw wo B of 8 tot 
amet ed onls aco actisogorg eid? a7 29. O& * Bt of Bf ™ Bt 
e aera ot sekeso doum. tt sedes dotir (dtergu ‘Spokanemts edt 


Oa a . ye ae 


ie tances atedd tooyted a aot & sete eration ss 


tt 


i 


ra 
Na 


7 ] 
: , 


Pe... Pe. edd te aes eat 'onrta .tdptew oF ynibaoces 


Sonedt) .tt0 08. q o8 yatdigoos -gtp7ta Bee atettesn ei exerts a 


fy nar a H 
) a ) ol ha : \ Vi 7 + 5 : F vA : ar KO: fi 
(DR are 4 A ee Se SE oS a: rete Ue beh. eves a 8 eT, rh hei i 


Pal 


2656 | 
according to weight. Since the anchors at the other. angles ass- 
ist, even if in the second line, the anchors could be made some 
what lighter; generally will seldom occur such great danger of 
overturning, since spires of such great size would be heavier. 


Yet the example must show how important the anghoring may beco- 


me in certain cases. In the middle ages it was usually effected : 
by extending the corresvondingly connected timbers one story belon 
Compression in rafters. 

Stress in rafters and struts. According me p 604, 611, there 
acts doer dat Laban in the eaeaee length of the rafters a comp- 
ression -----, thus hers = “o7595 = 81,000 kil. In each of the 
32 hehe oun ceanad average about 2500 kil, or if the 8 hip rafters a 
alone receive the compression, there would be on each 10,100 Kitz 
with 60 kil compression would be required 170 sq. em or 10 * 17 
cm. On account of ithe danger of buckling in consequence of the 
great free length, and especially by the increase of the compr- 
ession by the wind, larzer dimensions are necessary. 

The most unfavorable stress would occur from wind, if the spi- 
re were ready to fall and its entire weight rested on the two 
hip rafters or angle posts at the pivot edge. Bach of these tim- a 
bers must then supportn40;0000Rki1, and thus with an allowance : 
of 60 kil it would require 666 sq. em or be about 22- x 30 cn 
in cross section. With vroper struts buckling could only be pos- 
Sible in the free length between each two girts, but with such 
large timbers and girts not too far apart (8 to 4 m), it could 
Scarcely come in question; conclusions concerning this would be 
given by the formula given on p 494, in which is to be inserted 
for wood:- s = 10 and B = 100,000 (for wrought iron s = 5 or 6, 

EB = 2,000,000). For such great Bbires instead of such very heavy 
hip rafters might well be employed only moderately large raftérs 
with a strong corner strut underneath (Fig. 1463). The caleula- 
ted dimensions could be somewhat reduced with regard to the aia 
of the other jack rafters, especially for anchored spires, so 
that it could be regarded as sufficient to make the bearing hip 
rafters and struts; for spires 8 to 10 m wide about 20 * 25 cm, 
for 6 to 8 m wide, 16 * 20, to 18 x 28 cm, for 4 to 6 m wide, 

16 x 18 to 16 * 20 cm. In this proportion can also be reduced 
the dimensions upward, which makes it much easier to obtain long 
timbers. 

Jack rafters with 3 to 5 om between their supports only require 


Ne ae +eieese%g balw bas gaiverce Yo tdpten vd eamxel? sot 
-.  gbniv edt to #o02%e off tot toeoxT .cotavetamoo yath 
ws ain betuamoo ef bane ,Clawe Beryl tomate ett af sokeaexy 
es ot 


foam el egeia seerted eonstedd est “a ehir » © guodée af 
S. bhiedd edt to nottvoq fLatrosizner ¢ apnoi« xide ot epacled 
ide pion hated « ead & .pe veg [ta OSF set deien ,seds m (oe OST 
| <qmoo 8 atinees ered? eode ,8!.0°¢ a toc spate . fbx Ob bt 29 
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fy saesrs Btedwit gaia ect eden ot {few si ti ,batw edt o2 Ave yey 
: atabdatah Bate ed? tiad esses el¢cacvetas *ta0nm off at tadé saxvone 
peteq 647 ,betretesstt ed mao ft*eq naiheoceetios edt no pakios 64 


Os 


fed ot) ‘Sinesetq gait tenol sit of gatihaoqeettoo tdpted eat Yo 
ys ~” 6 

eeeetq Hate of? £1 1m .patG & a OX & twods to eestane 6 hain 
mre eres edt Yo @@ro000een nO to .w .pe Sec Itt O08 te weded et 


eat Zte (82 = OOK * YOC,O eleo ta norxet ct 2 nottoost& ere ts 


4 
; 
; 
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7 


id 


Danae caresoen himor af Lik OO88 of siccens Fh ends netted bodes) 


he eoneh .tedai? wett eft. wrt sokaesvquon Lik Ht dy nolLouboug 
lima -k0 #agocoece co sud .mo 8 * 8 ¢o wo .pe Sh ® rt, to anoktose 
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| pReametie otc agatsa toqen oft sonia .beyolens ed of vf mo BF * 
Renetottiwneyente ote eredmit %¢ groleneutd (etev edd. .pael cat 
a Xo aokevinecins sol eldstive seligns odd @6 nokiteoaneco boop & 
| ememih $607yR wads eoaatiroqat stom to eted oofs ef nobases Lise 
a oe | sexedmed to. anote 
a ah 0° ~tuvse edt af Boeeets a 
“ontge 04: tigtes awe sti Yo softens eloe oft cot ,etones batw 
(bas fo doetto off .ataly bos cterten {fsee ttiw sLind ed ase 


SH tOgtel eved of vito ion esedmit oueds elegmos ,ees oved er ee 


pint (tO) eatge eit to sofseint od? ak off you BOSE of O8RE LenTe 
eae Huts ,  .@0etiwe Rekeofede att 
hts SnSverq of syed (8622 .gft) eostave edt ot gooasd+R eG? 
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} emote telensxt of hextopet af si fede awoee éanm esead=% exe 
i 4 alga betelvolss exveeeug briw eafene edd gia teeteod ong 
; “eal » Yo. Phyopose HO LIEN OOBS Leng reno f ott x03 gatee shay 
ha,’ a 
“tie AMG foes vewol od¢ gt *ab of Tanome vem dotae ooktente 
potistoaes ieee each acre hie agg eu 


bet 


iy a 
Ve ’ oa } a we 
ra Aa Rae ee RD ee are Mis 


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P etoos to exettac Westie odd ee ine ss ania ‘ed od: 


9 evode ante fest? one Tl .weerene = FY emregiumeot eft ~ 


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a wal cata. 


#§57 
to be made as large as the ordinary rafters of roofs, to provi 
for flexure by weight of covering and wind pressure. 

Ring compression. Excapt for the effect of the wind, the cou= i 
pression in the hgh PER gd small, and,is computed (p 611) ce 4 
the formula:-- U = es ~-H-- . If the first ring above the base 
is about 9 m wide and the distance between rings is 4 m, there 
belongs to this ring a horizontal portion of the tower of about 
120 sq. m area, which for 120 kil per sq. m has a total weight 
g of 14,400 kil. Since cot a = gaat es ages results a comp- 
ression in the ring timbers of U * ---<<----- --= 306 kil. With 
regard to the wind, it is well to whan ths ring timbers strong 


enough, that in the most unfavorable case half the wind pressu- 


re acting ,on the corresvonding part can be transferred. The part 
of the height corresponiing to the lower ring presents to the ‘ 
wind a surface of about 4 * 9m = 36 sg. m. Id the wind pressure q 
is taken at 200 kil per sq. m, or on account of- the somewhat ob- a 
lique direction it is taken at only 0.707 * 200 = 141 kil in o 4 
caleulation; thus it amounts to 5200 kil in round numbers, thus . 
producing et Ad compression in the ring timber. Hence a cross _ 
section of ---- = 48 sq. cm or 6 * 8 em, Dut on account of the 
danger of buckling (see above), with a free length of 3.6 m, is 
* 15 em is to be employed. Since the upper rings are stressed 
far less, the usual dimensions of timbers are always sufficient; 
a good connection at the angles suitable for transmission of a 
small tension is also here of more importance than great dimen- 
sions of timbers. 

Stresses in the struts. 

Wind struts. For the sole action of its own weight the spire 
can be built with small rafters and girts. The effect of wind, 
as we haye seen, compels these timbers not only to have larger 
dimensions, but also requires other struts, which according to 
Figs. 1460 to 1463 may lie in the interior of the spire or ta 
its enclosing surface. 

The X=braces in the surface (Fig. 1482) have to prevent all 


bending and distortion of the surface; the maximum stress in , 
the X-brace must occur when it is required to transfer alone to 4 
the nearest hip the entire wind pressure calculated for the girt, 
thus being for the lower panel 2600 kil. On account of the ine- q , 
lination, which may amount to 45° in the lower panel, this pres- 


: : ah 
sure is inereased by the corresponding resolution of forees, if 


ti oes 
4A bia ea 


Bh a ay fr: lf Hi, : 
Wee hi i eM, 


008% oy 
ses» Rr esibeh to ret inpuave “wit 
*?t ate 


Peesash ode om @ tiv? 6 gan betes digmed. ssorty eds do. 
seu “rod givetot es of gnkbxooes tadt co sheeseuous oats galt 
ao ye er tuods to nolsoea eeoto & faee q bas evods eo2) gnkt 
as029 ahods ¢a Lecetest ylmat? ets seostd edt TL .beteqado eho 
eae #i Qokivocd to t0paah edz ‘gabieseey done! dot ewes Ee ae 
arin gtet nokene? Sectege henetest ylosl? oele ove ebao oft tt Te 
anetecs, esi yo eveifes ot ¢66 yam eoaudeuitiooo edd aod? bre . en 
petsaedards mo OS * B6f to snoisnem}d etotetedT ,aolsaet 08 PEON, 
on neitsog qeqqs edt ok telisme oben od vse yors has ,eof in me: 
i: mh ’ ; +e%0n0s teoLlisae - aan 


THOOOS per rhd. OOve. tees ate 
ica 
ni 


bY Ken 
. ede to Gotitog xeéqqe edt at essatd+x eft sedi toeteb a at FI a 
esieanaaa ated¢ Yo dowm e@acl yetedt bas qeetea crev eta cenod a 
ehetg ef ver ti nedt ,eonstircqmi rescel c ylao etods evad yodrs 


Sede Sentegs ton shoe tieds dtiw mods son of Beeso YRam ai elds 
" # ofa Heronses yitoetib sottoesth cotter tedwemoe a at ,b3¢ih 
i noe eat befhicve o¢ o#ls [Liw ydered? .edwate to atettes git off by 
i | aepese~s od?:-34 wetetts edd Yo asierwy ceouo of3 dilw eonenetaed me, 
is peeteose feds ,tdpted edd 8\S of qu efoasq ent at eseatesia iy 
" oa eds” ‘fo gainecool hae aredats ed Yo ogsdniaude yd ylao an5e0 al 
| éeoneree eat Dbotw eid Ic tostte eft sxebeu elquexe tod ,scoitoet tq 
rowed edd to tdgted- shim edt t6 satiwemoe fomettelt ed usu nelg fe | 
Bhi $0 pistiséd evods bevolygme od aso wecard-X edd eft st netreda of 
- ‘Ohi aeorted bheoslq e¢ Laney ze ton sud ,(8BSE .BkT) ataty {fa 
beds ofnf-ecivehic benoues neds bes wodst otat hemomes two eee ty Wy 
) -aized tedsant ete sweed Lataostiaod emo? .stutiea ao arettes aid 
pede bused off ceia dads boton tedtir} ef #1 .pekbaeore 108 cide 
By. grey & amtol based dose to has edt of elian ows cttw gaiddas. 
edt at @eoead-X eds seosiqex yLint ted? .petoead bakw saetottie es 


Bp i ye ei, »Tewe!s eff ‘to treq reqges i: yee 

Lieteestce $i tedt  ogstaerhs oft gad O8SF .yh8 at es gatoer? | nM, 
Eorrtreeee $aiyl esodt diin yltioertkh botw eds yd dowrte agid edt ia 
a | tebas xiizee baed yedt dépoef teory astede to tavceos no sud (ene 


ent wetenett of hebneumooes e¢ erotesed? vow ti base oLeeerg a 
eee marty hespophoctd ‘eupkido edé¢ olids ,exedait wd sotseetamoo a 
Br,» si /  s8tedmem totenst 
wi 2 wWeeb mort shies ned? habia boaudibie ef gricerd) edd weak, 
‘Bi etwxelt gaoiwse vd Snisevoo edd of equink so. bain yo 
nt 8 okqqoeoty ys eat -eaR900 erica: add to miod to epnado 


$58 
2600 2600 


the proportion of Te Gee = 2252 = about 8700 kil. Qn account 


of the great length whish may be fully 5 m, the danger of buck- 


~ Slee 


ling also increases, so that according to the formula for buck- 
ling (see above and p 494), a cross section of about 19 * 19 em 
is computed. If the braces are firmly fastened at their crossing | 
without too much weakening, the danger of buckling is reduced 7 
if the ends are also firmly fastened against tension (Pig. 1465), 
and then the countrebrace may act to relieve by its resistance 
to tension. Therefore dimensions of 16 * 20 em abundantly suff- 
ice, and they may be made smaller in the upper portion ed on 
smaller towers. 

Tt is a defect that the X-braces in the upper portion of the 
tower are yery steep and thereby lose much of their effect.if 
they have there only a lesser importance, then it may be néetencune 
able in mapy cases to set them with their ends not against the 
girts, in a somewhat flatter direction directly tenoned into t 
the hip rafters or struts. Thereby will also be avoided the én- 
terfenence with the cross grain of the girts. If the X-braces 
alternate in the panels up to 2/83 the height, then crushing can 


occur only by shrinkage of the timbers and loosening of the con- a” 


nections, for example under the effect of the wind the polygon- 
al plan may be flattened somewhat at the mid-height of the tower. 
To prevent this the X-braces can be employed above certain or { 
all girts (Fig. 1458), but not as usual be placed between the 
girts, but tenoned into them and then tenoned sidewise into the 
hip rafters or struts. Some horizontal beams are further desir- 
able for ascending. It is further noted that also the board sh- 
eathing with two nails in the end of each board forms a very 
efficient wind bracing, that fully replaces the X-braces in the 
upper part of the tower. 

Bracing as in Fig. 1480 has the advantage, that it connects 
the hips struck by the wind directly with those lying opposite, 
but on account of their great length they bend easily under com- 
pression, and it may therefore be recommended to transfer the 
compression by timbers, while the oblique timbers then become 
tension members. 

When the bracing is incomplete, then aside from destruction 
by wind or injurn to the covering by strong flexure, 4 gradual 
change of form of the svire occurs. The hysroscppic variations ; 
in the timbers, the repeated wind stresses in one side, anda the | 


ane 


ee 
107 of sedtenod for ven BYED e*are etd ‘yd geteicaw | etsy 
50 done ce ,etiqa otivae off to gntdvrins seve Sos essudavduo 
jaiale) te exenot edd so wernen baiekigzuse ytev 6 at ber 
¥, -petiqe cout - 
aR @ at es betowstenos eafweill s1s erent to eoriye nox! 


Pelt Rewolseloolso stl .uoieesyqmoo af evs 2otty bus eretisz eft 
> di | § [eiveton to een LIsae déiw beridwos eve dotde  esewot noxt 
q 8 gasket tue d3iw tuo hofizes ed aso ,Pnoitose L[siromento rev 
/ ual wa: -bedisoseh ylesokvere tsacsm edd st yoetReoS 
Ps eat $. setonot to efisw odF ak eseearte .° 
Re Hails 'stdeien awo diedd oc sub éoeeoste sLiecerqnot 
) 4 etlae yznoesn edd to sentdé sid. cdgtew ave tieds exenodt 107 
af fos * snotistohtanos af ewoo stpvestgq baiw edd diiw odissv bos 
j en ,eetuionite Leblwsiyg base ofteme res 
} "gatas aoteesq200 edd .eiewot to ddaied sldarebieaoo edt sot 
F ewss6 geve fos dzsq Jastacqai pisy & ayalq Jdstow ano aktods 
ey @i. 32 TL .eletudiem desw sedied to sess ol adiati worsens 
Pemas Gsiv aietq ofismeixzg 10 eeendotds avotiaw to elfen tosis ot 
)e «00-89 Ifx O0@f ettibter tadd .etstones enti weel 10. yelo beg 
| » spe seq [fi S$ uiso fo sotzessqmoo s beisSggs ed nso dotdw ot bas 
Ss yA Vsenoliot es bogslroles ed bivow dd>ted eldiestaseg sdd mo 
PQOCE tin mo .o2 000.0! to seme odd beol Rigpe sbie m f to 3d 
D raotsibbs foes 10% tio «98 tog Lid NO = sce- dtiw edd Cha 
ioe Wd Ssetetont sd bilson sotevsrguion eds Orda no bebelq sago 
spe seq fit S$ to notegeigmeo sidewolle anf mitenhe Ie osds Lid. 
‘bono ts HO , St ,hecala od Sleoo secpo - Ef = geen ylno ao 
Shiyide tiind sd bios (stistsm eidd to rien teebd eee ® ,atoy 
oe ae etdgted ak « F\t 
Dis @ s94 tod [id OO0dL guidhiow yraorer doizd teasew stil at.\ 
| es gideve ed bivow soteassguco olgenotic. qo.96 199 £ti/C.U adie 
w 2) ),etedmen bavoy mf ao YR = H<-nox---- ot qo ¢dated s 7o8 
eho steg Lid QOOS sHidgtew eveintio v0 O0¢ 20 bisd wot seteusitd 
7 | yascsen .Mofees3zge0o Sag oeuizen mo .98 T9q [td Ch aod base o 
© enete Jno got so Gt = ee Yo tdbred is ot ance scute 
~e i eg frat Q&: to. ee 8 bos om .tto teq Lid 
eo: fa iN ii eS ies its fii’ 
a sit ste 09 Behtie ems ,s088 \PgaiLtos tov. ett 
nent) edd et sues edd bas .besubet ed Aipow eddpied elds 
ee ef iy xe pi bsteoydink: at fnee essere thorn 


) 


ee ee Se , 7 = Ret "| sa! bs ™ Jo - Re Pong a Ao eee te a =) Cy y a 


ee me Tne 
Nh re ks Oh ae a ie 


Od ani sis tstis{ sgt fressid-X Sas eda id ~etoctes A tw. a 


>» a 
is 
ait 


5! j i ' ‘ " ,) a4 1%) fs te) ae . 
?% Wi. ve eb : h 


4859 
varied warming by the sun’s rays may act together to produce c 
curvatures and even twisting of the entire spire, as such occur- 
red in a very surprisin? manner on the towers at Gelnhausen. wy 
Tron spires. ‘gi 

Iron spires of towers are likewise constructed as in Fig. 1462 
with rafters, girts and X-bracer; the latter are in tension wh- 4 
ile rafters and girts are in compression. The calculation of it 
iron towers, which are combined with small use of material with 
verry} ornamental sections, can be carried out with sufficient a 
accuracy in the manner »oreviously described. 

9. Stresses in the walls of towers. 
Compressile stresses due to their own weight. 

For towers their own weight, the thrust of the masonry spire 

and vaults with the wind pressure come in consideration. 
Prismatic and pyramidal structures. 

For the considerable height of towers, the compression under 
their own weight plays a verr} important part and even draws very ~ 
narrow limits in case of rather weak materials. If it is desired ~ 
to erect walls of uniform thickness or prismatic piers with tan- : 
ped clay or lear lime concrete, that weights 1500 kil per cu. mn 
and to which can be applied a compression of only 2 kil per sq. 
en, the permissible hei¢ht would be calculated as follows. Ajicu- 
be of 1 m side wpplg load the area of 10,000 so. cm with 1500 
kil, thus with 13005 = 0.15 kil per sg. cm. For each additional 
cube pladed on tha: the mompression would be increased by 0.15 
‘kil; then, tg reach fae allowable compression of 2 kil per sq. 
em, only 5215 = 13 = cubes could be placed, i.e., on the ground 
form, a Ba Ba weit of this material could be built only 13 
1/2 m in height. 4 

In like manner brick masonry weighins 1600 kil per gu. m and 
with 7.5 kil per saq_cm al le compression would be stable f 
for a height up to 735 18886 = 47 m in round numbers. 

Likewise for hard bricks or clinkers weighing 2000 kil per cu. 
m and for 15 kil per sq. cm maz mum, 5358 compression, masonry 


might be built to a height of ---x------ = 75 m; for cut stone 
noightR2 6800 ipa cu. m and a compression of 30 kil per sq. 


ae de rial Lh : 

if Bo Reh of ceilings, etc., are added to this, the permiss- 
ible heights would be reduced, and the same is the case if com- 
pression by thrusts of vaults or by wind is excentric, the com- 


My rales ., sheasetoat gdeteds gnied ogbe eno ts nokesetgaoo 
fee to atdgtod edt tedt songiseqas oft ead eidt vibmibrosoh 
pie #emiadiacs somes otinp bad eisiiesen yrrathro swo to esaib 
fw SE sonesn ods to soitedtateth Intitie yd sot .oe ton et eid? 
ipeemiotas edd ii elguaxe 10% .benisddo eoulev edt beotxe setiysm, 
i ees yen si 0 od beowben yllenbstg 9d ILew Leottsey 6 to. 
; ‘eas, ei suee odd bac .eeentoist waolfav tot es Heid es sotnt 
te figien tactienoo déin enco wollod # zo bimaayq wolfod 2s a0% 
$0 Bimeryg Stloe s to atot efd ni od tenot & 2k tug .gatrrevoo 
gaa giesotian ellsy to essaiotdd doin biweryy wollod’s Yo neve 
Pass, bas .eldcvioonoo si tngted blotoesis o seve biswan gareast 
poaenat io Sot .m OBS yrnoesm Aotad sot yovoda enottganees sds 40% 
By bine i . ‘yu CRE snote tuo sot bee 
bree oc ~<eIetzen taeioss odd sgeoes Jor Hib eegsinevbe eesdt 
ore to mrt ai siaetouade Jeedgid ateds betosxs ybsouls eneit 
| ~ot@ 20 eesasu aotsesio egg .bilfoe teomle asdt tLlind tud .ebia 
| yllptacbaon eit ot desitaoo af, yqmuse ySantdoode sseqae sess on 
| BCE ialestxéxses vino don sodsel sd? worsted eft to exowot stdarl 
Sae¢ .bimstyq wolfod oft io mi0% esostsirsvhs edd em10} siem eft 
a To sofitudingelb oad in wilicsiive odd wi eidsd baoved suey neve 
petogel Beiwollol eastutouite sdé oi eldteeog esw dotdw .eeesem ont 
a gktoiaetat eid Snisevoo ef dowe adnometiross teidist [la ead? 
sad ~aneig Boitesd stexsges otal allew biloe eft to nortsfoess 
) -tdaoo yitetesa co oon ,..ote . bain yd Satnrotveve tentese antic 
» 20 d908,.318 ss to guste ent emt? eomse ond ie bas .sedtesos fon 
ennees deenain sdt ylao dsds ,heesoigri cen wrot goetesq dore 
) -6itso eagoleS to eronod odd edit exxow yd bosifses sd neo Jnem 


) adit to row0t gotbasoes yLIsctizey odd wort sonedetb edt ak ast 


Aflew soitseso [soitsia sids of elf{ew Yo eeeotolds bedvininrd 
eae yo bedeinoves ed sno deum nedt yenoitosath [fe nt bedatow 
Bi oie eisd bsaisiia erstesm blo edd doidw ddky eeenddytl 
oe +8@e2em ent to noltudictath taog 
eidstiine exom « eldtezoq otem blroo nem tedd boseta ev 


i 
i 


tonne of eldsvisonoo nove ei $i yilsottevoeds tnd ,eidt ob Sivoo 


" 


pete 


ak Bas “(alee 


wod ezebienco eno 1] .weiv to dntog efdt mosxt benebtenon Lead: 


)yleoisoes afedi dviw ctewot enpeonsno® yfis® bos askdetadd yluek 


© foe asm fost ci jebimeayg eft Yo tedd nod eozeam to nottud — 


“9 edt twoddin ountonite dptd yLetkattnk es) | 
sites etisq teqqy eft eredt .enfav Bexit « yutboeoxe ey 
Hinsog ous fed? ,eeenkoins Ileaa’ doue of Beouben ecb that! as 


‘ 


4960 

compression at one edge beins thereby increased. 

Accordingly this has the appearance that the heights of buil- 
dings of our ordinary materials had quite narrow limits, yet t | 
this is not so, for by skilful distribution of the masses it m © 
mayifar exceed the values obtained. For example if the thickness 
of a vertical wall bg gradually reduced to 0, it may be built a 
twice es high as for uniform thickness, and the same is the case 
for a hollow pyramid or a hollow cone with constant weight of . ; 
covering. But if a tower be in the form of a solid pyramid or 
even of a hollow pyramid with bhickness of walls uniformly dec- ~ 
reasing upward, even a bareefold height is conceivable, and thus 
for the assumptions above; for brick masonry 140 m, for clinkers , 
and for cut stone 345 nm. 4 

These advantages did not escape the ancient masters, the aayp- a 
tians already erected their highest structures in form of pyra- q 
mids, but built them almost solid, thus creating masses of sto- % 
ne that appear shockingly stumpy in contrast to the wonderfully 
light towers of the Gothic. The latter not only approximated in 
the main forms the advantageous form of the hollow pyramid, but 
even went beyond this in the suitability nf the distribution of 
the masses, which was possible in the structures following later. 
Thus all further reouirements such as covering the interiors, 4 
resolution of the solid walls into separate bearing piers, bra- 
cing against overturnins by wind, etc., were so masterly combi- 
ned together, and at the same time the stamp of an art work of — 
such perfect form was impressed, that only the highest astonish- 
ment can be realized by works like the towers of gologne cathe- 
dral considered from this point of view. If one considers how 
far is the distance from the vertically ascending tower of the 
Barly Christian and Early Romanesque towers with their scarcely 
diminished thickness of walls to this statical creation well 
weighed in all directions, then must one be astonished by the 
lightness with which the old masters attained this ain. 

Best distribution of the masses. | 

We stated that men could make possible a more suitable distri- | 
bution of masses than that of the pyramids; in fact men not only ! 
could do this, but theoretically it is even conceivable to erect 
an infinitely high strusture without the compression at the base 
exceeding a fixed value. There the upper parts certainly are vr. 
rapidly reduced to such ‘small thickness, that the possibility 


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4661 : 
of construction and especially the danger of overturning coer 
soon set a limit to the height. 

The law here unavoidable, according to which a structure must 4 
be formed, that shows at each height the same compression per : 
unit area is:-- log nat (bdo : by)= Uh 2) ey 

Herein bo and by are the areas of any two horizontal sections 
(in sq. m), that are distant apart by h (in m). k is the allowr- 
able load (in kil per sq. m), and”}-is the unit weight of the 
masonry {in kil per ecu. m). | . 

Iffittiissassumed that two areas are cut out, where the De is 
twice that of the upper b,, then log nat (be:b,) = log nat 2 = 
0.69315. Inserting this as” “— sts ett gives:- 0.69815 = 4 
and from this follows h = --- Accordingly for asackah of 
a@ given weight and a fixed permissible compression, one can onl= | 
culate at what differences in height the ground area must be do- 
ubled. For example if we assume that the upper part of a tower 
of brickwork weighing da te kil per cu. m has been so designed, 
that it has a olad of 7 kil per sq. cm, thus being 75,000 kil 
per sq. m, and we wish to extend the tower downward without in- 


creasing the compression, we nity tae es 7 ancresse the ground 
area, so that at the denth h * ----- ia? = 82.5 m, it has 
become twice as great. But again at 82.5 m must then the area 
again be doubled, thus being fourfold, ete., and likewise eight- 
fold at the next division of the height, then Sixteenfold, etc. 
This requirement for materials finally increases so rapidly 
downward, that a practical limit is soon drawn. 

But in any case.we.ses,*that the heights given above for pyr- 
amids do not reach the extreme limit. For the clinker masonry 
mentioned with a weight of 2000 kil per cu. m, and 15 kil comp- 
ression per sq. om, thus 150,000 kil per sq. m, the ground area 

~-69815 x 156000 . 
must be doubled at heights of eee -e----- = te m, or for 
cut stone with : weight of 2600 kil per cu. m and 30 kil per sq. 
-689315 x 300000 : 

cm per sq. CM, ----<-- ace -<----- = 80 m. To erect towers of the 
last material 400 and 590 m high would not be so very difficult. 
By the help od granite or basalt, which has 1000 or even 2000 

to 3000 kil ultimate resistance to crushing per sq. om, it would 
be harmless to load thes with 60 or even 100 kil per sq. em or 


more, and it would be possible to reach such heights beside wh- 


ich our modern colossal towers hike the Biffel tower would seem 
like dwarfs. We see that our respectable cut stone need not longer 


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4062 | 

five place to iron. 

We must here again opvose the erroneous view, that on account — 
of the small resistance of mortar the strength of cut stone can~_ 
not be fully utilized. zertainly the resistance of concrete or a 
poorly coursed rubble masonry depends almost entirely on the n 
nature of the mortar, but it is otherwise in brick masonry. Ex- 4 
periments in the technical experiment station at perlin (Report 
ofssame in 1884, p. 80) gave for cubes 3 months old made of the 
Same bricks in lime and cement mortars the slightly differing 
resistances of 44 and 68 kil, while the resistance of the kinds 
of mortar employed exhibited the great difference of 12.5 to 
211 kil. For a longer time of hardéning and thicker walls we 
judge that the difference in the masonry would be yet smaller. 
But for large ashlars and uniformly thin joints the influence 
of the mortar must almost enterély disappear, it being assumed 
that the latter has the otherwise required properties, that fir- 
st consist in that it is pressed into the hollows without being 
entirely pressed out of the separate parts of the joints by the 
existing compression. Under these conditions would it be almost 
the same whether cement, lime, lead, chalk or powdered loam were q 
employed, that selected good stones might fearlessly be used @ 
with a loading up to 1/10 or at least 1/20 of the uktimate res- 
istance to crushing, ani thereby build considerably safer in any q 
case, than if one now generally finds it well to stress easily 4 
rusting iron to 1/4 or even 1/3 its resistance (with connections 
that in part are no mors trustworthy than mortar joints). Yen 
have already made sufficiently bad experiments in the fall.of 
numerous bridges. 

We see from all this, that our buildings of weak materials 
and with disadvantageous distribution of the masses are. restric- 
ted to very small heights, and that on the other hand by using 
good materials, the limits are drawn less by the resistance than i 
by practical reasons of other kinds. sf 

Stability against wind pressure. 
Magnitude of wind »oressure. 

The stability of a body increases with its weight and its bas- 
al area, but on the contrary diminishes with the increase of the 4 
surface presented to the wind. Therefore it is important espec- | 
ially for the upper parts, which one seeks to construct as light 
as possible, that they be disigned with proper consideratiio of 


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wy) anenes yliactoitive ens wouddteve ots sucted. Teh, sugourse 
.: preate etd wedtedw .esote tot Soe. (88d ¢ ao siomexe) 
paneseroatss dasl edz 208 -dore oot eeasioed: don ee0b 

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nt tae 


1663 | 
wind pressure. Farther downward can the distribution of thezmas— 
- Ses be then made according to the laws previously siven. The 74 
wind pressure is greatest where it strikes a surface perpendic- 
ularly and is reduced considerably by a sreater inclination of ; 
the surface, whether in elevation or plan (p 163). Thus the wi- 
nd pressure against the angle of a square tower, in spite of t q 
the greater diagonal width, is only 0.707 as great as the pres- 
Sure against the side surface. The pressure against a cylinder : 
is 0.785, that against an octagonal frism is 0.707 as much as 
she pressure against a verpendicular surface of equal area. $ 
Since in determining these values friction on the surfaces was 
neglected, it is better to increase them somewhat, especially 
With large projections on the surfaces. 

Thé magnitude of the wind pressure seldom goes beyond 120 kit 


per sq. m, but has occasionally been observed at about 200 kil 
in Europe. Where this concerns the calculation of stresses in 
roof construction or edge pressures in masonry, men are usually 
Satisfied by assuming 120 kil per sq. m, especially in protect- 
ed places. This is to be defended in so far that the strength 
of the material indeed is stressed only in certain limits, thus 
always retaining a certzin safety. If it concerns lofty roofs 
or walls, it is advisable to increase this vaule under the cir- 
cumstances to 150 or 189 kil. But quite otherwise are the cond- 
itions when the danger of overturning (for example of a wooden 
or iron tower spire not anchored), where no security exists to 
be counted upon; here for square structures must be taken at i 
least 250 kil for surfaces Struck at right angles, for. roundior 
octagonal towers or spires at least 200 kil for the full verti- 
cal section. But if one desires to use smaller values like 120 
kil, he must also introduce a certain safety and require that | 
the moment of stability be at least twice the overturning moment. 
Stability of towers. ; 
If the stability is investigated by calchlation, one must fi- 
rst be convinced that no direct danger of overturning exists (p 
137); there one cannot usually be satisfied but must examine f 
for wood and iron, whether the members with wood support the 
Structure just before the overthrow are sufficiently strong ( 
(example on p 622), and for stone, whether the edge compression 
does not increase too much. Por the last purpose is sought the 
point of intersection of the resultant pressure with the base 


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4064 : 
area (p. 140, 166, 336, 377) and then the edge compression is. 
obtained according to p 141 to 145. i a 

[If the tower stands on separate vers high pliers, it may — 
necessary for these to be calculated particularly for overturn- _ 
ing or bending (p 359 and p 169 above), but usually at corresp~ 
onding heishts the piers and even the walls of the tower are so 
Strongly connected together, that the entire tower can be regasaa 
ded as a connected mass. Then the basal area is regarded as a ” 
firmly connected figure, in spite of the fact that in some cbr- “4 
cumstances it is entirely resolved into separate piers. ‘ 


To employ formula 5 on p 148,it is necessary to determine the 
moment of inertia for the ground plan, which is well known to 
be found for compound areas by addition or subtraction of the Z 
mometrts of inertia of the separate areas, for example for a cir- 
cular ring, if D and d are the outer and inner diameters; I = ; 
=: (p* - at); for the hollow rectangle with eis sides” B and Ey 
inner sides b and h, is terre (B He pb 12 ), ete. The kern 
of such @ hollow figure is larger than that of a solid eross 
section and is calculated becording to formula 4 on p 142. For 
earerts for the circular ring it is a circle with a diameter * 
lk : iad rg toe hollow square is a diagonal square with d 
diagonal = ----- ; os the hollow octagon is an octagon with a 
diagonal = 0.27 as ame The thinner the thickness of the wall ¢ 
the larger is the kern; in the limiting case that the wall is 
ul hahae agit ea tg yn = d or B = b, consequently the width of the 3 
kern is : or ge or 0.54 B, i.e., twice as great as for the so- 
lid cross section. But that is very favorable, for the resulting 
compression in such hollow cross sections ¢an be farther from 
the centre of gravity without too much increasing the edge pres- 
Surs. Only when the comvoression in the hollow square with thins 
walls falls outside the middle 2/8, i.e., approaches the outer 
1/6, the edege compression is doubled. But with regard to the 
increase of the edge pr3ssure by wind or thrust and a vault, 
one must not fully utilize the permissible stress by its own 
weight, and a eut stone or carry 30 kil, according to circume 
Stances.will only be loaded with 20 or 24 kil by its own weight. P, 

Towers with stone spires and internal vaults are to be so hea- 
vy that their stability is not endangered by wind, endeed it is 
usual in them not to increase much even the edge pressure. For 
towers with thin walls with wooden spires on the contrary the 


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4 saan Hoint Aokwd S\f oxrtae s neo ytotse Inelottive dtin dey tz 
7 os titod ef segs cit Li .édated blotwset 6 tuode ot belriso ed 
Sev foi :{X0c gq) batbas seqggu edd oF breg si acidncdde bas bi 
Siete wotad.t cortoe .fot S\t } of o8 oele aso sad eresaiio vvsed 
BD -dévet extapes ton 08 Sicissedd Bae ,eisnted beiduob timreq ick 
' | -nottehiteevai ve 
a | ' ,etenot to etiuey bas sevice to tenad? 

Te -@etige sat to senadt 
Bit het sktze eis ito tenudd edd to guisifesiuon oldieeog add tT 


© eidsetotiins ed {ise eat tenm sedis .bstoslbon ef (308 9) tenor 


me 30 .newos ods to b\I opdt .olges as baivsd YO I9Wod Stsype 2 
Pie weifsortcsy abnooceb tasmivdse edt YI -fokesoe edt tot S\L 
#astetiive.aedses x0 eesmioiiy dnerofsine got 3s evar vt team 
: 2 itege -otege ens to sot0t eupilio edd epasdo yliciug o¢ diaien 


eGdd th yrertnoo sit 00 .nottoorid seqesie = ofnt dhensude odd 
is ‘ Ley 


| weds most destotd asseetited so ‘brsniuol babes 8 vl Lapberh 
Jomtoone Jasuiuds od} lo seem edt \husKonob betesto ene 


Rl 


bee cae ed at antooshed Seton end beh vanes) t 


US Se Ae oS OL ee ys cy Ree by 


_s908 ex0os: vitesse ytew yem sattosnns .$80 q no ofgmaxe odd 10d 


» anit to ifew est Io soltisog isaqu odd Yo soneteateonr elienst eft 


90h bevepiseevat ci tnsuteds od? ,denedt od? setest of anovte 


i A ws vA . ' 
ist ap | x: shh, u by . Bl ; ay wpm ie Fe 
5 ‘ st vie . 7 AP RY rT > na a & > cre > * : 
ss ees 


1865 : 
wind exerts a substantial influence on the determination of the 
thickness of the walls. Gare must be taken for these, that the 
wall struck by the wind does not bend, or considered as a stra- q 
ight arch does not press out the adjoining walls. Therefore not — 
too thin are also made the walls of the towers without spires 
and the thrust of vaults. ow 

Stability of spires. 2 @ 

When the masonry masses rapidly diminish upward, the investi- q 
gation of the stability also extends to the higher plans, but 
must particularly take vlace for the spire. As already shown 
for the example on p 621, anchorins may very easily become nec- q 
essary for wooden spires, without such spires presenting the 3 : 
full vertical sertional area calculated to resist the wind pres- 
sure of 200 kil per sq. m, if for a proportion of height of 2:1. 3 
it has a weight of at least 75 kil, or of 3: 1 of 115 kil, for 4 
4+ 1 of 160 kil, 5°: 1 of 200 kil, and for 6: 1 of 240 kil p 
per sa. m of external surface. a 

For brick spires 1/2 brick thick occurs the danger of erar tana 
ning with a proportion of height of 5: 1 to 6% 1, and the com- 
pression passes outside the kern for a 2 1/2 to 32 1/2 fold hei- 4 
sht; yet with sufficient safety can a spire 1/2 brick thick can 
be carried to about a fourfold height, if the apex is built sol- 
id, and attention is paid to the upper ending (p 597); for very 
heavy clinkers one can also go to 4 1/2 tol. Spires 1 brick th- oy 
ick permit doubled heights, and therefore do not require farth- | 
er investigation. 

Thrust of spires and vaults of towers. 
Thrust of the spirs. 

If the possible neutralizing of the thrust of the spire by t 
the tensile resistance of the upper portion of the wall of the 
toxer (p 606) is neglected, then must the wall be sufficiently 
strong to resist the thrust. The abutment is investigated for 
a square tower by takins an angle, thus 1/4 of the tower, or 
1/8 for the octagon. If the abutment descends vertically, then 
must it have at top sufficient thickness or rather-sufficient 
weight to quickly change the oblique force of the eves St 
the abutment into a steeper direction. On the contrary if thés : 
gradually éxtendsioutward or buttresses project from then, which | 
are offseted downward, the mass of the abutment can be ee 
ably reduced, indeed the more battering is its outer surface. . q 


fetioat! fe + at iw Fox: base ok ot ates i eg 

seitee ost te gies cal avot of yilsnietat bos yf ‘ce 
10) te{noleo yd teentuds ‘eid to pottazideevat ed? sevige 
a ak dei ot 2aihicoss xtinortiib oa taessead oso wifzotdg 
hig aia od SSiid) sd{vev to edtiontuds. 00 

-otinvay to Januedt 
lo eqoiasini oft at as000 teadt: etinay 10% sonté 

ie bos (838 91%) eefena edd de evyopo tenudds eittel yev 
a eefdet eft yo owode ve eineatede ont to seendotdt edt 
"9d: ytnoeie sit If .gdated ettnitni to edivey 70% reve (Set ot! 
a 3m guevieecors od ton bese ,idgiew aro efi vehies bedesio goa 
| $e Paeggy edd ct stiusy edt gntoelq sor wot nossot on eb ovsd’d | 
“ot Dia tak soviy esezotitud edd to astesrdoidd ed? .xewos add to 
Weetastk Hein .feochet yidewsbiscoo ed aeds bSnoo, berottnoa seld 
0 > yd neve 70 noidiacg bonkfont yd ned? dud”. ap0D0 absol segqu 
Jased of ‘eidineoy yltese eysuls ei df haswat affer edt gatliod 
Megensogges sit tc elbbin edt ai sisdwyvsve s1oqque to sock sie 
| Poreare of .ytoovem sis to enoifose trois dsety tyodste at tAg 


pe oy stueeeto bain odd ontvebferce > yd aeds fas etait wot 


ant oat to efgfonitg edt of bnibsooce fisenreS seseear Lisa ote 
“ak toed 6 of edatog sdf ars seodt .(489 9) Seol edt to sexsyo 
tag éfind ed neo evewod dein yueY .erswods Seiegtesb ak bam 
on Bi vrsoeca to aseorm steew oefe eo eno ted ,yifasteonocs 
ner eo | -vsW sldsesorent et 


veal 


, 


The limit would be for the tower walls to be inclined externa 
ly and internally to form continuations of the surfaces of th 
spire. The investigation of the abutment by calculation or gsr. 
phically can bresent no difficulty, according to what is stated 
on abutments of vaults (p 122 to 153). _ 
Thrust of vaults. a 
Since for vaults that occur in the interiors of towers, where 
very little thrust occurs at the angles (Fig. 366), and there 
the thickness of the abutments as shown by the Tables on. p 150 — q 
to 152, even for vaults of infinite height, if the masonry be 
not crushed under its own weight, need not be excessively great, 
there is no reason for not placing the vaults in the upper part | 
of the tower. The thicknesses of the buttresses siven in the Ta- 
bles mentioned could then be considerably reduced, when sreater 
upper loads occur, but then by inclined position or even by co: 
belling the walls inward it is always easily possible to keep 
the line of support everywhere ih the middle of the supporting ~ 
parts without great cross sections of the masonry. To strive £3 
for this and then by considering the wind pressure to increase a 
the wall masses downward according to the principle of the ine. | 
crease of the load (p 624), those are the points to be kept in * 
mind in desisgnins towers. Very high towers can be built vern 4 
economically, but one can also waste masses of masonry in a ve- 
ry inexcusable way. is 


Perey poe tae a 
steal edd to noisetoosd besoloo edt «ft i 
| Wesoer, oat mor? bstRortony ovo TES of CRO e83c9 - ston 
-6d78q aistze9 to g0i¢atel 
_dnsesig. edt of awob bas coltuetaso teal edd ai movil | 
$0 | ~ nofiibsoo Lantgixo edd epasco oF exovsshne shen ‘need 
‘Sistaes 3s <eboddem euotsstat redo 10 batdesusdidw yd eedprwio 
snot “aettsvisesia dove at beatemer aacige2 snoxettth mt edaow 
_ dotdw od acibseoos eslgtonizg eft mort gedt .tnemsyosgut dows 
f. tenel se v4a Baisolos ot hisket ak hebesoorws eete sibbim edd 
sg @s el esigtocisa esods to ybota a te sbexinzoost sd ylleitisa 
ee Rewstaers ewely nofveeup af gakog eft ro conte .ytecesoen stom 
sgh 9689 dose ni bas .eredto quam ro asid Josbtevth ylebiv 
re ‘eas mort beorl smoosd ot Leiineees as sipoitiib ea sept, 
Bees: ms; -&eidsd nwebom. lapcaise 
— $6 aottsrotees” edv ai bebsgas sosd ylineupes? eved oF 
ee 3 6d of onls esw 3nivoloo [enrsini sdt dotdw ai <Todoupio Ley 
‘fynexse 0 wenog sii bad yeitien svsd reeso omoe at bas .ber0d 
;  B-wort hstoszs atest nishom of enoteasonce edt [Ie bhove ot 
a eitow ‘eecds ylno teid .iuemkisgre edt shee yderedd saved sx tos 
| §etetoetib. sad cals tod .enols eb ten visitese wesw yas at bios 
te | steaog ils igi Hewolf{ot eaw bic edt otedw .slaesa odd epdd bos 
_oy Baoleabonco sid eczso [fe yfosen nf sedt Bue vostusce eld 
. (OW Fe8 .meds bertspe1 Sed one ssond yd hettaqass s1ew bebss 
Nano need bad ii dbidw of .edvon isdito co sonshaeaxs one bad 
 ! | eoGNe tsvestbem sort daegeb ot fsx 
? . | +deswetidn bas gaivesesld 
Binixebantc to ¢adi ditw batosnmos ei Xafdates to goitesnp sit 
6 (pisdea 6a Jeav siedwyieve spoon tenn gest oi? cdeeeedidn to 10, 
Bethe belfogmes ydersit noisuoexe to eos sit Sos bosmmes ta [ek 
to sase deciguie cat bas ,esostise aeve aistdo of sidteeoqni so 
Saale od ei di s1¢du 30 .dasweuil e esiiuoes endé Satvaco ¢ 
Bre »Golzvaroosh tedeta 2 46% sgrtits 
. nsteeis sas; gant .el{dsoliqgs slgiontug sid et eseso ated ol) vad 
vor a0 stnemovonqai Lantos as ed tenn ankisos sdt ee .ifewins a 
P Sitde .w10t teeionte est ui betlags e¢ uso.dt elddur to elfew | | aM 
eo ti eolen dedd doug no ters? \Sstacten setted 2 ao % 
ini Pfidiw efdenol{[s ¢ino et zqtésoo edt (esosiane geve S1h0e8 
a ayey ‘Saitiapes Sicteteds .vixol to tasngoleveb alesieo 2 Lee 


ce. eelans ednsy nobuiw! odd elac ese) Ke ree 


7 ie! we OUP i , | Bent , 
a TU Taty Ta er ee mee da, Tee , is 
Tere iy Ree aa» ve ae Siren ea, |e me Was are ilps ad ae 


a 


y 


4067 
X. DECORATIVE PAINTING. 


Paintins of certain paris. 


been made endeavors to change the original condition of Gothic 


churches by whitewashing or other ingenious methods, yet certain — 


works in different regions remained in such preservation before 
such improvement, that from the principles according to which 
the middle ages proceeded in regard to colorings may at least 


partially be recognized. But a study of those principles is the a 


more necessary, Since on the point in question views are more 
widely divergent than on many others, and in each case it is 


just as difficult as essential to become freed from bs last re- 


maingsnef modern habits. 
We have frequently been engaged in the restoration of mediae- 


val churcher, in which the internal coloring was also to be res- 


tored, and in some cases have neither had the power or strength 
to avoid aj] the concessions to modern taste exacted from us. 
But we have thereby made the experiment, that only those. works 
could in any way satisfv not us alone, but also the directors 
and thus the people, where the old was followed with all possi- 
ble accuracy, and that in nearly all cases the concessions den- 


anded were regretted by those who had required them. But we have — 


had tie experience on other works, in which it had been found 
well to depart from mediaeval types. 
Plastering and whitewash. 
The question of painting is connected with that of plasteraun 
or of whitewash. The last must occur everywhere that the mater- 


ial at command and the mode of execution thereby compelled makes q 


it impossible to obtain even surfaces, and the simplest case of 


a coating thus requires a limewash, or where it is to create the ~ 


ground for a richer decoration. 


Tn both cases is the principle applicable, that the plastering — 


as well as the coating must be an actual improvement. On rough 
walls of rubble it can be applied in its simplest form, while 
on a better material, first on suck that makes it possible to 
secure even surfaces, the coating is only allowable with a view 


of a certain development of luxury, therefore requiring a richer — 


treatment. Hence where only the window jambs, angles, mouldings 


1. The colored Decoration of the Taxeenee’ (ote). 
Note. Pages 629 to 637 are unchanged from the eben? eavtton, 


pie 


ven in the last centuries and down to the present time have a 


4 
ae 


oh i a Ly a . eg ayn 
| ail rite Ey ha, | “ 
ry g allen odd Bra ne: pa te ber sie wie oe edt bos 
he is Bfq ors tetdal eid yfno exes teelomke ods oF .el4due 
yen paeid Be ods ic eekbe odd entotbs gatveteatg edt foe .bewsfoo «ae 
=a en it . doidw palvsdeslq edt to eeerdoids edt yd onidostorg a 
Sons ik gaitedes ls eos co ,tiwmieg ensem eqoiw Coe ,bexclosay ats s 
"now pfestice nk encisstasdsxqger eawait uistres meve besafeq ad 
es ranetiag eds mont singer tettel sd? vancttieog Isdtaeamys 
~ featgtcc edd of boatadnoo woblee wud ote eoistotq dons sent 
= seedtis bewov moxt so eo2zansoo L[etoeqa mort seitva sud mtg 
AMAR ; »@tacuddeqnos has seroteyod to patiate? 
dda2 to einosticum0e of3 Yo ceoetise bedessentl oft saiwex la 
Wediusy odd ni won sont? .saota tho to ebea edie edt aiopbs 
3 Ei settve nt notistaomeaic tedoia x besteadqas. y ybssals eenotayer 
hy 81 if oo sys edt mort sonmsieih seteesh ated avxen ei gsi .onw 
\ yuteseroa! aids ,toloo yd soltsimemanie deft Yo sostte edt ose 
ix | velo & 84 .yistedd sobssige tredt es Ilaw es aottinhosen etedt 
_ epstaue tewol eid to suptgince eft ylertam son boniobe ssedt et 
ord BHoteyod efy To sabe ext bainebsed baibinom sit Gela dud 
| 1 ¢benaitnco ei tnemdasis emse Sat bore .arefoo sdgiad Bas blob 
 aias deibed yd tio tuo medt bas edia #ivey sit es sosta a aot 
pwomeh aclenstxs aidt to seve sit .({dS stelg Bsxofon yt 828) 
: oemgofeved 8dd tot blett wsbivw & antenene to wotv dz fas & enoik 
Boediper® nit of [is to vetit esx Sh todd cals tad .geLoo) to the 
i fotdn ywsdasm sdf 6 solos to sobseloe sidt to aettenteres elds 
| _ tedaon edt to noisondt sidmte ed¢ worl botieast eyed fon bluow 
pyea? Os Scots sit to solos [etudan odt ak titel edia edt to ees 
pote fis buedasiasi? is dowss sit cl .enoteved Bednisa ¢idoks 
) 878 edit bas elatiqss edt teddéaet bee eteiq bos elisw to Beoe 
A csateye: edd tod .sefoo snosve axsh Lenterag ulead at tel 
Pyilsioeges ns des .eblin evs bus betacihnt ebom sd¢ at bsinteq 
oe ei sofoo to tobseiqe eidd seveced etiues: fostis raged 
ih sineudisquos sdidm edt dt#iw gattesrdaoo edia ext yd Oe 
Peas to Rnivcisg odd orsdw ylysloottqeg baa .tesedoos etdd | LU 
prey hae tact eid wort roleo ak elttilgcnl) cveltiv snags 9 7 
by rode @nokseioseex ossbom yase [lin .eduaq Pach orl esit esa ne 
| . ~moleesuqni Sninebind bar ywaed es sodbowq od wom koe 
i b goset? edd eiaeadtsqmoo borederlg edt ot sesrsiaas st , : . 4 
; GROF qno bedisoseh eivdus tuo oi snae odt Yo colvavens a iy, 
8 enol ol} -gatdalot wsisger ati yd Ssonetesges nego ae aa 
age Sh dynes ba to nok Sayereind & yd oldie ¢ m a 
Al | 5 tee 


* 


q* 


« | a 7 : iW p ; i 
i Ti+ 7 x : ‘ ; » i ' a ot | 
‘i en J 7 ‘bat { Su y AS - ‘ ' a, ‘ Uy iz. 
(eS a ee eran PEN TE RR ANE, A ee AE 


1868 
and the vault ribs are made of cut stone and the walls are of 
rubble, in the simplest case only the latter are plastered and 
colored, and the plastering adjoins the edges of the ashlars p ~ 
projecting by the thickness of the plastering, which again ren- a 
ain uncolored, and where means permit, on the plastering will 
be painted even certain figure representations in entirely un- 
symmetrical positions. The latter result from the circumstance 
that such pictures are but seldom contained in the original 
plan, but arise from spscial courses or from vowed gifts. - 


Painting of keystones and compartments. dq 

Bikewise the limewashed surfaces of the compartments of rubble — 
adjoin the ribs made of cut stone. Since now in the vaults the 
keystones already, emphasized by richer ornamentation in sculpt- 
ure) it is nextat their greater distance from the eye to incre- 
ase the effect of that ornamentation by color, this increasing 
their recognition as well as their splendor thereby. As a rule 
is there adorned not merely the sculpture of the lower surface 
put also the moulding bordering the edge of the keystone by 
gold and bright colors, and the same treatment is continued a 
for a piece as the vault ribs and then cut off by radial bands. _ 
(Fis. 1, colored plate 147). The cause of this extension is not 
alone with the view of ensuring a wider field for the developm- 
ent of color, but also that it was first of all to find a suit- 
able termination of this splendor of color on the member, which 
would not have resulted from the simple junction of the monidi- 
nos of the ribs left in the natural color of the stone to the . 
richly painted keystone. In the church at Frankenberg all surf- 
aces of walls and piers and further the capitals and ribs are 
left in their original dark stone color, but the keystones are 
painted in the mode ingicated and are gilded, and an especially 
happy effect results because this splendor of color is carried 
by the ribs contrasting with the white compartments. #ithout 
this contrast, and particularly where the painting of the keys- 
tones differs butmlittle in color from the rest and lighter pa- 
rts rise from dark parts, will many modern restorations show 
how to produce a heavy and burdening impression. 

Tn contrast to the plastered compartments the Frence mode of 
execution of the same in cut rubble described on p 109 permits 
an open appearance by its regular jointing. No less is this pos- | 
sible by a construction of the compartments in brickwork, and ; 


io 0 cecenien foe Aa ett entes yee te pari 
(eR eat GIs in est to erode edt atin exoisd ost 
Bat of Ratenoled eekwreddo sheild to soivest fo. oosiag’ | 


; beg 
ake wedi to poiositeiag beiaev icor edd yd cad .esatoy ead 


rieltote isnnso 6 af ,enrstisg [evoensnio Jeon sad, bow 
i fa Od pobdow ed¢ to dtow sedwis Hed odd to soktepsasenco 
Ati ‘sbandsok seen Saal blo baliso-ae edt wk atnaeseq 24d. 
” Bese od asvs yeu eiaesdtecaoo afd to toette sit) 
be RE die cotsenvedia« edd ed sedtte ,axottd to etoloo tnoret 


Mi 


) ot } ,FasmetTeguco sit to yamossa eid to noisuoexe Jogrs90) 
a, gono mevaye a ov Boibuotog ddvoids baedxs Jeum 
h -aleisds dgo0c yem asanwoo Jeol 
Paes. 4 «sleticao ed4 30 gattatel 
fsokbak s1cied toouteott to boddem edge od soittbbe txom of? 
isuarevtss ,fetigqes eft to sotsisosxe fetoloo & ai eveigacs neds 
Be” ets ene sdepeites bar esosde edt to atethlvca sig of beetxe 
na got teienco bivow jerkt ed? .axetoye ows sldiesog cealt 
| uignorse etoa ed bleoda Lied edt to bauesk ods ginc ged? 
© sxoleo 1s potderoosb end yo ylisiensm ,ebsilet siz moyt hedatpR 
Dyedd Xo cotiesizosoeiedo todéink s cterteds dbs Sivow gegso edt 


Wedd Bas Boblis 10 esidw Sedsing ylositns ed sdoemease ede bivon 
“staten, 10 (etaig deteloo no \) »REE) ted, bor0loo ed Bivow Lfed 
eae to soioa nsoxk 2 yd. diel ifeati eedem ybeotis.makis 
a Ragris: of J sbupor?, assto gagsb 6 ya so, Jas 
a iWeined telicie yloo binow meveyo boogse odd oF bolbtooor | 


(a 


Bt of bi as. eit wort toLco.eco aiiveos eteds eud?® .edkle betoLos 


penis bas ,p enol? 10 eeitzed add sont dgaisot odd ste. sid 


vel a 
| -taeisse one neve bas bloy sedd ‘snobive-Bee ered ab Jt 
te. siguexs ni .esoloo es egeqioivasg yea {eiteten, siz) 20 
ec BER vd anode ef nsersmed ley ot Aomss> eds aott beig 
' oe setelg beroloo 
x edt ak Sotsotboh Jey fos whesevid s ssddat dod, 


perth fenes sft Soa téie situd exe etaeutasqmoo edt .22 


fh @i eos yrove al t09 seevidom aedoia yd: 10 esemHeD - 


ep eis of Ratbico0A -baitoloe.belsev vw ehisteb Letaeuant 


yenane braids odd: gx oed Cae, onbs ef¢ nord dococs & ,wevaeel to Be. 


-lled oft. mort : 


| oa ont 3 ALT .SabzoLo0 add x6 beoatony od dead | 
edie they. Yo pottoteg. 9 Fi 


1069 | 
indeed the &ffest gains life by the alternation of the color o: 
the bricks with the stone of the ribs. In the arcades of the p= 
palace of justice of Liege otherwise belonging to the Renaissan— 
ce, the compartments are built with not the usual direction ‘of a 
the joints, but by the most varied interlacing of them are for- 4 
med the most ornamental patterns, in a manner similar to the q 
construction of the half timber work of the wooden houses of 
the peasants in the so-called old land near Homburs. 

The effect of the compartments may even be increased by dif- 
ferent colors of bricks, either by the alternation with glazed. 
courses or by richer motives. But in every case is necessary a 
correct execution of the masonry of the compartment, the joints g 
must extend through according to a system once adopted, and no : 
lost courses may occur therein. 

Painting of the cavitals. iq 

The next addition to the method of treatment before indicated a 
then consists in a colored execution of the capital, which must 
extend to the mouldings of the abacus and astragal. Here are 
first possible two systems. The first would consist in this, t 
that only the ground of the bell should be more strongly distin 
guished from the foliage, Benerally by the decoration by color. 
The other would add thereto a further characterization of the 
ornamental details by varied coloring. According to the first 
would the ornament be entirely painted white or gilded and the 
bell would be colored dark (Fis. 7 on colored plate), or natur- 
alism already makes itself felt by a green color of the ernam— 
ent or by a dark green Sround. Z 

According to the second system would only similar none be 
colored alike. Thus there results one color from the front sid- 
es of leaves, a second from the edge afidtbackscthe third from 
the stem, the fourth from the berries or flowers, and the -fifth 
from the bell. 

ft is here self-evident that gold and even the original color 
of the material may participate as colors. An example of this 
kind from the church in Volksmarsen is shown by Fig. 5 of the . 

colored plate. | 
- But further a diversity not yet indicated in the imate may 
first be produced by the coloring. Fig. 6 from the churbb an Wetton 


Painting of vault ribs. 
The next step in advance consists in the entire eohenene of the q 


A ade 
ve 7 * 
,” yee ity _ 
We 


, _ j s | ae > AL 

, Pew i. ‘ =n y dy Rl 
b re ra, i] ; j 

\ b( 


; nee 
i e 
vey a) 
Bd ie aaah» 
el e 


.. eas to Neadiedos o¢ dest ssedw dey date: sine) i 
bentstes sd neo stats Voces o#f Yo! eftéa taeosl bs bas 
beet wngot bos antinisg senols yd bosriayse 918 oneds Feat’ ae 
ore -edit edt Yo adbenotze ods Gort eroles 4° 
heads ysa aettiel eff Yo gnizoloo edd sot elas Levened a eA 
‘geo yao tesdgil iestie 6d teem Soette fevemok ont sadt . bal 
ao aid ends @etnsatisance edd to ssostise odd to tend edt 
» sot qweitsh .beieteals. ton exotad to efnoutseqaoo ditn 
faqtonisg edi to oust yilsioedes ct cid? .etnortasqaes be | 
esd Yo dit-as0q bolleo~oe ody to etit .edix edt tow 17) ay 
.ounidinom tetel ont of Katbrooos enolled selt edt a 
9 ont %o gotvefoo mrotinn s teditte eted oele sved ow codT 
Lab to exothison taexettib edy to aoiversqee @ 16 di1 $7 
edd to elguexs ns wevis sveiq betoloo edt to $ gk .B70 
Petend .wetsel edd of Sreges at ous tette® sik dowsdo edt novt 
| vitsat wzbieted to slatosiaa bawors eft $i ot bebnetes ed aD 
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vault ribs, yet where that special accenting of the keystones ( 
and adjacent parts of the ribs mentioned above can be retained, 
So that these are separated by richer paintings and form slowing 
colors from the extension of the ribs. 4 

As a general rule for the coloring of the latter may be appl- 
ied, that the general effect must be either lighter or darker 
than that of the surfaces of the compartments,’ thus lishter | 
with compartments of bricks not plastered, darker for limewash- 
ed compartments. This is especially true of the principal memb— 
er of the ribs, this of the so-called pear-rib of the earlier, 
the flat hollows according to the later mouldings. ¥ 

Then we have also here either a uniform colorins of the enti- 
re rib or a separation of the different mouldings of it by col- 
ors. Fig. 2 of the colored place gives an example of the former 
from the church in Wetter, and in regard to the latter, there 
can be extended to it the ground principle of heraldry, that c 
color can only adjoin metal, that never different colors of. eq- 
ual intensity, but only different tones of the same color may Lia 
adjoin each other. Further the following principles are applied. — 

1. that the colors do not oppose the effect of the shadows, 4 
that in deep hollow be separated by light from a member like a 
round that receives much light. 

2. Bhat to obtain a bold effect the aid of absolute light, + 
thus of white or gold, and even that a decided dark, -black or 


dark brown , is just as necessary as dark outlines aiid leads in 
glass painting, as well as transparent or white and yellow colors 
8. That the intensity of light or shade is in inverse proport- 
ion to the area of the Space occupied. Thus a little round bears 
pure white or gold, a little bevel oh hollow pure black, while 
for those large and pointed rounds, Figs. 8 and 9 of the color- 
ed plate, as for larger hollows, both light and darg require s 
softening, which may either be by reducing the tone or by a patte 
Reducing the tone is not so much by the addition of black and 
white as by the addition of another color, so that light becomes | 
yellowish, greenish, reddish white, dark becomes dark slaty blue, — 
dark reddish brown, greenish black. a 
The pattern substitutes alternation of colors or tones for the — 
same colors in mixture. Therefore in the simplest case it is f 
found by radiating or inclined bands of different colors, .for 
example of brown and white, green and white, black and yelloz, 


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etc., so that also on that pointed round either the same colors 
abut against each other or are placed diagonally. They can fur- 
ther consist of triangles, cubes, scales, or bands, or panels __ 
enclosed by the different colors may be found for finer drawings. 
But such pabberns must always be simple to be recognized, and 
before all must all imitation of relief be avoided. . . 

Gontrast of color is sometimes strengthened by black, lines 
Separating bands, which are especially necessary if a color ad- 
joins white. Such an example is shown by the pattern in three : 
colors from S. Peter in Louvain. (Fig. 8 of colored plate.). 

Bands may either be formed by a single color,or by several +t 
tones of it and these tones then adjoin in straight lines or a 
are indented or intersect each other like flames. It is prefer- 
able there to separate the shaded bands by a single color or 
be formed of two strongly contrasting colors. For example if we 
assume green shaded bands, thhes are to be separated by a dark 
brown or white, or a white bordered red, brown or dark blue, or 
a black bordered yelloy. Thus sometimes alternate shadings in a 
several colors with such bands. Fis. 9 of the colored plate ex- 4 
hibits an example of the kind from the church in Volksmarsen. | 

What concerns the placing of the colors on the different mem- ~~ 
bers of the ribs is, that these are not always chosen with reg- 4 
ard te a heishtenins of the contrast, but at least for richer 
mouldings, are usually formed by adjusted sroups of them. Thus 

Fig. 10 of the colored plate from the castle chapel at yar- 
burs, a transition from the red flat to the white round is for- 
med by the yellow, contrary to which the white round increases 
the separation between ved and blue. 


But further pure and ¢leaming colors areechiefly taken for c 


von 


certain prominent points like keystones, while for all large 
areas are preferred reduced or mixed colors. 

Especially for the rei is indeed exceptionally employed pure 
vermilion, where the highest magnificence prevails, while its 
ordinary tone is darker and more like madded (burnt ochre, see 
below). If then time ani dust can injure it, we still frequent- 
tly have ornamental interior structures like tabernacles, where 
the original tone was hot pure vermilion. Such a dark red tend- 
ing to brown generally forms the local tone on those little in- 
ternal architectural works, and it is then brightened by gold 


and blue, white or by green and white. 


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The original tone of dlue is hard to recognize as a rule. In 
general it is determined that it must be lighter than the rea. 
For this reason the artificial ultramarine cannot well be eno ; 
oyed, which in its pure condition is too dark, but mixed with 
white becomes muddy. A shining blue is best represented. by pure 4 
Smalt. But an entirely different character has dark blue, which 
#8 in Fig. 8 of the colored plate may even tend to gray. 


Zikewise green varies much, sometimes shining and sometimes 


softened, in the first case represented by Schweinfurt green, q 

in the latter by different mixtures of gold ochre with so-called 

green cinnabar. 1 
Bands beside the ribs. 

The effect of the ribs may further be heightened by a pattern 
band adjoining them and painted on the compartment, or be a sin- 4 
ple band from which ris® painted leaves, Fig. 11 of the colored 
plate, from the vestibule of S. Peter Jr. in Strasburg. The last q 
wotive recalls the crockets, and like them it is sometimes rep- ) 
laced by a comblike ornament, Fig. 12 from a painting in the o 
church at Wetter dating from the beginning of the 16 th century. 
from those separate leaves represented in Fig. 11 we then pass : 
to the lower angle between the ribs and laso lying from the key- 
Stone on the surfaces of the compartments, soon treated more ; 
naturally,andsoon in the later plant and foliage forms in the 
Style, to which we must return later below. 

Painting the rounds and arcades. 

from the painting of the vault ribs we further pass to that 
of the rounds. What has just been said of the larger members 
of the ribs is increasingly true of the always larger rounds, 
ig, these either require simple and light tones, or a contin- 
uous pattern, which then on account of the lesser distance from 
the eye is to be executed here in a far richer manner than there. 
Striking examples of this kind are shown by certain French works 
in restoration, such as that at S$. denis, of the S. Chapelle at 
Paris, and also of certain choir chapels in the cathedral of Am- 
iens, Beauvais and 8S. Quentin, on which is seen the development 
of magnificence in generally the highest degree. It would part- 
ly lead too far and would be partly superfluous to so farther 
into the details of these works, especially since the publica- 
tion of the S. Chapelle is well known generally, and those that 
have the luck to execute? a portion of such @ work would still 


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4873 


do well to make their studies at the place. i 
Accordins to a paintins of the rounds at least on the richer a 
works, where the window occupies the full width of the bay, on- 
ly the plain surfaces of the piers between the rounds and the ay 
sround of the arcades found below the windows remain. The latt- 
er in the S. Chapelle are covered by a painted blue tapestry . 
with gold ornaments, as then senerally a tapestry pattern above 
without the folds there siven is most suitable for this. In a 
chapel of the cathedral of ,jeaux is found a richer arrangement 
belonging to about the 15 th century. Likewise here a red bapes- _ 
try pattern forms the ground, on which are painted a crucifix a 
with Maria anf John at the sides, the Host above it and the ch- 
alice beneath are painted in the natural colors, so that the ; 
Host is at the apex of the arch. Beneath the chalice is then 
found a blue shield of arms with three white roses enclosed by 
green twigs, and below are two figures kneeling at prayer desks, _ 
the latter with the clothing of the fisures terminating the en- 
tire representation at bottom. | 7 

The mode of treatment of the plain surfaces of the piers coin- 
cides with that around for the general paintings of the interior, — 
and in the simplest case consists of a rectangular pattern. ; 

General painting of the interior. 

What then concerns a sgeneral paintins of the interior, those 
of the compartments, surfaces of walls and piers, there have 
come to us three different modes of this, but which naturally 
admit of endless variety. 

Pirst mode of treatment. 

The first is chiefly found in the province of upper Hesse, t 
thus in the church at Wetter, the castle chapel at Merburg, and 
was found in the church of S. Hlisabeth at Marburs before the 
restoration, and must be regarded as the original, belongons to 
the end of the 13 th or the beginnins of the 14 th centuries, | 
since it appeared on the tad forherbworkdiusder the second one 
belonging to the end of the 15 th or beginning of the 16 th 
century. Si 

This consists of a red local tone, which is tolerably intense 

in Wetter, and on which is painted a pattern imitating in white 
lines the jointing of regular masonry in courses about 22 to 28 
cm high. q 

At the middle of each triangle of the compartments and enclo- — 


Milescinst crate beilzey benot ceds ot adie ost wh brat ae 
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4874 

enclosed by the ribs is then found varied stars inclosed by ci 
eles, one of which is represented by Big.22bef the colored plate. 
The vault ribs are there colored with strong yellow ochre, the 
rounds in the dividins arches are white, the flat surfaces yel- 
low and the hollows are dark reddish brown. In the transverse | 
aisle the ribs are accompanied by narrow bands lying om the sur- — 
faces of the components with dark red leaves on a white éround. 
All surfaces of walls and piers are treated like the surfaces 4 
of the compartments, yet only the larger surfaces of the.gable q 
walts of the transepts are at both sides of the windows with 
two stars, or rosettes like those just described, but richer and 
larser, painted in different richer patterns. The window mulli- 
ons are colored dark reddish brown and lishted by white lines 
and dots, while in the angles of the window jambs are found wh- 
ite stones toothed into the red surface of the wall (Fig. 15). 

By these different details are given indications, according 


to which the entire mods of treatment is in itself very simples 
but can be devecoped to greater richness. Thus first by a gener-__ 
al placing of that band accompanying the ribs on the compartmen- 
ts, either white or very dark, the stars, rosettes or smaller 4 
pranches painted on the flat surfaces of the ribs and arch mem- 
bers, and further by the formation of panels with white grounds 
in the lower angles, between the ribs as well as first on the 
keystones with ornaments painted in the dark ground color, as 
also by the use of some motive on certain parts of the surface 
of the wall, or even by white ornaments painted at the same pla- a 
ces on the red ground. To this was added even a richer treatment — 
of the window jambs and angles, either in the style of the band i 
accompanying the ribs, or by foliage executed with black outli- 
nes. To this was also added a rich treatment of, the keystones 
and capitals executed in gold aod pure colors, which also rema- 
ined red and white in Wetter, as well as the arrangement of pa- 
inted arched friezes below the windows, which must be kept ent- 
ively simple, without by any meass similating an effect in relief. 
The second system of treatment by color differs from the form 
er only in that the coloring is reversed, for particularly the " 
ground is in a subdued white or in a light stone color, and the 4 
lines thereon are kept in a dark reddish brown. At the east side 
of the rood scheen in the monastery church at Haina a small por- — 
tion of the plain wall was treated accordinsly, so that the sep 


ath oy 

ube bi 

SES* baers eenil we eid ud beeoloak ascot n ' ¥ 
AMeY Yo \dcee ebient Golo cues est te salt Bacoee, (sy wet / a 
dal ite 8 sous7a al ,eddeeom s hetoteq es sifpoin enh Ad, a 
a et tasq ot bas botosxe yinccroo ox0d ef tnodanaed to | |. i, 
Sguebat of (fed edt mort bots elds Yo elqnaxs ch eseio | 


oO Lbeiefoet seodd basot sta sven estweitt +TeliisV of 
pe din betse1t ef seeders edt to unttenoe ds siedd bas ‘ 
; Ais eis Sivev eit to sanote esersges ait efidy uoheert bo: 
i taster (sfosezs Brel od ot af elf isteb dove no taut) cod ‘a 
=rsh > E aeerce boos odd js ezeldes edt to woktiaog feotdsew sae 
id fe .8isemeato bedsloal sift ae modt at eatiesor sat wa 

0) & feutos to nottstiat Behasint us to sebl edt abuloxs 
aoe bore ei foe eassm tmereliih yd betostts cen setsal dokde | 
_selnte fstutosstioys archon edd to ytieet{sosg s 26. asdts7 beh 
Sh ic encer dote [le of goisiseggo of Sattaiag bedespe etsT 
ed ten feou te wads ,o1etisq costume #-emtot yloate yrey noted 
Sat of eresggs doide tod .sorttneval to doal a es benale 
o6i viiser th-as sent sys be 
Witootie ns dgue to esx bebnetxe elit tedt ,exed odon OF 
Ip ydas th .oguein of beol sey yom es Fouasto ‘beoseloek te ovis 
ak SHoreteey nt doredo wen tovrres sefvrsdto node Ratwed Ifsood 
Ber ipives« St adoiveiat caodw ,olyfe sotiienssé edd Yo smeot eds - 
lvgh eg ton stnemente weolt galateoceo tov ,tondem devin ext 

-fwode ed ot at 
*Voewicert to hoktem beidt 
even wsisict s ni edeienoo sasaissié io obom bitdé off 
anes bos efuelg to .eveds Seacitaen yheerle evitou eat to 
Hea Yo ceostisa bonetédw ent go evalos (swvea nt beta Leg ae 
‘es I asea8 20 ifsw odi of seedy Yo, motesedxe se at bos .etnsaees i: 
. @ dorsdo edi io etlusy siodo sas -iroltasm ew eelousre dsge | if 
preivesc sit to ezntinteg vedelvest .aypdask fs fivedsail® .. 
© idosmuio yisdzcnom edt .ietse¥ zk Wovode end 4s \ bondtey ta = UN 
ea waver? oi comds souertdel eit levees “ase panettora ae ‘ 
a eseld ai eespost .2- downs a 
“Bovot sevit 91s eiesliien: eds to asostage edd a0) 
no be pnt ybast(s ssnosm edd ot bsdefoat stor acoe . atnsmed ‘Tg 
: ie rote a8 ,2soetive edd usvo patbnetze ylovidns acos kee g | T| 
| ‘a ele .rosdoW ts elets serevensid edd bas axydaey, taste) Ga 
dy .uonetior! ot se adosidue oat? dtm befgataretnk apm) | 
past edt th atts hg Gano? sas eifuey ieee | 
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| 4875 | 

separate stones inclosed by the red lines stand vertically, bu 
with a second line of the same color inside each of them, and 
in the middle was painted a rosette. In Hrance a similar mode 
of treamtent is more commonly executed and in part #s still re~ f 
cher. An example of this kind from the hall in Angers is found 
in Verdier. Likewise here are found those isolated ornaments, “ 
and there the squaring of the arches is treated with a certain 
freedom, while the separate stones of the vault are rounded at 
top. Just on such details is to be laid especial weisht, like ~~ 
the vertical position of the ashlars at the rood screen in dai- yi 
na, the rosettes in them and the isolated ornaments, since these 
exclude the idea of an intended imitation of actual aghlargwork, — 
which latter was effected by different means and is to be regar- © 
ded rather as a peculiarity of the modern architectural style. s 
This squared painting in opposition to all such means of decep- 
tion very simply forms 2 surface pattern, that at most may be j 
blamed as a lack of invention, but which appears to the untrain- | 
ed eye just as it really is. . 

We note here, that this extended use of such an effective mo- a 


tive ef isolated ornaments may yet lead to misuse. At least we 
recall having book otherwise correct new church in Séissons in 
the forms of the transition style, whose interior is painted in 
the given manner, yet concerning those ornaments not much good 
is to be shown. 

Third method of tre2atment. of 

The third mode of treatment consists in a further development 4 
of the motive already mentioned above, of plants and foliage p- 4 
painted in natural colors on the whétened surfaces of. the comp- — 
artments, and in an extension of these to the wall surfaces. As a 
such examples we mention:- the choir vaults of the church ofS. a 
Blisabeth at Marburg, the later paintings of the castle chapel 
at Marburg, sad the church ir Wetter, the monastery church of 
Breitenau near Cassel, the Liebfrauen church in Treves and the 
church S. Jacques in biege. 

On the surfaces of the compartments are first found these or- 
naments, soon more isolated in the manner already indicated on 
» 633, soon entirely extending over the surfaces, as in the ch- q 
oir at Marburs and the transverse aisle at Wetter, also someti- | 
mes intermingled with figure subjects as in Breitenau, where on 
the’ choir vaults are found the images if the Holy Pepnify, of 


ea rt P eatvedtad le Semen -P to bas nigaty, tat % a f 
\ ebte ad egpananmamida ong bia prvaeee odd Sawot ete igi & end W a 
Snivctiinn: ste vatéat edd pi diate eft efor ak ‘a 
mk ) $16 StoWOLS SweTSTILh bas nees1y JdgrAd gs ese covess 
ex 5 setae ont tey ,etidw bos box .wosfey eld ,erofoo zoddo 
#a0o att bas aedenimoberg asex> tend of beep ylgaizene | if 
ato" “usresiess fas sstseil sl .toette sid seoimseteb os idy oe). 
¢ ~ hanetin sot ssetw bee aobl{ee sud evs eenif{sino aword al 
ei dou Jed .Toloo antotbhs toloo stedw ylietsd .yreeesoss an 
ree ati yistinoo edt 9D ebapors stidu ed? wort tvetial edd sta 7 | 
e id oi beailvno et taitwerh esitns eft exotd oi setwodtl Bae 
if) seacsm eviwoeteb s dove at sortq tert? oft ni bsebai bas 
tae MOldfbbs sedai « ti af seinkooss teonlé tHgim aod 
. edt to Sniblig edd bas Gnitniag bes [snktaixo of sesseR al 
a (benisnss bawous fsa xash ew o& onotevedx 6dt¢ to tneasnt0 teil 
edd fo eitsg gneceths oft es [few ee ekatbisos oft ylno boa 
shee e ai ylisotonixug Seebnt .bfos dpondtw esolod evcisey nk oe 
\Botnisg euct ,Ednemtraqacoyeds to Boltotsa sid dtiw koitgincarsd 
 etely besoico oid TiS 12% .ofe .doeTé lotidw ~wofley (ates 
mes. sbati eidt to slonsxs pe esvth ~ 
Bc... Ben \PHOLIIOgeNh roDIsl Hi ylno .itoevifodos wLliate 
a). eas nO sebie déod ao iStitioe .effew edd to ssoetace aft ao boo 
ee gesvesl to eedonud moat existe qo erote antioore werd Bomsi, 
Dieede6dois at ewobotw sit ovods aaiesous das etoot af woled and 
rites Seent of betonstis coed bed new 10 nottsetse ene IT 
hanwenlaene beaicgooes nedw omid ost te ,epnte sebeoob fereves 
: oidtoa eis to atgico edd to yxoodt edt of bowedba (ftee tien 
tes @ geve bus ,svoty hergse eft to Yoo vleel edt mort of e 
ie e(setealg si yino beebot) ebsm ear doataists aor ntact to a, 
EL Arowre xe ty Yo seoete owt to docs Betaleqg ett betout? enoo 
&@ 26 nee ceed eved binow eidé Sgsdveg (Tesseteiesd a 
) te piesd tSeebavotora ex to nofisotbat ne eXtoeds: tede | 
-Sedqio netiiaw a ei bessetqxe fre ‘Se 
stidn efqrie edt C&d ¢ so beackdnom ybsesia oy ah” as 
Eparetaess ito 2ebom sd to doses .es lew edt to Beds tive oie. a 
} at gotisinonsaro Seedgta eft Sedoset Osis svods bent | |i) 
> ulieoizteumyenn sove beosty ebalicisy [Lew feutos a 
0 seavel #8 shods ed ai bavet eb ststt end? Jescalg °° 
ges ee serine: Ses to extuolg eft eLiate at i | 
- ‘ ree é Jeet Y - am 


iE sah ee ee NS bat ; 
rom ini bai ah ie oT ee ee a Ty 


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4076 | 
the Holy Virgin and of S. Benedict and S. Gatherine, but in the 
middle sguare are found the symbols of the ovanaeleeys inside 
the given arabesques. ‘ 

As a rule the stems in the latter are yellowish nagnal the 1 
leaves are a bright green and different flowers are painted in 
other colors, blue, yellow, red and white, yet the latter are . 
sparingly used so that ¢reen predominates and its contrast with a 
white determines the effect. In Wetter and Breitenau black or a 
brown ovntlines are but seldom used, where for crealness they w 
necessary, briefly where color adjoins color, but not to separ- 
ate the latter from the white ground. On the contrary in Marburs | 
and likewise in Liege the entire drawing is outlined in black, q 
and indeed in the first place in such a defective manner, that 
one might almost recognize in it a later addition. . 

In Wetter the original red painting and the gilding of the re- 4 
lief ornament of the keystone @n a dark red sround remained, 4 “a 
and only the mouldings as well as the adjacent paris of the ribs — 
are in various colors without gold, indeed principally in a mode — 
harmonizing with the painting of thescompartments, thus painted 
éreen, yellow, white, black, etc. Fig. 4 if the colored plate 
gives an example of this kind. 

Similar schotlwwork, only in larger froportions, was also fo- 
und on the surfaces of the walls, solthab on both sides of the | 
jambs érew shooting stews or stalks from bunches of leaves, end- ; 
ing below in roots and crossing above the windows in arches. a 


If the attention of men had been attracted to these paintings 
several decades since, 3t the time when recognized archasologi- ~— 
sts still adhered to the theory of the origin of the Gothic sty- 
le from the leafy roof of the sacred grove, and even a4 statue — 
of Ermin von Steinbach was made (indeed only in plaster), asshéh 
constructed the pointed arch of two pieces of wickerwork like 
a basketmaker, perhaps this would have been seen as a proof of 
that theory, an indication of the profoundest basis of Gothic 
art expressed in a written cipner. 

As we aleeady mentioned on p 630 the simple whitewashing of | 
the suffaces of the walls, each of the modes of treatment expla- 
ined above also reached its highest ornamentation in certain a y 
actual wall paintings placed even unsymmetrically on suitable 
places. Thus there is found in the choir at Wetter over the ch- 
oir stalls the picutre of the Holy Virgin ane the Child filling | 


sah F a PLN int | ay 
antes val the Based aot fo af acess 
& sted bis se be wid bra ea ss Die tary 
ts Sele aia comes edd Yo Yoo yastogaetnoo 4: tof 
( txen oid af sesetg hekecorw edt to ean to el he 
pee to bas 8! e¥ fotos le ie amie To staat 
‘ mes Horsds asrettcelg « at. $ to Bnivaereg od?’ | 
“O12 aad @70H .cvods bediaoseh esos wotl atottlo | ettnetedoe | | 
pag ek eids so bss snot nso} twol! & vd bared at bag 
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)epoesedd beinie siete onld dtin snot neetases Jay wee 
P @ taensastt sig of song Teles featsito sat vésonle | 
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4877 
the entire width of the bay, beneath this being the foundresses 
of the monastery, Almudis and Digmudis, and there are found ves-— 
tiges of a contemporary copy of the same picture at reduced sca 
le att one of the crossings piers. In the next bay are then the 
shields of arms of the slector of Mayence and of Hesse. 

The painting of the vaults in the fiebfrauen church at Treves 
Substantially differs from those described above. Here the gro- 4 
und is covered by a yellowish green tone and on this is produced 
an ashlar pattern by white joint lines. The ribs and keystones 
are then painted in strong colors and from the latter extends — 
brownish red ornament on the surfaces of the compartments (Fis. 
3 of colored plate), and the lower angles between the ribs are 
painted with white scrollwork with colored flowers. (We shall 
not omit, that we discovered vestiges of green color on certain a 
scrolls). + 

We have already designated above the coatings of the surfaces ; 
of the compartments with a brilliant blue with gold stars scat- _ 
tered over it as corresvonding to the highest development of | 4 
magnificence, that however prescribed a similar splendor of col- " 
or also for the ribs, rounds, etc., in brief for the parts of | 
the church. 

On the French examples mentioned above the treatment of the 
latter is so bold, that the general effect is still harmonious j 
in spite of the almost too dark tone of the ultramarine. In cer- 
tain German restorations like the church of S. Stephen at Maye- 
nce and the Liebfrauen church in Worms, where the means misht | 
fail for a splendid treatment of the whole, the great surfaces 
partly made it more difficult, and then the pure blue is dulled 
by the addition of white, so that the golden stars on it appear 
almost like brass. For this pure smalt would therefore be most 
Suitable. a 

Meanwhile also in other respects the not very successful Goth- q 
ic church of 5. Husene in Paris has the surfaces of the compart- 
ments coated with yellow, with red stars placed on them, as we q 
have also already found similar experiments on small mediaeval 
Works. 

Thus the interior of the wall tabernacle at Wetter is painted 
in a light seagreen tone with blue stars painted thereon. If 
then already the original reference to the firmament can be se- 
arcely observed, and the star form is to be regarded only as a 


Bei. Jeotgnis st Sono vine ei it We sietiag ey 
| | yebehi toyelqne Miewe steom per fi 
Sinvesthes Yo: pith bat to rhatt bebtsy exens so¥ rae. 

} go% dokdn yw ibovones feeitaet exnbegosg ‘won. tedé ab -. vs 

Ddtin hovserequa Gon emit saad of gu galdeaweiidw ons 

‘hee ‘~heonhotq yteted? yaotonon etd ot bse ns gektiuq Io 

\paaiepbli edt. %o toette euolavial edt gaibtove eat? enee 

idgite ¢eeseitib to ean od? ot sfatsaoce eid? -eeye eat 

Od yste daixvety bas gatakd ,defhter ,detwofley gnkteed 

“geats sobcel@e teefgid esi at hoe etasq tneretsid ede 

tine vifsieian et boide 2eybe to esedsem aletreo gat 


eivottesd .sonce cetord seed? of dearteod akiiestie tro i 
wil if eee sexeiqg oft ,etfver onli ytlim edt) eveds ets aoe me hy) 
+ ; a 
PResetxuus Law eft ,2ioloo enota GatystR 10 slomedo dttP } Th 


=, 
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‘A fi va 
: betonn Beh eemitemor et aelatstito gribfiod ya sadd boa ,ylbaek 

if derive eow .elaiaceteam gaibited eft to tedt yeitxotnod ae pe 
ganvbe edd? aineeeig cint .stonevftasoobai asf yd matetnesee | 
fo beust ive edt of vnaigactod sredteal doiurdo od? Lo dose ved? mie 
pavks vitnebnecefat binoo tootidovs me yotiiuenoo tuodsiz tg 


B36 Ifed 2 dower ect bas jootnl dosed benetioe « bot stag 


x @ayte neds bas -tedoowomil. ect of epottoeth& yseaesosr | wlan 
on eat? tnoverc eft 4 .gottonhorg eit Lo esedo bi tw eae ne 
eQucous, Battin olieilaoot#es aletaec yd boseyved wiletee, 
bare $20 eticeaes ybaotia odw ,elatottio teiveoea baa dsottes 
ae | ilesok) .voléo babioek yreves at. 
enw arent .astivye ovem ebhrow gnfhooosg sah boasva «SFOu 
Bg Bed Soleadoc bio edt Fo bnébantersirw sit tasmavorgad’ Aoue om ! 
est ‘e@ evvrow Sorv0loo grom baw ,~esfoudo fstasixe Otat S8torss, | i, a 
i JSdos aoursey 20 Setontgire socd sease ido sat ai, hotyouze | ae 
eee pe retensecs besbnd fodt ,eguidatog fof ef? To seblison: sete. 1g 
id ot tdjword sasdtvoom sp deaweticw retes sat dtnsned vag * 
On Rigsnedode gadbsoory edt 90079 "dT oeeUuea teorg atl. ee 
eidodrey wstteos edt tedag oF tdddy o¢ OF 8b BFod se sont, > ae 
Pad) erottoand xe prpeessor teow aft soda. of» bab, cL 
sBavtazes fo eovadoet oft mo bye and wee 
) i BS pelbbia sat at guttaie? to eofadoet: 6S oo. ty 
z oo setolpo» Gad, seek Ms aD 
it osene: oibbie ods, to poiipag issoes dost oa 


ev 


4078 | 
flat pattern, yet it is only one of the simplest and therefore 
of the most easily employed kinds. 7 

Bor these varied kinds of experiments of mediaeval polychrome _ 
is that new procedure farthest removed, by which for 30 years 
the whitewashing up to that time was suppressed with the view 
of putting an end to the monotony thereby produced, and at the 
Same time avoiding the injurious effect of the ground tone on 
the eyes. This consists in the use of different slightly cont- 
rasting yellowish, reddish, pbihuish and grayish airy tones on 
the different parts and in its highest sbhlendor Pises to gild- 
ing certain members or 3dges, which is naturally entirely with- 


out effect in contrast to those broken tones. Particularly com- 
mon are there the milky blue vaults, the piers, ribs, jambs, ote 
With chamois or grayish stone colors, the wall surfaces vetng 4 
painted a softened peach juice, and thus such a dull effect is 
produced, which by the so-called cultured is usually termed fr- 
iendly, and that by building officials is sometimes designated 
as restoring that of the building materials. Most suited to aiin 9 
ettanteism by its indecisiveness, this presents the advantage, 
that each of the church fathers belonging to the cultured elass 
without consulting an architect could independently give the n 
necessary directions to the limewasher, and then might enjoy 

the mild charm of his production. At the present time it is es- 
pecially favored by certain rationalistic ultras among eeclesi- 
astical and secular officials, who already perceive Catholicism 
in every decided chlor. (Note). 

Note. Since the preceding words were written, there has been 
much WMmprowenent, the UNGSrSstanaing of the ola Painting has pen- 
strated Wato extended circles, and many colored works Strvotly 
Sxseuted tn the O1G Sense have orisinated on Gernan soil. Like- 
wise vestiges of the Lod paintings, that VWudees everywhere slum | 
cer beneath the Later whitewash are wneantime vrowsdht to VWVsnt 
Vn great number. They prove the preceding statements. so far, 

LAAT we Hola UT to be FVEKT tO Print the Lotter verbatin in the 
oVG form, and to Sive the nost necessary explanations in the 
succeeding Chapter on the Technics of Paintings. 
2. Technics of Painting in the middle ages, 
Adhesives and colors. 

The technics of the paintings of the middle ages is naturally 

based on the traditions of antiquity, that were inherited in [I 


noe : oa, * sires Aid sly ES a 
eo) oe as od : AA va , 
, a . - ' 4 if PAPe'd. WT y 1) si De 4 * 
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Le bee qnils sertyme, entdnosv’ edd ‘an! eros a dud) eta 
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ites aut ‘stsmeh ,sean0G) -bofitem ooze1? osaclevel Liew ¢ boyok © 7 | 
oe i rs ‘e19dt 20btes® .(aokados? of brages ot eynitetsy Lewa 
pre sotensbaesget) ,gotsnigg stequed 6 wost of awond 
fhicool .baktsieg obtessone of hae (eyteodbe. 68, , «908 
Bisestins atoios xBK sas ‘ellen 262 beep saw nottal odd 
#a’ Loon to base @ so bsesge ylaoldt aocd oved oF aseg 
baw 102 quseesoonns ei doidw .betsed zest Soe eloteca & 
-escloo xew Bielt 
4 4 «pateniog lavesibem Eriavteonoo, sineapvood 
edd bus .beltiezevib Stem eointoet edd eoze sibbla edt al. G7 
2 sedeinisy to noltexeqeig oat bos dettcieg [i0 bebbe otew ae 
‘eveb caw sebieed bas \.ode fio ot betiom sang eldadsgew™ 
pga sobieed .bnitateq aeqnaselh avoad [few yleucivera edt ae 
oS fo sonsbive brotts anoidiners yistaeawoobd gnintauen 2xnon a 
-beyofaue gaédaieg Yo ebodsen 


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Me PA. 52 ge doodhback al evieyagid saom eit to seqtoesh .% | ee 
er ’ - peevest sue dot baatieboD yd sokiafanass degtes .eocth ste 
> aeuneaeo de 6 Lhiau acoteibbs tiv vintaneo dé BE af aedt dat 
 anedia, es MokteLenavs exmieo bas éxed Janigic .aphioscok -& 
Re ff ed qgeOte ofdsidozege sank +82 ae iicdoasesiond at tee 
te, raipice Yo etab sdf .& .Lo¥ -8anei¥ .siediekd nov aegted | 
We Bs to ; setsaqehh at ef ,ytetuen at GL ot ¥ ‘ee 


feod Te yd Adtuhiews ,8alsateg co eattess? .iniaced onianeg A 
oobi og¢ of exacted ontmned .t ,fov ,néttindoanesien® at git ey 
, outntaen dé th eds to Sno od? tn bevil:- bas os toto 12 ay 

eudisoloo of ,tecebus .3 Yo exated esd oonatrogmh egod),” a. 


ss co tpods eetiedeth to eekteent ,G082 dsods tedit eih 1 Y 
tal ett) cxenred exomynonk bas Lvoteruk epowyzdoge to, eRe. | a 
# wtbseags ese .oemndls age to cokistaqesq ede ‘sainteeneo es 
Pt | ‘ niin ore) fo¥ aete shod tindosned, A 
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Italy but more in the Byzantine empire. Pliny and Vitruvius, as 
well as many paintings remaining especially at Pompeii give us 
information of the skill of the Romans and Greeks. Por their neal 
ral paintings they appear almost without exception to have emp- 
loyed a well developed fresco method. (Donner, Remaining antique 
mural. Paintings in Regard to Technics). Besides there was also 
known to them a tempera painting, (Bssrdndowater. ony figemilkper 
etc., as adhest e) and an encaustic painting. According to ae 
the latter was used for walls’ the wax colors employed in it ap- 
pear to have been thickly spread on a ground of wood, ete.) lab, q 
@ Spatula and then heated, which is unnecessary for our modern 
fluid wax colors. 

Documents concerning mediaeval painting, 

In the middle ages the technics were diversified, and there 
were added oil painting and the preparation of varnishes from 
vegetable gums melted in oil, etc., and besides was developed 
the previously well known distemper painting. Besides the art 
works remaining documentary traditions afford evidence of the 
methods of painténs employed. ; 


The following writings are prominent. 


a 
aig 
2 
Fi 


1. Theophilus, priest. Schedula diversarum antinn oaue below). | 

%. Recipes of the monk Dionysius in Handbuch der Malerei from 
Mt. Athos. German translation by Godehard Sch&fer. Treves. 1855. 
Written in 13 th century with additions until 16 th century. 

3. Heraclius. Original text and German translation by albert 
Ilg in Quellenschriften ftir Kunstgesehichte ete., by R. Bitel- 
berger von Edelberg. Visnna. Vol. 4. The date of origin, 11 th. 
to 138 th century, is in dispute. 

4. @ennino Cennini. Treatise on painting, published by Albert 
Ilg in Quellenschriften, vol. 1. Gennino belongs to the school 
ef Giotto and lived at the end of the 14 th century. 

Less importance has Petrus of S. Audemar, De coloribus facien-— 
dis liber, about 1300, treatise of Alcherius about 1400; writi- 
ngs of anonymous Muratori and Anonymous Bernese (the latter only — 
concerning the preparation of egg albumen, see Appendix to Quei- a 
lenschriften, etc., Vol. 7. 

The most important of these writings is that of Theophilus, 
who probably lived as monk Riger in a north German monastery, 
and deseribes in the claarest manner not onln painting but also 
the making of glass and metal works. Copies of the S$chedula are 


-teve bas as &t edt Gi foed Seotse vitreg tede berseaeng 
ne. tree at gf] taeda yo betibe [ler ysev eis yedTt -retrxenes 
a... namiep bobs ott) .saceiv .S .foV :ote .mettiade 
® eat efamaxe to) 28 ,aeoeiq at wiotontetiee vlerttas ton : a 
Téyenlse of atdgil off entoete sot Boer “eteatmul fh” woke 
; -ofditgiflotnian &e 
eBiood to patitnatsed 
Pesorla od ysm dotew exood to 10 tnemdoveg so Rakdubed | ar. 
itin biel sie ercioo ed? .eespotq- etegmet-s vifeqtonisg et ~~ 
mo Siem ton ysu di dedi sebte ai yflesotveig isnt .nomndls 
(ot setsed af tetted 10 dtolo « danvotdd beatarte ei .el 
es di of bebbe ei setsw sbelifael[s ed afege soit vavn 
) BRe seek bas setew tod ,beew od oels aso eiloy bhe asdesd 
i ae sito eisoe ton aeob ti dedd, od Hobhs.sd seum oom. 
et tact \enintce bas deel ber best etidn tysexe euoloo [1hy 
© sottutoe & .oGsk ,eu2 déin bextit od cele apo  bopudls ope eying 
- fiebesn tott aieet osfs bas amlq ,qit9do)- mpg elcasepsy a to 
pets sons eew Oidens nog opis bas ,codex aren nk (esert bev 
eda) mbuceles” to hsedtent bevolese zev-dotdw ,meety daeiasa®? 
ithiness $ud. ,memndis eye dtiw bext? tom vew ,eiood rot trolled 
wie 40 nize wseyecty lavlidqooed?) entry d#iw soorsos erotmar of 
he Pbext? exw (uolod sea) “meifot®’,.f(oainseS) sLoy gke so app 02 
Denot atin betated sow 3k gatytd tette brs ,couwdis Rye 10 eats 
TiSaaee 4(Od),cedd jenlidqoed?) momndis gne ditw entwaso 1 ant 
easel \baek Bet to bavowg # wo biel eee tevkte +o etnoad 
oats 6 ,eey diiv tavedorsag ett ao yiioesib 16 ettdy yuo baa 
| Efegxo seule outs 10 .-ote ,tindelee ,sedtaol ,eentgaiai 36 
ofeboold siin co dtcot s dtiw betetiog weisl bos boklaqgs san 
ed 188 of ©& .eqed® ,enLidgoed?) | 
Beme i «. fo so sseqmes ni gotinkeq feast 
S yetoob .elensq stevie to gutinteg edd sot gaidateq Lened 
Bip co dtin eleiretex feliis bas boor to eleezev .elemsg ant | | 
2 esi hoe ,borshianeo ed ot ek ment! so 1eddsel to bakrevoo & a 
gas sobsl .bedisoeeb sani as .dostateq steqwes a ylevety |) am 
p tidin saitnis¢ dbehwloai deed ef aniiniag steqwet to noktea | ‘ae 


od Liw .yscod 2s doe eieiseten behlis doe eavy doalg tomy a 

ae gntds ylicow cew .cutd aeuel est of  ulisioeges B28 ste Oe 

Bein fo suce dtiw tievs bas vader to besten cagenty. Se 
sie wedtexos foniol [fer sbisod etaxsébé is en8h. eh ike heat 
a £0 yemil olvenso for btxo to sae: Baorte oR ai at a 
fii ' ; f 


mri ‘ ‘ 


As rh ie Pate ie gar Sa ak il a a 
nae oe wae ae een ee Ye 


1080 
preserved that partly extend back in the 18 th and even the 128th” 


centuries. They are very well edited by Albert flg in QHai tens m 
chriften, ete. Vol. 7, Vienna. (The added german translation Th 
not entirely satisfactory in places, as for example the expres- 
Sion “illuminare” used for placing the lights is always given 
as unintelligible, 

Painting of books. 

Painting on parchment or of books, which may be placed first, 
is principally a tempera process. The colors are laid with egs 
albumen, that previously in order that it may not make a wrink- 
le, is strained throush a cloth or better is beaten to foam and 
must then again be clarified: water is added to it as needed. 
Beaten egg yolks can also be used, but water and then ess albu- 
men must be added to that it does not scale off. 

All colors except white lead, red lead and carmine, that req 
uire egs albugen, can also be fixed with sum, i.e., a solution 4 
of a vegetable sum (cherry, plum and also resin from needel-lea- 
ved trees) in warm water, and also Sum arabic was known. ' a 

Spanish green, which was employed instead of “Salzegrfin (sée 
below) for books, was not fixed with egg albumen, but according ~ 
to various sources with wine (Theophilus), vinegar, urine or al- a 
so gum or egg yolk (CGennino). “Folium” (see below) was fixed by : 
urine or egg albumen, and after drying it was ainted with fol- 
ium or carmine with egg albumen (Theophilus, Chap. :40). Gold b 
bronze or silver was laid on a ground of red lead, vermilién a 
and egg white or directly on the parchment with gum, a size made 
of isinglass, leather, selskin, etc., or also alum, oxgall, etec., 
Was applied and later polished with a tooth or with bloodstone. 
(Theophilus, Chaps. 29 to 38). 

Panel painting in tempera or oil. 

Panel painting for the paintings of altar panels, doors, ceil- 
ing panels, vessels of wood and allied materials with or without 
a covering of leather or linen is to be considered, and was pre- 
viously a tempera paintings, as just described. Under the desigs- 
nation of tempera painting is best included paintins with ess, 
guml plant sums and allied materials such as honey, milk, beer, 
etc. Ess, especially in the later time, was mostly thinned with 
vinegar instead of water, and even with some oil. 

BaR6LS WEFS SF SBBarate voards well joined together and then 


glued with strong cement of curd and caustic lime, on this was 


a ‘Yo bavory gnitaieg 6 Bods jeentl <0 aeK2ser Botnbees | Mm 


ete to 2ehid mort béfred) oste dttw sueqes Beatoteo 


‘an pHinpe itin dioowe heddna sedt bre eomtt feuevee heliags . i 
tenes hed offs bivoe ‘habowR” ¥fado ei? .c0fos oat engo vidi ad | ' be 
aoe “bertrs no herives0 vffLetoegte deotin boom ete ao ylséoos Va 

ytow Baleateq [sanm nt ovfa ba6 gattateag feseq af Biob . ve a! 
iia. (eew bas sreyel evom to eho Gi etkiw ue nO Itself Boy aa a rR 
z a evo betated seve co 'Bedegtog | IM 


- aetts decs .pristaisg Lousq Yo seleeqe & 25 galiiaies Lio 


Bee iéoasce mou) ,yaamaed at xlésdord Gon elise ytov boi sovat 
hosg "SS .q .¥seant ,teanod ees) Iho feseni{ henistdo selgoag 


| 
~~, 


¢ Baa Lio beesail sebau enoto ne bavo1g et])ew esolos off 
i D tone Sot eyeb {asoves sol ove eft mt vaotyrb « Adie botiaqgs ns 
¥ (defetay s Soiigas cen vllectt 1408 . gedd- 2vildgoeat) taos 
9 a mug teaq Tf has fio beesstl to etueq & gnitiod | 
be S a Betis wole ed¢ osm gaiteiag Fig ri soetes od? . (IS .qadd 
pi dete gokiaieq yd heosfqed sax tt Yor biest ot ertoleiods 
G2 UFiw Potooo catwetif ecw dofdw yuny Yo acktulée « 40 nkees 
Bie ; »6vods teiatet 
4 908s i of sow bos eh wel duadsoums #e0n et boivaieg Letawy 
res Ssopesenuotio cwor tobau vadt ,evofLoo swil six nal¢oiag 
(8 obs mesogs Ssie diiw exoicd .a@senoiw sxequsd edd Yo bER ett 
, ey ii | _.  ,foldsevo ak east omos 
See | yuitmkes comers 
“no proLos sian dtiw betotsg od od anord Ilo ef goper?. sper ' 
| i sd Wagon Bberiofdd siesBiae 2 dtiw dolly paiveteata feest sf? 
ad dete Asow odd ad Psiyrwe teytipes sostiv Ep eb eno vino 
? hong {few eit no pidestl bedestets oedd ch Gakwees ey “Tete 
ewetsystg ylevolvesg « quon osetecoe stow Yo thedntet sexs | 
| sooo: ems eontisuo edd Ons’ gmiveter!o ety ao besetg bt goo || AY 
Peuodsin ceis sede beboloxse gon st Ti SOY .Jatog ofF adkq 
ni? oF ud beidderoe eve esuiivvo Lay toanted sa¥ noostes edt 
b aedsue goed sted o¢ wene cenetine gsve. een demos wiged . 
Ho Sid Ic shecis ne Yo avasguyds edd Yo ebiedwe eit ao se” 
and oft of eninetasly ent .febreyva de feabedseo aed ¥o ke 
} cg ot averb tend oti) basd velwbssiot 5 yo Seavieae ae 
t itive bas tednegoa’ conn Lonnenguted ete! hee OR) Oa 


> a ‘ar an : an ? ‘ : af > La 2 7 | 
the rt ‘ ' > spy hg a) fs ” ; : : f : nly kg ; 
; n t at (es ae" yee rn a wy aan ds fe <2 
Ry ee yt oie a FE ons Na OR se 


7081 
cemented leather or linen, then a painting ground of chalk or 
calcined gypsum with size (boiled from hides or deerskin) was 
applied several times and then rubbed smooth with equisetum. 
On this came the color. The chalk ground could also be laid di- 
rectly on the wood, which especially occurred on curved surfac- | 
es. Gold in panel painting and also in mural painting was laid 4 
as gold leaf on egg white in one or more layers and was then 
polished or even paintei over. 

Oil painting is a species of panel painting, that already sac 
invented very early and probably in Germany, from whence other 
peoples obtained linseed oil (see Donner, Anmerk. p. 28 to 38h, 
The colors were ground on otone under linseed oil and then oft- 
en applied with a dryins in the sun for several days for each 4 
coat (Theophilus, Chap. 20). Finally was applied a varnish made . 
by boiling 2 parts of linseed oil and 1 part gum (Theophilus, 
Chap. 21). The defect in oil painting was the slow drying, and 
therefore in rapid work it was replaced by painting uith liquid 
resin or a solution of gum, which was likewise coated with the 
varnish above. 

Mural painting is most important for us and was in fresco or 
painting with lime colors, that under some circumstances had t 
the aid of the tempera vrocess. Colors with size appear to have 
come less in question. 

Fresco painting. 

True fresco is well known to be painted with water colors on 
the fresh plastering, which with a moderate thickness. must be 
only one day old, which reguires carrying on the work step by 
step. The drawing is then sketched lightly on the wall and is 
then painted; by more accurate work a previously prepared cart- 
oon is placed on the plastering and the outlines are indented 
with the point. Yet it is not excluded that also without using 
the cartoon the principal outlines are scratched in to fix them 
better. Sometimes even surfaces seem to have been sunken deeper, — 
as on the outside of the tympanum of an arcade of the cloister 
of the cathedral at Stendal, the plastering in the tympanum is 
enclosed by a triangular band (like that drawn in Fig. 1502 4), 
whose panels are alternately sunk somewhat and still retain ves- — 
tises of red color. A similar arrangement of the plasterins is ; 
executed for the painting in a very happy at the recently built @ 
church of the holy cross in Berlin. 4 


ee ae OH ol » 5 Wi a il 
. ri ven ms ii i ;, i : 
ea) eee i ho 
' a : ee} 


“oe solsetat edt ai hetetesiq etew noon thee Ife eres? 
Poi a: Yo ¢avocos so nvode ed fon biuoe dofdw ,tobretxe edt no 
Smem Letutoucts ext bas senote tuo yltsen jeonsusenge ssivgetst 
yeaa wobaiw bus zohsois tot ,tetesl¢ inodtinw beniames e10¢- 
- Bdmot ent mo tnd ,teteenq tuodiin evael ot Semotavoos een aon 
toa Ben ti cody ,tstesiq yd betevco ed of saw.qitse elibia efit 
| et tasxtaco al .tervuel Yo taveoos no enose tuo 1o ebem ed of 
| gt yatretesis edt ,soewoHh eft to daoidt mo 8 of © to aueyel edd 
kh edt eeonc0e of hexivpet en aotds oe vino esw sepe elbbim ent 
Det uileues som e4u besetesia ed of Yincesm off .vobtixaluverak 
a gainisac: eoestanue esse edi to etas¢ sreostiha odd woled baseeo 
© fhame ett 1603 besseiorg tedisa gaisvetesi{q eff bas ,#k tuodtinv 
F ; -peuhe edd ze beloved sew Bos (mo S\f tuods) easavoine 
~pattalrsa emil ~beltilgaia 

Pass ‘oe: nob ei ellis .sono ts botsosexs od ot Bi antéoisa edd tI 
rc Do csac @nob ed of ef ti 2i dud .(evode ect )enniueteely deert eid 
Se fads ,e2vbeoory saslgwie bas bseo doom s yd bebks et eno nods 
‘ yr i9v: @ved svin of tnstrogni yitastolttvue ei ¢1 .bedat{dades Iler 
)pemed sited oc) ef gasp ni ¢i to exer enltdcoed? sedw cited 
| (II .fo¥. to Ob .g a0 
Pife* 7Of .qedd to bee edt te newts ylteiad srow ek omee, od? 
So eaenw Dexim sd ot ots ersdto tehae [Sew edt ao bsoslg esafoo 
oe ea neexy has “deooen” could r9bat-.ysihiloe t¢ desooos so euki 
bss sitoo dieensd jeadoo ber gsoilimusy ssbhan {hesl bea beoslg 
V8) “,oufl diftw bexiv srcicoo, smse sit esveel 
Soke stie fidin hexim sve exoloo edt dadd ebssoomg dk ekdd work: . 
& dod yilen besotsion ylewoivesg edt ec beriggs eda bas earl 
| rite Brel ers ,iiew of earl atin saixin used gon ob tedd e2ofoo 
fos) tshac Ifeaw y15 ybsosle as go eeeoots sieqmed edt yd ebranse 
by pevS, dae eroloo omil ots exodmem onotr tuo Sue eletiqss 10% , 
p Ole aids bos .scode eit no yltoe1ibh becslg yldoenpert exe blog 
om palgay 2oivten sedte wilaxsse3 tu8 .eeostawe few 102 essood 
pedd bas omil to ulin oiguie déiw sedd tesco texft mem. elisy be 
| a0 .seencat! eidd so ylioinp grey asofoe oonsat ronto, edt gigas 
[net of dt €f sdt aozl ekasteisg ai Sovot ers basotz efidw etat 
\Mevig esecotebay nwotd to ;w1g odd drodiin oals eetustaso Ad 
: ‘Batfage: esa noilinzev bas se978 seqgoo .sisse dsdt .eolidaoss? 
. i" ab Baker asi sests 1¢ ,ontl et oo wisest redtorn ,xitoerth 
* Bi .nosen boe aloy 359 détw sulidgoed? qd bedtwoesb renmsm sad 
) sid tebav cals eroloo sez, egedd sovooxol, ‘ataiiiien ot bred» 
< ele: 

ik m > \ 


| ce Mat A , y if L r Le lithe! y Py 


" 

- 
< 
- 


4932 


Those wall surfaces were plastered in the interior andisiee | 


on the exterior, which could not be shown on account of a too 
irregular appeapance; neatly cut stones and the structural — 
bers remained without plaster, for arcades and window arches m on 
men were accustomed to leave without passter, but on the jambs a 
the middle strip was to be covered by plaster, when it was not a 
to be made of cut stone on account of louvres. In contrast to 
the layers of 5 to 8 cm thick of the Romans, the plastering in 
the middle ages was only so thick as required to conceal the i 
irregularities. The masonry to be plastered was not usually eee 
cessed below the adjacent parts of the same surface remaining a 
without it, and the plastering rather projected for its smali 
thickness (about 1/2 em) and was beveled at the edges. 
Simplified lime painting 

If the paintings is to be aetna at once, this is done on b 
the fresh plastering,(See above), but if it is to be done later, — 
then one is aided by a much used and simpler procedure, that is 7 
well established. It is sufficiently important to give here ver~ | 
batim, what Theophilus says of it in chap. 15 (See hatin text 4 
on p. 640 of Vol. II). 

The same is more briefly given at the end of Chap. 16; “all 
colors placed on the wall under others are to be mixed with 
lime on account of solidity. Under blue “menesh” and sreen is 
placed red lead’? under vermilion red ochre; beneath ochre and 
leaves,the same colors mixed with lime.” 

From this it proceeds that the colors are mixed with milk. of 
lime, and are applied to the previously mointened wall: but such 
colors that do not bear mixing with lime so well, are laid aft- 
erwards by the tempera vrocess on an already dry wall under color. 

For capitals and cut stone members the lime colors and even 
gold are frequently placed directly on the stone, and this also 
occurs for wall surfaces. But generally after wetting unplaster- 
ed walls, men first coat them with simple milk of lime and then 
apply the other fresco colors very quickly on this limewash. On 
this white srouad are found in paintenss from the 13 th to 15 
th centuries also without the grar) or brown undercoats given by 
Theophilus, that azure, copper green and vermilion are applied 
directly, whether freshly on the lime, or after its drying in 
the manner described by Theophilus with ess yolk and water, is. 
hard to determine. Moreover these three colors also under the 


1b axe bas .ylbed ie erie wesiuntasa retel to nadhasete ete 
sdeeb 1s cogett Lo abindost edt tot exoloo eldating B 
| » st eodem omit edd tedt wisdon 102 betese vlatetreo el eg 
a) i 8 tev .ais edd ok yLfeshesb enedish notliwzey sseddelt. 
| _ -Lto stiw nedt omit odin eael ie 
j +Rattnieg emil sot eldstinge axolod 
. 6 a Revoigqe sien sedé ,etoloo emi! se oovent teromg cdf 
Wh y 1 -ovit gaiwollot edt xs eeys sibbin edd bab ysiup 
ez ps bexitliaw een (aesew bos eatl bedele) emit to afih .f 
pipe sedi e1oloo weddo et datiem rot toled 2 es .soloo edt 
eae” -Svfeeshs as 28 
rn tase 7" eqooo (yslo déin bexin sdacbydexe aott) ,endog | £ 
nt? Ne. | enmolfey to esnoe ¢mevetirh ak 
i m@ eeel io siom dvtw abixo sort) ,etdod ber 16 tampa Lf 
e veer Uo Snibsosiq edt mort beatetde ef to sistem nt etmooo Ry 
siigos: ya Sodisoesh ean bus ,eehs sibbim edt at Ieven esw fotdy 
@ “y dtin @bnisateg solitstjeltnoo daeostbe as ys -€ -gadd ak ent 
a2 gomt .be% deifent a0 best Ssawd sertiemos exe eadoo wolley 
3 ‘blo Ot dod .etouborg tslinie ste asetton degso boa bet nstbal 
erinee 2 veel owt oft usdt asédgtid bre se1selo yileisaes esx 59% 
: toon to Isoo1sdo soxt goals ab 
cbr emiss ,8bixo everest yd hexoloo eséotlia) ddese ns|esd .2 
2 ptsenvor .ftiss sesnote’ 2s ysbos anond at sedt .fontaned ak 
= Of .9007 neers detysth asiomd @e snived .aesth enove bre nes 
Ba: Bakbicoss jedt .eclidgoos? to auntess? edd ek saad beaotinsr 
a) bavors Som at ,atoloo dosfd bas masi> sas éssiosongge © .andd 
ft press bee .teJsw t9bas dtolo dgeordd borisite af tnd ,adote sat | 
a 19) G@uiiosies .{isw dee1t 6 no aee72 es Laleau yteg ed ot eaB).) ie . 
j bA on fitin awolfer mott benisddo a0l0o § asteothat osla (tS 
faisg.Isive 1ci sidsiine ee msem ddise csmsq ef dotnw enim 10 
he esotiasa piewvorvesg atolos gaiwollot sit tedden? ox6 erent 
p39 Balise ont Gas ,eutl Adin hexim ed wove aso tedd .moiliavey Beh 
re  asdo Af esdinozed eultdgoed? yasorsm bre awigles wort dotdw 
‘ges A evods e9@ ,cee%3 detmse ton tay). reerk 75900@ hstenine ps ‘ 
8 alae meouh cs Sb .ged0 at bediuozeh st doidr ta noigavaqgesg J) 5/7) o 
: mients neared) sid asqgoo ylteom eau teddel sat .eutd bag) ae 
f Pen et? fos wold tfedeq: ctoxex .(omtaasd af sagem effeh © /)) # 
reeks, « -(ilesal eigsl betebwag) eniies stile enip fete <a 
¢ vas Bewolls ylissottibcos ed of exssqge- neddint! 
heneeinertiets ere Lng eonse sete to vatein 29 rea 


nf 
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iti a ‘ * a: ; ; rx ts 


493 
_limewashes of later centuries, have kept badly, and the less s_ 
suitable colors for the technics of fresco are destroyed. (It 
is certainly stated for cobalt, that the lime. makes it somewhat 
flatter. Vermilion darkens sradually in the air, yet apparently _ 
less with lime than with oil. by 
Golors suitable for lime painting. a 
fhe proper fresco or lime colors, that were approved in anti- a 
quity and the middle ages are the following five. a 
4. Milk of lime (slaked lime and water) was utilized as a wh- 
ite color, as a éolor for makink the other colors lighter and @ 
as an adhesive. oa 
2. Ochre. (iron oxyhydrate mixed with clay) occurs in nature 
in different tones of yellow. D. 
3. Burnt or red ochre,(iron oxide with more or eee ice . 
occurs in nature or is obtained from the preceding by heating, 5 
which was usual in the middle ages, and was described by Theoph- 
ilus in Chap. 3. By an adjacent conflagration paintings with y a 
yellow ochre are sometines burned red. Our English red, iron red, 
Indian red and caput mortuum are similar products, but the old q 
red was generally clearer and brighter than the two last wen tioned. 
4, Black from charcoal or soot. a 
5. Green earth (silicate colored by ferrous oxide, terre verde 
in Cenninol, that is known today as Veronese earth, mondtein sr- 
een and stone green, having a broken srayish green tone. To be a 
mentioned here is the Prasinus of Theophilus, that according to 
Chap. 2 approaches the green and black colors, is not ground on 
the stone, but is strained through cloth under water, and appe- — 
ars to be very useful as green on a fresh wall. Heraclius (Chap. 
37) also indicates a color obtained from mallows with vinegar 4 
or wine, which he names earth sreen es suitable for mural painting, 
There are further the following colors previouslry mentioned. 
Vermilion, that can even be mixed with lime, and the making of 
which from sulphur and mercury Theophilus describes in Chap. 41,4 
an animated wopper sreen (yet not Sanish green, see above), the — 
preparation of which is described in Chap. 42 as green salt, a 2 
and blue. The latter was mostly copper blue (German blue, Azuro 4 
della magna in Cennino), rarely cobalt blue and the verry valua- 4 
ble genuine ultra marine (powdered lapis lazuli). a 
There further appears to be conditionally allowed the purplish ] 
color folium, of which three kinds are distinguished by Theophi- _ 


Be teats o<s eee ine ‘sens shox? an ahs oe iveauedhl 
th i tf okseaweo bas sofa besioles centy to efem at dotdw 
bey weane uilstooqes e214 reds qomte tuottin euae est eva aredto 
1 at nen jetade rehto of antbuoooe hae e¥cod al boottanampi st ak q 
 ¥ ee ipent y7e"r ‘woken A +BERS doiv berts oeoqgsEg eidt 103 eqs ‘a 
brs “nedotd * vex doide ."deonon™ eh eolitqoed™ yg pent snes | a 
tala hy een coltatis heaaltnen S70%0d sit of 2aGki16088 ae 
it Sdpuoss foo sak mossy gaa dveb off .eroLoo emit dity Ee 
aise evs beoel etidwv Suse tnowgia blog ,ewil dale soatnos > 
D§atbroocs heel fot . ent ming omtf tod beaw ed offton es) ee 
ee tie ditn eebst {fo dtiw .ifew ed? ao sxsh eseoosds onin i 
iB axoaras Sot berimaeteh cofoo deolt « es sevty a lidqoedt 
‘eng seat Bae .wotlingey has eptadtil ,beel ot tdw (2 qadG 
Beek hea enon Yo beecqmoo ak * .gadd of yatheooos ce tag 
hi addin Coolt sexia ef patinisg Lesym <0% -GolLlinaey e1om k 
al (eeeiein © ef exedt eqedued .(8t .qedd) soiiisvey Bae sadoo 

a gh- 088 <euimeteo ,beol etidwu) stati-dasit to enntxin eda 

ala Smoosd eved eeost ent sheritatsg hilo ak xdw eewas 

et tuode) Bere to fasbedtee edd st Neda iat fsauvm edt £0 | 


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ee 
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. ‘bes ostbei ots fotdw gaome ,eroleos olnagto debe eas ¥lneal | ts 

3) Veer i Yd Beyoulseh sre ,siptel ak fnenenteg iom vbsexts onlkm. a 
Bement setolos to egnsdoretat .sheds bas dpid | i 
a. a ~Lolxeq ylase edt to tnomtzend teife? ee : 
| esto WHSIA .doiwolflo? ext esw gattateq oi siubsoocg edt ey 
ts  feqtontas edt , bapote eet ao egantfigo sgt ankdogexve “0 ni Bs 

b Beves eter seedy so bas tedto dose. ebleed diel orem esnoe | , 


% cs sah ay 
. eeeheda edd tot eoncs ssddhtl ebte asito. etd so Sas) 14, ie 


Yo soddal edt .exoloo texzeb at aalzin yd Benketdo etew mada 
Si vires text? oil of evidw to 10 profes taddpil to ao. it oo 
tie edd {itow .sewomed Stel teva stew senod, ‘sat : re 
Site [BAS Bein ddin feds es sooo ome oft to omks yaeh 6 pee 
‘ febon cols font l deedsid edit bued tei¢e edd 00 -besad eren een 
st02201 eng bepors tebil 8 détw ted? eat fog te & Ot Sebapd 2 ‘ } 

d 1 ba 5 of suo gino seaod Tex4Ed uc vine tad) sai kde S18y of 

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4884 7. 
Theophilus in Chap. 40 fred, purple and sapphire) the first of i 
which is made of urine, calcined ashes and caustic lime, the o 
others are the same without line; ther are especially employed 
‘in illum&nations in books, and according to other statements a 
are for this purpose fixed with eggs. A color very frequently 
mentioned by Theophilus is “menesh”, which was a broken blue ana 
according to the before mentinned citation was likewise used w ‘ 
With lime colors. The dark sap green was not brought into direct — 
contact with lime, gold pigment and white lead are designated a 
as not to be used for lime pain ing. Red lead according to Gen- 
nino becomes dark on tho wall, with oil fades with white lead. 
Theophilus gives as a2 flesh color determined for tempera in 
@hap 1, white lead, litharge and vermilion, and that for red 
parts according to Chap. 4 is composed of some red lead with 
more vermilion. For mur3l painting he mixes flesh with lime, o 
ochre and vermilion (Chap. 15). Perhaps there is a mistake in 
the mixture of flesh.tints (white lead, carmine, etc..), that 
cause why in old paintings the faces have become ontirely white. 7°43 
On the mural paintings in the cathedral of Riga (about 1800) t 4 
the colors of the skin have not only bleached under the later 
plastering, but have so far disappeared, that they do not reta- 
in the painted outlines, and the same is the case for parts of 
the garments apparently painted with like colors. Very particu- 
larly are most organic solors, among which are indigo and a car- a 
mine already not permanent in light, are destroyed by lime. : 

Light and shade, interchange of colors. 
Relief treatment of the early period. 

The procedure in painting was the followings. After soraten hae 
in or sketching the outlines on the ground, the principal flat 
tones were laid beside each other and on these were placed dark- 
er and on the other side lighter tones for the shades. The first 
were obtained by mixing in darker colors, the latter by the ad- 
dition of lighter colors or of white to the first sround tone. 
Phen the tones were ever laid narrower, until the deepest shade 
was a dark line of the same color as that with which the outli- 
nes were drawn. On the other hand the highest light also mostly on 
extended to a light line that with a light ground tone increased — 
to pure white, but only on darker tones only came to ochre with 
or without the addition of white, as well as to cobalt blue, ¢ 4 
green, flesh red (burnt ochre and white). In Byzantine and Barly 4 


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Romanesque times men shaded quite in relief accordins to tradi 
tions of antiquity, but still in @ conventional Way. Theophilus 
describes in @haps. 14 to 16 verg fully for clothing, other ob- 
‘jects and rainbows, and in Chaps. 1 to 13 the very careful | tre- 
atment of flesh. In this time for all round parts, such as the | 
limbs of men, folds of clothing, trunks of trees, towers, chods — 
offearth and scrolls in ornament, the lishts were laid at the | 
middle and then were a series of 4 to 6 or even 12 steps. down 
to the outline color at the edge, and sometimes then went. froa 3 
white throush yellow and red or blue, etc., to black;- the cm 
color first laid underneath was then somewhat darker, according © 
to Theophilus it was the 7 th with 12 tones, the 4 th for 6, en 
the 3 rd place for 5. For44 or 3 tones the pure color was not 
the ground tone, but a somewhat lighter steb was chosen-and on 
this was laid only one shade tone to the outline. The old pain- | 
tings prove this. / 

For objects not round, that it was not desired to leave'in og | 
one color, they placed the light at one edge aiid the dark shade 
at the other. Thus were shaded also the leaves of Romanesque ; 
ornament as indicated in Fis. 1492, aig 


Flatter treatment in middle and later times. | 

The excessively stron¢é shading in relief is reduced in the t 
transitional time and makes in the Gothic time a flat painting 
with moderately strons indication of the shades and lights or 
indeed also without these. In the last case the painting cons- 
ists only of uniform tones and outlines, whereby is obtained a 
very quiet and noble effect and an arrangement of the surface. . 

An example that the first transition from Romanesque to Gothic 
modes of treatment very beautifully illustrates, is presented 
by the painting in the choir square of the cathedral at Brunsyw- 
ick, a portion of which is represented in Figs. 1491 to 1491 b. 
The aShlars beneath are yellow ochre (apparently changed to li- 
ght gray, which is elsewhere found for ochre, for example on 
garments in the cathedral at Riga, where the lights are spared i? 
out, the joints being white with brownish red lines at each side. 
The draperies above are alternately blue, red, green and yellow, % 
the under surfaces visiblae at the lower edge always have the 
color of the adjacent tapestry. On the ground tone of the adrap- 
ery lies only a shade tone and a light, (on Fig. 1491 the light 
lines are dotted) and then come the dark brown outlines, which 


Uebiwjee © cools et shtotielt te Hedsqeb okt ak nvaxb: area ia 

a aa orien. ater. yltzon ous ebiod edt oute ordeon. eds at be i a 

soa oh ad Uae fanottnevace & at betsntbat e168 yodd. an Bie) 

ee e623 aresned. beosla BE erelfod owt dose neewted (bas Bir.) 

Cae ey gntgead es) avaib- epbe erede & dtiw blot 2 soteseq a 

cn meson on vet vlao ytoqdsth edt oaes yatheossq eds ariel,” — 
: MEAD tébxod 2 Yé6 hetved tauh-et ephe:aottod edt has ,eghm 
oo. spvoda as atetieq 4 eeviooes ylisnan oostina outs ne ek? , 


are | . SBT od RDEE ee 
p biste a itsesed besesaest ef Aolvaaut® af) yct seqas ad? ee, 

8 i) Sebade chovor voliey tas Ber vennan walints #02 ert | a 
Gis teat vyl@ ower opetiot edt woled bas evods kavsxe Ve ia 

bia eda fs, yilanipi¢o @¢ axegnol ea ote Savon ed? to°2tay © i ia 
Efc? ent vot tar vigsen so eietiina exes bas, ephe ene TH1s¢6HR CFE an 
erat OTs served! eibbia ed? ,bavowg evid aseh « sad boned ope : ae 


{ ods gould See aoory eletantetia es nevee! tiled ect bes , ae 
. é7e aeno ve8eqau efi bee tefoiy 1éyif ets eevael Listen? 
7 woe 018 bua obivw om © of & O48 continuo cwacd dish ed? 
fal bs BET? ebix cs € yleosveoe enil ectidw evisoetie.quie+v 6 xd 
mst gine ,bettiac ybooeris ote SCSI y2% at se seaot hegqese 
Jemgot buwown edi teen soles agebh & of baoaty ylbeort* ans 
| ‘Bebst ovsd atoloo ono8 .eaks aword quede « elbbim edt 28 x 
ghterca avons gasmanio edt ealetedto tad ,desvetidu cotel ede 7 Chae 
ee Gi dotdw .poinearh das exoieo edt te oottawbory (ods ab itoen N 

#069 weiqea seuso: wns ai troemanto fetaisq vd Seeeagive yieo 

vi eteawtas & tnd beaobande si teitfos wt exstiol et te snewts 

»bentstex ef exciloo Loqge?s edt to ysigq 

-6Rpetiot hbetoteq ext to Snomtaatt 

iamon edd ci sinooo cele eted? sseisot behsde ond eobhiaed ip 

pies ea bagoty i718 99 Idyts ated ,sgeifot emordoonos eoubh\) | 
pdasensd etom s eemmase sede di bre .basord td3il so daa. 

e1% edt wort swoidel oft Ob! \ECbP a SCI .epk8) eg > Oe 

08 09. (basors téatl 8 no.mword deibbss gated tLe0o te, couse |) i 
pe eeatituo Assh détw roloo slanie & io ylieom ef. ager lod | “He te 
exon esvad tesignie eft ai yderedT (COD! .e bOdt weds) | a ee 
sok) kevesl aif rot eno evan tmetst32b eeadt be)” 
i elguaxe set) asni{ino bas elforon edt tod baooee more 
suid oefe aud .etidn) benomk edd rot drbdd edt bas Camosd) 
adam nee +( ade biog seeomp xmab! | 


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are also drawn in the depths of the folds is lines 5 mm wide, 


In the Gothic time the folds are mostly left entirely without 
Shades, they are indicated in a conventional way by stiff ines, 
and between each two hollows is placed beneath the point of sus- 
pension a fold with a sharp edge drawn as hanging vertically. c 

In the preceding case the drapery only has an upper decorated { 
edge, and the bottom edge is just marked by a border or fringe, 
Tae entire surface usually receives a pattern as shown by Figs. 7 
1503 to 1506, 

The tapestry in Brunswick is fastened beneath a blue Shaded | 
bar. In a similar manner red and yellow rounds Shaded in rohien 
extend above and below the foliage frieze, Pig. 1491 a. The Mie 
ghts of the round are no longer as originally at the middle, but a 
are nearer one edge and are entirely or nearly white. The foki- | 
age band has a dark blue ground, the middle leaves are flesh r 
red, the half leaves are alternately green and blue, the lower 
trefoil leaves are light violet and the upper ones are yellow,.. 
The dark brown outlines are 2 to 3 mm wide and are accompanied 
by a very effective white line scarcely 2 mm wide (Fig. 148% a}. 
Stepped tones as in Fig. 1492 are already omitted, only the ribs 
are broadly placed in a dark color near the ground tone and have — 
at the middle a sharp brown line. Some colors have faded under 
the later whitewash, but otherwise the ornament shows anrefine- _ 
ment in the graduation of the colors and drawing, which is scar- 4 
cely surpassed by painted ornament in any other style. The tre- 
atment of the foliage in relief is abandoned, but a salutary : 
play of the stepped colors is retained. 

Treatment of the painted foliage. 

Besides the shaded foliage there also occurs in the Romanesque 
time monochrome foliage, both lisht on dark ground as well as c 
dark on light ground, and it then assumes a more general charac- 
ter (Figs. 1502 k, 1498, 1493, the latter from the Prankenberg i 
church,at Goslar being reddish brown on a light sround). Gothic 
foliage is gostly of a single color with dark outlines and ribs. 
(Figs. 1494 a, 1495). Thereby in the simplest @ases were obtain- 
ed three different colors, one for the leaves (for example —_ 
the second for the scrolls and outlines (for example reddish b> 
brown), and the third for the sround (white, but also blue, vio- 
let, dark green, gold, stc.). Greater diversity of colors could 
be obtained by the occurrence of flowers, berries and accessorie 


a 
i 


edt to eR Pe Ab i qd ylevitostie stow iltte dnd 

wenn  tdnie [Lote suse edt no Setodtaderb eas audé, -esvesl | 
aq erst wink -»beveet bes bas mrowd dekwolley ,enld ,pee7 £58b 
ihe to nottansetis beterine £8 gaissoee to sneem tedtoak - 
aic ci etetenco pathade seif{is6e edt 1c etutiiedve & 8 
peabsso2 bea has gees etquaxe sot .sedto dose ebisced sezolos 
seer opis) gevsel wultme to vo Beol edt 20 aedek est Jo eevlad 
f taseih te eafooil .2 to dormudo eff moxt B8ht).git of .fo of 


) -bitue seals evad ecedoaneté Baa seveot edf ,meocp be bot sosuted 
/wineess ets eeno tefieme edtchnaibestots effounoe niempeds aes 
vi ae tte bexiw eeruRit edd to havowp ods oxedt eeniftwo inodein 
od featod e416 atnesénte ee er98ty ytd eft Rakbneons alioses edt 
otst edt al .etotad aevenu edt no yhtoorkh bial deswewtk ostinw e 


¥ 
ae tiseluaes eeueitnes setto atoloo ont to aolteatotle ens onkts 


 -pietaezeiges teadt. .@G2f .9f9 ai ea eifotoe bas soveol syeords 


/ 30 doando es? Yo Leqedo e to stfiwev edt Yo gattatag edt? Lo freq 
| go ybetesctros ets nooty bas bet eto .epodtesot ga falooih »& 
Ss woktex metoadne boa wsali .seosg base xyoald ese solqmaxe todso 
Bic obdtod eted to asety. oft dtin Ler etatoonce yilecones exico 
A ste eecupit neve hoe evenolt teers dtiv bontcmoo tade ,etloise 
Bakers ettcoupest ,etnewsiteqaoe to esostive fos elfan seovo bae 
RB edt .oysifo? aetfqse ed? of teastaoo ai toolie bied tedteq #8 


Leh esedd ter ,eocidw yitsom-et stnecsato oseds fo banody 
) ebtted xgodcetul ta bencitaenw Legado edt at eo ,ebhauery boxoloo 


as gash ¢ d¢tw ceetn sanil eta vous es aomseiteqmos etigw 
i. ; . 


( . -in@usate ewoudco 
py ede. ak teowlfotos Lettqe cidtod efad Ic toetto edt et rotten 
ease bow oonecaiaacei edi octet beeesq sar ti ,SORLT Lge to aiergy 
a eats: to ehfeid2e to etiemled edt to gaitrevoo od 4013 boule saek > 
at ef eas mort Atowboow cio bevaso oefe atwooe yitaenpesi bas 
etetet to geosttue tebas bas teaqn edT .yaptoeo di VI eft ofak 
to bea bas see eiguexe rot ,erofoo taeteltiks oved eoveod, 
veel ed 0 atatog edé etawot atoloo on? eobteed ,ouid bos 


To SePee Rees PA gL Li most as. cnet Lees cae sol ad |) Gage l sagegene 


ae | | . «Bhet.to arosg tdgil octet 16 ceers 
ad sarofoe ont af segnedd 

» useors vitor s et exolso [ange owt Yo aotizazetia oft. 
mitnoo ,yrbfersd at oldsod etel bes efbbhin ost Satasb feb 


| bepivie e168 eeqsiy to eedonacd edt tnd ,emotdoosom ons eovect 


of 8.90 osla bas: slaty canal to anksoteg eds ct dcop ae | _ 


4537 
but still more effectively by varied colorings of the different — 
leaves; thus are distributed on the same scroll light green, 
dark green, blue, yellowish brown and red leaves. ‘al 

Another means of securing an animated alternation of colors 
as a substitute for the earlier shading consists in placing 7 
colors beside each other, for example green and red for the two 
halves of the lobes of the leaf or of entire Lhexéa (Big. 1494 
b, c). In Fig. 1495 from the church of §. Nicolas at Wiemar them 
leaves are monochrome, but the branches of grapes are divided : 
between red and green, the leaves and branches have black outli- 
nes; thevmain°scrolis ateired’andrthe smaller ones are green w q 
without outlines; there the ground of the figures wixed with ¢. 
the scrolis ascending the high piers as ornaments are formed by 
@ white limewash laid directly on the uneven bricks. In the late 
time the alternation of two colors often continues regularly F 
through leaves and scrolls as in Fig, 1496, that represents a 
part of the painting of the vaults of a chapel of the chureh of | 
S. Nicolai at Juterbogk. Here red and green are contrasted, on 
other examples are black and green. Black and unbroken yellow 
ochre generally associate well with the green of Late Gothic 
Scrolls, that combined with great flowers and even figures ext- 
end over walls and surfaces of compartments, frequently haveing | 
& rather hard effect in contrast to the earlier foliage. The g 
ground of these ornaments is mostly white, yet there also occur 
colored grounds, es in the chapel mentioned at Juterbogk beside 
white compartments, they are light green with a darg green mon- 
ochrome ornament. 

Softer is the effect of Late Gothic spiral scrollwork in the 
style of Fig. 1497, it has passed into the Renaissance and was 
long valued for the covering of the helmets of shields of arms, 
and frequently occurs also carved on woodwork from the 15 th 4 
into the 17 th century. The upper and under surfaces of twisted 
leaves have different colors, for example green and red or green 
and blue, besides the colors towere the points of the leaves too 
frequently pass into another tone, as from light green into dark gi 
green or into light brown or red. y 

Changes in two colors. 

The alternation of two equal colors is a motive greatly exten- 
ded during the middle and late Gothic in heraldry, continuous 
ornament, in the paintins of mouldings and also on 3 large scale © 


pidizr to Wakes HENe Antenie perp 
“OF Toles io qsig ovisoaite micv s aiedde of ansem {fen ay 
bel ewchnix Sacer ve ecusttson0o eft pigizednk ak | 
seolyte I Goovidors [fe at egasdo 8 dove bextw990 wI0% te a — 
; Rot Pak ee [vileotnétess.erolea ont paitseger ddiw beoneawos bait A iva _ 7 
ane Ar be “sph -gie akvenseags ybeeole etedwoal® .OSMt bas ‘som 4) | 
| sae > 0k: pazetia ne Sradnebaetg se Legedo berolooisay eds Boh 
; Eeceestes kde edd. uebou noes bre, bot a9 Yeats bas bea) bono S68” 
- proloc edt osdy gostte edd ek msiivesg ytov tof . (tom 
| ben : ) ened }meapit ta tefookl »2 to, odamto edd mort ChE -Bit 1k 
as no duves edt to soviad oft ad etsateti« yioo ton weeth, bas » 
se ei rhe: f it bas edits e437 to shalbetige of3 go. besela sis ted; e088 
7 sett a ' toe ¢i bererso ylénecoet? eved meY .sifoioe paiyneqrooon |) 
| capa alfsw edd to etteg wo efaondusqmoo. To esess otitne a 
‘es elomene votsiedt ye10foo, sf soidentedis déiv betsos 7) am 
y ag Le eetoares Le bavoxs Sex no tnomanso edidw atin tae. | “ 
sbonovg ettdw co gvaougnte bet og 
',etoomsare [eotaterceb. Io aaclod 
ged eonte mzebom bus dseioas tc -nodioss gue neste ok 
-e eidiceog siam oF srson elcrise vitsupo dtie ton Boo 
shi edi wd eohe elhbim ond er ,tneadssad beaclos pier, ne 
baiaitoo 4 dttes sfhuke 2 dtiv seve so setdd ro.owsd dtif .doemes | ih 
a “4 evtssseqnco Géiw betseat aan sodsetottus .edidw emkl of bob ib a 
mee ronraete ene tc eneon a yléaoinorisd i Dap neonto£y ; ae 
270109 a 
1) ouéls. eiing. han i mar. 
Pie meiy edidtdxe +1 .oti00 tnisd esw tofvo soatsoget teow sdk, ae 
o Gagan téiteo bose 2aowts 2 Seal olssil ee. ciin Serta a et09 yg a 
id mas es ef ylnoumoo eson-ded .nwomd odnl seecesg seuttemoe. cn zt 
vf BOs goifiwiey, to evpdxia B sf of eoge sye bentating as 
ie ae " tt ‘BEI ts Isthsdtao edd af aottssotes1 to exaow dt al) 
“shecont: nee tad lsuce to hizo sot nsebom @ bait of tiootttih bavod) 
MMStR .wonot yeor Suieseig eeviy oxdoo bor gui to ALkw etom dokH) 
stidn aiiv bas esbets tnerettib at toleo elgate efdt., a 
toestiae si asve. to .betetoceh ed tneq lewtocdidows. as Bo a 
poses beroloo dd agen +4 as Siew 2s df Bee, or eghT ne 
Lt ale ai sone eletsiet ae | 
MN ual ttli sahiduteh beh ‘_ Ma 
jx n sbanbe. 9¢ solos Boooes.¢ Hh, | 


if ene ‘al ee AY a 


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$538 
in the general architecture of interiors, it was ronakbies with 
small means to obtain a vern effective play of color, to which 
in interiors the concurrence of colored windows led. In a more 
modest form occurred such a change in all architectural atyinecll ss 
f% commenced with repeating two colors rhythmically, as in Pigs. 
1502 and 1489. Hlsewhere allready appears in Fig. 1500 and 1501 
from the varicolored chapel at Brandenberg an alternation of 
the ground (red and gray or red and green under the white orna- 
ment). But very peculiar is the effect when the colors shift - 
ir Fig. 1499 from the churhe of S. Nicolai at Wiemar, where red — 
and greer not only alternate in the halves of the terminal ornatil 
ment, but are placed on the springings of the ribs and their ? " 
accompanying scrolls. Men have frequently carried it so far that | 
entire areas of compartments or parts of the walls have been om 
ecuted with alternation in colors, thatifor example a compartm- q 
ent with white ornament on red sround alternates with one havin 
red ornament on white ground. 
Colors of geometrical ornaments. “a 

No other art section of ancient and modern times has underst- a 
ood hor with equally simple means to make possible a satisfact- 
ory colored treatment, as the middle ages by its scometrical or- | 
nament. With two or three or even with a single earth color ad— | 
ded to lime white, antintertor was treated with comparative r 
richness and always harmoniously by means of the Simplicity of 
colors. 


Red ochre alone. 

The most important color was burnt ochre. It exhibits when p 
pure or mixed with a little lime a strong and quiet red, that 
Sometimes passes into brown, but more commonly is so fiery, that 
an untrained eye sees in it a mixture of vermilion and carmine. | 
(In the works of restoration in the cathedral at Risa it was 
found difficult to find a modern iron oxide of equal brightness). — 
With more milk of lime ved ochre gives pleasing rosy tones. With 
this simple color in different grades and with white may indeed ; 
an architectural part be decorated, or even in entire interior; 
Figs. 15 and 16 as well as Fig. 14 on the colored plate will al- 
low thés to plainly appear. 

Red ochre and black. 

If a second color be added, whether yellow ochre or black, + 

there is often a great diversity of tones. A beautiful example 


i i Ne my 
ives erdoo teayd Yo bla edt ettw eftdw edd nebkeot 
td te yfieottsev Hedetad) Bex deeft setdgil a hes bes 


Oxiw foide Yo tetdpif edt Aeilednoetrod bedoted) soncd 
Bich exe edt ao sed? ,Yorg omota tetup & eevlg emil seonm 
ot eee ae sed tedtal edt -bas ,yotp etele iceh s ek setcad 
a heats to enxtxim & woxt yottiveem eyanls ould os youebned 
sqexr O84! +Eie tadt ,hefoa ed yeu tf .egtt end nO .omil 
awe one to paiveote edt eta SHS hos FBSL .egtt dew seode 6 
a a  Besox ‘edt ors BEI of SBLt rege bas ,edte Lanogyfog 20 
Vv ee? ~@hsots on¢ to aynineso edt bawore pak 
[a9 acbtesee « eit gd em10d ef ssdoeseso Islinis yletites aA. 
) @Tednebssts $s fegsio Sedsseitsy sit mort esdow esos odd 
i nisy fenigiso edd of Qnoled dokdw .N@at bas OSbE .eeld ar 
cae } mommos V1Iev Si tsfito dosed shieed earot. vee bas bot tatoa ld 
2 a. Jon eseost yetZ dtin bas hag oiibim bas ylaes amex 


‘ ) 
pilbsgs 


918 sioloo sit doidw nao ee eG ts Siad pe eh ais 


‘ae 
cna Tee | ,ordoo wolley Bas bes 
Speth Bes ~ sdoltsbers eft ota T6mtsW hae svitcelts evow SIige2 


a 
 g woktoy eagoloo ont edt to 2eese sevip edt ot ®eA 0d xOm edt ok ~ 


i. 


i 


oC... OF @nodt "tno diin hetgesoxe epatinisg 8exfeo bes bae 
) egies onid noitteassd od nk basot riletosate e7E o3 tdw are 


eat 
¥ 


Go Rs ' -aeerg dirce bee aetoloo gathbeos+¢ est 
Bobas box .wolisy .etoloo eeidt edd to sooems0d0 mes Sth. 


Pbsbbe oeis.ci o1edd foe ,otefquoe aa ylotstves cele et doald 10° 


Bod eeodt at book risv .neeig dtuse reyolqus vleies stom edd 


ie. bale bee Bae tatoo ont dite patéatee & sod 
tid to > sakes ied 6 909 Yo iLiud sbtA So toseloLo eft 
ely 9 CRebr ot OBB) seRte) 0 


ion fom<ot ets do“etd L[eoeteds 10 fooe dtix bea (sedoteds 


eel .8i0 te shom sdy of batbroson Foods boty 


ead Gosld bas exdoo cele r9evesi0¥ -heots dogestqet neo teay, | 
pals od eontloat yes ineb sasdiqt sosia yenot detaeorwh sedéad 
fo to sen edt ai escloo souapenis aoe Sette eft cote ton eeeb spo 


4989 
for a painting with two colors, red and black, is pressaten: by 
the cloister at Riga built at the beginning of the 13 th enatae 
ry (Figs. 1480 to 1485). st 
tesides the white with the aid of burnt ochre produces a full 


red and a lighter flesh red (hatched vertically or black in them 
sketches) and with soot or charcoal black are formed two gray 
tones (hatched horizontally), the lighter of which mixed with 
much lime gives a quiet stone gray, that on the contrary the 
darker is a dark slate gray, and the latter has an expressed 
tendency to blue, always wesulting from a mixture of black and | 
lime. On the Figs. it may be noted, that Fig. 1480 represents 

&@ cross arch, Figs. 1481 and 1482 are the crossing of two round ~ 
or polygonal ribs, and Figs. 1483 to 1485 are the round extenad- a 
ing around the openings of the arcade. 

An entirely similar character is borne by the undersides of : 
the cross arches from the variegated chapel at Brandenbers given 
in Figs. 1486 and 1487, which belong to the original painting, 
Placing red and gray tones beside each other is very common’ da- 4 
rins early and middle Gothic, and with sray tones not infrequen- _ 
tly occurs pure black, as on the recently painted columns of t q 
the chapter hall at Walkenried, on which the colors are distrib- — 
uted about according to the mode of Fig. 1489. 4 

Red and yellow ochre. 9 

Still more effective and warmer are the gradations -=— and also — 
in the mextures in the given cases of the two colors; yellow a ae 
and red ochres. Paintings executed with only these two colors 
and white are especially found in the transition time and often 
in Early Gothic. On the colored plate, Piss. 2, 7, 12 and 14 ¢ i 
chiefly or exclusively exhibit these colors, and Viollet-le-Duc 
also gives beautiful examples. (Dict. Vol. Vil, De pe to 89). 4 

The preceding colors and earth green. be Ea q 

The same occurrence of the three colors, yellow, red and gray 
or black is also certainly as complete, and there is also added 
the more rarely employed earth green, very good in those tones 
that can represent sreen. Moreover also ochre and black has a 
rather greenish tone; since further dark gray inclines to blue, 
one does not miss the sreen and blue colors in the use of only 3 
the three principal colors. 

Outlines. 
Paintings with these simple earth colors are always very quiet 


e . onle bona fon ob ‘yout etoteredd y A Shae ps 
olgms tever vacate exe gost si dort: bait yd aok | 
oe BY Rat, ot ot gabe 
euie orarh senti ett hee eentitno.eds of beaged ai- 
weit yises edt of Ssds ,betetea ed yam fi edetaiue oda 
eo beanies diiw sem ,odtod eLbbia ect ck ylisenper? 
$ odd Yo eysta sogteb @ aa Bontl pis to enos rofoo\eds — (a 
. qae tees s »beodicoeetq eulidqgoest ae enos bavory pats yin 
fé Boe oripo nwosd)oneord aaah So went bexolco elevotias a 
i. : é stokes tetoeté 10 a: 
oz «biog base xsefoo dobf- =; « ‘ i; 
esti yi bempess ef totectado- dneteiliib. rleyidoe ak. Oe 
Teaquos .b8% soiliwrev ,st0los bedemias eid sgoo0 etede 
A aT. ezocot seitvo yilegineve bas ,euld tiedeo:- 10 ssuse, bas 
fegadd-sdi ai 22 10 ,bfoy bnimeolh sft bbs of yueseeoon yfno 
69g neve) .xiscalsed eltaso to Isqedo secicedt bas entisdéel 6 
peed golevet of Sfom yd: bielsvebsa, atid eveslg boa, eenote esuots 
eeeetegnt od bincw Siox oft sent .eldaevieonso sobnelae Featests 
om On, ,edteeee oeG-o{-tel{orV es enfd bedeatas yd bazkpoon rlev 
(ied @ouoretes Stin ,s9n0sm bebéoebh sour ci esizedaas ton sain 
ean -elquaxa yosa) 0am 
Dpontog berietes2 of fetotatees a3 vibuseice doit ghds teat, 7 
Dctete iss etouw ei a0ivedai caidas eds revo bsbaetse.é¢ aso 10° | Be: 
= idt eolquexe sid ct bbe of Sus ,retesd6 zakbeoedg, edtiat be. || hae 
>) =x8.s2tnrssto soege sdt déin efdieengwt yiedsantsetan et nevis ae) 
eee sores tens d2vodt beitetize od garn on bas .{etok) bebeae, | eeafe 
man rereanstic? ai eedosede to tsdanm & eetelo ovd at poleesugmon’ |§- ag 
one a7 » sos sSaotdetassergen)  ) am 
i meus Soa texd} sat of sbow bt sows Tsis7 SYO;STEAT) .oF OK ie 
he ts (pas paostorsbJeaoo To gé##z0w Jieo yrac.eatt sat rot vad a 
Rises ° ava ef OFT 10M gw dd aFOSFOUV oh sbadtatog. Jotnemonre (no sit | 7) 
= F496 sinedroK we fevelombaok) sdosttov +787 8808 sy eS pores ae 
ie ‘ Li guadesta? ave éartslourenadsS shoestos 18005 4 ABE og +6F8L Beh 
| fi 7? 80890, ,a/0% ws sdovétintiyoM ,eisensaed 68 .t6bi seus = ee 


pi : 
fey ae | Nee. mela oA sifowdoagunrd to Jorbsdico ,enoe pteawk 


We ° sent doled setmoheidainl’ +68EL eawnd .6 Pred) drednesren aR eeod 
if ae on vmaltoer sions baveetyotasuad ad seapaetede 
peel eeesenieey at tte seeendg asia sitoe, | 


| 4090 
and harmonious, and it is scarcely possible to form with them a 
slaring composition, therefore they do not need also a separat-__ 
ion by outlines, which in fact are almost never employed with 
then. + Siege 

In regard to the outlines and the lines drawn elsewhere on ¢ 
the surface it may be stated, that in the early time and also 
frequently in the middle Gothic, men with refined feeling mixed 
the color tone of the lines as a darker stage of the correspon- _ 
ding ground tone as Theophilus prescribed. Later appear nore 
uniformly colored lines of dark brown (brown ochre and black) 
or blacker color. 

Rich colors and gold. 

An entirely different charcater is assumed by painting, when 
there occur the animated colors, vermilion red, copper green 4 
and agure or cobalt blue, and eventually other tones. It is then — 
only necessary to add the sleamins sold, or as in the chapel of 
S. Katherine and the cross chapel of castle Karlstein, even pre- 
cious stones and glass bits underlaid by gold to develop the q 
greatest splendor conceivable. That the sold would be imperati-~ : 
vely required by animated blue as Viollet-le-Duc asserts, we n 
misht not emphasize in such decbded manner, with reference to 
many examples. 

fhab this rich treatment is restricted to preferred points a 
or can be extended over the entire interior is more fully stat- © 
ed in the preceding @havter, and to add to the examples there 4 
given is unfortunately impossible with the space otherwise ex- 
ceeded (Note), and we must be satisfied though unwillingly, by 
compressing in two plates a number of sketches in Schematic 


representations. 

Note. Therefore reference is mode %o the First not extensive 
wut for the time very wall worthy of consideration, the Vitera- — 
wure ow ornamental painting. 1. Vaolet-ewauc. Dict. Art. Petn- 
WUTSe Be ae SOhBfor. Gotische Wandmatleret zu arburd. Deuwr. Bouse 
ABTS.’ Pe. B24. Same, Sotische Ziwmmernarlerer aus Frvizlar, Zervr. to 7] 
Bouw. 1884. 3. Essennein, Martinmikirohe za E8\n, Ordon fe. christ. — 
Kunst; sane, cathedral at Braunschweth. 4, Stesnoreckh, Roohechol 
Loss Zu Morienburd, Sent &. Bauw. 1885. Moreover are scattered oe 
Statements Wn inventories and architectlura monuments. Further } 
Works With plates. Aus wm Kterth, Wandmatleres des Nvitelalters ww 
den Bheintanden. Ungsgavirtter, Ornanentrv’ Cunfinisbned). Mural pain- | 


‘9 oC ee 
ye . u Bee ay 


Pie | ‘e : ote “a sane: ce 7 
, A, ,eaoieulii Lsoat go 
Bee Wbde seus ,OCkE of GORE wepTH Rebds cele ote abtala edt of 
( ope. 30% «ebavor io bas enunloo to attede ao c6ovttom taoiati omoey 
‘d OOS .gft) at0etésa osot edt tedid ,hotitao ed son bivocaleé eee 
he: Vempiigo'as to aoiexift fsottqo ns eowbotq yliese aso (mostiod 
“M8000 HB9 BoOKS! 2aLEt!o enon ai eids fae ,amuloo edt to sottieog 
| 66 085890 seoitiut aso tetiel eft Bas ,atetteaq aotveds tserR «6 G0 
 pakkaooes hiswevc’ 40 brawqe nerioo ed? 20 softtunainihb taeseqga 
| ev@OE .git to stadt eiil aniotsag se01P ,tdnia to taktog edt of 
enoftouses 10 eicemenziéine sonborq yem ,au0e0o yt Leorpott dotdy 
fe toe to eltti{ orm OGDf .9i% ekEL anvetiag .eoniLiso yeu 10 
emwift dow® .(882 .5 a6 coe cele) amokenlit dove xd besoetts Ife 
Beat ysatiaoo edt so tind ,eovieemeds mi euoixtos toa exe tate 
~otil e+e vous yeetup bigta oot s senmorts of has Siaming o¢ eviee 


-enem mo-yieo eitt ereds ,esntosiinoss Aeoxd of aztorot ton cetr 


Aged gatasns) onil evew botoogxenn ne yiletoeqee ,atert to ebats 
soto .eamaloco oitog hetetnws ovrond ifew farot neve ete ovedt bre 
\easek iuttewog etdt ezu yfaecoxrr ot herteper yfeukine wi tb seve 
 poktemtna fo bsetant went ditw ysiq swoatan to evoloviat # conte 
tery ttoixas to seve 10 teennn to nofeeenqmi odd souborq yam 
Bae alt »Bedotdo nistveo to patintss won odd seob za 
| ify - eatebtod has ebaed ,2ortwacions wobhnaiw 
ne @tueofous ef2 sinerotager dotdw: 8k? .eft ni dotete ed¢ ati 


 Biame ci entswor yino exitedssh .8 to deotude eft Yo vohboir « te 


_ fone Getto yiev tisds .beniot ef ston edt tol ,esif te staensect 
| @4if Héwexed ete isdt ,eodors wobaiw bas to0b oo baedxe eflore 
fo ff oeid bee OOfL agri af adit edd parynsamooos elioroe edt 

to xedtsv sit evode cfssinzed xitaenupes? bos ,etaely beaolos edt 
i ~anieidsqg [Lew 
ob aanotten $metettib to eiasd baa eqehsod efidtixe SO8b .el® 
|) qetivsy to atedrem co noktitveqes betasy teom ai hauet ere sade 
| tet Loose edf .of@ yeloncoy ,odmet ,eelitaecss hetuteg ,seotnnee 
Pesie: Ontinasys. ci Sertvooe yltmexupett yvev s SOL .pse ak vebsrod 
4 ‘gatdtol£o Yo etebtod os Josd aigtdo eti sekrtsl bas .epathiind 
; 


vi BOSE seit _at wrotieg Lise edt eetwedsd .zemote enotoerg dé iw 


pbodeaO ta ‘qrsdetegsd) semi? aetseiado yvined ai sauooo yhseorhe 
som edt at awodd” as Bemnono bas cettenot ,easte -leanoves 


“ 
. 
a 
by 
mi 
ill 7 
+ 
= 
= Jai 
ie 


DP hi e@yafaros9s tswolt to tees sedotre atk dew eddé | 


-48e4 
paintings iv S. Chapelle at Paris, Mural Paintings of Notre Done 
aL PATS, Ste 

Optacal illusions. 

To. the plates are also added Bigs. 1488 to 1490, that show g 
geometrical motives on shafts of columns and of rounds. For th- 
ese itishould not be omitted, that the rope pattern (Pig. 1489, 
bottom) can easily produce an optical illusion of an oblique 
position of the column, and this in some circumstances can occur 
oh a great chevron pattern, and the latter can further cause an q 
apparent diminution of the column upward or downward according 4 
to the point of sight. Great patterns like that of Fig. 1487, a 
which frequenlty occur, may produce enlargements or reductions 
or wavy outlines. patterns like Fig. 1490 are little or not ait 
all affected by such illusions (also see on p. 587). Such illu- a 
sions are not serious in themselves, but on the contrary theg % 
serve to animate and to arouse a too rigid quiets they are like- 
wise not foreign to Gresk architecture, where it is only on many 
kinds of frets, especially an unexpected wave line (running dog), 
and there are even found well known twisted Doric columns. More- 
over it is entirely required to properly use this powerful neans, 
since a frivolous or unknown play with them instead of animation 4 
may produce the impression of unrest or even of anxiety, gust 
as does the new painting of certain churches. 

Window enclosures, bands and borders. 

With the sketch in Pig. 1498, which represents the enclosure 
of a window of the church of S. Katherine only remains in small 
fragments at Riga, let the note be joined, that very often such 
serolls extend on door and window arches, that are fonméd like 
the scrolls accompanying the ribs in Figs. 1490 and Fig. 11 of- 
the colored plate, and frequently terminate above the vertex of 
the arch in richer leaf or flower crownings. 

Wall patterns. 

Fig. 1502 exhibits borders and bands of different periods, t 
that are found in most varied repetition on members of vaults, 
cornices, painted tapestries, jambs, vessels, etc. The peculiar 
border in Fig. 1502 a very frequently occurred in Byzantine b 
buildings, and larries its origin back to borders of clothing 
with precious stones. Likewise the wall pattern in Fig. 1503: 4 
already occurs in Barly Christian times (baptistery nf Orthodox, 
Ravenna). Stars, rosettes and crosses as shown in the most dif- 


VE XG Heeotone seven one By WA boar opie at beh tresettip 
— oat ‘apg tang edt mo yftwebnegebat bostxe netto tad ,rectl =” , 
a Va S0et Tere ia aBtO% sodode edt to erat et ’ i 

“ -tnewsaro Stent a 


a t bme tremsuee to yakveewretat edd sot elgmexe oe atnee ae 
ae pre te? © nt agetbiied sepeensmok oh etvooo yltrenpest dois | ei 
a: ‘Seek. sebon- gilaiosqee edelq aft hawot asd Ens ,tenaen xeiqueo 
Caton antics bes sexeis? hevaltmoo oo oetwedis , voto gatbivib 
; ets efevins bos mew sboiseq eter bax y¥ee6 oft ai affew Yo 209 
Satay eu) edt yloteantxoilcd .egsiiod ak betseent vfewst ¢on 
ay i iii -noitstebiaaos two mort hebwiloxe nismed teow prt 
Pe Mie -S0ftefxe Offs 20 Enteatsd 
_ edt a0 cele tens .efdg of sham od vem senetetes aokenlonoo al 
SUED ome dedi .chottnisg beatvooo egntbifed Go esostage {soxedzs 
: “ptpag esizesoscenc os beyolgms ems gedd ;erotaetnr sdt to eecdt 
| ste G8 etevsle of 10 .esbeceed to elsivog edt stil etasq bere 
‘ - eptwedid sig0t boven oi sseqge doa ee0b doide ,sostone Claw ont 
one $i .bateei(f work shies ebattotsa ersooo egaibited dotad ae 
! raat Bas eseetsd Sersies(g edd mo scsla teluotitasq edt esedé 
| ce Wh heyrsesetg netto {{ite ef bas .eedore 
a ‘gottes ea3 fdidn gnoms ,ynew1e) at esex oie setwtotg olsedu 
a eetquooe otpigoiss ts. fededo olteso ort n& sits¥ .2 Yo saphit 
| Lagaeaonon teow aft e{lsuntes ove dud .eoat Jasutmong Jeon end 
ia vt Ve rates eontinies Lensedxs to ncieessqns 
Ba; |? | ~-enotieuiotesa wi ‘sedstelv 
. Hideressev0 sig ebatblind Levesiber to nolsssotast edt aT 
; ~ expn ld ede ine \belioge to betesfker vlevitas yllesen ef Soke 
-peb yfleat? neds nem SARIN .beteexs yLbed pasv oals ek aaktateq 
| -ttersd Sersvooas edd eldiegog es yliotsp es sattisges woxt sei 
a *srsini sid of iedwonoe add Bnovosees ylamte to besteat ,ebe ee. 
cea od ,avintey yiilsool end stein 10 ,edaeq Ratvosl Bas | | a 
(6nd woos bovatsey od Senn [le wevyewor IL .betovotay vette et 
| Aol Batvaieg betevooeio edd ylinigdiel vqoo ot ensem ese sdgta 73 ‘a 
ented ebfo edd) neds sesel tA .blo off reve etdt deidoterte meni 
louie eb sotaw .doveseet tot teol efdevevooerst gon ei gard 7. 
Soydbqedeodseqntetjedetted sesdystdous gaisnteges yd | 
at wisow ott to weenmuottwbtoanoo eat Yo toora sve |. 


Bes Seta tiene ~~ 


ado2 oe 
different forms in Figs. 1504 and 1505 are never enclosed ty (hem 
lines, but often extend independently on the surface, theceana’ 
is true of the richer forms in Fig. 1506, 
Figure ornament. 

Pig. 1507 is a portion of the geneslokical tree of Christ dite a 
covered in the former vestibule of Riga cathedral, which repre- q 
sents an axample for the interweaving of ornament and ‘figures, 
which frequently occurs in Romanesaue buildings in a far more 
complex manner, and has found its place especially under broad 
dividing arches. -ikewise on continued friezes and entire surfa- q 
ces of walls in the Barty and late periods men and animals are | 
not rarely inserted in foliage. Unfortunately the figure paint- 
ing must remain excludei from our consideration. 

Painting on the exterior. 

In conclusion reference may be made to this, that also on the 
external surfaces of buildings occurred paintings, that are like q 
those of the interiors; they are employed to characterize pref- 
erred parts like the portals or passages, or to elevate an ent- 
ire wall surface, which does not appear in naked form. Likewise 4 
on brick buildings occurs paintings, aside from slazing, it finds 
there its particular place on the plastered friezes and blind ! 
arches, and is still often preserved. 

Mosaic pictures are rare in Germany, amons which the relief 
fisure of S. Maria on the castle chapel at Marienbars occupies 
the most prominent place, but are naturally the most monumental 
expression of external vainting. 

Mistakes in restorations. 4 

In the restoration of mediaeval buildings the ornamental pain- ~ 
ting is usually entirely neglected or spoiled, and. the figure 
painting is also verry badly treated. Might men then finally des- 
ist from repairing as quickly as possible the uncovered painti- 
nés, instead of simply testorong them somewhat in the injured 
and lackins parts, or where the locality permits, to leave them 
entirely untouched. If however all must be painted anew, one m 
might seek means to copy faithfully the discovered paintings on 
linen, stretching this over the old. At least then the old pain- a 
tins is not irrecoverably lost for research, which is the case 4 
by repainting Bynbheybest aesists}isingespostepityccanynevernzy- 
have proof of the conscientiousness of the work. In every case q 
men should never touch a paintings without examining its technics 4 


) : Bett 
otttte atts ot: pe a imptoabec: th 
yed of enctstbaoo add, to actqeoteg etvos eon ante 
dese eit to ceitinshisesy ets iis egotétogosg novia edt | 
ingiedd S4ia emis Jeedecay edt atctie ot reve tovectae edt Ie 
gl $o gest eacksdetopaés add Lis\to dexit tod ,ensem 
¥ ydetodt eoasbhove edi baa mre?) ‘to suengolsveb sit me ))) Be 
esti tielisoes ottelsvetustedd 'e18 sotutesedue [ie Ta | 
ete | arenes goliz8999 eisnenpet? edd seve sBoisonttenos 
+ Be .52903 to codssisq cidicd séed to adzow Seton ocd of Bot 
oe patted fo aatttilge «© .guifeofrevo atstaeo 6 yd ylao ents 
ts  -fegtoatsq yasve of ago 
) Bons: cele nateteatinvess seodt ste etncees ecadsom OL” 
Lys etiueet edd io ysiowsvih Iivi ess sadt oe ,sausosthiore 
ten pa ,zisiseiea bas eaoisibaoo ak soneastiib edd no bosed . 
POkbs02 Yo tnenaclevsh Yo sayvuoo sit bas e129 edd ak aedvaot © 
g edases edt qoleveb of aofttbsoo af beoely esw ekds ydeaedn | Vig 
Ba eetvotios seod? to oefe endd .edoogs das gaibesesg Lis. am 
sai smedeye awo ast oiat ,aero . 
ae ei ,o22 obdtod to tedostado [sncttibass ods oi afe3eh . | 
Ky eel og bas Envcse « aetl ,ythotvotain bavissesg yidguor a 
(ae Bost dom ov fos srettih gk ydovedn .tf to sekpqmt saat |) ee 
a i Petebes to yousbaed uistres a wowl e& o0000% edt bas soneneta «vile 
») Levon g to aokinevai eid of ovedd ebooootg dotiw . dae gp emie an 
. rt pe to enssm vd slyte [atesossisors esosnsrogmetdoo bas a 
\$o-ofetdev edi ao gutbeosag ifs to eawixtm evotoizges. ql. a 
y ous to eslgtentzg sdd buidelinteee to bestenl .otutisedsa. 
» bestenl ,e¢loess esi gad pltetoer andd acm .eslyte gathso: 
> SdiL boixsg otshow odd o¢ Buigeo{ed eleiresea edt Snies 
a bastes fas .eetiéilago sidsniav yllaet eseeseeog doidn Honk 
ay ‘ pee baibnogestt0o & goléveb of Snidese .med? of earbr0006 a 
Lg beds toi Isisecen evitsdint m8 @8 yloiitas beyolgue. ak i 
ba $i ,moidoussenoo eaiéae edt ct ogiet0t eeendois @ to | ae 
iad ui .esitseqow edi oF euetinoo ylerisns eoqgede, opnk Bo 
ane feds Wiivitos otdattas se1l e yWereds nieste of Xeee 9) am 
co bas patbastersbas to ys ioeqen Lis eebuloe Py 
| Pipgesiy) gg it seat elds gninzeogo® 


: 


$993 


and copying in very detailed form in its condition as found. 


CONCLUSION. (Unchanged in this edition). 

The most acute perception of the conditions to be fulfilled,. 
the given proportions afid*the peculiarities of the materials, . 
the endeavor ever to attain the greatest aims with the smallest — a 
means, but first of all the consviehtions fear of any untruth 
in the development of form and the avoidance thereby required 
of all substatutes, are characteristic peculiarities of Gothic 
construction. ven the frequently occurring conpeftion accord— 
ing to the worst works of Late Gothic partakes of these, and a 
Sins only by 4 certain overloading, a Splitting of hairs danger- 
ous to every principal. 4 

In neskess measure are those peculiarities also those of Greek 
architecture, so that the full diversity of the results is even q 
based on the difference in conditions and materials, as well SB 
further in the era end the course of development of Gothic art, 
whereby this was placed in condition to develop the results of 
all preceding art epochs, thus also of those. following the Gre- 
cian, into its own system. a 

Herein in the traditional character of Gothic art, in its tho- 
roughly preserved historicity, lies a second and no less impor- 
tant impulse of it, whereby it differs not so much from the Ren- E 
aissance and the Rococo as from a certain tendency of modern a 
aims in art, which proceeds there to the invention of a novel . 
and contemporaneous architectural style by means of an entire-— 
ly capricious mixture of all preceding on the vehicle-of the 
substitute. Instead of assimilating the principles of the pre- 
ceding styles, men thus secretly try its résulas, instead of. 
using the materials belonging to the modern period like cast 
iron, which possesses really valuable qualities, and using it 
according to them, seeking to develop a corresponding form, it. 
is employed entirely as an imitative material for the display 
of a richness foreign to the entire construction, it is cast x 
into shapes entirely contrary to its properties, in brief men ~ 4 
seek to attain thereby a free artistic activity, that entirely 
excludes all capacity of understanding and evenuallideeper study. 

Goncernins this free artistic activity, there is “now &@ quite 
conceivable thins. Whatever a titanic individual may sive or 
has siven, according to the preceding and to unite at once the 


f a i rn : edt ,eisoe Seite ‘8 60 y eoatden {fe 
ss se oy 30 hate adidas 8 dgnoxdd ¥i9; ek dane 


| ai bait of .eboiseq i. 5 
ytkdoms Diusop conte: paar bus ,eelgtoaiag 


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elements of the earlier into an entirely new whole, and thus : 
make almost a real fact, it is still the belief, that it belongs 
in this category to regard every single one as a misfortune. 
mae wie all shai planned on a smaller scale, the ie: way to 


ing art periods, to find a conscientious sieneaue thedal struct- 

ural principles, and therefore since Gothic architecture ina 

Sense represents the conclusion and product of all primary oe 

iods of art, first in thecestady of the latter. May it be in the | 4 

result in thése pages to make easier such endeavors. 4) a 
The End. 


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~ - neld tealegneioes ro tLuav ascx af § MK 
i + -glets stems Yo evad [sbiosegead patti fy! 
~ + = - = Sfbsy oFft0d Yo e10l to mobeer™ ¥ 
-sobsound ees’ to hodvsm wawo8 of sextaa00 
- ~ + -ffbey to ackionstenco (s1ene9 .S\ | 
bae etfusv ape7s Yo nobtourtesoo hae’ orO8 | 
et Luey g207o oldrol to elzeq to eemeM, 
ween eee + - = = ~edivey eso1o slgate .f 
$o asdore Jnetsttib edd to auoivevele brs ‘emr08 
ce: “sal Weneitt .isbtosecess ,aved aslaseak s9v0 eerlowh 
mL. St em ~ oS bike a ols See igay Boe kednee vane 
| a= -~ + = - ~ adits Yo emoteye beatdeoo dtiw ediuav 2b 
mee ee + = - + aptiony otitiedstoo bas ethinsaexse 
See ee eee ee ee = 4 = atlosy ton bus tase 
of me etew ee e = & = SHOTGIE To edatod berretensat 
meee eee ee eet = = Ont THis to emr0% 
lass bus (ackiete ot etiney Yo pnotisvels bas atoT ed 
~ eee et te ee RH ee BRIER 
jee 2+ + = + 4 ‘> Btaniog Baidooeteyni to enoktighg retry oe 
_ << + eensmteegnec si¢ of notesetqnes to tottndisdekd) 
(& + - (.o%5 eonob .fonant) edasrtzednco to aot toor193 | 
Brees os ee aS Gee ia hae, rik | 
~ + + atlssv feddix-isdois to sazot Serene) ae 
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1995 “| 
A. TABLE OF CONTENTS. - - ~----- 643 : 


I, Vaults < =~ - ~ -'-~ ./2)- ='2°. "Se 
1. Deletépment of art of vaulting from Romans £0 Gothic - 1 
Vaults of the Romans- - - - - - - ------------ ay4! q 
Vaults of Barly Christian period- --------+--.13 7 
Introduction of vanlt in Romanesque basilica- -.. “Lge 
Change in cross vault on rectangular plan + = . 2" eee 8 
Vaulting trapezoidal bays of choir aisle- -.- - ~ | ES aRE 45 
Preedom of form of Gothic vault - - ---- - : 3 : i Re iage 
Contrast to Roman method of construction- indi ig 17 
2. General construction of vault- ------- - : - ‘ 18 
Form and construction of cross vaults and domes - 7+ -— 
Names of parts of Gothic cross vaults ---------- 23 
3. Simple cross vaults- ------------- --- 24 


Forms and elevations of the different arches of cross vawlt24 
Arches over irregular bays, teapezoidal, triangular, etc. 27 


Flat arches and vaults- ------------ ----- 29 
4, Vaults with combined systems of ribs - - - - - - -- 29 
Hexapartite and octapartite vanlts- ---------- - 29 
Star and net vaults ------------------- 3] 
Transferred points of support -------------- 36 
Forms of later time - -----------------=2 37 
5» Form and elevations of vaults in statical and practical 
respects ------- 7-4-5 ++ ----+ = See 
Mutual positions of intersecting points - - - - - - - =~) oe 
Distribution of compression in the compartments - ---- 46 
Correct form of compartments (tunnel, domes etc.) ---- 51 
Form of vaults<-\<(-< = = = 52 = Se ee ee ee - ~ 47 
General forms of richer ribbed vaults “rr t+ Se ee 
Laying out the arches of vaults ------------- 64 
Ideas for laying out the principal arches - - - - - - -- 66 
-.6.°Form$ of profiles ofcrips- ------------- 6&7 
Gross sections of ribs- ----------------- 6&7 
Cross sections of cross arches- —k  e  e ee 
pide arches — 7 a 7 a a 
Dimensions of cross section of ribs ----------- 73 
7, Reysteues~ > iy 4 a oa Ree re 
Keystones of arohes << - = 29-55 4 
Architectural treatment ----------------- 80 


Intersections of ribs below crown of vault- ------- 83 


=+-- eedorg pack : 
ne dtin e¢iuey 20) i 
7 ~ ee oe & Seangoleysb, releger to. enoks, 
bette tte tee iE -criouency odd tne B 
beet et ete neers favosy te pliers | 
SS tetietieties -e1sig banosyae svods edit to gatgniage |) 7 es 
Elle tetiie iotined eset ex -etosmigsqnes to pynoesh + 4 hots 
eae - - - - ee eee a - o eisinoie 9G 
Bein ~~ oe we ee ee oH + = “noitogss To Bboy ee 
emi — ~ sinsy ob aokeksignes bas ednemsisqaoo to ict | 
Or---- wn ee ee eH oH RORt909 Lo InemoREsTTA me 
Oe ne et dda tldladiedlin -atnentuagaoo Ta ncktosetedal + | 
a: ee et ee ee eee tee BT Lae xeretolo eres) 
| Me ae pe Bebe ether te bd -noisogitesco bar gefo1s %6 eeatge6 +Of | 
ete - - ~ + ~'- ~ - ~ -9975009 30 gatosla baa soiteisgers 
ele —-+ -~--+ = = eigemdusgroo To edi bas goivfuay 
a + ~ —- ~ -'- sdgemtadh to suoteneaid bas w10% »1t 

| -- ee af iim en a: tuentrdea to atot fatene® sf) 
. ets ~ 4.5 + 7 7, SBRenedas bas ae Snemtods to aeld- 4 
Peas (ie em - - - Boneeadiod pas el{sw io nokteve Ly ey 
ee ewe ee eee ee - = ~s+---- ~ =, 19hq Sib. oa 
ae ee we ee eee tnontods to stash to aeitenkmreded 
oe ig stosestg To soitizog bes shudingeM .& oe 
ae = eee eee ee et ~ s B ORES) ie a 
WET) = mee ~ = + = oneitsivoles 10 soiwenh ed ome sntoiasdd q 
Re bai ahedsag> ~ - - - ~i{way aeore to tagsad to ebidkepel, 
oo ei- - etinsy to eieuids [sdnosivod bus Tisten to eetdell ya 
| € rtasssnds ni esegette bas dogger to enrl gntatsid0 .£ 
er lee + =~ -aniseuto bas gotowereva ,ectagile mort visisg a 
| er... ws - ++ + )7-- 2 = = trongoe Yo ontt to noltpood i? 
ERTS = - - aoriose BeOS 790 Pere seeeeette to poidudiatesd ie 
4 a ee Sanat lk ey Se i te “TIS08ER ot aoteoe®, ( | 7 
bee ttt ~( ide) sfageig ede to sbadiagalt Ms 
Secliaiied a eountguate Sie. to. etnomtuds of eaoldscktoqh | | 
ka py bag gunn a Mba: 6ELG oh 

= -- = +++ - ~e00tene niniwts 


| meni “anaes Yo enokes 


=> a 


8. Spfingings of arches - ---------+---- 268 85 
Springings of vaults with and without ribs- : : . 3a 85 
Conditions of regular development - - - - - - - ~, yt 
haying ont. the voussoirs- -- ---------i_ 29 90 
Restriction of ground area- -- ------ - =; : 93 
Springing of ribs above detached piers- or Lal ~ <0 97 

9. Masonry of compartments- - - - - - - - - -.. oo 100 
Waterials — ~~ %- 75-47 Int cor cio eee 
Mode of erection- --~-----------~----~.-..144 
Horm of compartments and compression in vault = ~ ae 103 
Arrangement of courses- ------------ ~ : : =a 106 
Intersection of compartments- Bi Tht Sh eee Se ae 114 
Cloister vaults -- ------------------- 415 

10. Centres of arches and construction- -~---:r-- Bue 117 
Preparation and placing of centres- - eh ere i =. 6 - 117 
Vaulting and ribs of compartments ------------ 119 

II. Form and Dimensions of Abutments ~ - - - - - - - 122 

1. General form of abutment - - - tae ce sm eas - - 122 
Plan of abutment walls and buttresses - - - --°- ae 
Hlevation of walls and buttresses - - o.0 2 = oe : - 124 
Widdle pier - meter corr crcl oS eee 
Determination of depth of abutment- - ---------- 128 

2. Magnitude and position of pressure ot vaults<adsinstc. 

abutments- -- -------------------129 
Obtaining same by drawing or calouiation- -~-- er ee ee - 429° 
Magnitude of thrust of cross vault- - - - - dasnétede -- - 238 


Tables of weight and horizontal thrusts of vaults - - - - 135 
3. Obtaining line of support and stresses in abutaait---137 


Safety from slipping, overturning and crushing- - ~- - > = 437 
Location of line of supoort - -------------= 139 
Distribution of stresses, kern of cross section - - - - - 141 
Tension. in masoarty- =.=,5 >>> tore tr HH = eee 
Magnitude of edge pressure €Pable)—'- = 2 --- 77-7 16 
Applications to abutments of old structures ------- 146 

4. Dimensions of walls and buttresses - - - - - - - - - 148 
Determining the dimensions- --------------- 148 
Tables of dimensions of walls and buttresses - - -- 2 > 8 

)- Dimensions of middle piers ------------ - 153 
Widdle pier of a hall church- -------------- 154 


Basilica without buttress systen- dee tun inte act ys 


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a4 5 = = tptpeeony bain boe beol too 8 
aoe se + 4 a SS poe Yo tdgtew bee baol peed 
H) Ie - - -- - - - ~~ (eloet dein) sqweeerg bail 
(WOl- - - = - = =sctiised Yo eifsw senteus bivolsbiny or ts 
Wiis - = = + -oyatifedace bos eawufoo .etet? TIT” 
mmr = — 2 Piso PES \ adele ode to dsenuen ae | 
PY e¢r- ee By S “se eee ee = BISTG fenogyto® 
- He + 2 4+ - + sbavdr din erskg pave ay 
~~ 4-2++- = (eedors asthtvih bas) eqetq ee070) ee 
mit -enid otef edt to erstq bebivibad 3 
Bemyehs 2 2 he Se ee aS 2S aon pd ear 
‘ * Berdor to agatuatage bes arate. to eootensmtb to cite Oy As 
MURS S 5 - ci s e SS oS oo ie: f 
Pe bere = - - - auleds stsace Baa Stede/ Eade no elatiqs) .— } ae 
aegis > Sf enosds favor so Legotylog déin eletiaed y 
7 ) arehg fenoayiog to eletiqaed ‘ i 
YY eer- - + = -esnid retel bos slitin te elediqss exsifod hl ae 
0 ebold taszettis to afetiqes to aago8 | | Be 
Bremer ee Sk Se “a8iq Sacoqmoo to Latigas te nald 2 
DRUG Sc 6 a Se ee e's suse odt to sotdsvele 
y SiS" - - - - - - - = ataig¢ Snes comofos to seand .F | | 
Ww Ome < ae ee ee ae eee -_—-— = + -- seed to exodmel Pat 
Ree fia Ss ae gg 3's - = - - e8ed to nelg to emsct “ae 
Ber OCR. ao SS LSS. Spates Savogues te tefg to seed va. my . 
Mun esse oe eek ~-+-- + -998ig YoRud Bo 
pee t ~ Sacha hee eee 
Mens OSe+ os 2 Se es ae 
DOSS + 2 He ee + - Seed t0 end 
“Y@SS- - - - - = -2%8t0 befsioet bee eftede gSctiiod ny 
hae OD ) 8 --- - 22 +--+ - + -snote 20 artes anttted 
. i tees cote tee ees 2S Cedseg nebaol | 
cae Sr 52 oS Ses tien ori sea 
--- epatiiedses bas esnote zatwsed .elsds00 (8 ° ; . 
| eee lacie * 


MER alee nasificty gt 93 


~~ Oe 


A097 
- Basilica with flying buttresses ---------- 159 
6. Roof load and wind pressure- ps 2 ~ : 2 oS ae 
Dead load and weisht of snow- - ----- - 2 2 ee 
Wind pressure (with Pable)- - - - - - : : F253 
Windpressure against walls of pasilica- - ~ oe -165 
III. Piers, columns and corbellings- - mafia on =171° 
1. Members of the piers -------- = se ee 
POLVSONBL (PLONE tei eo me me ere oe nis he oi =172 
Round piers with rounds - - ------ - : -- = <5 
Cross piers (and dividing arches) - - - - - - - > =e 
Undivided piers of the late time- - - - - - - - - -183 
Forms of rounds - - - ------------- - -186 
Ratio of dimensions of viers and springings of archi88 
2 SDINOIS ee 
Capitals on round shaft and square abalus - - - - - 196 
Gapitals with polygonal or round abacus - - - “ ~ -196 
Gapitals of polygonal piers -~- -~-- --- = -S - -199 
Foliage capitals of middle and later times- ----- 199 
Forms of capitals of different kinds- - - - - - - -204 
Plan of capital of compound pier- - - - - - - - - -207 
Elevation of the same --------+--- - — =2409 
3., Baseg, of columns and pliers ~ - -— + < ~ = -)eieeee 
Members. of “BRSe ce Se ae ee ee eee -212 
Forms of plan of base ------- me aaa ae Py nS. -215 
Base of pier of compound section- -----+- = = -226 
4. Brtok piere~ a se ee 
Fores of planes ~~ nis ein Se a 
Forms of capitals a Oy ee mn OR Si en Re ae eee -226 
Nerae of bageg— oss oer Te eg 
5. Ceiling shafts and isolated piers- - - - - - -228 
Geiling shafts of stone+ <)-'= <= = - + £75 7 ae 228 
Wooden posts- ------ 5-7 et rt ttt 2 
Brackets, braces, wooden caps- --------- 5 1256 
6. Corbels, bearing stones and corbellings - - -— 233 
General statics ------ raedeet  ers beeline: nag Sp ee" -238 
Gentrally arranged corbels- mie chides sere ake -240 
Corbels projecting at one side- - -- -- - - — ~ 7245 
Sonnection of corbel with stone supported <iyi) See 
Vaulted corbellings ------------ 7-7-7 7252 


Brick CorpelLi ines ‘ — sis lay Se ee -254 


i a se AREA eoote bnvoqaco of cotsteaaat ee? 
meen ee a) sie dls -asig to asig Bavord ,VI. 4 hl: 
Re Pa 5) leek efete efgabe Webs stoked) of . i 
ge ae = = - - -008 oF 20% voxt tonne to soktoenta | | 
-*=— ~~ -clete olgsie déiw dorsds te 1sfg tO mot Lerened) 
is 2 =o - 5c oo aah Suabien Stot os wise) RAVAN 
at ij —---- - + -dtbinw laupe to efets xftodd to: sottosnage 
a: + ~ -olats eno to sedorpdo Yo sotteninvet arsteeh ||) im 
us $= 4-+- - -- - = -- sysc a9biw 2 édiw shoo to acktsean0g «7 uF 
ee says ae ia ~~ = ~slets esievenerd to nell ae. 
EN8-1- - - - - - ~ - - sale Yo esaesm ni oncitsios Leotademosd ae 
Fs ES+ stoasincess to esiuy of gnibsooos etnsmtuds to esolusesiG@ |, |) ay 
pe etea a - awe em eglets ond ditw dorsde S| ih 
NE fal ak apna wt > Ln sl -~ ~-nsl¢ to exct Levene? 
wean enn - +--+ - ~ 295h)) Ske elfew to enotanentd 
PO a te) nw mw me, > BORON ROTO eUBCE 
a4 i eelets bas sfotis to soisonet 
e+ - ++ + + ~ esleis oxom 10 soads détw eedomndd LB | 


sas min = ye a eee! ee ee OP See ee 2nottiegos? 
@8------------- eelais sbie to soiteninied nsese8s 
 Xes- =< —-— -gigorrsst teodtiw boa psfets ssrdd dtitw dowd}. 
 ees- « - 


i ~ exei¢g Sus ellen bo epotansmrd 
ay Haw en - + + = » Beles ovit dd iw eedowsd 
Ran + oe we tM  +eslets’ Yo neigiienoayles 
rwe- -volets Seysvern atin eefoaudo to etospper? 4h 
age os aera bs ~--~>- + - efets slante ttin edgeensst 
r+ eo a o » wesfeks ehie dite) esqgeenaee. oe 
—- - -colets lerever détw doasds to tiodo to nsfT .2) | ee 
Herre eee ee ee | - BYSd Ieteves to ecottibbl | 
meee ee ee - - - + oofeis shodo déiw akots Yo asf. 
LSS RS oon peepee aero ~elegedo atin tevedo fen0lone | 
Sort ct rt oo 4 reV0csqe gokoevresat détw seve) pm 
en -slets gpreveasad bas stole usewted neala to tesespcer7s . hae 
ke f= “ee me we em =  etoNOe To enely to earot 3 a a 
08: ee ee ee er erenot Yo enokdscod |e 
“iE “s+ oe ee ee = = BreHOd to statg bas efisk ‘i’ a 
sd meet pein aceies ee. afiw exemod Yo aol meme). 


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Transition to compound viers- ---------- +--+ === 255 4 
IV. Ground plan of plier~.-.- - --- == ts sii eee a 

1. Ghurch with single aisle - ----+--+-7+-5 7 =) 257 
Direction of church fron East to West- - - - - - - ~ -- - -257 
General form of plar of church with single aisle- - fonts -258 
Ground form of,.chair .endisg i-inim os iseapt 3 ss ange ~259 
gonnection of choir aisle of equal width- oe iat oi ae | 
Western termination of churches of one aisle- - + =e ~265 a 
Connection of choir with a wider nave ------ . — e 250): . 
Plan of transverse sisle-- ----------- - 4 — =e 
Geometrical relations in masses of plan ----- ~ 4 cee -273 
Dimensions of abutments according to rules of experience- -273 

2. Ghuroh with two aisles. -.-.- <-+.-)4.5 >~ sac ee 
General forn.of plan- - >-------+-+-+-+> ee 
Dimensions .of wallssaad piers -.-- -- 7-7-7 sae - -273. 
Wasonry on cross arches - - - - - - ee 
Janction of cheir.and stales- - = - -'-= =. > + = = Shee -279. 

3. Churches with three or more.aisles -.- - — = =is§-) = =2ee2. 
Proportions .of bays :ig:0len ci 4 ger = tte 3 SS —282 
Rastern termination of side aisles- - - - - - - - - =)— = =285; 
Church with three aisles and without transepts- ---- - -287 
Dimensions od walls and.piers 7 -->---+- 7-55 54 eee 
Churches with five aisles --------------- - -289 
Polygonal plan of sisles- ------->77>7%7 + =>) See 

4, Transepts of churches with several aisles- — 7362 = eee 
Transepts with single aisle I2tS 3233S 2S 2 See -291. 
Transepts with side aisles- ----------+-7-+-- = -294 

5. Plan of choir of church with several aisles- ~----296 — 
Additions of several beys -------------- - 7--296 o 
Plan of ‘choir. with .choit sisle-s.7.35> 5 s 3 SS See ~. -298 
Enclosed .chevet with .chapel8—.-.-u- .<.-.= .- "4 eee ~301 
Chevet with intervening spaces- ---------- - - - -306 
Arrangement of plan between choir and $ransverse aisle- - ~309 

6. Porms of plans of towers -<- -.5 377-7 = oe 
Locations.ef tewers == => 353s 3 eS SS eee 309 
Walls and piers of towers oe Wie aie toer Mey he 25 = = tee ee 
Gonnection of towers with stair towers- -—7rttt time oe 

7. Structures added to churches, equipment, roods - - - -320 
Sacristies- ---.t7 7S CTR RET ST Atte 


Principal equipaent, altar, pulpit, orman etc. - to oe ie 


ve 7! ie mee 

= oy us a are 

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jit Per ae ney i pid 
: ie: ie ee i aa - ian, fem 


f- - - anckesogoag festntencey | 
goat ts soitose at downdo .v a 
f&--~------+-+~ thodo bao dotoio belate-sibare ie a 
men em ee = = ROEseIDL Yo SdRtod to seared ie 
Be - = - ~~ - + 4 = + > + -doswid bolets-sinnte to toon | am 
UPD Bhe- ~ - - scveesssud tuodsiw bes itin eliew to anotensred i 
bie BEE: ewe ee - + — Eheve YrAcesa Sas web ‘obt@ i a 

WER ~ - - + + Hffen to axsgirenog 
=[iea to dseq anol to notetvid ” Ye 
eed een ene eo ee & = sBwObute fo Jaewezre rth a 
see tee Rh we ed + oponedER 
S40 BAR < “+e a + + + mybblidats mo eegseneg Bo goneeftal ae 

meet + - + - ~~ > = - BTuOTe .eredtoy \otan th horse) me 
Ser et en ee ho 8 lb pedodnde: Pad Sal: an 
- -esdonpdo [fed to qiklidsta to enolitbaco Inrenso Nae 
Sf ee a aly tw ee OTR ORR te wilideds ieee)” 
> + -baiw bas bsol Joos So tosite .eflew to whites? Gm 
we eee ee ee He He * Bante Eled 40 took i 


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- ~elete ofbbte baa thodo to etizied evidales ) me 
eee ee = = = spefotdo [sd to eeiveliad (eam 
eeetiiod oidt fue yroteielo ddim doapdd .€ |) Uae 


Dy) 8Be-- - - - - - eefete sbta elanie save 2sucet stud. antyid 
) - =tsleis sbte belduck seve eeseesddad Rokyle a! 
e _ TRE~ ~-+ +--+ ~-+ = godsye sesiind ftin ceten fo fsvoas®? | * 
SRE + - - - - ~ esecentind Roiyit to nvivountencs dedvene 
~ - gyusestigd gotylt gniviessy esesettend to! amre®, 
- ++ = medgeys ecotdinud to etificede to noitelfeotsd 
wet He + =~ mixotiat Io doomgoleved V8. 
we ee ee we a OTe Yo aoivose. | i 
St ee ee eae eal ie RG Pe aes noitevel® — . i 
ess +--+ = <1 hee redg0 at ewobuix dein pine aa: 4 
~~-- ~~ es{eie ebie rove esineliey betivey \e he 
~ eddai O98 etgoenstd \atodo olqute to noites2 2) 
ee te ee Bm ee si read teed ibs. hh: 
Rea a ee ee ere ae ae 
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Arrangement of rood screen- - ----------< ‘= =324 
8. Different systems of seometrical proportions - * ~327 
Vv. Church in section and elevation - - ----- -331 
1. Single-aisled church and choir - - a < pence ~331 
Proportions of height of interior - - - - - fae 
Roof of single-aisled church- - - - - - a jo og a Sa ~335 
Dimensions of walls with and without buttresses x -335 
Side arch and masonry over it ------------- 338 
Lowengpart of wall- <i-'- - Se mae - saps eo ~343 
Division of lower part of wall- a Se ee ae hep ee a ~346 
Arrangement, of windows-)- in <= - s wi eal ee tg -349 
Pagaageg= i m= monte ime Go- e et- e 
Influence of passages on stability- me a . 2 ess -358 
Removai of water, sutters, spouts ------- ue : -362 
2. Hal) chwrohede ese wee ~ om +  S 
General conditions of stability of hall churches- - - -368 
Stabitity ef middie: piers: im — om mo ee ' X s ~369 
Stability of walls, effect of roof load and wind- - - -373 
Roof of hall churches (- -= - --- <---> 7 + - 7 = = 
Middle aisle of sreater height- —------+--+-- t ~380 
Relative heights of choir and middle aisle- ata: - -331- 
Galleries of:hald ‘charcheg=i~ - - > ee ee 381 
3. Church with clearstory and this buttress systen- -383 
Flying buttresses over single side aisles ----- - -383 
Flying buttresses over doubled side aisles- - - - -— - -389 
Removal of water with buttress system - - - - - - - - ~391 
Further construction of flying buttresses - - - - - - . =393 
Forms of buttresses receivins flying buttresses -- - -397 — 
Calculation of stability of buttress system - ~ - - -— ~400 
4, Development of triforium ----------- - -404 
Section of triforium---------- ttt tt he 
Flevation af tciforines 406i oS Se eee -406 
Triforium with windows in outer wall- J. > See 
5. Vaulted galleries’ over side aisles ~ - =~ ~- — > 410 
6. Section of simple choir, transepts and Hable -- ae 
Choit, ri =o a SS 
Trassepiaiir i ot ri athe Spe 
Gable wali= <hr a ee ee -414 
7. Axternal treatment of gable- --- te ttt 420 


Lower ¢anie. imal i-i — So pies be Sra eee ee -429 


: 
ie my ms 


a mee ~yanopedl dOiad oi pears) 
~ = + snoisens$eaneo boow Yo eyntbluow o, 
— ww ~isden ui egathivow _ 
~ -1ednes tuo Batyel bas yaianaask | | 
ew ee eee a SS eegtrage 4 
| ~oitted bas ompesasaol (eeotoree cisé 
~ s+ «+ + hood bas ehatites .esotesoo tiel 
-~- +--+ ++ = elisa basi ,ereduot bel{[eds0d 
mie aiedienhdtta wis ssheilee caedinnadtisellc “aien.> 
-secusiud edd to daouteoad Leapdootisoth: a 
--s- e e - m = Oootementb bas wot Iexeac 
m+ += + apesetto ett bas enéatded to Batqod 
~ « ~ -genisde: das essous babdd>-yd tasmdstia® ~ 7a 
~~ tedgid Bae dette; od tntbaetxs eosgsstiug (ae 
een ee eee s+ + + = + eps fosantd sb Me 
‘-exedaen bLc to esina qd esioennig tuo belyed 
+++ e+ see =o -eloeantq odd ‘36 Gakeuor 
“-- s+ + = # = slorontg Yo ybod bas Leinit 
~~ esloeavig to mrot bavogado bar bevtilqnte 
-~--« + avescaitnd bos esfononty bo noltasidue) | 
ss hee + + = + epehdsg yteoeth has selds, oa 
<n en wee ~ + aBoldsy odd Sainmoss bas ‘gotaod 
~ - egideg letoomenyo bas evobnin Ye ealdes’ yieossT 
aside: bas eelsseney Yo adevouxd baa esatawow Ce 
"rrr t roa sss > > ceenolteneno Bae estat | 
ie in ee en = evonoft afgas 20) ey 
~ ser t ne ne , sletuabeg nue Nesey a) 
7-7 = + = yrepETt bos erobakw LV ITR! 
“+--+ ab sae = = Eetenes ak ret 
- */ = ib soak. & Webdbeeds Sold fe 
~~~ (S$aitatsq eesly bas) srodsin 20 uate 
as ~+ + = -(efdet) ered arose Yo t 
ph ini a ich ii Sp hreaiete 
he ee eh og my 


1 Rachael : -") ; has ¢ 4 a re a“ i me 
| are ee WO vere 
ne tee ae 
' iy i 


ei ohh | | sie © ee 

= is ; A v : WV? me 
Wee bi i 8 be "1 s , cae : 
SRA BA an 
ail i i iat ? ee oe 
) ™ i é ae 1) ae x i) 


ee ¥/\ ial 
f \ 


4 Wg ie ee 3 a Oe ee 


ARO wee 
Triangular gable- ------------------ -421 
VI. Members and crowning of wall - - - - - - - - -427 
1. Members. in general.~ <- ---i-2 - - - - - = = eee 
General form of mouldings - - - - - . - s tag eee ~427 
Mouldings in brick masonry-------------- -429 
Mouldings of wood construction- - - - - - <i ee ~431 
Mouldings in metal- ---------- + * nox + = 
Arranging and laying out members- - - - - - - - - - - -434 
Ze: :GORRLCRS ‘apt te = no eH Re - ee ~437 
Main cornices, Romanesque and Gothic- - * -- ‘ 3 - - hat 
Belt cornices, railings and hoods -------- wake -440 
Corbelled members, .hand rails - -----+-7-- ic ee -443 
Members of base - ------------------ -4% 
30 Architectural treatment of ’ the buttress- ~~ - -446 
General form and dimensions - - ----------- ~446 
Copins of buttress and its offsets- --7 ++ <= -- - - = 

Enrichment by blind arches and shrines- OC ee 452 ; 
Buttresses extending to gutter and higher - - - - - - -456. 
4, Pingaoles=-e- ps tt eS 2 
Laying out pinnacles by rules of old masters- --- = 32 
Crowning of the pimnacle- -------------- -461 
Finial and body of pinnacle Ps Ee Re SR Wr Seen -463 
Simplified and compound form of pinnacles - - - - - - -466 
Combination od pinnacles and buttresses - - - - - - - -468 
5. Gables and tracery gables- ~ = +m i2 >> >= 3s ~470 
Coping and crowning the gables- --------+-+--s A714. 
fracery gables ef windows and ornamental gables --- . -474 
6. Crownings and crockets of pannacles and Sables - -478 
Knobs and créssilorens<o- = sire rte ee ~478 
CGrockets. .or, angle flowers:@ mo ee -481 
7. Canopies and pedestals Di cbmoieiiin atin Merton en Joes %. 5 -483 
VII. Windows and tracery Meal M NL Mie thing Tite Fy Serotec: 5 -487 
1. Windows in seneral oP fort handler or ina Aiea Me Mb ses ie sath a -487 
Development of the window ------~-----7-- - -487 
Glagins of windows (and glass painting) Sr Bete a ~489 
Dimensions of storm bars (fable)- - --------- ~491 
Window. jambs and sills]. <0 = = ee SS ee 491 
Dimensions and loadings of mallions- Di he The nk ek eo a 
fable A. Waximum load and height of gabbiona—i wn 496 


Table B. Minimum load of mullion for safety of window -497 


= lel collcediietliatinatbeaiadiiced PO yecee eka a 

<> - -~-+- +--+ > opgen bee eftetylog to isenvols#ed ie “| 
_ wwe ee we = aegen dviw tose Liokesd duo bokyed a 
ie ee ee lee ee ome = © eltote log tee Bohan ee 
Wie ein 4m = mm + yTODETE, to sgoltosetodni. bas sotes¥ |) 
WPrieie - ~ - = -sfecdn bos enokifon elgata dtin yreosa? 66/0) ae 
ten + ~—n mm eee — > im Obsd08 Plas Yo ewobsiw noliio |e 
- ~_e em -otdtod yitaS to awohain Isodn elgahe ) i, : 
=~ - -beatt elbbia bre gluse af yseoasd to esosstetiig | } 
mee te ee ee ee = > OMtt Sibbim to yrecent slots 7 
Serer ee ee ee ~~ olyde oldsod eded to ymsoesT | (a 
= - - ~evobniv [eedn fae noifivn bawognos te yrolerh Bo 
Lis - - “eee > - + wobstw rokl inn bavogmos to aplt | ee 


rs ca eee a -~—s +e ee ae yracesd basegmoo to achisyslé ‘ 
'e~ emer ee or ne + + Brobain o¢os bos fosdw beeogmop Oe 


BE aime ee ee eH Hw mm eeobentented preoest .f 1G ie 


BE als ke oe ~cehsitgapiad yisoaté ssgotd | . 4. 
per er ee er et ee ee te mo eesoee eieap +2 ey " 

Bice wie - - ~~~ H - ~~ + Bfetiog bas syen00G .TITY oda 
etm -- ~ + ~-- -— ~ 2yentoob to ecuet bas Snisevod Re pt : 


DeRe- - = - - - - - ~~ - -adust bus eefore to gnirsdase sigmee | 
Tbe - ~ -edmet Bos éedove uo seidetsorsstc ompatt bus egeeion - hal 
ebte Rie - ee eee mn + eig sibbim dae sediate deb | 
Mee - - - - - ~~~ mr rede Istrog bas 1008 te sened | 07 
ie -- ---- - +--+ > > feteog to menegeg? Se 
. > ~~~ -Iet10q lo uotawots bas stucofone Iesnvetr® .€ : 


i 


Met ~~ - - - - + colnotteey ob 
4 ja, a a ns in on omelet en oe nein 
i. pe 
~yfetieg to 2uohiszoce® heridgiuoe .€ 
eee eer tee ee ee + - meledig soksg . 
ata = ewe tS eve et 
v Se ae a eee 
8 oF Hoivelrd®d ylxad to exewot to ¢ 
‘oor ms > resksote otot TS HE i 
SR CMR ROA. SMM ALE 3 


ho 
-—-—-— = ~ mo 
- 


4501 


Application of the precedins data - tc eee ee He eee 

2. Arches and window tracery in general en 
Employment of tracery ---------- ~e n= . ee 
Development of tracery- - ------ - ~ = i oe 
Development of polyfoils and cusps- - - - - : ~ im 5G 
Laying out trefoil arch with cuspS- - ---- : — « ae 
baying out polyfoils- -----+-+------<£«-. 2.6 eee 
Vesica and intersections of tracery - ---------. 

3. Tracery with simpls mullions and wheels~ or ~~~ oe 
Mullion windows of Early Gothic --------.---.- 
Simple wheel windows of Early Gothic- - 7 = ~~ - 
Differences of tracery in early and middle times- “ oo as ‘ 521 
Simple tracery of middle time - 22 = ts & eee : ee 
Tracery of Late Gothic style- - - - - sito tet = > ee bike 

4. Tralery of compound mullion and wheel windows _ fies 
Plan of compound mullion window - - ~ oot me ot be ain 
Hlevation of compound tracery “OtotoTS Tot 9 
Compound wheel and rose windows - - Tithe ee - - -- e - - 

D. Tracery balustrades- ------------- - -- -532 
Wullion balustrades ------------+--- ~-- = -532. 
Proper tracery balustrades- ----------+-+--+---- 533 

6. Gable tracery- -------- ---- 75 - - - = = 535 

VIII. Doorways and pottals --------- - - -.- -538 

1. Covering and jambs of doormays - 7 TT 7 + 2 eee 
Simple mewbering of arches and jambs- - - - - - --.- = - -538 
Foliage and figure ornamentation on arches and jambs- - - -541 
Jamb strikes and middle pier- ------------ -.- -545. 
Bases of door and portal jambs- - ------------ -547 

2. Tympanum of portal ------+--+----- -— = > —segee 

3. External enclosure and crowning of portai- - - ~ = 952 

4. Vestibules - Ber ale > 7 oe ee -557 . 
Snail porchesiniy 2/2 yoy te tS oe 
Larger independent porticos --------------- -538 

j- Sculptured decorations of portalg- -------- ~ 559 

6. Brick portals- -~ 7755744 te ttt eee 

7.. Door, leaves and their fixtares.- ~ — - -.— =.= ae 564 


IX. Development of elevations of towers- a : é “ 56S 
1. Development of towers of Harly Christian to Gothic - -569 
2. Division of towers into stories- -----------572. 


Genenahor is Gitic iti a ise Set oe ay ir ae 


om 


_— 


-~ 


p= RORaroC 


‘ 
9 ry ] 
5 : 4 
ra we al Lb F 
im Vs ; 
¥ — -_—- 
, 6 
’ 
> 7 


Ve be a? a al Seal -~-+-+ + - gsot feissen bas ofota 
oh ee oo = + - ~ -tnkot bed to sottsoo) 


- -xedz 


Ae me = =raKod ko tccheenae 


mn 7 A Me ” 
ba aby , 


* 


ne Se. =< pee 


wee ne ew + + + saNOt Yo prods Ata0F 


~=-=- +2 = + ++ stored fo scitsniaved seqq0 


od stertizasat bes eovige to emzot Isesd .€ 

o~--~ + - + = =srgnod Lsnozviog bus bovot Yo ceukee 
m~_-e ee eee em ee = + & BHOWOS STBUDE To soTiag 
meee ee e+ = + = - BOWS STeNpE Go BoTige IsnoRsdoD. 
; -yiote edaibentedat yd eertge Lemoxetoo al noidtensi? 


ofai (yrt{sd) sewot Yo tee0 s9900 Yo aolitessiT 


wes e te e ewe eee ee = BTS KOS TEATS, 


{ 
' 
' 
t 
' 
' 
: 
t 
? 
t 
: 


-~ -sistiss tsilan® .& 


~ a eae ee tee ~~ -—- gsilge graces .¢ 


Ge at ee!) AS NM 108 oe ae 7 - ~ -bsravord 


wenn ewe ee ow sofe | , 66 peenad .eertge betsiotist 


atti incline Per fe ~ene = = = = =» wpe ige AOFaG 


etanuot bos enotensat6 berisoes (espestde 20 


i ios eS a ae ~--+ ews = - = — ~estige [estaod 
~-+-+-++-* eetiga srove [ebiastyq Lenotessd 


is aw ee we aw - - estfae stsvoe baa fsnobareh 
~-~~--~+-~-+ eemob ,psbie heyieo diiw sestae 


NR a ae ena, + «<prerot to essicge asboot .f 


- wen ee oe oe ~ = -Et8dHtT to BaOtsosnned 


Boe be ae, ee ae a oye .baiswous baa Satveyod 


pe a a -~-- - -st9not to stooy efamez 
ee ee ~““-- == = « <sterisd Toor 
-~s-++-+-= = -getige neboor sf aocestse .6) 


++ -<--.- -ss9n0t to setiaa te alien at epeeetsa .P 
~*-=-- = =~ =fitiew Beeb oF sob goicestan6d ” 


2th ie iene a - -oxupecetg barw venteges gtetse 
~~--~- “enot to siluev bas stige rigaty 
~-++=- === §Gnitated svidsicced . 

+ + - rokietar eat to aettsro90sb a ms 


- +++ = = ~ Biieg siattso to net ae . 


~-- = - «9 = toinsdak to antinisq otela 
~~ -vogs elbbin ot grivoieg Yo eoknsoe? «: 


. Kh 
SS cies cocn nual an ee we 


-- Deir to nottensed se 


ie 


45102 " 
Two lower stories of tower- ---------.---- 572 
Third story of tower- -------- - . ~ ee 575 
Fourth aes ‘a tower ~-------- -- tee eee - -5) 


3. Basal forms of spires and transitions to then- ag ee 
Spires of round and polvsonal towers- ------e- ~ 
Spires of square towers - - - - ----- sw es ee a 
Octagonal spires on square towers odie . “ . a toe, he eee 
Transition in octagonal spires by intermediate story- d - 
Transition of upper part of tower (belfry) into octagon - 
Stair towers- - - - Se ay ee ee ee ee ee ee é 


5. Masonry spires See te 
Origin and general form --~-------~-~-~---~~-ceG 
Location of bed joints- ------- - : oe i i es 
Growning- - == =~ -- +--+ +--+ +++ + + ee 
Perforated Spires, passages, etc. - - - - ------.---< 
Brick spires <> + eee ++ ~ te 

6. Stresses, required dimensions and thrusts of spires- 
Conical spires- -----------+ ~-----+--- 
Octasonal pyramidal stone spires- eee Pe oe x 
Hexagonal and square spires - - - - - - - ----+--+-+ee 
Spires with curved sides, domes Oe) Fl Set Pin’ te: i -- --- 

7+ Wooden spires of towers- - - ---++++--+-ee 
Connections of timbers- ---------- -------- 
Covering and crowning, ste. - ---- - ----+--+-- 
Simple roofs of towers- - - - - ititiietiottndic tas. 
Roof’ turrets-)— ea) ee 

8. Stresses in wooden spires- - - - - - - > i 

9. Stresses in walls of spires of towers- veces ier 
Compression due to dead weight- --- <= <s-«= -~---+-- 
Safety against wind pressure- - - - - - -s+-- === = 62 
Tarust of spire and vaults of tower ------------ 

%. Decorative painting - ---------<+--+=<-+-s 

1. Colored decoration of the interior - -------..-- 
Painting of certain parts ------------+------ 
Complete paintings of interior - ----- em ae ae ce a eS 

2. Technics of painting in middle ages- wh a a) a 
Adhesives and colors- -----------+-+-+--+-+-- 
Lisht and shade, alternation of colors Re Ne he 


ita 
maa 


if 
: 


‘a 


Aun " Lis my a \ | 


490s 


403 
Colors of geometrical ornament- -~----- - - 
Conclusion- ii et a 


Note. Of the 1523 AViustrations 
are old and about 600 are new. 


Pe =~ Hee ee mie ~dosos, ‘to bee teen Yo mela / a 
Bee = = 77 2 sales: Pe gene oF ares a 
Ob-------+--+-- ., <tathedtes to seconded pie 
ee ee ee ee ee He ~~ Shodo fo nelg to mee Ws 
'- = > rdet1og toon to neq Te¥Ol mort suetssq eoataue | | a 
oe, | eisexag ae 
p eee - - - - - isibedteo to geetdiad gotelt 96 {ensedo 4 i me 
08 ------+--++- -siasl «2 to Leqedo stods 10 nef3 “ee 
oe eisvused 
BS ------- ~ -letbedtso to afotin to ysd to soitevelia 
MES - - - ~~ ee eH = tty Bo ES 
. e-es eit ott ow me Oamekss 16 to akodo Yo, male 
Vn i Rage. dh, pling Rig Mee ie ears Vfl hin Aloe snasish +C to suisotrs? 
‘sooneess 
SYS - - | + Setbeddes wort dover Yo fed tged 
Weor tect - ---- - - - {aubedses to caenttod to sfosonsd eae 
i | oy) vy al 4d dosdyeiitg.. 5 (ae 
« «fsapdo to {esiteg 9%0 nunsquy? cat ia 
Bar ee mm ee te tt Me te ee = oe owe Ieee i 
| | notodayod hee 
“doris qieterson to moftoes fae aeiS map|: 
gindsebaass | a 
at 0022, Year, eee -- ~Lanbeaiteo pt Legeto. so7% ayatic ted a 
| foiwengmS i 
| Breet wot st ee eo  Uesbolitso at poktckei > ee 
By weleend, ae 
ae > ert eee ct roc eo = > dotedo e201 gout Jiway 9) ih. ‘ 
oe | ) pleeensa . 9) A 
 Mte- - - --  eiubud +8 99 lates efbbta aoxt esd to mitt Mi 
) _ <--> 2 ~ = ompisbtiss. aa ht Mere fh bean to m 


mene? tn es i, <a rofeiole ak scat, AER 


” 
4 
: 
t 
; 
i 
4 
! 
t 
’ 
1 


ee cl 


8 
3 
‘ 
' 
i 
i 
4 
i 
1 


es erg 
ass sin ® --4 


re A a e 
rr 1 7 Pals 
) e se > 


a 


cee pai . uy 
o 


5 | Bile od ons ie Mo = < re 
8 eh Gtr ake hay + he 


Yas 
¥ phy: 
‘ re a, 


x 


aes 

as ea 

— een 
My i E: 


#5104 
B. LIST OF LOCALITIES FOR THE ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Aix-la-—Chapeble Pig. 

Wall from in cloister ----------------- 279 
Ahrweiler 

Plan of west end of church- -------------- 818 

Section of S. Laurentius’ church- - - < —i- | 890 - 
Amiens NS 

Flying battress of cathedral- ------------- 406 

Scheme of plar of choir -----------+-~---- 79 

Surface pattern from lower part of west portal- - oh. -1306 
Auxerre ae 

Water channel on flying buttress of cathedral - - - - - 899 
Bambers Pan. 

Plan of choir chapel of S. Maria- -----------=- 804 
Beauvais | 

Blevation of bay of choir of cathedral- - - - - - - - - 847 

Plan of piers = > <-> 75 4 * = 4 2 

Plan of choir of S. Etienne - OE ee ne 807 

Triforium of 5. Eiieaae - - - -- -- = = os Se - 914 
Besancon 

Capital of round from cathedral - - ---------- 472 

Pinnacle of buttress of cathedral - - - - - - - = 1081,10812 4 
Billerbeck i. W. 

Tympanum o¥er portal of church- - ------- -— - = =1308 

Wheel window- io iat Baa ae Ck” es at orn reli Rie Ph Sr ae -1243 a, 
Bornhofen 

Plan and section of monastery church- - - - - - - — 758,758 a 
Brandenburg 

Paintings from’chapel in cathedral- - - 1486,1487,1500,1501 _ 
Brunswick 

Paitating in cathedts) = - =~ ee ee x 1491, 1491-b 
Breslau 

Vault from cress chureh — ~*~ 9 == Fo] ea ee = 3% 
Brussels 

Elevation of bay from middle aisle of S. Gudule - - - - -917 

Plan of pier, dividing arch of triforium- - - - - - - = -9t7/@ 
Chalons op 

Moulding of abacus from capitals of arcade in cathedral -490 

Foliage en sameic) + Sy Sn tee ee 


Capital of column of arcade - - ----------- - -520 


tea Is 5 to dese # atu: to: ieturoaneg 
ee = = row0t to fei gugtiat to notifum wobaiw 16 rae 
s¢- a = -1ekg test0o Sf booa0 bee 19hd pakesoro to weet 

Rs - lathedtsc te tyeenamt .v to nottoes bra nottevels 
-s = .00 Yo igsenett 8 to isivog io elas to Sorawesd 7 71M 
aa ~ + sob to-tgeensst .% oi wobaty feeds to eisoas? f. ss 
= + gree To mesere eeertsnd fguoadd mottos ee i. 
~- ++ =» gfate ofktin to yee to tluov Yo motstavelay) 

- -efets eerovanert to yed to sivev to aotsevel®? 15 


Sqssnet “th Lo suit Seet tIeey fenond to [iste aa 


+ 
‘ 


' 
es ae > 
: 
: 


eentied) co ae 

oo so-so +e eLerbsiisgo 40 ety even to Bele 
em - somee to tgonnsst sit 10 forog wort anufoo So seed’ 9) am 
See ee ewe eee } + foro omse edt ott siupre q 

| akrodd Ry 

ial dat ain a Shyrpio Kas ante ok ebawoa Yo gaktated an 4 

| engtequod pens: 

= =~ -onfotad .3 to efete seveverss? to ysd to notdevel® Be fe tu, 
| ghyned oe, 


-- oned -4 to isdigss wozt dia to §aiksisqe bos doth | 

p Aastat 78 .dovs Yo sutzatage bee sety Batecose to aeft | Gee 
a ee eee He - HF emee to even io baved BO Lestqnd a 
ge Seen te ee ee em = wOMee to toon Slit Be avedisd Re , 
ee ee eH +e = = = ones mt reteye eeortiad Be elktory 4 we 


D-- +--+ --- - amas Yo ofets sibbic to yet tolnotsvelg a 
Bae = + --- + - ~ ones to tioto wort aacusdud to aofetved | 
isp a sto dows Bntbivib bes ebnoo: dtiw setq evea Yo feddged) |) Ge 
De ++ + + + onse of t0kietat ot amafoo To weed to. ofrtes? | alee 
ee ee ee eee sort rledvoo bae solares) too8’ ‘ Ba 
; i= see we He ee + ewes Yo Ifoks ebie to noises | wae 
ee oe -e8rse to alets efbbin fe sodniv To toissinl bes norsos | A 
¢ as ease to tosessat 68 to [fax aldey to sottevele isdreial 


ee eae 2 22227 rt nee te none teenty Bd fy 


7 
{ 


‘ 
o, ; 
a 


ee - ss me tb eh 


Sr 


¥. » 
ih <a ial oe 
Rats ree a Ng 7 


49.05 
Gargoyle from portal of south een | of cathedral - - - -870 
Plan of window mullion of triforium column of tower - - - ~918: 
Plan of crossing pier and opposite corner pier- - - = : te -928 i 
Elevation and section of N. transept of cathedral - e -932, 9328 4 
Crowning of gable of portal of S. transept of do. - — ~ 1099. 


Tracery of wheel window in N. transept-of dor - - - - - - 1270 
Section through buttress system of same - - as : - a g98 
Elevation of vault of bay of middle aisle - - - - - -- ~ 918 4 
Elevation of vault of bay of transverse aisle - ae ae 919. | 
Detail of tunnel vault in portal of N. transept - zl : : a 1315. 4 
Chartres 
Plas of nave pier of cathedral- -------- += = = =) 3300 
Base of column from porch of N. transept of Same- = + --i> 561 a 
Figure from the same porch~ -~------ +--+ == = == iage 
Chorin 
Painting of rounds in monastery church- - - ------= - 1488 
Compeisne 
Elevation of bay of transverse aisle of S. Antoine- - - - 923 
Danzig : - 
Arch and springing of rib from capital of N. Dame - - -286,286b aq 
Plan of crossing pier and springing of arch, S. Bénigne ~ 468 
Capital of round of nave of same- - - - - - - - = =~ = -§02,502a8 
Pattern of tile roof of same- -----------=== 887 
Profile of buttress system in same- ---+* > > = se 
Elevation of bay of middle aisle of same--------- 916. 
Division of buttress from choir of same - - - - - - -.- - 1062 
Capital of nave pier with rounds and dividing arbi of Ned 443 
Profile of bayu of column in interior in same - - - - - = 54). 
Roof cornice and corbels from same- - ---------=-= 698. 
Section of side choir of same - - - -'- - ++ ~ = = ==) =) gaae 


Section and interior of window of middle aisle of same- — 348 
Internal elevation of gable wall of S. transept of same - 933 


External slevation ofeame part - ---------+ >= =7oe 

Sestion ar wage sl = 2 

soo LeDebhenoin.Coarland 

Profile of rib from ruined castle Rn a) eu nee a ae er 155 
Duisburg : 

Plan of church of Minorites - -------------=- 735 


Section of same - - ---- == -----+--7-=*+ = 7350 oe 
BRberbach : 


Fume: eS eee erg AL) ai 1% 
ae hw oe wo oh doves .e doxade te 4dbg atu 4 
@30l- - - = + Bite ve aah hay to siatiq abun i | 
: | Lee: Tt: . 
-~ += Sido stetgalitoo si eats toto cle beet ae 
ee ee en em ee oe oomee of dit to Rakgnhseer ee 
mn ee sm tle sy omse) Yo \unslos to Letiass: me 
+ ~ owse to sgecnsnd .# ok 1006 to [etait to Isdiod yy) ae 
~+~+-+- ineve® .€ dotsdo wort qaoolsd belfedxeg > | ie 
| ~ +(dexbeddao) dowds bello mort déntig to elktosg "Re 
| ae ~~ mo = ~ » dosss.seffoo mol yseperd Wokath,) |) 7 
‘e8ar -ineyod .2 dorado wort ebsatenled yteosat 
Dep@eeoe ~ ~ + ~ - - + = + + = + testers® Yo dossdo most dLye¥ 
NGOe = + + - - + - ee = + donde Rotdds97% most Lod209 
Bip) | | snis2 tsen aeeusdtent® 
et eee ee ee tt  Logeio a lo ewok 
| |  oaesh wk ebondosd: 
-~--- -opivedse) .6 to evem to noivevele bae agI? 
(== + = + -donedo gbstevey mort asiq evan to saad aa | 
) | ' josddost® 2) eee 
~ hee tee ee ee eH = TB bOfo To pebsot Pay, 
sraa® ok S1odnemnsys 9)” 4 
~~ + - ~ dowsio asisiind sntuhee ineunenue ae 
-~ ~ euss io L[ets0g .W ts Jotatl£ w6eb asbas Ledied. 
~~ --+ ~~ =d0mudo setedéed Yo tenot So ald ; 
~--- ++ +e ++ 4 - - case to oven to ofttor? =. 
+2 + = i Ret eo ORERe MIE elosnisde®? | a 
wee ee ee He + Omer Mort Ledrdo boa yaeray ” 
we ee te eH ee  sotnto meredind to ten0F 
~seee w sachdiue bonsoten babes ju) wor? . Ease ae 
“hice f* | Wig os rekeeg es ee 
Wee ee He eee vowsfedseas 8 word sekd’ evek 
ie rege - -dowdo sgueitdeld most Soper fo seed Oe 
a ss wegererS ni gsodiod® aoe 
‘lg Bi- - + + wotentn to tenes af ytiled: it pabtcanait et 
SSR pbeiaetpeeapecter tens. | 
eS i eis iaeanice @iiB. | 


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Plan of chapter hall- ----------------- -765 
Section of chapter hall - ---------------+- 766 
Binbeck opie wes : eee 
Middle pier of church S$. Jacob- ------+-- s+ me — — — 898 ee 
Profile of plinth of church S. Alexander- - - . ~ -1025, 10252. % 
Erfurt a 
Keystone Srom cloister of babii churhe — — - ~ -218,233 
Springing of rib in same- -------+--- ae ee 282,282. 
Gapital of column of same ------- - ~~ nee - 578 
Corbel of lintel of door in N. transept of same - - ie ~669 
Corbelled balcony from church S. Severi - - - - a . -694, 694a 
Profile of plinth from colles.church (cathedral)- - - - 1090 . 
Window tracery from colles.church - -------- - - 1240 
Tracery balustrade from church §. Severi- - tel a ee 1279 
Vault from church of Barefeet - - ------- - — - 9099942 
Corbel from Preaghing church- ------------ — -637 
Ernsthausen near Haina a 
Tower of a chapel :- -:- - ie - eee S HH- eee Se 1453 
Eschwege in Hesse | } 
Plan and elevation of nave of S. Catherine- - - ~- - -422,422a 
Base of nave pier from Neustadt church- - - - - - - - = -570 
Fischbeck 
Arcades of cloister - - -------------+- 6 1163 
Frankenbers in Hesse 
Sorbel from present Lutheran church - - - ----- - - -662 
Corbel under door lintel at ff. portal of same - - - - - -693 
Plan of tower of Lutheran charch-:- - - -=<i- -.+/- > Soe 
Profile of nave of same - --------- 7-7-2 = = 872. 
Tabernacle from same- - -- ------------- - 1086 
Canopy and corbel from same PR tn Fee ee hr 1126, 1126a 
Tower of Lutheran church- - ---~-- = - - > - + 1387 
Corbel from present Reformed church - - - - - ----- -653 
Frankfort | 
Nave pier ‘from 5. Bartholenew -— = — + = = = = = > =e 432 
Base of round from Liebfrauen church- - - - ~- - 574, 574,581 
Freibers in Breisgau 
Stone ceiling over belfry in tower of minster - - - - 396,96a 
Keystone from middle aisle- --------------- 216 
Capital of window mullion of “f side- mm ee aD 


Scheme of plan of choir or 1 ot eae er hc Di any am yr Se Loe eT ON i Sule 28 805 


~ a2 S - & Stesei ith to ofeis obre te pebenah ia Me 
+++ + eae = -ugteye asortted to etter 4 
~etedt spaeesg, dtkn) doag: wobain ‘seqqu Yo. aelt oe 
<a = ~~ = -BRoTsEnd Baiyl% to gntqoo to efftosd 
arte a + 7m Towod, To sbsitasiéd segas to efosspig 
hia + = + + - ow + 4 Soe + tONOt Bntanoro sfocmtses 
SR -- -- +--+ - + ~ + oble .€ Yo excatind s- mort ygoned | ‘s 
WURDE = 2 4 Hw ei hoes + donot Bo ante o 
2 ‘oe eR suewot ssin stige to notfoant déiw costco to motssvels = 14 
a2 > + Te MB Ps Se Sey Mee “yx ifed ddvoudd norrose | 
| ha ea te ew tee ee os OTtge: dyaosds sobtos® 
a ser : Aneesh tad: “= efit te Cae sexed To sttge most yusosal 
ie aiedbeine 
—. QBp, cdo- -- = dosedo seuetidedd af foss anibivib to elite 
me (RR - - - - - - -ouee gi neers boos to exmulon to sfsttqed 
; ea ere ner eee ee = Ghis of ac seerssud, work efpannt? 
(+ +e the + > => Ogee satowero/etosantd 
~s +++ - + glosavsast [fen mort, efedoord 
-~--+~-- died tewsl sovkt sagloo to fetrord 
safes ia 
sedirocty to doisdo wort ened eyed 
dousdo ucivabusct to 1eteltolo, work enodayed 
Le ele oS oo) + ORR es eer 
naa + = = = = Beditonth to dotedo to. opl® 
. | ngauedaled | 
em “tonpdo deiaag wort Savet to eens 
7 - 7 > = geempe boor to ssfgq bas soktsvels 
~tgeensyd 6K to Les7ot td. efdaa to Batmword 


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- dears puegiedaest io siuev moqt antidotes ONG 

“---=-* -dorsdo avenue! to ebsost areteeW aa 
levee aseq nsiidegstahy |e 

+ ~ ~dordo ogsmexb[tq to 16k even to weiV’ ae} 


~~ + 77-22 > dodo edt mort, epotexed |) 
7sas@ to dows wobsiv teda8 Bagot ‘to {sd tged ‘a 
, feeesd teea eftita? ae 
_t7 sc e-e er Tee ran Ree i. hie ta Sena i a 


ALO7 


Arcades of side aisle of minster- - --------- - -845 
Profile of buttress system- - ------------+--- 892 
Plan of upper window jamb with passage there- <i ar -392a 
Profile of coping of flying buttress- - - - - - - - - - -892b 
Pinnacle of upper balustrade of tower - - - <n 1069 
Pinnacle crowning tower ------- - - ---+-- 
Canopy from a buttress of S. side'- ------- = sie - 1124 
Plan of tower --------+-+--+-- x ‘ a . ~ ae 1404 
Elevation of octagon with junction of spire with tower- 1403 
Section throush belfry- 72 R. TTR RES Ses: = eee 1405 
Section through spire “ters os 3 ."Teretecs - ~ : Pe 1406 
Tracery from spire of tower s-.-)-¢<)- ste e +)+ =< 
Friedbers ; eee 
Profile of dividing arch in hiebfrauen church - - - -465,466 
Capitals of columns of rood screen in same- - ~ - - - = =82t 
Pinnacle from buttress 2n Ne. side - ----- - 2 ~~ = 14 
Pinnacle crowning same-9- - --------<--- i - - 1106 
Crockets from wall tabernacle - - ~-~- 5 - = = ee 
Capital of column from Jews’ bath --<+- = = ab - + ore 
Fritglar | 
Keystone from chaurch-of Minorites;-.-\- - - - - - - = = =2gg 
Keystone from cloister of foundation church - - - - - ~ “aoe 
Corbel from same- - ---- Se Ce, eee sie sa Mia ~639,641 
Plan of church of Minorites - - - - ------ 5 41446,1116a 
Gelnhausen 
Base of round from parish church- - - - - -- - - - -820;563a 
Elevation and plan of rood sereen - - --- - - - — -820j82Ga. 
Growning of gable of fortal of N. transept- 29 > ee ae 
Goslar 
Painting from vault of Prankenberg church - - - --- - 1493 
Western facade of Neuwerk church- ---------- - 134 
Gottesbiiren near Cassel 
View of nave pier of pilgramage church- - - - -- - - - -44§ 
Keystone from the church- - ------------- => -207 
Capital of round under window arch of same~ — — =)<¢ > /4acgeq 
Grifle near Cassel 
Spine of tewercyer—seitey factiowsrses gigetee a 2 eee 
Haina . 


Keystone from transverse aisle of monastery church- - - -231 
Gapital if pier and springing of vanlt- - -- - - - -287 , 2878 


"ae 388 0d ee 
Wee ee ee ee -sae8 To meee boo “i notte, 
Fee -- - + - ~~~ ~ + = 20hpholo mort yrseert vobni woe 
Re cbse: cost. by pide stgeenen? oi ont yiecsis wobat ee. 
| ; thetered {al iy oS 
“| =e +e - =e -teshedtie ont wort eoepondtnd betel ae 
ee ~pot tnonil to fotndo’ to sig ‘eIbbEM . 
Bene rn te ee ee + + Htetg to cent 
| | asebedsensy 
| ~-- + -soredo yrid to sheds sok did to gakgarsae, ; 
ite -~ we eee ee eee + “thors dort bayer to end. lei, 
get ~ - eA a, ee a Sn Be ee isey 8 to. ssid : 
NE a ed al A ow ae yk ~evea Isvo sasat Fook “jade 
ee | ‘Whodwet OG, Pan 
1 GO. - peat a Yo domrdo fo t{esv mo getdate? | aie 
Mae Hh |) Ca6t) sume too i Be 
Pe eetcoNr ~ -\- ~Lanbailte wosl Wks geors bos diy To a sits Be 
-~+- + += =Shhe go eeattiod Salyli Te mot 
Bie - - - - +e ~~ + = -ee098 IOs YO eloennig 20) ast 
[eae ee eee ee Beerti ae senad to sides yrsosa? i 
wee ae we ak -noeted 12 Yo “aemod $9) tooa! ee 
' ~ ‘netheoati “to dotnds te wig te send - 
P+ ~~~ - -Lodiged cb aise’ 2 40 feqeds oY Sfuav i 
ee ee 
Ore -------+++-5--+4 by, yi Mere nt Yo Beas 


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08 . 
Plan of crossing pier of same Be ~------- 424; 1421, 1e 
Plan of nave pier with besinning of rib =i = sg 427 ri it 
Capital with little column of window jamb - - - - - - - -595 
Capitals of column from bitter chamber and cloister 5265532 | 
Base of round from nave of monastery church - - - -- - - 566 


Corbels from transverse aisle, nave piers, walls eter - 633, 


634, 642, 654, 655 


Section of rood screen of same- - ---------=+- 822 
Window tracery from cloister- -~-—-- - - - r i “ we ~1241 
Window tracery from N. transept, choir,ete. 91263" 71265, 1267 
Halberstadt 
Flying buttresses from the cathedral- - -------- 405 
déxter ie 
Middle pier of church of Minorites- - - - - - - - - - = 429 | 
Base of pier- - ope es ek a ee ae eee oe er im s 572 
Immenhausén ee. 
Springing of rib from choir of City church- - - - - 272,272a 
Base of round from choir- - - -----------+=-= 571 
Plan of H. part of nave - Sy OES a Ce eee ee : =u 750 
Roof frame over nave- - ------------- - - - 876 
Jtiterbosk 
Painting on vault of church of S. Nicolai - - - - - - -1496 
Cologne (K81n) 
Profiles of pib and cross rib from cathedral- - - - 170,198 
Junction of flying buttress on N. Side- ------ - 903,903a 
Plan of pinnacle of buttress- - -------=- == ~= 9m 
Tracery gable of tower buttress ---=-5-55 > 5 > 5ie 
Roof of tower of S. Gereon- - - --------- - - -1368 
Base of pier of church of Minorites - — - - - - = <i77— 573, 
Cross vault in chapel of S. Maria im Capitol- = => =e 
K8nigslutter | 
Arcades of cloister -- --------------- -1164 
Laach | 
Arcades: of TOrecourGe Ss \ ay im oe ee eae -1162 
Towers of W. side peidbanitiderc bir ~ er ee er -1346 
Langenstein near Marburg 
Plan of rib system im choir - - ---->=- == +> = 26s 
haon 


Gentral tawer of casnedtaie = er ei a ee ee -1055 


i -- ee puote we ake 
"ilps kc pati 08 iteved 
ii | | “shedcaatd 


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~ « « wlerhodted. ai geeioe Pooy woul aualos te seed 

~ = «= + oie «2 ak efosozedsd) oxracd west, gato ooe 

“<= eee ~ ~ +ons6 oft aoxt slosants 
ZI GOREN 


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be ” eons yst 
eae ot e - + -asige?é .2 to sedetolo notk sivsv to) gaksataga 
B -abab,s00- ~sgepoeis .i To dafacg to aouotoo ineg sort Lediasd 
Bey She, ssc- a {atheddao ai 1Lete gutholy noxt eledigad 
dim = ae ~~ ee sedgeda .f to shia .& work esentsed 
i, eed net 
psp ~s89,iioo wort slusv io Safaniver bas gore shedo Yo! antd 
aci- sles me eis ee > fORe Saibivis les deka, phe Te eels 
ap ~ ne me oe = = * » mee TO aseka ares to glow 
me eine tie 4+ = Behe Sven Ro ehever Fo eiesm 
-+~H-=-+ ~~~ epenod to isd to sotvoaee fantbestiganod 


wee ee ee ee ee eo  Shosd of yee & to aoltsysié 
Bs an: me we se SEONG tnibevos sictea sheeeaqg to ael¥ 
| « « «9fod9 tevo ytellas to sigev leaass Yo ackiontteaod 
)  R6Q- ~ -efois sbie seve wieliea toyed »2 nol tlpev te wety 


VRee-- - - - -- + - - + -ebte of to dteq segqe Yo notsevels, 4p 
a gaibited .M to zekvede wwf diod Yo soft a 


~--- - - stenot 39 setsets tad bos, b9 460 agid 
= Obke .t ao Leoatio enet waepest wobstt 


a oe netisy +8 dotuse mont aoe 
ween ese +s -ohpia obsa ot sinay 20 aatbesTNy, . 


fois yredeanom at oxed ‘to otthna: 


Rec - + + ~~ =~ ~ +mbsee 4B) dorniio 20 atoms to Garay, 
ee - 1 - ae om + + + & seiiegs Yo setetols novl fediey, 


\e vont oar ~ «feabedtes work dose Peors bas Gin to efftord 


-<2eenr es eno + > oee tspomds Boivoes satewnaaTy | 


509 


Limburg 

Inner elevation of cross gable in cathedral - - - — - - -925 

Blevation of W, gable >> - > acc.ccs>5 7S Se 
Lippstadt 

Side arch from church S. yaria~ ---------+-.--. -202 

Springins of vault in side aisle- - - - - alate -268, 268¢ 
Loccum ne | 

Profile of base in monastery church - - co. 2 = = 1024a 
Lilbeck oo) i= 

Plan of choir of church S. Maria- -- --------- +802 

Corbel from cloister of cagtle- - ----=--.= ae ~650 

Base of column from rood screen in cathedral- <a 562 

Moulding from bronge tabernacle in S. Meria - - - - -976.977 

Pinnacle from the same- ---------- an 1074 
Masdeburs | : | 

Profile of rib and cross arch from cathedral- - -169,189,190 
Mayence 


Springing of vault from cloister of &. Stepken- - - 95 to 95c. 
Capital from jamb columns of portal of N. transept- -461, 461a. 


Capitals from windins stair in cathedral =>. 
cuttress from N. side of S. Stephen - - - - - - ~ — - ~ 1063 
Mantes 
Plan of choir pier and springing of vault from coll.ch.- 424 
Plan of nave pier anf dividing arch - -~-7 7 ttt ee 426 
@apitals of choir piers of same - - - - - ------ 460, 460a 
Capitals of rounds of nave pier --------- - - - -462 
Longitudinal section of bay of towess - "7 774-7 
Transverse section through same i ae ree a ee -926a 
Elevation of a bay in choir - - +.- - - ~- 7 = = ee -926b. 
Plan of passage before rounding ef choir-.- ~ + ~~. 926c 


Construction of tunnel vault of gallery over choir- ~ = 9260. 
View of vault from BE. bay of gallery over side aisie- - +939. . 


Elevation of upper part of ff. side- -------=- -— = =939 
Plan of both lower stories of W. building “2 = Si 
Plan of 3 rd and 4 th stories of tower- - - - - - - - - -939b. 
Window tracery from chavel on N. side - - - - - - = --- 1266 
Marburg 
Profile of rib from castle chapel - - - - - ---- - - -172 
Roun. and begiming of rib- ------------- - -447 


Window tracery of same— Ran br area an cr mii rs als AEN 1237 


UB. = = - - ~~ trodentio 48 m 
OesT es ~ eee se = Esta07 8 to Rees ill hk 
Bee -------~-+ += bites .f 10 obke 3H ao slyoRtAD. 
DBR------ +--+ +5 - ++ + +/+ Ones mont sented Sook 


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D Bees 0d EE8- -)- - - - - = domo Lief wort din to aotynteae 


tioiateesi 
' flowssio aewstide lg to shsost .¥. Yo axswod to inomeoges sh 


xnusel of 


waane et - - - - ~-~-~- + -siets sb}e to weig ahod> to wel 
© 8s! - - - = suse to elds dqoeasts 1% to notisvele L[entetal 
’ eG ee aecetsll 
 Se--+------- +--+ + aslo at reseiolo sort sfosv 
ae seboill 


Deoeest --------- + = + = Istbestso, wort prasad woboitt — 
gest --------- w-B-- +--+ = ~908e to HOdDIR 


enon 
eore~ - - -~-+-+--- = -n1bss¥ «2 Fo sbia . work efyobisd 
sided xfodo mort se#o0Id 
noeved I oBu 
ease wm eee ee stisl e “to eiuaitesy mort diusV 
| ers- meee ee eee eee ee eH = = $ONBA MOTT SHOTEYSA 
| os ECAR RPE emerson - = #mekesia .2 moet shoteye? 
Gre arc - ~ siiex .2 moti eperiot bas nawloo to Latiqed 
e+ ++ - += -tinav to Roibcitoe bas w9ia sven to geld 
~ « - + ~peteetg-.3 at-sifibes e nott noplos To Legigs) 
meer en tt er eee 9 -908R to bovet to Ietige? 
nae mei eM oe ena ea ae tigdipa wort Jedigsd 
RE... A, bins v jar ainin nie 44) 4 + ieta-al aan 
BOYY.OWN- - - ee ee et eaee -& to nokvose bus mslg 
an i | yoeash 
i g080,02\- - - - - - - - ~doawdo yusterdom to aottose) bas aes 
A os : girdyak ssea thatendt 


ete BRAN Site eR MES -towudo deited to noivoe? 


i eesed ai iosseN te90 sdqesiebslh — 
ie £e0! tr a tie em he 4 6. Se SO Se, SIS ee? ~ ~seetited to wet 
a. [eases seu stesil 


Pip a | | . 
2 ReY- - ee ee Ase dened) RSimane ue 
bod | hea lip a4 ; ko ch ae Poe ye ee ie ae , 
TS ies, . a!  gredmernil eile, oe 
MAS : / : . ie | 
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Capital of window mullion from S. Blisabeth - ---.-—-— 506 
¥levation and plan of S. portal - he eee a — -1290, 12902 . 
Gargoyle on N. side of S. Maria “Tl os = = 7 oe | 
Root turret from same - ----- - - -~-------- 1454 
Springing of rib from Ball church - - - - - - ~2933 to 2830 
- Maestricht Dit 
Arrangement of towers of W. facade of Riebfrauen church 1343 
Meaux | 
Plan and view of choir vier of cathedral- 4 2S 425,425 a 
View of choir pier’ef side aisle- ~ - —. - u - = ae -771 
Internal elevation of N. transept gable of same -- 9 - sie 
Meissen 
Vault from cloister in olan - - - - ~c ree ee ee te 92 
Winden oh 
Window tracery from. cathedral - - - - - - ~-- += - = 1245 
Window of same- - -- SRE RT Ee DR aie aaa ek ee ~\ ce ¥ 1245a 
Mons ae: ee 
Garsoyle from N. side of S. Vandru- “7 t= - - = = ieee 
Crocket from choir gable- ---------.-.--- ~te 1229. . 
Minlhausen . 
Vault from vestibule of 8S. Maria- - - - 7 == = | 
Keystone from samne- Fe ge i ao oe ace i ea ea ae ae ~219 
Keystone from 8. Blasien- ------+--+--+-----+--+-+-.- -230 
Capital of column and foliage from S. Waria - - , ~516; 517, 524 
Plan of nave pier and svuringing of vault- ----- - - -433 
Capital of column from a sedilia-in $.-Blasien- - - - - - 467 
Capital of round of same------- - ——— = ee 
Capital from pubpit - a ee a re 
Nave pier - iE Me ae aaa e ls tiie ei 
Plan and section of E. vart ------------ . ~770, 770a 
Namedy 
Plan and section of monastery church- - - - - -~ +--+ - -760,760a 
Neustadt near Marburg 
Section of parish church- --------- “---=-«+ 273 
Niederasphe near Wetter in Hesse 
View of buttress- EUs Ree ais a Regi ie ie ae et ee ee 1053 
Wieste near Cassel 
Phan of chureh-\ey <t-ih-shagce <'~ - 5 7 = 5 = See 
Nurembers 


tracery from wheel window of W. facade of S. Loreng - - 1271 


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| atedaegg® — 

i sO -2 dots eotbivi to elitr bos 1etq even to: 
epee rOR- ~ = - ~~ - <'~ « - == - + \9n68 to ss ipics hls aol 
i | nxodaebsy 

: a - ae ee ee eR ee Sonne ued mort divsev eso 
MMe - - - + - ~ + = - «+ + ~Leshedteo cot Jivev exgtt 
RS ko a al mle a ORRE BO aneNod,. te toomegaetth 
P ~newod 9t woxavco ot noittenes? 
| eited 
etre -+-------- slieaald . 8 20 exsrdted wort sfoanahg 
Pe) aOR. | -leabeddag to aiotio Yo wala to ematee 
; my sansyee 
hn wa we ow & ShSepoheshbeodht Ywodaod most! at) ne? abo" 3 
| emieih 
Hit B.- --+---- lenbedtso mor} for antbivib to siftes9 
a en te oe mie eRe MOLT bavod To. lesegee 
ite - ~ -----+-----+- - Lfsn to notseniated teqgq8 
Pee an eH He + oe suoteye sestited to etter 
re ee dust wobaty teqqe bas seka to asl 
Sl al nm we et = + BRST .F To eorntom Be elitogs 
i ee = - - [etvog .% weak efosankd 
lo == + seustitud sewot mort elosonta base sida yrooayT 
rac duty ek, ede lak ap onda ee Rag a ve shanet .¥ ontemoso Leaatt 
has dl aes ne oe ity ie. nae rg ee s{dek yreosis mosh Fedor 
tia 4 le on 4 ee jgsenais .¥ Yo Indioq most qgoead 
Pines ee et ere rete em Lett0g +% wort yqaaeg 
-~-- - -igsenet .f Io isdiuog do iors ons dmsi, to a 
oe len ak io eh le ee le eh we Lee 
~ formio (fade to ytoteteeto bes astzotiat td. noivevel® 
Ra: fevsl 
-388- s++ - -- = sodowsdo Lsvevea ri absuot Liew helisdaah), 
; iis, sco- dene «= = 4 4 eines @ ofefoolt 68 20 ensahitoon 


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 vesedeteso tq. cedco1s esor ,Bedoss sbie ,ssio%s to eeltion? 
2 ‘eer. Ger dcr 05 ake 


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4311 
Oberwesel 
Corbel from rood screen of foundation church- - - - - 656, 670 
Oppenhein mt 
Plan of nave pier and profile of dividing arch, S. Cath. 437 
Buttress system of same --------------+- 901, 901b 
Paderborn ‘een 2 hap 
Gross vault from Gau church - --------+-----+- = 26 
Gross vault from cathedral- -------- 4 “ s - aS 2 27 
Arrangement of towers of same - ---- - -- ee “ - 1347 
Transition to octagon in tower- - ---------- - 1401 
Paris | eee ; 
Pinnacle from buttress of S. Chapelle - - - - - - - - - 1072 
Scheme of plan of choir of cathedral- - ----- - - - -806 
Ravenna 
Cross..vanlts.fromatomb-of: Theoderic:sa+ - - - = = - - — -294 
Rheims 
Profile of dividing arch from cathedral - - - - - - - — ~433 
Capital of round from same- -------------- 579: 
Upper termination of wall etme Meee ue iui ~828 
Profile of buttress systew~ -------------- -394 
Plan of pier and upper window jamb- iiietintintimtiinlinnic cs: >... 
Profile of cornice of W. facade --------- === GOD 
Pinnacle from W. portal -------+-+-+---+--+=- 1077 
Tracery gable and piimnacle from tower buttress- ----- 1088 
Finial crowning W. facade - ------+--+-+-+-+-+-+-- 1097 
Crocket from tracery gable~- —-— + +--+ *i- - - — = ae 
Canopy from portal of N. transept sili. at jl el lt re 
Canopy from W. portal - ---------------- 1298 
Plan of jamb and arch of portal of N. transepé- ~~ - ~~ Gee 
Plinth. of: N.) portal + -\0% -—-— =< -- -— = + = ee 
BRlevation of triforium and clearstory of smali church - -921 
Reval 
Sorbelled wall rounds in several churches - - - - - - - -866 
Roof: frase ofr is) Missle. - 3 oe a ee -333, 833a 
Risa 
Profiles of arches, sids arches, cross arches of cloister, 
156,157,197, 203 
Position of courses of vaults of chapter hall - - - -299,300 
Plas of(pierin sage- - - - << ~ +--+ == 5 = = 9 eee 


Corbel from chapter hall- i es, SR ele ie een ae eee at ag -457 


Bias, O8nt- - 1+ pea o “498 stole, te steae to pate. uh 
Bebt=- - - - ~ ontandis® «2 moat wobsiv to eweolors betnke® , 
pROdl- ~.- Lerbsdteo to sindtvesy rewt0e2 mori anksning Lesa ie, | 


| nsuot 97) ae 
ee Se ae Go as eee ~p9M «6 pont seostind gorel® iia 
m~-+-- +> ~~ -letbedieo work telg sysm to BBS 


Pee ee eee ene eS = & teko sven to shi Xo gale 
i+ - += = = shhoge te aunfuo to exobds 30. i. 

| <a eee eine | ee SS See OTT ogeiis | 

| ~~+~ == 2 = = Toh ever So Seem 
~ -«<9iere efhbin af yed To noktevela © 


eer Ce 2600 .@ to stodo moat efyouasd 
“ee ee wee exee oi slete able to seq a 20 weld ‘ 
) ta een ne me meenidind anielt to soitoss Beer, 
Mies ee ~~ ~ = cestidad shodo to sokéaptaiet 
ms m+ -polos .& to s8Kod {[sitgen mort yisos3s wWobeLh 
Ae eee a ee ee sree te zeiq svsm. ti mela | 
eee ++ ++ -- t0V0t iniineo to noltevele Lanreinn | eee 
| q nitneps By { , , 
sss i dompdc ndnkgas toc ic {suado stole to meh? 
bin hws + + 6 Hs mm » omee. To MEORS) Beene 
eee - ++ - +--+ - + -Sogedo thos to espattnd 
3 | jesoe | 
ak dgev to agiiatoos Sas s9dq sven to meld 0m 
ion ie aie ~~» - «= ages ab aiedo te cefd | 
| enorelog, ‘a 


ne me err ee cewhh anes ai sefsdo siodo to asso 
ie es & we ae > o Olea. efbote) tolvad. te notvevsla | i 
‘ * - -.- ~ -Letigqss ai evods bas woled tetg to nel? 9» a 
i - = + 198535 .& to sgeenerd i to eidse Yo mbes : 

nidsere ne 
- {ned .2 bus asxed .2 bet ks Ba 


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Plan of church 8S. John- - -----------+--- - — 736 
Plan of window ir W. building of cathedral - ---- - -1142a 
Arcades of cloister -----------+------ -1163 
North portal of cloister- ------- ie i oe 1268 t01268e 
Paintings of vault of cloister- - seer ee -1480 to 1485 
Painted erclosure of window from §. - Katherine ----- 1498 
Mural. paintins from former vestibule of cathedral 1g ~1507 
Rouen a 
Flying buttress from S. Quen- ----- - sim en 403 
Plan of nave pier from cathedral- - ---------- 499 
Plan of Rounds of nave vier - - ~ - - nS ye - 463 
Profile of abacus of column of arcade ‘ a i ‘ - -- a 
YaReage-Tromcane + Se ie Se i i _ 7 ~4453, 4732, 
Base ‘of mave pler -------+-- +--+ =+--3—— 558 
Elevation of bay in middle aisle- - - --------- 920 
Gargoyle from choir of S. Ouen- - ----- - ---- 
Plan of E. part of side aisle in same - - - - os 
Cross section of flying buttress- - ---- - - ce 900 
Termination of choir buttress - ------- x a -1083 
Window tracery from central tower of ra Maclou- i - -1258 
Plan af mave pier of sane ~ oe oe ee a 439 
Internal elevation of central tower - - - - - - - - - -1248 
S. Quentin “ie 
Plan of choir chapel of collegiate church - - - - - - - 794 
Buttress of choir of same - --- ---- --- ~~ nn 
Buttress of choir chapel- aeigete rose “om apres ae arent eee es es ie ~ = -1054 
Soest . 
Plan of nave pier and soringing of vault in Wiesen ch.- 440 
Plan of choir in same ----------------- 77/4. 
Soissons 
Plan of choir chales in cathedral -----------—- 861 
Elevation of bay of middle aisle- -----+----- 7 = 9% 
Plan of pier below and above the capital- -— so ee Oe 
Elevation of Sable of N. transept of S. Leger wo ee om vie a 
Stettin 
Vault in sacristy of S. Peter and S. Paul -- ---- - -56 
Strasburg 
Profile of cross arch from minater-\- ~ + - -.- -- == 1% 
Gross section of same set apm tia fesben er envitaame a Raa lan Mee UN pea i 5, ~ ‘a 4it 


Plan of nave pier and svringiag of arch - = - - ----- - 423 


| SLES oy a , iy ie 
vs st Létzog nowk Eat 
(+4 > 5/5 Btele oven mort abswor to fsthg 
- 2° oh) es Mie - 4 - + -efets softs to Liat © 
htedetiedatiati tielieed niece ~ugtaye eserstad topelitore,” 
FE Rtadintieties -sesrttnd guivlt to aciteant dtsedsd q 
‘ "eli + oe) ale A em = mee Ons evode Teme 
woody Pepe ee 8 ss coeenttod tin noiddant to aah 
- = ~eibe dyin soktoaut Te elyontse) dbsozds aolitese « he 
is ~ a5 tee + + + -t9n0T 1G. mort estas to gt oa 
ma ~~ - + + -slete obie tort paibivom Lite to efftord 7) 
--- -~sidae Sqeanste +B a0 See7dsnd noTt sotite erg tt 4 
roe CLS REEL 6 4 = ne = + m= mnaeNOs most pelea, 
fin en 2 = + toezesat 62 wk fled etlefas mort ygone® 9 
2— 3% “+= — «= <seaod? .2 to {aise shite to nauleo Yo seed. ae hp 
Ree + Ht ot sete] .2 Yo xtotis to sag Yo nottewels | 
ee Bem Se ee ee eS + - + Bane Se. wide eeswdeed, } 
peat Lag 3 int 
+ Sada egeraei(cs*to sven bas todo te ‘ane bag noitose’ i 
| {scee8 taen gondfebnew?®. ~~ ie 
+ ase se q+ = + - -fowds fo olvte sfbbia work enoteyeh. ) 104 R 
| aeses of agyen? ere 
fee eR ee ee ast wotssbaso® Yo senok 7 
Swale eee ew eee ikea aonstideky to askt) (Se 


. sti saen eae ee 
yy | ° geee8 ab nonadandEoy\ ey yy a 


wt eee et ee HH Deis 2 mont saotdyed ae 
| wat Ben 2-5-4 - +++ + omer 36 [sdigeo bee basot Flek ' ns 
ae weet re et Ht + hee Bott fatigad ea 
Be eee + + - = = + 20089 sven FD) ebayer 2; afatiqad 3 
tena ae s+ -- = fe .¥ to ebayer to afestqsd 


aj-dots [sdqauist to ebaver. evo. fedy09) |) 


£ 
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shee eR Maat sete 
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-~ ny bal =) ~~ ~ Indseq .# , 


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4513 
Capital from portal jamb of N. transept of minster- - - -480 


Gapital of rounds from nave piers ard sl dana m me eee 514 
Wall of side aisle- ---------- ~ ~855 
Profile of buttress systen- mt tt ttt ite ec i ~ - -893 
Plan beneath junction of flying buttress- z ik 2a - -893a 
Plan above the same - ---------- = 2 -893b 
Plan of junction with buttress- — ae Te af the a i ‘ = “ : -393¢ 
Cross section through sargoyle at junction with same- - -8934 
Profile of cornice from S. Tower- - - - - - ------ - 1002 © 
Profile of sill mouldings from side aisle- ee 4 f - 1014 
Figure shrine from buttress on S. transept sable- - - - 1058 
Crockets from towers- - - - ----=--=- - — 1114. ,1145 to, 1115b 
Canopy from angel’s hall in S. transept - - - - - - - - 1122 
Base of column of side vortal of S. Thomas- - - - - - - -565b 
Elevation of part of choir of S. Beter Jr.- - - - - = = -738 
Buttress system of same ---------------=- = -897 
Toul 


Section and plan of choir and nave of collegiate ch850%0 ,850b 
Trendelburg near Gassel 


Keystone from middle aisle of church- - - - - + - = 226 ,227 
Treysa in Hesse 

Tower of foundation church- SS et i te alae te 1410 
Treves 

Plan of Liebfrauen church - ee ae ae -789 
Uxk#ll near Risa 

Plan of ‘eharpl= "= "2 == = 2455355 5 ee 
Volksmarsen in Hesse 

Keyttone from 'S. Maria-'- ="-'= <'- --- —) = = ="s)~8g0 eee 

Wall round and capital of same- 23 SS SS SS ee 

Capital from same TES a ee PR RS Ceo 6 re a -455 

Capitals of rounds of nave piers- -- eee eee = = 507 

Gapitals of rounds of W. Wall - - - - Se eo a +521 

Sorbel over rounds of triumphal arch- - - - - - - - - - +636 

Sprinsins of ribs peieciaar aint ar! Wiaaiepei cnet shee Shia ile i ies oa ed -663, 663a 

Gross section of nave of S. waria -e\r- er ec ee = 874 

canopy from’. portal’ a 
Walkenried 

Profiles of rib and cross arch of Cistercian church -195,196 

Keystone from same-'- ~- = --- => += = +4 = aime eet) 


Springing of vault above choir piers- st ory tine ed ps Be! pe . -235, 235 


a cay 
-eaaisloo Ms o eed Ye 


oo notes jettobue to abode it Pe) to gatbataa 
Re - +--+ - +--+ - se + - sense ni Gin to boteaizad 
mete te ee te ee ee = Hoven to elssigga 
- ae ++ + + + = Oftie shies at t9iq [len to wohl 
~siias desucdron ni dows to bokbatege - 
oo ON - - ~- - - + + = aateye rteiq to noidoes baa weld 
paw eee ee ee ee ee HH  Mrioo to noiy Ienvesal 
SOGh = - - - ~ - - ee He = =~ HtiOMd. lo Boor Yo sotexcall ; 
Whe - + - ee eee ee = + <uteceed nonete 7 Oe 
| saletow ys) ef 
eB of: QB edoo ticdo oi wingor bas vrei Lew wos elesiqs® | ig 
ee Goxsio,{foo to. tiodo niiactiivm wobate dvsensd Ladgod) ~ 7. 
rr ett ee + egopseds 8.20 wety feomkal y 
BB oi 826 - - - ---~-+-~-+-- ahodo to mela San sotsos? 
-“- -e tt om on em = Hsldeds tasensad .8 to noktavele 
| sm = ++ e+ a> = + -ense to sotdoer bas nel? 
She et eth wm +o} © OR RR eo) Beene 
eh Se he ee le le © a; 
ay ngenaded dootgetn | 
enn tet ee ee me ne H+ OTe omens eee 
| soGaeBLER s 
tie WR eee - - on - ~~ -domnso eee 
segerh: tm 
baioolk . istq- ae epetlot hetaped a 
~ ee +e + o ~ + eptloey to battetee = Oe 
Bier fersed tae9 mohadtfoW# . 9 2 
- + ~e--- + dowdio ptio si abesor 6: sesed to elites 
-———-—- = -~- oe Ee ae ist70q .¥ to sasica to eeag! 
ee ae a + Obie ok go ementtady fo, Shwe fs 
BO de axle + ~forndo bepiiiest 4c sveq To actkiel neal 
amt te ee te ee oe OTEOF wOTE sateenninne ‘a 


Dalit: cas os lecteacte RGU 


~ 
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Profiles of bases of columns there- - - - - - - - - -545, 546 a 
Wetter : 
Springing of rib in choir of foundation church- - - » - -292 
Springing of rib in same--------------- . ee 271a 
Gapitals of naven ike HR si ee i es 2 -510,510a.- 
View of wall pier in side aisle i -  e 
Springing of arch in southwest angle- - - - - - : ~ na ~664 
Plan and section of pier system - -- - -- + me 731 to 781b 
Internal ‘view of :chotr- - -- -— - - - > - . ~ > = ee -843 
 Gornice of roof ofsdkoin- i -i-- ae - - ~~ 
Windew tracery< cr ri Se too SI ot 7 i 1169 
Wetzlar . — 


Capitals from wall piers and rounds in choir ofchs469cto 471 
Corbel beneath window mullion in choir of coll.church - -635 


Taternal vier of S. transept- -.- =\--.-.- - -- - = =e 
Section and plan.of choir - ----------- . 856 to 856b . 
Elevation of S. transept gable- - - - - - - - - - - = = -936_ 
Plan and section of same- Se! See Son eee --936a,936b . 
Portal vof (By. side yor Sued 
Plan \of<sames +s ei SiS 
Wieprechtshausén 
Plinth of ‘chetebtos <i cie > > + 7 >> 2 + 2 
Wildungen 
fower .of (city cohurchsi<i4) << - eS ee +300 
Wiemar 
Pagnted foliage on pier of §. Nicolai - ------ = = 
Painting of waults+ << -- ---- +> > - - 4-2 eee 
Wolfhasgen near Cassel 
Profile of bases of rounds in cityy church - - - - - - -— =543. 
Base of cotunmiof ¥.i-pertal — 3 - = =o + ome = See -567 
Pinnacle of ‘buttress op We sides — + — 4 3 4) = oe +076 
Worms 
Cross section of nave of Liebfrauen church- - - - - ~ = =888 
Pinnacles from towers - ---------------- 1073 
Construction of stone svire a ce. Meath bandas Noe sient treucihay ers -1411, 1411a 
Stone dormers from spire- mR ns so SO Aa cn -1424, 1424a 


Roof of tower of S. Paul- ap a a ne a - 1408 


PP cots 4/2 < eat. 5 6-4\4i0'4 od kona 
i ME - - +e ee eee - + - “erebsel? etdotlieids | 
ee + des we em eee ne eee ee eo = “Gotnsdd” Ganeestdh 
MPs res - ~~ 4 = + = = +“tinay etisuesetoo%edlOwed egiitedddod 
aM e: «= + «“ynttfuev to #6 40 .3"tenwid (8 edokigetydosl A 
Baste: /R8r. COL of 28%etfoev bas getiove to esaizatagG® euanion 
De) he) BOR BRE BED 
Bees eee ph Re ee ee eb oe ee H babsonl | 
be er —H ew er ew wR eH He ew eee ee +Enpiut ala 
ae OFs CE VS OF "aaieter® ,banlodtes Sbeks Lite” powaldtetus 
me) © BOE - ee eee +- = “aiuoqe .polvonted” .eearnend 
a my GOh, GES, 5ou ee * eonifisdaco”, sepagkeriess 
Myvi BO;CS - ~ - + + ~ = + = ="Besoge S80 zotyel* pognurertend 


7 


me 
ay | 3 421sduse 500 zarysl* negnudertenk 


Pater? ~ - ~“eliotyleg ,vresart suo gntysl*, nedeunsstend 
pem@es + + + - - + ~~ - “node suo vo batyel®, nohanperdend 
EE 8b eS me hk lie Go ee ale “vqones”, atdosbied 
Bee BObosPSElaer.eci- - - - - - a sotitess 
he Pe EIS a -'- ee + ~_“— 7 Se ee eee eee ~nwnloo to seed 
EOE Se em ke “aesite sldawolls”, oandoniaeness 

7 NPS Lee ew te ~~ - + = oe = - Segetnnoto*; mepagaBated 

Lies, Oba omy OS8 + + - ~~~ ew + + = + “Qobtateg? banlamed 

7) 80h - + - - ~ + -"Se0itate coc. enottelsofso”, negauadoesed 

|. i a eer “fe100b to seasdxtt" sieldoeeg 
reek tss.ape - - - . ~ « “efeneq brs eodote baild”, mobne le 

q Mae ---- - + -- eee “ganhote to extol", semrotaagod 
a” aed += = = = -“ehegeted: eehaadenled™  neagudetad 


“a SEI VOI .86, 00 Gl- - - ~~ + + + + Sativev belfens” ebtend 
sts Sete te AA ele = @ < = ~sobidons enkigan yg 


a PVP POE SCS, SES, BES ETS, CdS, Ces - Sqefq aiodo”*, aefsbasrs sodd 
‘va oe to — — am oe Se oe oe MGekg a hotet eetietonnas 
O06 BCS.aIs + + - +4 + + + Yoletes aiodo* pasgesren® 

hae PRBS ASE, OFd AVE ERE + = ae = Os wi - & +) Moor ion 


Be eee - ~_-_-— + = = = = “sefogaatg too gaivel” aehonzav dey 4 hi 


‘Sra fee sge - -- -- + - So el mate ~ *“sfode", s0f0 


=“toor to. noitonal” seuldesnedos@ 


4.15 


Index to Details. Pases. 
BDO BS re mec me meee et a cel el eet a 
Abfallrohre, “leaders” She Rha SORE CIES ke a ae 
Abfassung,“chamfer” -------+-+---+---+-s4+- - 246 
Achtheilige Gew8lbe“octagartite vault”- sah “a . - -31 


Altchristliche Wlbkunst,“E. C. art of vaulting?- ---3 
AnfSnge,“Sprinsings of arches and vaults’85 to 190 ,189, 


484,346,505 
AwoREes! 1 08 6h Se in Se re 
Astragal- ----------+-s-+522e+5--2+-5 196 
Aufstelzuas, “stiltins”, Aufholung, “raisins“, 10, . 39, 210 
Ausgusse, “gargoyles, spouts,” ------------ 364 
Auskrasungen; “corbellings,? --'-)= -\-)="=.~ . -94, 238, 443 
Austrasungen, “laying out arches” — --------- 25,64 
Auetragungen, “laying out pinnacles” - - -- - - - - = 459 
Austrasungen, “laying out members - - -------- 435 
Austragungen, “laying out tracery, polyfoils” == . 5105546 
Austragungen, “laying ou cut stone” - - - - + - = - = =99 
Baldachin,“canopy”= ---=|=----8e ==-=+=+=<+=<8 483 
Basilica+i=7] «= = = =< eet: a eee «158; 165, 383%0404 
Base of columm- - ------------------ 213 
Beanspruchung, “allowable stress”- -----=---=--=== 138 
Bekrénunsgen, “crownings” - ------- - 471,478,597 617 
Bemaluns, “painting? ------------ - 629 “ho 646 
Berechnunsen, “calculations, see Statics??- -—<—- - = ae 
Besehlase; *fiztures:oef* dears>*-)—o-(+ + + + = + ee = 564 
Blenden,“blind arches ard panels” - - - - - - . 346,421,452 
Bosenformen, “forms of arches” - - --------- =28 
Bristungen, “balustrades, parapets”- - - - - - - - 363,532 
Busige, “swelled vaults? - - - - - - - - -12,50, 55,107,132 
Byzantine? teGhhieas i> = i404 = 6 eee Se eS 4 
‘Chor,*choir?’- -------- eer crt 331,381,412 
Chor srundriss, “choir plan? - . 259, 269, 279, 284,286, 296, 301 
GhorpfetiehsSahotespier™= = «+ = 2.2.4 fe oe 298 
Ghoramsans;‘*cheiraigle’+°* = + = + + == = 4 “4G, 298, 300 
Dach,“roof? ------- ee, a . 333,377,410,527,581 
Dachanschluss, “junction of roof”- Oe a eS 443 
Bachbelastung,“reot lead? = 7 - = 2-55 75 . 162, 339,374 
Dachreiter, “roof turret”- - ------------- 619 


Deckenschaft, deh soos support”— rehar botliag that at ees ee Mics 


. ee 
0% oes sp = + 
me aia ea dé 


2 Sood aaa ise ee 
Pesreer.es - - + = 


emer oe tet + - 6 « - 


ie os 
eit 7 ~ 


~ 


~ nehdonide peyiiiariprietterien st 
- “Hone [totend dhe Lioterd™ esagtedd / 
«++ - + “etivev nt noteesaqaoo" wood)’ 

-“gilsn bas evstg ot nokersaqsoo” gout - 


Ss 


ue ee ~ > ~~ “etenot dpid i6 eliew ni. aoiaeetqmag”, douse © 
Bee eseisre.2es.crs.3e “gtathivor to sls oesatcd, Gusndteede da 
e bes If ONS ot TeS+ - +“eizis sao to donde” esrtitdoeals 


“OSt ot OL +--+ = - = + einourisgwoo to edit lousy”, gedlbnaid 
| TORS £82- i “eeite( [ep werogal 
Dy 88-4 - -- ~~ + ee ee ee ow = Netley mel”, {8noyt2d08T 


ee is Ae) ee 


oh a2, OT of 86, eee 


ROSE ert ~~ - 


RSR wie + + 
, ia ‘ 


Pe ee 


se i. Sen Ne 
04 : 
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%, ee } 
Wont 


‘ A YY af, 
ees ty Pe 


aan ¢ 
MOF EF o ns 
Sa 6 Bera... 
oly \ aol Vic 
ia i (Oem 
: eo 
"ve « 5 ae 


Pals - 7" * - 


arte P 
va. Bee: —- ‘ws 


— 
= 


all 


-~ 


manecgo? (EP, OF8, OH, BOR, ACE CRE LES - = Senoinen™, rotene? 

ie oe kw a oe ha wobnin”  sexodtedene 8 
~ ““elatisiam to: eonsteices” dieibisest 
7 +++ =“Seleialt fae coloéankd deleli 


“ss -> ~~ ~ =“geotads atbplt" naaeets 


Smee ee ee ee Oe Bat EER | 
~-~+~--+ = -"qebhsld dell" peesldsoued |. 
~~ = “tobiisev dasdeota” sopipatadtss® | 
- ="asdoando boletthovkt”, opettivoe tase 
-- eee = + + -ocbeeeSo Boe asisette). 


ie Raves «Ga ae “senkadeY vei ice 


oe i cake vena tS a 
wane ee + 2H Seb Tbee garemed 
« = « = Sehnituries tivev* ezaRinssd {uo 


BEE SVay oF GTB. SSR oF Ges Rhee Sica aie “Bordsk™, cede» 
nds dnd byeieeaiednaiadlb *Sgnitnted eeery”, torsLewenI.), 


(tins ++ + > =Pensamea® nopnarenseia | 


-—_—~— =-|- = - 


4 


bate “erited a 


tt a Ss + oMeagtt mtong* hobs 
Hi se nS seis ae 9 Beg 


ea 
dats 


ae ha 

Ok i La 

A eC » te te tee 
d 


4316 


Deckplatten,“ceiling slabs om corbels”- -----=-+- - ~249 
Deckplatten, “ceiling slabs on capitats” - - - - -.194 to 199 
Dienste, “rounds?- - - - - 172 to 183, 186,208, 210 , 243, 2605413 
Dreieckise, “triangular vaults”- -----+-----+--- 28 , 280 
Breischiffise, “three-aisled churches” : sealed ns . 282 to 288 
Dreipass,“trefoil add trefoil arch” ----------- 510 
Druck, “compression in vaults” ---------+- . 49, 103, 129 
Druck, “compression in piers and walls”- --- has - 141 to 162 
Druck,“compression in walls of high towers” - na a - -623 


Durchdringung, “intersection of mouldings” 96,223,436,512,525 
Einschiffige,“church of one aisle”’~ - -257 to 276,331 to 367 


Rinwélben, “vaulting of compartments,- ----- - 100 to 120 
Emporen;, “galleries?! ~-i- - ---- = is eel 381,410 
Fachersewblbe, “fan vaults?- ~2se- eo = = ot Se 62 
Fenster, “windows? - - 261,349,356, 406,409, 416,487 t0,537,556 
Fensterbogen, “window arches’- - -----------<=+ 350 
Festigkeit, “resistance of materials” ee i -138 
Pialen,“Pinnacles and finials”- - - - - - - 398,458 to 470, 552 
Fisuren, “figure shrines’=-----\-+-----=-== 9 453 
Figures ------ --- ee ee - - e = o> = 485,542,560 
Fischblasen,“fish bladder”?- - - ------=-- = = = -511,524 
Freiha’ndiges, “freehand vaulting” -------- = — =@jig2 
Funfschiffise, “five+aisled churches“- - - ae -289, 3432 289 
Galleries and passases- - -------------- = -532. 
Gehause, “shrines” - - - fie SO “So PRA SS -453 
Gesiusestoorgpees =) +f ee ee ee ~343, 437 
Gewande,“jambs of windows”- tet etter li 351,497 
Gewande,“jambs of doorways” - -------- - - - -539,561 
Gew8lbe, “vaults’-\-.-.- --—--/-"- - ---- - 14 to ORahO 
Gew8lbeanfange, “vault soringings? --- eer cee 35 to 100 
Giebel,“gable8’ - ----- 414,420 to 426, 479 to, ,478, 535,555 
Glasmalerei, “slass-paiating?’=} - <= - -.~ 4", Se) 5 eee 489 
Gliederungen, “members”- mies Se Sees ae i, ee ae, 427 to 437 
Glockenstabe; (belfry? ie - ee ele ee ee 576,589 
Gratlinien,*“groin lines”- - -------- -10, 14,25,86, 115 
Grundriss,“plan of church”- -- -------- - 257 to 309 
Grundriss, “ples of toner?! -04'- - ~<- -~ — — 7396 Saree 
Gurtbésen,“cross arch, cross vault” ----- == 723, ot 169 
Suertgesinge: *belt cornices? — - - on ee eae 441 


Gussmauerwerk, “concrete work” - Prt ie a ie en a de 2 49,102 


—_—~— = » ool ~ - - fipot L 
) cans eed y NOE, OTS. aI BeI> 4 =e - -bopiemaerdy? ynschstsi |; 
DPE S - - -  w - ~ o 4s 5 neo intos ofew” wratepgigual |: | , 
ee Seiya Seltey. brad” rothethuae 9) 1g 
Bat CC2.08e- - 4 ee ee} + etgros: yo eeiiae”, vee . 
MP PORE TEE Pesleats to addgied Yo! enciayoqs {> etins [Bavevnenbh 
ae ig meee He ie = “pom, of agatslooe efiteresfol: «| 
upon. b. - = 4 =“heon to eetias”, emi sceloR | ym 
aie ay + mo @ “gnibipom fiie wobnin",phiees?tsh) || iM 
- s+ + = - + + = Sgokceong@es oats” buueeercseteee |= ae 
wae mt ete te ee bdo tng”, Losnad 
root tt + = -“Bfegedo teveto” sassdsellegsh 
Lea ao ale 8 He oid) Meche egaits bebieianee 
BE oF COL ST. GRTH - - - - Sativey to ciadmsseqgoo™, dsqasH 
B---+--- +--+ +--+ - -“serige Deshanse” afediaael 
bie Se eee ee ee ee & He gOEIOBR Beto LoLdsen 
weer nen + +e + + “ots Lictesd”, cenbidvsldes la 
¢ gs ~ Ser ee ee ee hy re Se “adorns eh Seon 
Be a ee ~~ suboor™ netidtack } 
| sscoddubd eas aeddays aim 
wee ee eee ee . ~"aeee ane et 
ey BY, en m-e en nn m= ~“Sntenoto ,B9eReDIo”, saved 
£ a a ie (ee ete eo = = ~ @ Nel nev e30%o" pg LOverRae wy 
Ey reges, eset Bet eh lem, a ee Sto be satesois”’ .1sfhetqapes) 
ns i db--+-+-- -"adfuev to eroitosbistat, eidavasue rt 
ay aia POS PAS ITS - - - - -“oleis osvowensth” Titdoesosad . 
ert rt te ee Hobe tifaey Sorte ete yTt ! 
By. ibeiectndtale. taliedtntiatteles Tei ie. <s6! 
-~-~-+-~+-esivey seoro Leotmok” bitisleaqel 
[Wh tee ee ee ee + + + + “etedomo” moeeotisand 
a a-Si ae ~~ + & « -"alesioso ‘to. skskloth, aAnawdged oe 
St ~ - Sguivedacs .eredaas", sabrenadbd! 5 0 


—<— 
. 


AF 


4 
2 


x i 
7). 


ay. 
ian s 


Halbkuppel, “half dome”?- ---------+------- 2,6 
dallen,“halls in seoulat buildings” - - - - - - - - ~ - 281 
Hallenkirche,“hall churches”- - - - -154, 164 276, 367 %o 383 
Hauptgesimse, “main cornices”- - -------+--+--- - 437 
Handlanfer, “hand ,ralls* .~ = <.-.sina = = 4 * t he sd - 443 
Helm, “Spires of towers” -----2+---7 -580, 595 ‘a 623 
d8henverhSltniss, “proportions of heights of aisles“ 331,396 
Holzprofile,“mouldings in wood? - ---------- =— = 431 
Holzhelme, “spires of WOO” — Kin oe eee hg tn . 614 »023 
Kaffsesins,“window sill moulding“ Aatvindctnite ket 
Kantenpressung, “edge compression” - --------- - 14 
Kanzel, “pulpit” - -------------------32 
Kapellenkranz, “chevet chapels?- Ditietetiededitatietiatiedite 301,306 
| Kapit&le, “capitals? - -.------<-+--~- — + =190 tage 
Kappen, “compartments of vaults® ---- . 47550, 51,100 to 121 
Kegelhelm, “conical spires”- - - or Re ee ee 603 
Kern of cross section’- - = -—-- =" 217-445 > 5S eee 
Kleeblattbésen, “trefoil arch” -ccr (7+ crt 7 oe 
Raagéen,s“kaebs” i530 5 ST DST SS 3 eS 
Kopf biigen, “wooden caps” ee a no ie ee a ea ~ 237 
Krabben, see Laéubbossen 
Kragsteine, “corbels” esa es i Rea ere Gm ig ug ig ee, to 256 
Kreuze, “crosses, crowning”- - - - - - - - - ~ - 472,597,618 
KreuzgewSlbe, “cross vaults® ~-------~--1 telzg age 
Kreuzpfeiler, “crossing viers” - - - - - - - - -— 179,292,295 | 
Kreuzpunkte,intersections of vaults“- -- --- — 41,74 to 85 
Kreugschiff,“transeerse aisle“- - - - - 2/1, 284,291,412, 413 
Krypta, “crypt, vaulting“- -------------+--- 6 
Rupe. © meme. ire cet se mee eae ae al ee o 2 4 We 19, 55, 613 
Kuppelartig, “domical cross vaults’- - - - - - - - -55,63,65 
Laubbossen, “crockets” - ------------7 7- 4/1,481 
Laubwerk, “foliage of cavitals"- ------------ 402. 
Lehrgerist,“centers, centering” - - - - - - -109, 117 to 121 
betiner, “rood sereea”’).<)- = =. 4 CS eee 
Luken,“dormers on roofs and spires” se a ee a eats ae . 588,598 
Malerei, “painting’- = -.-- -)-.-. 4-447 US St 629,646 
Masswerk,“tracery’- ------------ 503 to 537,599 
lietallprofilierunsen, “metal mouldings” ----- err ce 433 
Mittelpfeiler,“middle pier“ - - - - 2435, 153 to 162, 72, 369 


Mittelschiff, “middle aisel” a, Ning aa te an Yeo 2 6, 165, 234, 330 


~~ ="yasossd ‘to sate abun) 
- - ="atodo shite” rodonedo 


‘ - - - “et losy ton” od fweprtet | 
A se = Maeyt0, faa 


- -“yrsiisy nasso” eadfidishsd 
- += ="to tnemgoleveb ,seig”, softest? 
-~ +++ Senotgcemth teiy”,odattars{tetd 


~ “ewoboiw to esotif{na’ wedteold 
- - “eyewrooh to exeiq*, astecid 


“egdefe to natifeo” siosbaadiels. 
S45 eee ee “sorofo Lanodyfog” pelanogyiod 


i thaad hee We cial! ae alle ae ee w= 6 “elation”. eisti0y 


se Fm i Ne es Sid gh - “elstesbheq”, sskavistineneseod 


sicalinatineticalibetieaina “esittorwd®, megastsiitiorg 

se - EL een ae ae “enoiszogo1g”, sesotszeqo1d 
PRR OPT. ESE eID ~-- + -~ + + -“evobote Loodw” setenstben 
888.13, P- - =- ~"eineadisanes pedivey ysliuszastogi1* ,estdossdosz 
Was - - - -- --- eee eee ee ee “geliee” meszonuntel 

) P, ONBH L008 . TOE, POR S6E ee ee ee et ee “esetoug” , sonnky 
‘4 ~ engeeaby RE, CE,8E.ES - - + on » Senet 
Sh Saar’ Pane ‘ -“esiftors dis” aliforqaegakh 

ee eee “eofatosd sexo”, sdgeimGd 

ss i ste) ae! ne a oe ee a “ewobutw ecos” meson 

dic aa phcetae im ae ea as we ee = — Sed ahioses” ioteinded 

~~ -—- =-“eoso aeboow”, texlodlstted 

Oe ne a ar -~- ~~ =“egongloo” ns lube 


~~ ~ ="godors garth ivib™ sepSdsbiedsé 
- “stivev at seesuoo”, spalaetdordod 
-~++-+- + «+ “eodorws obfe” meghdbligo? 
- - -etiusy to ronoseyed” entedecentdog 
Ce ie ie - - «"beol wore”, tapleantio® 

| ~=« = = »“ativav to seerdd? dadod 
~*ed Lusy ed }azeqexed™ ext [tedtadoe? 


“nopylog maiadiliogs” moRylegliee 


~ =~ = + =“gdaoq seboon”,sedeoks | 


“sedorts Leqtoatag™,gekovYectsniad 


- pS > + om > ~ ~ =“silibdec" elibe® 
‘++ + + “eleis ebts* ttidoxnetiee | 


_teate bas rausloo to meiner 


Nasen,“cusps of tracery”- -----------*--+-- 
Nebenchor,“side choir”- - - - - - : ~ - “ ~ = - ~ — = 296s nes 
NetegewSibe, “net, vaultietanne <- - -— — Si rier ~635 44 45, 51,63. 
Orgel, *orgea? mort eo ttt. 
Orgelbiihne, “organ gallery” ---------+--+---- 7 =~ 214149. 
Pfeiler,“pier, development of?— --- , oF ATU ~190, 207, 220-228 
Pfeilerst&rke,“pier dimensions” - - -----.-- bas 153-162 
Pfosten, “wooden posts”- --------- ~ + - — 233 
Pfosten,“mullions of windows” - - - - - - . 351, 492, 497, 514, 525 
Pfosten; “piers, of doorways” ~-- -------- = 33 545. 
Piscina----------------- ~-+-- 2 
Plattendecke, “ceiling of-slabs*® =o <= — = = ee ae $ -38 
Polygonale,“polygonal church” - ----- - ‘ é . - 290. 
Portale, “partaleata=- - = = 2 = = eS See 418, 438-568. 
Postementierungen, “pedestals”? -------- 4 rte re - 485 
Prinzipalbosen, “principal arches” - - - - ~ - «nn -65. 
Profilierungen; “Prefiles? « ----=- -* <2 . 255, 427,431 
Proportionen, *prepertions%<)= --------+- >= eae 327 
Radfenster, “wheel winders?) < sf ee 415, 423, 549,530 
Rechteckige, “rectangular vaulted compartments“ -~ > 5 61,233. 
Reibunten,;%eeties* esse 4 2 ee ee 24,40 
Rinnen,“sutters%<-\-'- - se = --- =< = 362,391, 397,400,457. 
Rippen, “ribs? ----------- co 23,38, 39,57,61,86,119 — 
Rippenprofile,“rib profiles’- -- ---------- = 67573 | 
Rémische, “Roman technics” - ------------- = -tl/ 
Rosen; “rose windows*4i<°os si- ee  o 415, 423, 519,530 
Sakristei, “sacristy ~- <(<ie'- - - - = te ieee 320 
Sattelholzer, “wooden cans”- <= So ee See 238 - 
Stulen, "columas’=--- -<- -- tm tt t eeet . 190, 207, 212. 
Scheideb8gen, “dividing arches”- - a 181,317 
Schichtenlage, “courses in vaults” fh ma nh oe 47, 102, 105-115 
SchildbSsen, “side arches” i- ------- 10, 23,,73,93, 338,990 - 
Schlusssteine, “keystones of vaults- ------- - ~41,74-33 | 
Schneelast, “snow load*— -- - >= - oe oT STIS 162 
Schub, “thrust of vaults”- -- She: 1 oles Neca tes nidtiaecth «Aer - Veh 429-137. 
Sechstheilige, “hexapartite vaults“ ie St ee 
Sedile,“sedibiatei— = 3s A ee ee 322. 
Seitenschiff, “side aisle” a on elie 285 , 368, 272,383, 389 
Seilpolyson, “equilibriun polygon” - - (4 4 = ™ dh A oD 


Sockel, “Bases of columns and. piers” ---—~—-= 7+  BERu 207 


_—_-< thos Yo hes 
} -~ + ="{fte shbuk es aaedts t 
--- “sore beiniog®  senodaa ke B ie By 
= *eldap> begaosa® Lodexglotted? iy As 
re | . ~~ - = d 4 = *ageog" aban oe 
BOF,30,f3-13- - 3 —“esiuev lo eoldede® pedopiies® — 
Bebe —- - - ~~sleta ooo to estoindo to eottste® pedoehtada) 
RB - - ~~ -“gslets ond détw estiougdo To eoisedg* secoekisea, 
Meee + -“eolele coals dtin epdomdo to ecisateeedoeitece 
ib ~ = “weseye seotitud dain setiosudo to eoivese” eoloetiess 
BONS. 21.5 Ssh = -“elisw inonswds Bae eosasidsod” wedoeivase. 
~- = “eqetq elhbin” eedoetias¢ 
~ - ~“piedtoo* eestoersaeds 
usote bas enolliue wobete" eotoelteds 
+ suatosga bes eetsegan” segorkdady 
“serfoe ninceam™”, esfosliss¢: 
iq? noboow”, nodoekiete? 
dns allow", godoertese 
2opil 90° ssvosbaeddaloated? 
‘etlssy sede”, sdibpwegntede 
‘oigentieoras batatog™ esagedsoize 
| ~~ - =~ + “eopecitiad S0Lyli™, sepoasise 
apie BC ‘toeayoleve) ,nezzoidiue” rehkettedease 
, ees Schon 
emer, Vir. O8F =. 7 - “enorersath ,eeeesrsiod” selietesdsase 
a BE, bt 
Re -- - ~ ; - - “pyad tote” sssnsteainse 
Bb ck 2h &: - ~“etsormpe”  nendhse 
gence! $a- ~ + --"“igoogne To sail’ sintistise 
-~—-_-= + = “gnob evidnebusy” fleqgqaistatea 
- “etfosy to tanide to seldss" asi fedst 
~ «+ “sotapeigmoo shbe to es{das*yoslisda® 
-“gicemtnuds to enctesentS to seldsd® asliecet 
bi ee oe) se an is DOL FOO esidet® ssilsdeal 
~=—-- = -“sageeetg Pal ecidas* asifecel 
= mia = ee “ehor st0ta. to asidsd™ nolledet 
‘wile « =“Sepokifon wobniw to. eofdet osiisdsl 
> ~ + “etevod to eovian to selded” neliedad, — 
since the dheaal ca iat Pens Bran oo! tod eloender ag 
ween - ~~ -“teOM, x 


a 


} a's 4 


Sockel; “base cof WARM ie ie in ee 445,547 a 
Sohlbank, “window sill? se lear hie em imme em em oem lane sane acme ee ides ee - 492 
Spitzbogen, “pointed arch” - - cer ee ee eH = = Se 4 
Staffelgiebel, “stepped gable” seem see im mm om tn? 
Staunder, “posts” Pie aC ee : es : is : és : e 2 2 -— 233. 
Statisches, “statics of vaults”- --- a -- 43 61 66, 104, 152 : 
Statisches,“statics of churches of one aisle- - - - - - 3355938 
Statisches, “Statics of churches with two aisles’- - - - oe BFS 
Statisches, “statics of churches with three aisles”- --- 373 


Statisches, “statics of churches with buttress system® - - 401 
Statisches, “buttresses and abutment walls”- - 122,165,275,446. 


Statisches, “middle piers? - - ------- - - - 127,153,369 
Statisches,“corhels*— -~ ------.- -4--- -=e 238 
Statisches, “window mullions and storm bars” - "i ~ tee . AOL, 493. 
Statisches, “passages and openings”’- - - - - - — = 
Statisches, “masantaspires™ = = oe ee ee 603-613 
Statisches, “wooden spires’- ------------- 620-623 
Statisches, “walls and towers” -1-.- - -—--— = bat nie ane Bd 
Steinplattendecken, “ceilings of stone Slabs‘- - '-.- —- -38 
ih aor vanlts*=(-.- =< eeeee aa 44 45, oe 

Stichkappen, “pointed compartments”’- -------=- 7 L995 
iy Tp “flying buttresses” - ------- | 159,166, 383-404. 


Strebeffeiler, “Buttresses, development” ~ 262, 266, 304,315,397. 
446-458,553~ 
Strebepfeiler, “buttresses, dimensions” - 125,140,147,151-153 


274,336. 
Sturmstangen, “storm bars” -- ----------- 7 - = 490 
Stiizen, Teunpar tales see ler ee er eer a ea ~52,-taeu 229. 
Stdtzlinie,“line of supvort”- -<- + - - = - - > -$2,05aee 
Stutzkuppel, “pendentive dome” -- ------- -— - -2,5,7,20 
Tabellen, “tables of thrust of vaults” - -- --s 5 >> Si 
Tabellen, “tables of edge compression” — i+ (= 7 Sita aoe 145 
Tabellen,“tables of dimensions of abutments” ----- 450-152 
Tabellen, “tables of roof load”- ------------- 162 
Tabellen,“tables of wind pressure”- -- -------- - 163 
Pabellen,“tables of storm rods” ------------ 7 491 
Tabellen,“tables of window mullions’- -------- . 496, 497 
Tabellen, “tables of spires of towers” - - - - - - - ~ 607,612 
Tabernsebe- ‘iii Tie eR oe ee 322 


Pauistein,*foat"= i wa te ne 


i y bis i, 
: 4 : h 
/ 1 Gas ile f 0 “a 
f ae ir PP ie 
“ aii i 2 a 
Pa dae Tv A ao: va 
‘ - ole mr 7 
. 2 e i 
ES 
‘x . “y mead) 
‘ie oe AD aa ‘ 
ys . mea ee en 
(aie t . f 
’ J s ve y - — -~ - a” —_ _ os 
Oy eel ; 7 P 
‘ 7 ny ‘ Fi 
‘ i¢ SaGe -_—=— ~~ 
i he ri’ 
JP 2S s ; t: | 
A‘ >: ) , OF $-FOS- ww Ret Chas 
ae I 
A : a “op ¢ a _ > -—— -_— -— « 
by ree ; pr. nd a a ee ee 
f ds te i 4 
’) Vege : . 
aerummaneoc, SLE-C0F 
5 st a : 
‘ih e\e ee ee 
q 7 —_— ee 
as a - ~~ -— —_— _—_ = — OE ee 
Rierscot- -- -- - - 
rag 
es 


OMee.€ce- - - - - - 


-~-_—lUc oe huh! 


: -_—- = = = = «= 
\ 1s 

bec v. a " ARC co, ae OD, 
ipl oor ces bes F322! 
re 


Y iss iic- =“ 2 = = ="gello4 


» 
4 


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one Benn st 


a - oe - ~- — ~ oF ee 


- aa - _ “ ~ we -~ 


~ 


.S8itelilen to eeemiotdd” siaesencen 


pit ret ax 
aw 
Bil cyt |} y et we 

a wl 

P by 
Pee ~-—s == = sete | 7 


cotgny feb tvebyend; as Ciedgue cee ae 
an 6 “paghod ied d" omabsmeygest. 7 a 
~ a ee = = “gg inotiad™ netas tat [ae 
me ee fedoudivd”, negotdonskyt) 

~ ~ Sescddxtt soch* ek iioged dt 

oa we ee eee oar ht 
-“atovrss*, nodomte? iy 
fae eee ee ee + = mseoart 
“wodTeny to gndtltde” bawdodtedd 

HeoTo Ho prnctem” haspvenemiedy % 


~“segrnnos bsaifont” coufeogagaldinaceds 
-------+ + + +“gegesgeq™ Shaekad 


“onieale”, sagneleved 
casiorl&daey 

“ei rotyiog™, saeegiery 

‘ne elkoteasepo", sesodssi¥ 
~“peisdisesy* gelisatoy . 
asdelolo™, feqqrialat ae 


-~"“eaoistoacors * 


~ 


s.. 
-— em om SPOS 


vive See ee ee te eo ee " padsoanenare ‘ 
Wis Oech, 108, FBE+ a a ee a “so (yoous® tebeqeregesth a 
a ps. 00S~ > = ron ee ae Sige ned xen fedehgpiel a 
it MEME ONT SSi- 5 - - - + e+ - - - - “Simemtade® aegeltebih 
Dgee BYS-Ot bSt- - - - - -~ =~ - -“slups gtsoess> ehregmah ; 
ce 'SOb,cVE. REE ONT E04 -~#-- ~ - “Seauesetg Satw’ gontbbale | 
SS “jSgey ilec” edt Swesaediex | 
/@@s- ---------- = ="nozntc isatneo®, sdostd festasht 
MPIC, os wed £08v Tol ssn bre ersot, sdotid" nletelessae 
Jaa a ee ian + wo e"gaerg tot esan .edoigd” Biedalepeee a 
ein - + ~“ebniliaa aco 302 e6ay ,eloine™ ntotelopekgy ‘a 
mh - + +“ebetiitom 20% sean ,edoiad” pisdeispeeey (oem 
=a ‘in =~ -Yelatiog tol nees .exorad” ateselouekgy ay 
~+-+-+- - ~— Ssettge got cons .etoind” whedalepery oe 
(Se 4, e“eeleia ontoddiw asdoundo , exotng credo tepeky i? 
m/e “Senob ovitasinge sot ese eiobs" nied Lepeme iar 
4 . | 
‘ “7 


Terasse, “terrace” - ee ie --cr-+- e+ + + te 
Tonnengew8lbe, “tunnel vault?- <i e - ae - “ 7 : ti, 45, 7 
Tragsteine,“corbel” ----------+------ = -233 
Taapezgew8lbe, “trapezoidal vault”? ----- - we : 15,27 
Treppentirme, “stair towers” - ---- - ph) ~268 ,318, 449 
Triforien,“triforium” ---------- 404-410 ,413,4417 
Triumphbogen, “triumphal arch” ees Rita son -270,, 280 
Thirbeschia&se, “door fixtures” - - - - - ee : --—< ~564 
firme, “towers*-- - =) ~'+ Toes BRST SHEE -309- 319, 569-628 
Tarnchea,“turrets*= <=) te 793 
TIMVRRRS SS oS) Sh Ce 4 SM SSS eee eo ee , 549, 563 
Uberhohuns, “stilting of vaslts” wert eer er tr eee Li 
Ubermaueruns, “masonrgy on cross arches” ee ‘ ala -165,279 
Uberschlagsgesimse, “irclined cornices”- - - - : ~ -352 
Umgange,“passages”- - - -------- 352, 336, 411, 421,586 
Verglasuag, “glazing’-- --------- +--+ oS eee 
Verhaltnisse, *proportions” Ser) | Aa eR, ine ee a 2 e -327 
Vielpasse,“polyfoils” --~+~------- - = are _ -305 
Vierbogen,“quatrefoils and quatrearches”- “+ = > . 5s 517 
Vorhallen,“vestibules?- - --------- - - — +553,55/ 
Walmkuppel, “cloister dome?----+------c-+--=--=6 2 a 
Wandstarke, “thickness of walis?122,149, 169, 262 288, 303, 318, 334 ue 
Wassersthlag, wah" (<p 70+) 1S) eae ee ---- -441 ge 
Wasserspeier, “sardoyle” -------- ee -365, 391, 456 
Westsiebel,“western gable’- -- --~----- - - -265,281 
Widerlaser, “abutment” rie aoncdthnlimhye hiner caer iT: Bo eee 170, 273 
Wimperse, “tracery gable”- ele A aa A SO -424 ,470-478, 552 
Winddruck,“wind pressure” - - - - = - -163-170,339,375,402 
ZellengewSlbe, “cell vault”- ye Mi a SN rem mae (ea -115 
Zentralkirche; “central: church”- --\-- +. ---+ 7+ +254 -290 
Zieselstein, “bricks,forms ard uses for vaults“ - 86, 101, 115 
Zieselstein, “bricks, uses for piers’- - - - - - - - - -224 
Zieselstein, “bricks, uses for corbellings”- -—--- - yaa 
Ziegelstein, “bricks, uses for mouldings”- - - - - ~ ~ -429 
Zieselstein, “bricks, uses for portals’- - - - - - - - -561 
Ziesgelstein, “bricks, ases for spires’ --------7- 602 


Zieselstein, “bricks, churches with two aisles”-. - , 296, 282 
Zieselstein, “bricks, uses for pendentive domes” “<7 -4,7 


AUHYSTT 
UNLOUHORy 


SIONITII AO 
ALISHHAIND AHL 


¥ Kee 


URBANA 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


Para: 


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rae i meet eRe Im 


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